Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Évaluation d'exposition"
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Junges, Pierre-Marie. "Évaluation à l'échelle de l'Internet du niveau d'exposition des objets connectés face aux risques de sécurité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0078.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in our personal and work space makes our everyday life easier, but those IoT devices often suffer from security issues. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the security of IoT devices. On one hand, we investigate the risk of user privacy leakage introduced by IoT hubs (or IoT gateways). Those IoT hubs act as a middlebox between a user and the IoT devices. Existing passive fingerprinting techniques are not applicable in this configuration considering that the network traffic of each individual IoT device attached to the IoT hub is not accessible. We propose a passive fingerprinting technique to infer the user actions by analysing the network traffic of the IoT gateway. Our method works on encrypted network traffic, and consists of decomposing a packet payload size into a set of, potential, user actions. We applied our technique on one IoT gateway controlling up to 16 IoT devices and show that an attacker, located on the Internet, is able to infer the user actions in more than 91.2% of the investigated cases.In a further step, we propose a hybrid firmware analysis technique to evaluate the security of an IoT device by inspecting the content of its firmware. Our analysis combines a dynamic analysis and a static analysis to improve our chances to extract data. Our objectives are not to detect unknown vulnerabilities but only the known ones, and inspect if the binaries included are deprecated. We applied our analysis on 4,730 firmwares belonging to IoT devices released between 2009 and 2019, and noticed the widespread use of a small set of binaries, notably to deploy HTTP and SSH services. From 2017, we observed that IoT manufacturers implemented many updates which reduced the exposure to known vulnerabilities.Using those firmwares, we defined an active fingerprinting technique allowing an attacker to infer details about a connected IoT devices, such as its brand or the binary used to deploy the HTTP server. Thanks to the firmware content, we can 1) obtain precise information about the binaries (name, version), and 2) assume the services actually deployed by the device i.e., the results of a TCP/UDP port scans. Considering those two aspects, our method consists of training classifiers to predict one particular property of a connected IoT device from, among others, the supposed results of a TCP/UDP port scans. Our method allows to predict fine details such as the name or version of a binary, the usernames or the passwords present in an IoT device. Using our approach, we noticed that the predictions of the name and version of the HTTP, SSH and DNS binaries are achieved with a precision superior to 73.14%. On the other hand, the prediction of at least one valid password is more challenging and requires up to two tries. Our method is more effective and furtive than a naive brute-force method.Knowing the vulnerabilies present in a IoT device does not guarantee that attackers use them on a regular basis. Hence, we propose in our fourth contribution, a high interaction honeypot capable of intercepting cyberattacks targeting IoT devices. The defined honeypot is based on an existing emulation technique that uses IoT devices firmwares. Implementing an honeypot is hard, and because of the stealth constraint, the existing emulation technique could not be used as-is. Due to this constraint, we implemented a framework capable of emulating IoT devices while assuring their furtivity, and adding honeypot-specific capabilities, such as exfiltrating the attackers activities. We then compared our approach to the state of the art one, and showed that ours can emulate up to 825 (82.5%) devices compared to 454 (45.4%). Our honeypot was deployed on one server during about one year and captured unknown and recent attacks from botnets, and sometimes humans
Demnati, Rahma. "Le syndrome d'irritation bronchique, évaluation anatomopathologique, fonctionnelle respiratoire et thérapeutique dans un modèle animal d'exposition au chlore". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0023/NQ47604.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThiessard, Frantz. "Aide à l'estimation du risque d'exposition à l'amiante par l'interrogation d'une base de données". Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23078.
Texto completo da fonteBourdiol, Floriane. "Évaluation de l'écotoxicité de nanotubes de carbone en milieu aquatique à l'aide du modèle amphibien xenopus laevis : synthèse, protocoles d'exposition, détection et dosage". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2214/.
Texto completo da fonteThe exponential rise in the production and the use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) raises concerns about their spread in the environment. Nevertheless, few information is available about their potential ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Our work was based on a forward-looking approach at the laboratory scale, using an aquatic model, the amphibian larva of Xenopus laevis. The acute, chronic and genetic toxicities were assessed after the exposure of larvae to DWCNT or MWCNT suspensions prepared according to various dispersion protocols. The potential synergistic effects of raw DWCNTs and lead were also assessed. The ingestion of CNT could disrupt the intestinal transit and the assimilation of nutrients. The toxic responses seem to be modulated both by the kind of CNTs, their concentration, and their dispersion state, the nature of the dispersing agent, as well as the presence of lead and its concentration (co-exposure). The tracking and the quantitative analysis of CNTs in biological samples are still huge challenges. On the one hand, larvae were exposed to CNTs synthesized from 13C-enriched sources in order to investigate the principle of probing their presence using the 13C/12C ratio (isotopic labeling). Preliminary studies suggest an heterogeneous biomagnification of 13C-DWCNTs in the liver, which has to be confirmed by more extensive investigations. On the other hand, a new technique for the quantitative detection of CNTs was developed on larvae exposed to DWCNTs. It is based on the dielectric relaxation of the sample suspensions in a microwave electromagnetic field which allows the extrapolation of CNT concentrations from complex permittivity measurements
Tremblay-Gratton, Anne, e Anne Tremblay-Gratton. "Évaluation de l'efficacité d'un biofiltre à macroalgues marines pour la réduction des nitrates et phosphates dans les bassins d'exposition du Biodôme de Montréal". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28123.
Texto completo da fonteAu Biodôme de Montréal, la culture d'algues marines pourrait contribuer à l'amélioration de l'habitat aquatique et permettre à l'institution de combler ses exigences en termes de qualité de l'eau. En effet, les macroalgues peuvent diminuer les concentrations en nitrates et en phosphates générés par la décomposition des déchets métaboliques des animaux captifs puisqu'elles absorbent ses nutriments pour combler leurs besoins de croissance. L'objectif de ce projet est de contribuer au développement d'un biofiltre macroalgal adapté aux conditions d'opération de l'écosystème marin du Biodôme de Montréal. Les performances de bioremédiation de deux espèces d'algues marines indigènes, Palmaria palmata et Ulva lactuca, ont été évaluées sous des conditions expérimentales similaires à celles des bassins d'exposition, soit deux températures (5 et 10°C) et trois concentrations élevées en nitrate et phosphate (2 856:194 vs. 3 570:242 vs. 4 284:291 µM NO₃-:PO₄³⁻). Après six jours de culture, nos résultats démontrent 1) que les différentes concentrations en nutriments et la température n'influencent pas significativement la vitesse d'absorption des nutriments chez les deux espèces; 2) que la croissance de P. palmata n'est pas influencée par les traitements et 3) qu'U. lactuca démontre une croissance maximale à 10°C et à concentration intermédiaire. Le niveau élevé de saturation tissulaire en N, en lien avec les conditions environnementales nutritives du milieu de culture, limiterait l'absorption des nutriments et la croissance des macroalgues. Entre les deux espèces, U. lactuca semble une meilleure candidate que P. palmata dans nos conditions expérimentales, car elle démontre une vitesse d'absorption des nitrates trois fois supérieure (1,76 ± 0,59 vs. 0,65 ± 0,15 mg N MS⁻¹ d⁻¹), une vitesse d'absorption des phosphates deux fois supérieure (0,32 ± 0,21 vs. 0,14 ± 0,11 mg P DW⁻¹ d⁻¹) et un taux de croissance trois fois supérieur à P. palmata (2,12 ± 0,89 vs. 0,64 ± 0,18 % MF d⁻¹). Pour poursuivre le développement d'un biofiltre macroalgal efficace, l'accès à la lumière, le contrôle du pH et la disponibilité en microéléments devraient être optimisés
Beaudoin, Judith Marie. "Exploration d’une méthodologie intégrant un système de positionnement intérieur par radiofréquence dans le cadre d’une évaluation muséale portant sur l’adéquation de parcours d'exposition". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26215.
Texto completo da fonteL’évaluation muséale est un champ principalement actif dans le milieu universitaire et dans les grandes institutions muséales. Les ressources humaines et financières restreintes sont souvent des freins pour les petits et moyens musées à procéder à des démarches d’évaluation autre que le taux de fréquentation. Pourtant, ces études seraient aussi bénéfiques pour eux qu’elles peuvent l’être pour les grandes institutions. Les systèmes de positionnement intérieur semblent une voie intéressante pour permettre aux petits et moyens musées de réaliser des évaluations plus facilement, rapidement et avec un minimum de ressources spécialisées. Malgré un intérêt du milieu muséal et académique pour ces nouvelles technologies, peu de solutions ont été explorées et de méthodes développées dans l’optique d’en faire un outil adapté aux réalités des petits et moyens musées. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif le développement d’une méthodologie qui intègre un système de positionnement au sein d’une démarche d’évaluation portant sur les parcours muséographiques en contexte de moyen musée. La méthodologie proposée est testée par la réalisation d’une évaluation muséale in situ.
The field of museum evaluation is mostly active in academia and bigger museums. Limited human and financial resources are often impediments for small and medium-size museums to conduct evaluation approaches other than attendance census. However, evaluation studies would be as beneficial for them as they are for large institutions. Indoor positioning systems seem like an attractive approach to enable small and medium-size museums to conduct evaluations more quickly, more easily and in a manner that requires less specialized resources. Although museum professionals and academics have shown interest for these new technologies, few solutions have been explored and methods developed in order to create a tool adapted to the realities of small and medium-sized museums. This research project aims to develop a methodology that integrates a positioning system in the evaluation process of the adequacy between the conceptual and visitor paths in the context of a medium sized museum. The proposed methodology has been tested by applying it to an on-site evaluation.
Salines, Morgane. "Modélisation de la propagation du virus de l'hépatite E dans la filière porcine et évaluation de stratégies de réduction du risque d'exposition humaine". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B039/document.
Texto completo da fonteHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen whose main reservoir in industrialised countries is pigs. This research project combined epidemiological studies, mathematical modelling and social sciences to propose levers for reducing the risk of human exposure to HEV through the consumption of pork products. Two experimental trials and one study under natural conditions highlighted the major role of immunomodulating co-infections on the dynamics of HEV infection in pigs, as these intercurrent pathogens led to chronic HEV infection and an increased risk of the virus in the liver, blood and muscles of slaughtered animals. The development of a within-herd, stochastic, individual-based and multi-pathogen model has made it possible to identify both zootechnical and sanitary control measures to reduce the prevalence of the virus on farms. In addition, the design of a between-herd model has enabled to analyse the factors responsible for the spread of the virus in a network of French farms. All these HEV control measures have been submitted for the opinion of public and private organisations and individual players in the pig sector (farmers, farming advisors, veterinarians) through social science approaches. Finally, this transversal and multidisciplinary project made it possible to define tangible and achievable lines of action for the management of HEV in the pig sector while making significant methodological contributions in epidemiology and modelling
Druart, Coline. "Effets des pesticides de la vigne sur le cycle biologique de l'escargot dans divers contextes d'exposition". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00662413.
Texto completo da fonteBrisse, Hervé. "Radioprotection en scanographie chez l'enfant : évaluation et optimisation des doses délivrées lors des examens multicoupes, impact du contrôle automatique d'exposition et proposition de niveaux de référence diagnostiques pédiatriques". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T043.
Texto completo da fonteWohlfahrt, Julie. "Développement d'un indicateur d'exposition des eaux de surface aux pertes de pesticides à l'échelle du bassin versant". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00360009.
Texto completo da fonteGonzalez, Maria. "Evaluation des expositions professionnelles dans les études épidémiologiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/GONZALEZ_Maria_2006.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteCaudeville, Julien. "Développement d'une plateforme intégrée pour la cartographie de l'exposition des populations aux substances chimiques : construction d'indicateurs spatialisés en vu d'identifier les inégalités environnementales à l'échelle régionale". Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1960.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis was to develop an integrated and spatialized platform that allows characterizing the inequality linked to environmental exposure of population to chemical substances. A multimedia exposure model was used to assess the exposure dose of target population via inhalation of atmospheric contaminants and via ingestion of soil, food and drinking water. This model uses geo-referenced databases implemented in a GIS including environmental (water, air, soil, food), behavioral, and demographic data. A case study was performed across two regions in France (Picardie and Nord-Pas-de-Calais) for cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead. Exposure hotspot areas and determinants were identified by the spatial analysis of risk indicator variations. Uncertainties are associated with highlighting areas where potential hotspot exposure have been detected. Some of these uncertainties are simulated by the platform. The case study has allowed to demonstrate the platform feasibility and functioning. Hotspot areas with significantly elevated exposure indicator values might be used to define environmental monitoring campaigns, to manage and plan remedial actions. This work proposes also to improve “classical” health risk assessment with a better integration of essential determinant for the real population exposure at the territory scale
Lamarche, Frédéric. "Évaluation de la cytotoxicité de l'éthanol sur cultures primaires de neurones de rat : influence du mode et des conditions d'exposition, effets de la vitamine E, du sélénium et du milieu conditionné par les astrocytes sur la neuroprotection". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE19008.
Texto completo da fonteBouvier, Ghislaine. "Contribution à l'évaluation de l'exposition de lapopulation francilienne aux pesticides". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00281181.
Texto completo da fonteEn premier lieu, nous avons mis au point et validé les outils d'évaluation : des questionnaires détaillant l'environnement, le mode de vie, les caractéristiques socio-démographiques de notre population et les sources possibles d'exposition aux pesticides ; des prélèvements de résidus présents dans l'air intérieur et de résidus cutanés manuportés ; un recueil d'urines pour doser les dialkylphosphates, métabolites urinaires communs à de nombreux insecticides organophosphorés. Une sélection de composés d'action insecticide, herbicide ou fongicide a été définie au préalable, en fonction de leurs utilisations, de leur toxicité et de leur rémanence. Les méthodes analytiques ont été adaptées et validées en collaboration avec l'INERIS.
L'application de ces outils à un groupe de 41 adultes franciliens, professionnels et particuliers, a constitué le second volet du travail de thèse. Les prélèvements ont été effectués sur le lieu de travail de jardiniers, de fleuristes et de vétérinaires ainsi qu'au domicile de personnes non exposées professionnellement. Les insecticides organochlorés, organophosphorés, le propoxur et certains herbicides et fongicides ont été détectés dans tous les types de lieux et sur les mains de tous les sujets. Dans notre échantillon, les jardiniers et les fleuristes étaient significativement plus exposés aux méthyl-OPs, et les vétérinaires au propoxur et aux éthyl-OPs. La population générale était exposée, quoique de façon plus faible, aux mêmes pesticides. Le dosage des métabolites urinaires des insecticides OPs n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence de différence significative d'exposition entre les quatre catégories de sujets. Ce travail nous a permis de valider la faisabilité de notre protocole.
Le troisième volet de cette thèse correspond à l'application des outils développés et modifiés à l'issue de l'étude précédente à une population enfantine francilienne. L'étude a été menée chez 73 enfants vivant en pavillon et 57 enfants vivant en appartement, âgés de 6-7 ans, scolarisés en écoles élémentaires de trois zones d'Ile-de-France. Outre les prélèvements décrits précédemment et les questionnaires, un prélèvement de poussières de sols a été effectué chez 50% des enfants recrutés. Un jardin et un chien et/ou un chat étaient présents dans 55,5% et 29% des foyers, respectivement. Au moins un produit pesticide était présent dans 94% des foyers, la majorité étant constituée par les insecticides. Durant l'année précédant l'enquête, 87% des familles ont utilisé au moins un pesticide, le plus souvent un insecticide. Plus d'un quart des familles a rapporté l'intervention d'un professionnel de la désinsectisation au domicile. Le lindane, l'alpha-HCH et le propoxur étaient les pesticides les plus fréquemment retrouvés dans l'air (dans 88%, 49% et 44% des logements, respectivement). Les niveaux d'OPs dans l'air et sur les mains étaient significativement corrélés, mais aucune corrélation n'a été retrouvée avec les niveaux de métabolites urinaires. Les niveaux de propoxur dans l'air et sur les mains étaient également significativement corrélés. Le type de logement et son ancienneté sont des facteurs influençant les concentrations aériennes en lindane et en alpha-HCH. La présence d'un jardin ou d'une cour paysagée influence de façon significative les concentrations d'insecticides OPs dans l'air. La saison, le type de logement ainsi que la présence de plantes à l'intérieur du domicile sont significativement associés aux niveaux de résidus cutanés d'insecticides OPs. Le traitement anti-termite est significativement associé à des niveaux plus élevés de dialkylphosphates urinaires. Le fait d'habiter en maison est associé à des concentrations plus importantes d'IPP urinaire.
En conclusion, le principal enseignement de ces travaux est que la méthodologie mise en œuvre nous a permis de documenter l'exposition non alimentaire aux pesticides de populations urbaines d'Ile-de-France, et l'étude des facteurs influençant ces expositions permet de suggérer de nouvelles pistes à explorer, afin de mieux connaître les populations à risque de surexposition.
Morin, Nicolas. "Évaluation du POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) : domaine de validité et performances pour 56 micropolluants organiques : application aux hormones, pharmaceutiques, alkyphénols, filtre UV et pesticides". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10056.
Texto completo da fonteThe POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) is an alternative integrative sampling tool to conventional sampling methods (grab or automated) for measuring hydrophilic organic micropollutants in water. This tool permits to supply time-weighted average concentrations (TWAC) and, sometimes, to decrease limits of quantification. A detailed bibliographic review showed the important variability of POCIS performance data measured in laboratory (notably the sampling rates or Rs). This variability is in majority due to different experimental calibration systems, not always well detailed, among studies. In the literature, in situ TWAC are compared to concentrations from conventional sampling, actually used in European monitoring programs ; these concentrations are generally of the same order of magnitude, even if they do not represent the same information. In order to obtain accurate and robust TWAC, we studied in laboratory the “pharmaceutical” POCIS behavior for 56 micropollutants (hormones, pharmaceuticals, alkylphenols, pesticides, UV filter), in a calibration system specifically made for controlling the whole experimental conditions having an influence on Rs. We determined 43 robust RS and demonstrated that POCIS is well adapted for sampling most of studied molecules. Moreover, the pattern of kinetic accumulations is explained using molecule physical-chemical properties (log D, polar surface). Five deuterated homologues were identified as PRCs, meaning that they can be used for correcting differences in conditions between the laboratory and the field. We also compared the POCIS with the “polar” Chemcatcher and we showed that in term of application field and performances, the POCIS is better adapted for studied micropollutants. At last, we tested the accuracy and the robustness of the POCIS during two inter-laboratory studies (ILSs). The first ILS, dealing with the laboratory calibration of the tool, demonstrated performance robustness for 3 pesticides. The second in situ ILS demonstrated the relevance of the POCIS for sampling hormones, pharmaceuticals and pesticides from a waste water treatment plant effluent. This thesis permits to improve knowledge on the POCIS and to promote its application for the water framework directive
Lagasse, Marine. "Explorations de méthodes pour la connaissance et la caractérisation de l’expérience personnelle des visiteurs non guidés au musée : Vers le développement de nouveaux outils d’analyse". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPHF0012.
Texto completo da fonteExhibition reception studies are at the heart of the museum's knowledge-sharing mission. Today, the concept of the visitor experience brings together a series of central questions on this subject: what do visitors do during their self-guided visit? How do they connect with the exhibition content? Capturing the experience as closely as possible to what visitors live in situ presents however major methodological challenges.This research is based on innovative survey methods developed over the last decades, and more particularly on REMIND, which brings together their methodological assets. REMIND is an interview method that uses the stimulated recall technique to help visitors to produce detailed descriptions of their activity in situ. Nevertheless, as the REMIND analytical framework is designed to capture the experience of each of the visitors interviewed in depth and detail, this makes it difficult to process and cross-check a large number of verbatim data. The aim of this research is to help overcome this methodological obstacle. It proposes to explore different survey and analysis methods to facilitate the systematic collection and examination of a high volume of data relating to the visiting experience. Ultimately, these methodological tools are intended to be used for comparative analyses to identify common trends in visitor activity, as well as specificities due to certain exhibition environments or visit contexts.The thesis comprises two lines of research structured around four studies focusing on the visitor experience in Belgian and French museums. The first line explores means of characterising the visitor experience based on visitors' personal constructs. Study 1 deals with the formalisation of a hybrid interview method, REMIND-Contrast, to bring out the personal constructs relating to an exhibition visit. Studies 2 and 3 propose to use these constructs as questionnaire items and test an early VX scale (Visitor eXperience) to measure the experience. The second line concerns Study 4, which uses an alternative analysis method to the REMIND framework to examine an extended corpus of interviews. This study examines visitors' activities in order to identify typical forms of engagement with exhibits.This research deploys an interdisciplinary approach to exploring field survey methods and testing analytical tools, both qualitative and quantitative, which ultimately serve to characterise the visitor experience and clarify the related phenomena. Among other things, it proposes some initial quantitative indicators to measure the visit experience in terms of key aspects for visitors. Therefore, through the perspectives offered for understanding the visitor experience, the results of this research can also nourish reflections on the evaluation and design of exhibitions and mediation devices
Barreales, Suárez Sofía. "Détermination de résidus de médicaments et ses métabolites dans les plantes sauvages. Essais d’exposition et évaluation de la bioactivité". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR4086.
Texto completo da fonteThe presence of pharmaceuticals in environmental waters or plant matrices suppose a challenge for environment preservation, which makes necessary to evaluate, monitor and carry out an environmental diagnosis of the areas affected by pollution in order to know the ecosystems damaged by the presence of pollutants and thus evaluate the consequences of these on living beings. For this reason, this Thesis focuses its study on the effects of pollution on the native flora of the Doñana National Park (Spain), providing qualitative and quantitative data on the effect of pharmacologically active substances (such as emerging contaminants) in three plant species in this area, in addition similar studies are virtually nonexistent. This work aims to increase knowledge about the consequences of anthropogenic pressure in the ecosystem of Doñana National Park, simulating at laboratory scale the presence of pharmaceuticals, their degradation compounds and metabolites, in plant matrices from this natural environment. The antioxidant and enzymatic capacity as well as the identification of inhibitory molecules to the enzymes used in this study were evaluated in a collection of 150 selected plants from Doñana. An analytical procedure using high resolution liquid chromatography with detection of mass spectrometry - flight time has been optimized and validated for the identification and quantification of six active pharmacological principles, carbamazepine, flumequine, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, ibuprofen and diclofenac, in extracts from three plant species: Lavandula dentata, Juncus sp. and Salicornia europaea. An uptake study has been carried out, irrigating the selected plants with aqueous solutions containing variable concentrations of the pharmaceuticals. The samples have been analyzed at 7, 15, 21 and 30 days (end of the assay) and the accumulation of the selected substances have been determined. Additionally, non-targeted analytical techniques using appropriate software (MetabolynxTM) have been applied to data from the samples subjected to the uptake study to identify possible metabolites and degradation products and possible metabolic routes involved. Additionally, some methods were optimized to evaluate antioxidant and inhibitory activities, using different enzymes (tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase and lipoxygenase), in the extracts of a selection of 150 plants from the Doñana National Park. For this purpose, the specimens were extracting using solvents of different polarity and extracting capacity: hexane, ethanol, water: ethanol (1:1, v/v) and ethyl acetate. These methods were applied to evaluate the enzymatic inhibition capacity as well as antioxidant capacity of the extracts
Actualmente, la presencia de sustancias farmacológicas en el agua utilizada para el riego o en las matrices de las plantas es un problema para el medioambiente, siendo cada vez, más necesario evaluar, monitorizar y realizar un diagnostico medioambiental de las zonas afectadas por la contaminación para conocer los ecosistemas dañados por la presencia de los contaminantes y así evaluar la consecuencia de estos en los seres vivos. Por lo tanto, esta tesis centra su estudio en los efectos de la contaminación para aumentar el conocimiento de sus consecuencias sobre la flora autóctona del Parque Nacional de Doñana (España), aportanto datos cualitativos y cuantitativos sobre el efecto de las sustancias farmacológicamente activas (consideradas como contaminantes emergentes) sobre tres especies vegetales típicas de esta región. Prácticamente son inexistentes los estudios que simulan a nivel de laboratorio la presencia de principios activos farmacológicos, sus compuestos de degradación y metabolitos en las matrices de las plantas en este medio natural, evaluando también la capacidad antioxidante y enzimática, así como la identificación de las moléculas inhibidoras de las enzimas utilizadas en este estudio en un conjunto de 150 plantas del mencionado entorno protegido. Se ha optimizado y validado un procedimiento analítico mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detección por espectrometría de masas en tiempo de vuelo para la identificación y cuantificación de seis principios activos farmacológicos, carbamazepina, flumequina, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, ibuprofeno y diclofenaco, en extractos de tres especies de plantas, Lavandula dentata y Juncus sp. y Salicornia europaea, especies presentes en diferentes hábitats del Parque Nacional de Doñana. Se ha dieseñado y llevado a cabo una prueba de exposición, regando las plantas seleccionadas con soluciones acuosas que contenían concentraciones variables de productos farmacéuticos. Las muestras se analizaron a los 7, 15, 21 y 30 días (final de la prueba) y se determinó la acumulación de las sustancias seleccionadas. Asimismo, se aplicaron técnicas analíticas no específicas utilizando programas informáticos adecuados (MetabolynxTM) a los datos de las muestras del estudio de absorción para identificar posibles metabolitos y productos de degradación y las vías metabólicas implicadas. Además, se han optimizado algunos métodos para evaluar las actividades antioxidantes e inhibidoras, utilizando diferentes enzimas (tirosinasa, elastasa, colagenasa y lipoxigenasa), en extractos de una selección de 150 especies de plantas recolectadas y presentes en el Parque Nacional de Doñana, y/o su entorno, las muestras se extrajeron utilizando disolventes de diferente polaridad y capacidad de extracción: hexano, etanol, agua: etanol (1:1, v/v) y acetato de etilo. Estos métodos se aplicaron para evaluar la capacidad de inhibición de las enzimas, así como la capacidad antioxidante de los extractos y en muestras seleccionadas a partir de ensayos de exposición, lo que indica, como era de esperar, el aumento de la capacidad inhibitoria de las enzimas en muestras sometidas a altas concentraciones de soluciones de dopantes. Se ha establecido una relación metabólica entre las posibles moléculas bioactivas de extractos de plantas que no están documentadas en la literatura por su actividad inhibidora de enzimas y los inhibidores conocidos de estas enzimas, lo que explica la existencia de actividad inhibidora
Blangero, Yoann. "Méthodologie de l’évaluation des biomarqueurs prédictifs quantitatifs et de la détermination d’un seuil pour leur utilisation en médecine personnalisée". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1125/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, the cancer research is a major public health issue. The number of new cancer cases nearly doubled between 1980 and 2012. The heterogeneity of the tumor characteristics, for a given cancer, presents a great challenge in the research of new effective treatments. In this context, much hope is placed in the research of predictive (or treatment selection) biomarkers that reflect the patients’ characteristics in order to guide treatment choice. For example, in the metastatic colorectal cancer setting, it is admitted that the addition of cetuximab (an anti-EGFR) to classical chemotherapy (the FOLFOX4), only improve the outcome of patients with KRAS wild-type tumors. In that context, the KRAS gene is a binary treatment selection marker, but plenty of biomarkers result from some quantifications or dosage measurements. The first aim of this thesis is to quantify the global treatment selection ability of a biomarker. After a review of the existing litterature, a method based on an extension of ROC curves is proposed and compared to existing methods. Its main advantage is that it is non-parametric, and that it does not depend on the mean risk of event in each treatment arm. In a second time, when a quantitative treatment selection biomarker is assessed, there is a need to estimate a marker thereshold value above which one treatment is preferred, and below which the other treatment is recommended. An approach that relies on the definition of a utility function is proposed in order to take into account both efficacy and toxicity of treatments when estimating the optimal threshold. A Bayesian method for the estimation of the optimal threshold is proposed
Omrane, Fatma. "Human health risk assessment of occupational exposure to trace metallic elements mixtures in metalworking industries in the Sfax metropolis (Tunisia)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0097/document.
Texto completo da fonteTrace metallic elements (TMEs) are pollutants of great concern even in trace amounts because of their toxicity and cumulative property. Some of them can be carcinogenic. The Sfax metropolis, located in the southern region of Tunisia, has been affected by releases of TMEs for decades. Several studies confirmed that this pollution is predominantly originated from anthropogenic sources, mainly from industrial activities. It represents a threat to the health of residents, particularly for those also exposed during occupational activities in industrial processes. The present study aims to assess health risks associated with occupational exposure in industries handling TMEs in their production processes, following the human health risk assessment approach. To this end, five companies using raw material containing TMEs to produce a variety of metallic products accepted to participate to the study. The metals that were investigated are Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb. Mathematical models for estimating occupational exposure to chemicals were used to predict indoor air TME exposure levels in 15 different job tasks. Air monitoring was conducted in order to compare the predicted workplace air concentrations versus the direct measured ones, using both workplace-fixed monitors and personal samplers. And finally, urine samples were collected from 61 workers to assess whether TMEs excretion correlate with job exposure levels. Globally, the predicted air estimates relate well with measured concentrations over the whole set of job tasks. Better predictions were found for certain activities, in particular for steel cutting and welding processes. The values that correspond to the 90th percentile of the exposure distribution were then used in the interaction-based hazard index HIint to assess health risks associated with the mixtures of TMEs. Total cancer risk was also investigated. Results showed high exposures for metals that may elicit respiratory conditions, with a HIint reaching 93.6, the highest levels being for the shielded metal arc welding and metal shearing and slitting tasks. The risk is enhanced by a synergetic effect between Cr, Ni and Cu. High risks of lung and kidney cancers were demonstrated (the predicted life-long total cancer risk for exposed workers is 3.7×10-4). This work shows that mathematical models can be accurate in predicting TME airborne exposure levels for several processes in the metallurgic industry, a result that is of interest to help the different stakeholders to monitor efficiently exposure surveillance and abatement. Progress in industrial hygiene is needed in this industrial sector to reduce the high level of health risks currently experienced by the metalworking workers
Mater, Gautier. "Caractérisation des mesures d’exposition à des produits chimiques dans les bases de données françaises COLCHIC et SCOLA pour la prévention des maladies professionnelles". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0210/document.
Texto completo da fonteTwo occupational exposure databases of occupational exposures to chemicals, COLCHIC and SCOLA, coexist in France with different objectives (prevention and compliance). Little is known about their representativeness of exposures in the general population. We explored to what extent COLCHIC and SCOLA adequately reflect occupational exposures in France. After performing a descriptive and comparative analysis, associations between exposure levels and ancillary information were explored for each agent, separately for COLCHIC and SCOLA and in a common dataset, using statistical modelling. Modelling results were synthesized across agents using Meta analysis. COLCHIC and SCOLA contain, respectively, 929 700 (670 chemicals) and 429 104 records (105). Three predictors "Sample Time", "Personal protective equipment" and "Year" are strongly associated with exposure levels across a large majority of chemicals in both databases, and 3 others are specific to each one. Exposure levels are in average twice higher in COLCHIC compared to SCOLA in 2007, but become comparable from 2012-2015. COLCHIC and SCOLA are an important source of information. Inclusion of descriptors associated with exposure levels in our study and the use of predictive methods should help to improve their interpretation
Petit, Pascal. "De l'exposition professionnelle aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques à l'estimation du risque de cancers professionnels". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS025/document.
Texto completo da fontePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of organic carcinogens substances, ranked second amongst priority targeted pollutants in the environment as well as in occupational settings where around 1.6 million workers are exposed in France. Sanitary risks assessment (SRA) is paramount but remains difficult to set up considering that PAHs are always emitted in complex mixtures of gas and particles whose composition depends on emission sources.The goals of this PhD were to characterize exposures within industries (levels and chemical composition of PAHs mixtures) in order to assess the cancer risk from occupational exposure to PAHs mixtures. This work was performed using the Exporisq-HAP database (E-HAP) that gathers more than 1,700 airborne exposure data as well as 40 independent variables collected in 130 companies with the same methodology and coded by the same toxicologist for 20 years.To conduct the SRA, data were structured following two dimensions (homogeneity and description accuracy), enabling the construction of similar exposure groups (SEGs) and the descriptive analysis of the French industrial landscape. Using the benzo[a]pyrene as indicator (BaP, the most dangerous PAH), about 40% of the occupational activities (most accurate description level in E-HAP) could be considered as SEGs (geometric standard deviation ≤ 3). Adding a new description level increased this percentage to 87%. High variabilities existed between and within industries in terms of concentrations levels, chemical mixtures composition and risk (between 2 for bitumen to 500 times within foundries) caused by mono-exposure to PAHs (e.g., BaP, naphthalene…). This underlines the importance of collecting detailed information on occupational activities performed by workers to accurately describe and characterize exposures. In the second step, multi-exposures to PAHs were analyzed in terms of similar exposure function groups (SEFG based on several PAHs). Exposure functions (PAHs concentrations distributions) were used to describe the French PAHs industrial landscape, to construct markers of the multi-exposures to airborne PAHs and to perform the preliminary assessment of the cancer risk caused by these mixtures. Besides BaP, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[ghi]perylene were found to be indicators of the multi-exposures to airborne carcinogenic PAHs, which was not the case for pyrene (gaseous and particulate forms), naphthalene and phenanthrene. SEFGs were made up of groups with the same source origin –either from products derived from coal (SEFGH) or petroleum (SEGFP). SEFGH (aluminum, silicon, carbon product, coke production, and foundry) had high concentration levels and high risk of lung cancer (between 100,000 to 1 risk to 1,000 to 1 risk to observe one additional case of lung cancer). It was different for SEGFP (engine emissions, lubricating oil, combustion, bitumen) that had between 100,000 to 1 risk to a million to 1 risk of additional lung cancer. To reduce cancer risks, risk management measures still need improvements in all SEFGH
Lavoué, Jérôme. "Évaluation de l'exposition professionnelle au formaldéhyde à partir de sources de données préexistantes". Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17766.
Texto completo da fonteTozlovanu, Mariana. "Évaluation du risque de contamination alimentaire en mycotoxines néphrotoxiques et cancérogènes (notamment l'ochratoxine A) : validation de biomarqueurs d'exposition et d'effet". Phd thesis, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7744/1/tozlovanu.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMagnan-Tremblay, Laurence. "Le programme cognitif-comportemental au CJM-IU : l'effet du degré d'exposition au programme sur l'ampleur des troubles de comportement des adolescentes six mois après leur admission au CJM-IU". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12552.
Texto completo da fonteThe implementation of evidence-based programs into real world settings can be a difficult process for administrators and educators with adolescent clientele. Practice settings are faced with constraints that may lead to the modification of intervention programs in order to facilitate their implementation. It is therefore imperative to document and measure the effect of these modifications when programs are evaluated. However, because research hasn’t yet identified the conditions in which it is possible to modify programs for use in intervention settings, this study proposes a new approach based on the principles of effective treatment elaborated by Andrews and his colleagues (1990). This approach allows for the modification of intervention levels while ensuring the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral program. This study sampled 74 adolescent girls hosted at the Centre jeunesse de Montréal – Institut universitaire (CJM-IU) over 6 months in order to assess the effects of the cognitive-behavioral program dosage among behavioral disorders. The results indicate that cognitive-behavioral therapy was applied in an irregular fashion and much less frequently than originally planned, which speaks to the difficulties encountered in implementing evidence-based programs in real-world settings. The results also suggest that the adolescent girls with more characteristics of a behavioral disorder and who completed more auto-evaluations during their rehabilitation showed significantly fewer behavioral problems 6 months after the beginning of the treatment.