Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Evia Gulf"

Systematic single channel seismic and 3.5 kHz profiling, gravity and box coring and Pb downcore analyses shed light to the structure and the Late Quaternary evolution of the North Evia Gulf graben. The latter is segmented along its axis in three distinct basins. The shallow, E-W striking western basin displays southward asymmetry. The NW-SE striking, deep central basin and the shallow southeastern one show NE-ward asymmetry and are controlled by the Aidipsos, Telethrion and Kandili fault zones. Sequence stratigraphie data and aragonite crystals in mud layers underlying Holocene deposits verifies that North Evia Gulf was a lake during the last glacial maximum with lake level at about 90m below the present sea level.

Geological mapping on a 1:5.000 scale and a tectonic analysis in the wider Chalkida region of the Island of Evia and the adjacent Drossia area of Central Greece, have allowed the identification of a number of active and potentially active normal faults. These faults have been formed or reactivated during the Late Quaternary, since they affect Pleistocene brackish and terrestrial deposits. Some of the faults affect the contact of the limestone bedrock with the Quaternary formations, presenting characteristic polished surfaces. The faults, in places covered by the alluvial deposits of the Chalkida plain, are also detected by geophysical research. Among the identified faults, the most important are considered the Aghios Minas- Chalkida, the Avlida and the Lefkadi active faults. The first one extends from Drossia to the Chalkida area, crossing the sea straights, and has an ENE-WSW direction and a south dip. The other two, are parallel antithetic faults oriented WNW-ESE, and bound the South Evoikos Gulf on the Greek mainland and the Evia Island respectively. The mapping and evaluation of active faults in this region of moderate seismicity, with low topographic relief and consequent absence of morphotectonic features, is especially important from a seismic hazard point of view.

During the last 4 months of 1999, the Institute of Geodynamics, of the National Observatory of Athens, deployed in the area of north Evoikos gulf, a local seismic network of 5 digital stations equipped with sensitive 3-components seismometers. The recorded micro-earthquakes, located in the upper part of the crust, show that there is significant seismic activity in the area of northern Evoikos gulf. This activity could be correlated not only with the main faults of the area, which are the Atalanti fault and the fault running parallel to the coasts of Evia island but also with other faults which are assumed to be, till now, less active or not so important.

The Corini normal fault is an active structure of Quaternary age in Southwestern Viotia. This is a region of low finite strain, located between the Quaternary rifts of the Gulf of Corinth and the Gulf of Evia. The fault is segmented into several segments with an average strike of N58°E and dip direction to the SE. The architecture of the fault zone is characterized by a 15 cm thick gouge rock, observed along the fault plane on the footwall side. At several localities along strike we observed a well-defined basal strip of un-eroded fault plane that represents the width (uplift) of the last co-seismic slip. The width of the strip ranges 20-30 cm. Slip inversion data show a mean orientation ofsigmaS (leastprincipal stress) as Ν328Έ which implies similar kinematics with the active faults of the south coast of the Gulf of Corinth.

Potential energy extraction from tidal currents is investigated in this work. Recordings on the streams' velocity and the sea level in the Euripus' strait in Evia, Greece are used to calculate the energy yield. Data on sea level measurements were used to extract information for the current velocity profile through harmonic analysis method. Requirements, limitations and possible new designs that will improve the energy extraction from the low velocity tidal current of the area are discussed. Also, exploitation of tidal energy in cooperation with RES microgrid is proposed for areas where the abundance of sun, wind, island communities and coast areas such as the Mediterranean.

This paper deals with the morphometric analysis of 42, late Holocene, coastal alluvial fans located along the coasts of the tectonically active North Evoikos Gulf in central Greece. Thirty six of the fans have been formed by streams that discharge along the east coast of the Gulf (Evia Island) while the rest are located on the opposite side (Continental Greece). Selected morphometric parameters of the drainage basins were measured using topographic maps at the scale of 1:50,000 while those of the fans were derived from detailed topographic diagrams at the scale of 1:5,000 utilizing ESRI’s ArcGIS9.3 software. Fans were classified into four groups according to the primary depositional processes (fluvial and/or debris flow). Another classification criterion was the relationship between the location of the fan-catchment system and the local tectonic patterns (active faults). Fan-basin morphometric relationships for each fan group were also investigated. A strong positive relation was found between the size of the fan and the drainage basin area while the correlation between drainage area and fan slope was negative. Large catchments located near fault terminations have formed gently sloping fans dominated by fluvial processes, whereas torrents with small rough drainage basins, developed on the footwall, have formed steep fans likely dominated by debris-flow along the east coast of the Gulf

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relative tectonic activity in the north part of the Evia Island, located in Central Greece, and to investigate the contribution of neotectonic processes in the development of the fluvial landscape. Five morphometric parameters, including Drainage Basin Slope (Sb), Hypsometric Integral (Hi), Asymmetry Factor (Af), Relief Ratio (Rh), and Melton’s Ruggedness Number (M), were estimated for a total of 189 drainage basins. The catchments were classified into two groups, according to the estimated values of each morphometric parameter, and maps showing their spatial distribution were produced. The combination of the calculated morphometric parameters led to a new single integrated Index of relative tectonic activity (named Irta). Following this indexing, the basins were characterized as of low, moderate, or high relative tectonic activity. The quantitative analysis showed that the development of the present drainage systems and the geometry of the basins of the study area have been influenced by the tectonic uplift caused by the activity of two NW-SE trending offshore active normal fault systems: the north Gulf of Evia fault zone (Kandili-Telethrion) and the Aegean Sea fault zone (Dirfis), respectively. The spatial distribution of the values of the new integrated index Irta showed significant differences among the drainage basins that reflect differences in relative tectonic activity related to their location with regard to the normal fault systems of the study area.

The neotectonic evolution of central-eastern mainland Greece (Sterea Hellas) is documented in the result of local extensional tectonics within a regional transtensional field, which is related to the westward propagation of the North Anatolian Fault. The observed tectonic structures within the neotectonic basins and their margins (range-bounding faults and fault zones, rotation of tectonic blocL·) suggest a close relation to the Parnassos Detachment Fault (PDF), which is a reused alpine thrust surface. Lokris basin (LB) occupied a central position in this neotectonic configuration, having received its first sediments in the Uppermost Miocene and subsequently been greatly affected by tectonic episodes, which continue until nowadays. LB is considered to have been separated from the present-day North Gulf of Evia not earlier than the Lower Pleistocene. Voiotihos Kifissos Basin, on the other hand, is tightly related to the activation of PDF, occupying the position of a frontal basin and having developed along the main detachment front.

We applied terrestrial laser scanning (ground-based LiDAR) in the Arkitsa fault zone, an area of active extension along the North Evia Gulf in Central Greece. The study area includes well exposed fault surfaces with large accumulated slip and this allowed detailed measurements of the geometry of the fault planes to be acquired. Laser-scan data enable ultra high-resolution three-dimensional digital terrain models of the recently exposed active fault to be created, in order to apply quantitative fault and slip-vector analysis. This study demonstrates the way in which the Arkitsa Fault is segmented on a smaller scale. The variation in dip and strike across individual fault panels is quantified, and shows the extent to which the fault panel surfaces are non-planar. Although the dip of the different fault panels varies considerably, the average orientation of the slip-vectors on the panels are approximately coincident. The fault is steeply oblique sinistral-normal, with average displacement vector plunging 55° towards 340°.

Le domaine égéen est le théâtre de nombreux évènements géodynamiques importants depuis le Trias. Ces phases de divergence et de convergence n’ont cessé de façonner le paysage, la croûte et le manteau lithosphèrique de la Méditerranée orientale. Aujourd’hui, il en résulte la microplaque Anatolie-Égée, bordée par la Faille Nord-Anatolienne, la Plaque Arabe, les Hellénides et la subduction de la Plaque Afrique sous l’Égée. La migration de cette subduction vers le sud depuis l’Éocène a entraîné l’étirement et l’amincissement de la croûte égéenne, formant des Metamorphic Core Complexes et des rifts. Les contraintes extensives actuelles sont localisées dans ces rifts, comme ceux de Corinthe et du Sperchios-Golfe Nord Eubée en Grèce continentale. Ce dernier, ainsi que l’Eubée du nord, le Chenal d’Oreoi et le Bassin de Skopelos, se situent dans le prolongement occidental de la terminaison de la Faille Nord-Anatolienne qui marque la limite de plaques entre l’Eurasie au nord et l’Anatolie-Égée au sud. Ces zones constituent le domaine Nord Eubée, une région clef dans la compréhension de la déformation entre l’Eurasie et le domaine égéen. L’objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de caractériser la déformation à terre et surtout en mer afin de replacer le domaine Nord Eubée dans le contexte de la Grèce continentale, à l’échelle de cette limite de plaques diffuse. Ces travaux reposent sur l’interprétation de nouvelles données de sismique réflexion très haute résolution (Sparker) acquises au cours des campagnes à la mer « WATER » 1 et 2. L’étude globale a été divisée en deux étapes principales : (1) l’analyse des structures au sein du domaine Nord Eubée et (2) la caractérisation de la déformation actuelle de ce domaine et son évolution depuis l’initiation du rifting.L’interprétation des profils Sparker a permis d’établir une carte tectonique détaillée qui a ensuite été intégrée au contexte régional de déformation grâce à la compilation des données structurales publiées à terre. Cette carte met en évidence quatre directions de failles : NE-SW, NW-SE, WNW-ESE et W-E à travers l’ensemble du domaine Nord Eubée. Ces directions ont été mises en perspective avec les rotations horaires enregistrées proche du rift, permettant ainsi de proposer un nouveau modèle chronologique pour le domaine Nord Eubée depuis le début de la formation du rift. La dernière étape de ce modèle rend compte de la situation actuelle qui est marquée par de nombreux séismes de magnitudes comprises entre 4 et 7 et de nombreux mécanismes aux foyers associés à ces séismes. L’interprétation de ces mécanismes aux foyers met en exergue des mouvements décrochants dextres le long des failles orientées NE-SW et des déplacements sénestres le long des failles orientées NW-SE. La déformation actuelle du domaine Nord Eubée rend compte de la complexité d’une part, des réseaux de failles qui semblent tous actifs et, d’autre part, de la déformation au sein de cette limite de plaques diffuse où la Faille Nord-Anatolienne pourrait avoir une influence sur les rotations horaires et les failles orientées NE-SW. Le rift Sperchios-Golfe Nord Eubée a été replacé dans le contexte de la Grèce continentale notamment à partir de deux coupes à l’échelle crustale tracées entre le Péloponnèse et l’Eubée. Ces coupes montrent les asymétries des rifts de Corinthe et du Sperchios-Golfe Nord Eubée et leurs relations avec les variations d’épaisseur de la croûte. Ainsi, les parties occidentales des deux rifts semblent être contrôlées en profondeur par des structures à faible pendage vers le nord, un détachement pour Corinthe et le Front de Chevauchement Pélagonien pour le Sperchios-Golfe Nord Eubée. À l’ouest, le Moho est plus profond sous les rifts et il remonte à l’aplomb des reliefs situés au nord de chacun des rifts, ainsi les rifts et la croûte montrent une forte asymétrie. À l’est, les remontées de Moho sont localisées sous les rifts et l’ensemble de la structure semble symétrique
The Aegean domain is the theatre of numerous major geodynamical events since Triassic. These divergence and convergence phases have continued to shape the landscape, the crust and the lithospheric mantle of Western Mediterranean. Today, the result is the Anatolia-Aegea microplate, bordered by the North Anatolian Fault, the Arabic Plate, the Hellenides and by the African Plate subduction beneath the Aegean Sea. The southward migration of this subduction since Eocene is responsible for the Aegean crust stretching and thinning, forming Metamorphic Core Complexes and rifts. The current extensive stresses are located in the rifts, like ones of Corinth and of the Sperchios-North Evia Gulf in continental Greece. The last one, as well as North Evia, the Oreoi Channel and the Skopelos Basin, are situated in the prolongation of the western termination of the North Anatolian Fault which marks the plate boundary between Eurasia to the north and Anatolia-Aegea to the south. These areas constitute the North Evia domain, a key-region in order to understand the deformation between Eurasia and the aegean domain. The objective of this PhD thesis is to characterize the inland deformation and especially the offshore one to place the North Evia domain in the context of continental Greece, on the scale of this diffuse plate boundary. These works are based on the interpretation of new very high resolution reflection seismic data (Sparker) acquired during the oceanography surveys “WATER” 1 and 2. The global study has been divided into two main steps: (1) analysis of structures within the North Evia domain and (2) characterization of the current deformation in this domain and its evolution since the rifting initiation.The Sparker profiles interpretation allowed to establish a tectonic detailed map which was then integrated into the regional deformation context through the compilation of inland published structural data. This map highlights four fault directions: NE-SW, NW-SE, WNW-ESE and W-E throughout the entire North Evia domain. These directions were put into perspective with the clockwise rotations recorded near to the rift, allowing thus to propose a new chronological model for the North Evia domain since the beginning of the rifting process. The last step of this model presents the current situation which is marked by numerous earthquakes of magnitudes between 4 and 7 and by numerous focal mechanisms linked to these events. The interpretation of these focal mechanisms emphasizes right-lateral strike-slip movements along NE-SW striking faults, and left-lateral strike-slip movements along NW-SE striking faults. The current deformation of the North Evia domain highlights, firstly, the complexity of fault networks which seem all active and, secondly, the complex deformation within this diffuse plate boundary where the North Anatolian Fault could have an influence on the clockwise rotations and the NE-SW striking faults. The Sperchios-North Evia Gulf has been placed into the continental Greece context, in particular from two crustal-scale cross-sections located between Peloponnese and Evia. These cross-sections show asymmetries of Corinth and Sperchios-North Evia Gulf rifts and their relationship with crustal thickness variations. Thus, the western parts of the both rifts seem to be controlled in depth by northward low-angle structures, a detachment for Corinth and the Pelagonian Thrust Front for Sperchios-North Evia Gulf. In the west, the Moho is deeper beneath the rifts and it goes up to the plumb of the reliefs located north of each rifts, thus rifts and crust show a strong asymmetry. In the East, the Moho is shallow beneath the rifts and the entire structure seems symmetrical

As de facto ruler, Crown Prince Abdullah aided the Taliban, a hard line Islamic fundamentalist party in Afghanistan, created by Pakistan in 1994 during the civil war. Assisted by Islamabad and Riyadh, the Taliban captured Kabul in September 1996. In their spring and summer 1998 offensives, they seized more territory. During their capture of Mazare Sharif, eleven diplomats from Iran’s consulate “disappeared”. The subsequent tensions between Iran and the Taliban escalated to the point when Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guards carried out military exercises near the Afghan border. Thus pressured, the Taliban handed over the Iranian diplomats’ corpses. President Khatami was quick to condemn the 9/11 attacks masterminded by Osama bin Laden based in Afghanistan. In contrast, the widely shared view of senior Saudi princes was that 9/11 was part of the Zionist conspiracy to get Washington fired up to launch a worldwide campaign against Islamic terrorism. Iran clandestinely supplied intelligence on the Taliban on the eve of Washington’s anti-Taliban campaign in October 2001. Yet in January 2002, President George W. Bush included Iran along with Iraq in his “Axis of Evil.” Ignoring Abdullah’s opposition to aggression against any Arab country, Bush ordered invasion and occupation of Iraq in March 2003.

This chapter examines the link between “Islamofascism” and the Holocaust, which “left the West with a grief too great to bear, and a shame too bitter to acknowledge.” In Terror and Liberalism, Paul Berman shares how he came to recognize “Islamofascism.” In the days of the fist Gulf War, Berman found himself at odds with those, formerly his allies, who opposed the war. According to Berman, “Islamofascism” is the successor to Nazism and the Soviet Union, as a form of totalitarianism fundamentally opposed to the freedoms of Western civilization. The chapter argues that if the West is to bear true witness to the evil of the Holocaust, it must meet ethical demands that go beyond the construction of memorials and an ethic of remembrance; it must close the camps and take the Muselmänner—the most abject prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps—as its own.

The devastating loss of life in a war still fought and grown in size requires an answer to the question: what is this War on Terror? Other than to find, stop and defeat terrorist groups, why are men, women and children killed daily, or live in poverty and fear, without home or country? How can we come to understand this human insecurity, its context and its consequences? The chapter explores the journey to the War on Terror and four narratives around it: clashing civilisations, the battle between good and evil, the politics of a hegemon and a hegemonic shift. The securitisation of Iraq is traced back to the Gulf War and links are made between the two wars, in terms of how issues around Iraq became part of the West’s security agenda and in terms of how ‘speaking security’ resulted in the deaths of thousands. The chapter concludes by introducing the first publication of Iraq Body Count, the Dossier on Civilian Casualties, compiled by IBC in the 2003-2005 period. The Dossier provided an initial assessment of the War on Terror, by revealing the recorded impact of the invasion and of the violence it triggered on civilians.