Bibliografias temáticas / European Free Trade Association. Secretariat

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 29 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 31 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Kono, Daniel Yuichi. "Are Free Trade Areas Good for Multilateralism? Evidence from the European Free Trade Association". International Studies Quarterly 46, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 507–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.00243.

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Weiss, F. "The European Free Trade Association after Twenty-five Years". Yearbook of European Law 5, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1985): 287–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/yel/5.1.287.

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Cools, Evelien, Julia Ausserer, Marc Van de Velde, Peter Hamm, Sabrina Neururer e Peter Paal. "Anaesthesiology research in the European Union and the European Free Trade Association". European Journal of Anaesthesiology 34, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2017): 814–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/eja.0000000000000653.

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NEUMANN, IVER B. "The European Free Trade Association: The Problems of an All-European Role". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 28, n.º 4 (junho de 1990): 359–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1990.tb00373.x.

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Kalicka-Mikołajczyk, Adriana. "Pogłębiona i kompleksowa strefa wolnego handlu — nowa forma współpracy gospodarczej Unii Europejskiej z krajami partnerskimi Europy Wschodniej i Kaukazu Południowego w ramach Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa". Ekonomia 22, n.º 2 (10 de novembro de 2016): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.22.2.2.

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Deepen and congeneric free trade area — a new form of business collaboration of the European Union with its neighbours from Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus within the European Neighbourhood Policy The European Neighbourhood Policy ENP was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and strengthening the prosperity, stability and security of all participants. Within the ENP the European Union offers its neighbours a privileged relationship building upon a mutual commitment to common values, political association and deeper economic integration. The ENP links partner countries with the EU’s internal market and its social and economic model. For partners, this means adopting basic rules on equal opportunities, economic participation and fair competition. The ENP builds upon the legal agreements in place between the EU and the partner countries: Partnership and Cooperation Agreements or Association Agreements. Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova signed Association Agreements with the EU on 27 June 2014. The deep and comprehensive free trade agreement is part of a new generation of Association Agreements with eastern partner countries which provides a long-term foundation for future economic relations with the European Union. It was agreed that Association Agreement should take an ambitious and innovative approach, include a deep and comprehensive free trade area and go qualitatively beyond the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement wherever possible. It contains binding, rule-based provisions and cooperation developed further than in traditional agreements and it is wide-ranging, covering all areas of interest. The deep and comprehensive free trade area is part of the Association Agreement which offer a new framework for modernising partner countries trade relations and for economic development by the opening of markets via the progressive removal of customs tariffs and quotas, and by an extensive harmonisation of laws, norms and regulations in various trade-related sectors, creating the conditions for aligning key sectors of the eastern partners economy to European Union standards. The deep and comprehensive free trade areas are expected to bring many economic benefits for Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine by offering businesses access to the EU’s single market — the largest in the world.

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Yemmen, Jihene, e Mohamed Miras Marzouki. "The Challenges of Free Trade with the European Union for Tunisia". Journal of International Cooperation and Development 7, n.º 1 (6 de março de 2024): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/jicd-2024-0002.

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International economic integration is a complex process of cooperation and diffusion between the national economies of different countries, aimed at creating a unified economic entity. Like many developing countries, Tunisia has adopted unprecedented reforms to facilitate the integration of its economy into the world market. From 1986 to 1995, numerous economic measures involving trade liberalization were undertaken. Tunisia adopted the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), it joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. In 1995 the Association Agreement (AA) concluded between Tunisia and the European Union (EU), which launched and established a free trade zone (FTA) covering industrial products. the European Union has begun negotiations in Tunis on a Comprehensive and In-depth Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). This project aims to broaden and consolidate their economic cooperation. The paper aims is to explore the advantages and disadvantages of integrating a small country into a large economic region. It attempts to analyze the gains and losses of the trade integration agreements established between Tunisia and the European Union. He also referred to the European Union (EU's) recent proposal to Tunisia for a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement (DCFTA). Although the impact of integration is uncertain, the risks are significant and can be avoided by adopting appropriate trade policies. This article contributes to the existing literature studying the impact of the Association Agreement between Tunisia and the European Union (EU). Received: 8 January 2024 / Accepted: 24 February 2024 / Published: xx March 2024

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Quimba, Francis Mark, e Mark Anthony Barral. "Does Similarity in Philippine Free Trade Agreements Matter in Trade?" Philippine Journal of Development 48, n.º 01 (2024): 59–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/pjd2024.48.1c.

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This study proposes using text-of-trade analysis to understand the design of the Japan-Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). It examines the similarities between these agreements and other free trade agreements of Japan and EFTA member countries and how these similarities impact Philippine trade. The paper illustrates how text analysis can complement conventional methods, such as the gravity model and other econometric approaches, in assessing trade agreement impacts. The results reveal that similarities across trade agreements, whether at the document, chapter, or topic-specific provision levels, which strongly reference sustainable development, can influence and foster trade.

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Cordero-Moss, Giuditta. "Baur, Georges: The European Free Trade Association. An Intergovernmental Platform for Trade Relations. Cambridge 2020". Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 86, n.º 2 (2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/rabelsz-2022-0049.

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Rusek, Antonin. "Real exchange rates, economic performance, and trade balances in the central european free trade association". International Advances in Economic Research 2, n.º 4 (novembro de 1996): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295462.

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Thorsteinsson, Ástríður Scheving. "Air Transport and the Agreement on the European Economic Area". Air and Space Law 40, Issue 4/5 (1 de agosto de 2015): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2015023.

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This article provides a brief overview of the Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) with regard to air transport in relation to the three EEA European Free Trade Association (EFTA) States; Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Although regarded as a well-functioning and dynamic agreement, it has certain inherent limitations which are highlighted. The article explores the third-country dimension of the EEA Agreement as regards air services and examines the effects of the ‘open skies’ rulings with regard to the EEA EFTA States and some of the shortfalls of the otherwise level playing field for air carriers within the EEA. References are also made in this context to three other agreements; the European Free Trade Association Convention, the European Common Aviation Area Agreement and the Swiss-EU Air Transport Agreement.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Chornyi, Dmytro. "Trade and Investment Perspectives between European Union and Ukraine". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-16834.

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EU-Ukraine trade relations are important for both parties: for the EU it is a new market with huge land and labor potential, for Ukraine it is a short-term perspective to modernize it's economy. For now the trade and investment relations are not developed as they can be, in this work we analyze the current trade and investment flows between EU and Ukraine, determine the key partners and industries. In order to bring the relations to the new level, we analyze the possible impact of Free Trade Agreement on the both sides in general and more specifically regarding key industries. The result is the recommendation to continue EU-Ukraine integration, especially in terms of economical cooperation.

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Horovitz, Dan D. "Regulation of competition under the rules of the free trade area agreements concluded by the European Economic Community". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213301.

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FLØISTAD, Karin. "Associated, adapted and (almost) assimilated : the European economic area agreement in a revised EU constitutional framework for welfare services". Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/43809.

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Defence date: 27 October 2016
Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, supervisor, EUI; Professor Claire Kilpatrick, EUI; Professor Christophe Hillion, University of Leiden and University of Oslo; Professor Fredrik Sejersted, Attorney General, Norway
How are the Contracting Parties to the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement affected by the revised European Union (EU) constitutional framework for welfare services? This is the key question analysed in this thesis. By welfare services is meant a broad range of services wholly or partly financed through public funds such as public healthcare- and educational services (Part I), various social services (Part II) and public utilities such as transport and public broadcasting (Part III) The thesis demonstrates how the EU/EFTA institutions applying EEA law have attempted a homogenous development of the EEA integration process despite the EU's altered constitutional framework, and how these attempts create both substantive (legal doctrine) and institutional problems. The thesis engages in the debate from the point of view of the EU Treaty revisions reflecting concern for the social dimension of the market integration process. The findings indicate that although these Treaty revisions have not been reflected in amendments to the EEA agreement, a more advanced understanding of the concept of market integration has emerged also in the EEA integration process. These findings add a new element to the supranational character of the EEA Agreement. Despite the inherent challenge posed by European solidarity to sovereign national welfare provision the EEA Agreement moves into the welfare sphere, giving unprecedented powers in particular to the EFTA institutions. The thesis analyses the controversial and disputed consequences for the EU Member States of the EEA Agreement to enlarge the geographical area of application for the provisions on welfare services. The urgent need for better transparency of the process is the recurring theme. The EFTA States are not only associated with the EU Member States; they are adapted and arguably almost assimilated into the internal market through the decision making of the EU/EFTA institutions applying the EEA Agreement. The thesis demonstrates the complexities involved and calls for political decision making on the part of the Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement.

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Ju, Ting-Yi, e 朱庭頤. "The Study of European Union Pushing Free Trade Agreement with Association of South-East Asian Nation". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00451481839956725615.

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碩士
國立中興大學
國際政治研究所
97
In the end of the twentieth centuries, under the pressure of globalization, region pursuit of trade liberalization through the signing of free trade agreement (FTA) or regional trade agreement with each other (RTA) and integration into a more dynamic international economic system has become a popular trend. Thus, the object of this thesis is European Union (EU). Through pushing free trade agreement with the Association of South-East Asian Nation (ASEAN), the EU attempts to maintain a tighter bilateral relationship. The main research approach of this thesis is new regionalism. It provides an analytic framework to observe dynamic relationship between EU and ASEAN. The EU push for FTA with ASEAN is a result of internal and external factors. Internal factors include Common Commercial Policy, Development Policy and Free Trade Agreement Policy. External factors include the frustration of WTO Doha round, the attack of East-Asia economic regional integration, the limit of Asia-Europe Meeting and the competition of America in the East-Asia. The mutual interactions of these factors correspond to three characteristics of new regionalism, namely extroverted and open regionalism, north-south regionalism and multiple regionalism; these construct the complicated motives underlying EU’s push for FTA with ASEAN. The ASEAN-EU FTA has potential characteristics of new regionalism for the future.

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HANNESSON, Ólafur Ísberg. "Giving effect to EEA law : examining and rethinking the role and relationship between the EFTA Court and the Icelandic National Courts in the EEA legal order". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/28418.

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Defence date: 21 January 2013
Examining Board: Professor Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, European University Institute (Supervisor); Professor M. Elvira Mendez-Pinedo, University of Iceland (external co-supervisor); Professor Miguel Poiares Maduro, European University Institute; Judge Páll Hreinsson, EFTA Court.
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Doctrines developed by the EFTA Court have placed considerable demands on the various national courts in the EFTA States. The Court now considers the EEA Agreement to form an "international treaty sui generis which contains a distinct legal order of its own." This thesis will study the interaction between the EFTA Court and Icelandic courts. The basis of this research rests on two levels. At the EEA level, it is the ECJ and the EFTA Court that form the basis of the study. At the national level, the thesis studies Icelandic Supreme Court and district court decisions. I will approach the question of the impact of EEA law on Icelandic domestic law from two dimensions: substantive and procedural. In substantive terms, the study examines fundamental European judgemade principles, as well as the impact these doctrines have had on Icelandic law. This will indicate how Icelandic courts deal with potential conflicts of law between EEA and Icelandic law, and how they respond to EFTA Court decisions and EEA principles. This part examines many fundamental concepts of EEA law, but the subject mainly raises questions concerning four specific concepts and the reaction of the Icelandic system to them. These are: first, the question of direct effect in EEA law second, the obligation of national courts to interpret national law in the light of EEA law third, the primacy of implemented EEA law and fourth, the principle of State liability. These legal concepts have all been seen as posing specific challenges to Icelandic courts. In its second stage, the thesis will, in procedural terms, study the relationship between the EFTA Court and the Icelandic courts, by investigating how the reference procedure under Article 34 SCA has been applied by the national courts in Iceland. It is only by looking at the discretion exercised by the courts as to whether or not to make a reference that one can form an opinion of Icelandic courts' openness to the EEA legal order.

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Livros sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Association, European Free Trade. The European Free Trade Association. 3^a ed. Geneva: EFTA Secretariat, 1987.

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Fenger, Niels. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area (EEA). Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2012.

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European Parliament. Directorate-General for Research. e EFTA, eds. European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the Community's internal market. Luxembourg: European Parliament, 1989.

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Seppinen, Jukka. Suomen Efta-ratkaisu yöpakkasten ja noottikriisin välissä. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1997.

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Judge, Martin. EFTA update, 1987-1989. Geneva: EFTA Secretariat, 1990.

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Cengiz, Türkay, ed. Türkiye-EFTA tarım ürünleri dış ticaretinde yeni düzenlemeler ve yeni imkanlar. [Ankara]: İhracatı Geliştirme Etüd Merkezi, 1991.

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European Free Trade Association. Secretariat., ed. Den Europeiska frihandelssammanslutningen. 3^a ed. Genève: ETFA:s sekretariat, 1988.

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Jacobsson, Ranveig. Sweden and West European integration. Stockholm: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 1990.

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Mario, Telò, ed. L' Union européenne et les défis de l'élargissement. Bruxelles, Belgique: Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 1994.

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Wahl, Nils. The free trade agreements between the EC and EFTA countries: Their implementation and interpretation : a case study. [Stockholm]: Institutet för immaterialrätt och marknadsrätt vid Stockholms universitet, 1988.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Price, Victoria Curzon. "The European Free Trade Association". In Economic Integration Worldwide, 175–202. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25462-0_7.

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Price, Victoria Curzon. "The European Free Trade Association". In International Economic Integration, 96–127. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09163-8_5.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Stateman’s Yearbook, 41–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74024-6_16.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Statesman’s Yearbook, 41–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74027-7_16.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Statesman’s Yearbook, 41–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-67278-3_14.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Free Trade Association". In International Economic Institutions, 343–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_10.

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Heath-Brown, Nick. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Stateman’s Yearbook, 41–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-57823-8_14.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Statesman’s Yearbook 2010, 39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58632-5_15.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Statesman’s Yearbook, 39–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-58635-6_15.

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Turner, Barry. "European Free Trade Association (EFTA)". In The Statesman’s Yearbook, 39–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-59051-3_14.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Potorac, Doina. "The role of DCFTA in the development of the national economy of the Republic of Moldova". In Simpozion stiintific al tinerilor cercetatori, editia 20. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975359023.05.

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Moldova-EU free trade agreement implies gradual liberalization (up to 10 years from signing) of trade in goods and services, free movement of labor, reduction of customs duties, technical and non-tariff barriers, abolition of quantitative restrictions and harmonization of EU acquisitions. Thus, the DCFTA (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between the Republic of Moldova and the European Union) is part of the European Association Agreement and brings additional economic benefits to the Republic of Moldova.

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Sussman, Michael. "International Standards for Food Authenticity and Allergen Detection from ISO TC 34/SC 16 Horizontal Methods for Molecular Biomarker Analysis". In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mylm7606.

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ISO Technical Committee 34 “Food Products”/Subcommittee 16 “Horizontal methods for molecular biomarker analysis” works to ensure that standardized biomolecular testing and laboratory criteria are reproducible and technically sound reducing potentialdisputes between exporting and importing nations and increasing predictability in world trade. Harmonized, easy to handle methods of analysis with defined patterns and known nomenclatures bring more customers to the market. TC 34/SC 16 has increased international stakeholders’ participation in standardizing biomarker testing, improved the quality and relevance of these standards and continues to increase transparency in international markets, particularly for food authenticity, varietal identification and genetically engineered (GMO) products. ISO standards have been adopted by Codex Alimentarius and many governments throughout the world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO.org) was formed in 1946. It is an independent, nongovernmental voluntary consensus standard body based in Geneva, Switzerland with a membership of 165 national standards bodies. The US ISO member is the American National Standards Institute (ANSI.org) a consortium of US standardization organizations. ISO TC 34/SC 16 was created in 2008. There are 45 participating countries. Contributing organizations in liaison with TC 34/SC 16 include AOAC International, Cereals and Grains Association, the European Commission, the International Seed Testing Association, the US Pharmacopeia, the European Plant Protection Organization and the International Plant Protection Convention. The scope of TC 34/SC 16 is, "Standardization of biomolecular testing methods applied to foods, feeds, seeds and other propagules of food and feed crops." The US delegation responsible for developing the US position for standards development in food authenticity and allergen detection is called the US Technical Advisory Group (TAG). It was delegated to the American Oil Chemist’s Society (AOCS.org) by ANSI. AOCS also hosts the TC 34/SC 16 international secretariat.

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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.

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Darmois, Emmanuel, e Martin Boecker. "Standardisation in support of accessibility for mobility users in Europe". In 5th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004137.

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Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are playing an ever-increasing role in everyone's lives, specially thanks to vast range of ICT devices and services which create a lot of opportunities for end-users (access to huge amounts of information, fostered people interaction, …), thereby improving their quality of life. In this context, the role of mobility-related devices (e.g., smartphones) and their use with services (e.g., payment, public services) is key for enabling efficient and secure end-user interaction.Two approaches can support this goal, regarding terminology and language coverage. On the one hand, from the end-user point of view, discovering and understanding the services offered by ICT should not become a challenge, with different device manufacturers and service providers using a divergent set of terms to denominate identical devices and service features: a remedy for diverging denominations of features could be harmonized and user-centered ICT terminologies, facilitating feature recognition by all users, including those with cognitive impairments. On the other hand, harmonized terminologies should be able to support diverse languages, such as those spoken in European Union, in a consistent manner.ETSI, the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, is the home of global telecommunications standards such as 3G, LTE, 5G, and DECT, and its Technical Committee Human Factors is publishing standards documents that aim at increasing the usability and accessibility of ICT. ETSI has developed and published a consistent approach for such harmonized ICT terminologies materializing in a number of publicly and freely standardisation documents.Several ETSI Specifications (ES) have been developed over time. ETSI ES 202 076 is addressing a minimum set of spoken commands required to control the generic and common functions of ICT devices and services that use speaker-independent speech recognition. The related commands have been specified for all the official languages of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). A similar language range is available for the ETSI ES 202 130 which specifies the minimum repertoires and assignments of graphic (letter, digit and special) characters to standard 12-key telephone keypads and specifies their ordering for ICT devices with telephony functionality.Currently, ETSI is developing a harmonized terminology -- published as ETSI Guide EG 203 499 -- covering commonly used, basic ICT features of current and upcoming ICT devices (4 groups, e.g., telephony and photography), services and applications (12 groups, e.g., banking and navigation) focusing on mobile contexts of use. The result is a multilingual terminology supporting over 800 terms.The work has been undertaken in three steps by subsequent ETSI Specialist Tasks Forces with a broadening language support, from 5 languages in the first version up to a coverage of all the official languages of EU and EFTA in the last version to be published in May 2024. The proposed paper will outline the expected benefits of using standardisation in this end-user mobility context, present the methodologies applied and provide examples of the resulting terminologies. It will also discuss the adoption of these specifications and how they support their intended users, i.e., the industry actors (e.g., manufacturers, service providers).

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "European Free Trade Association. Secretariat"

Zabludovsky, Jaime, e Sergio Gómez Lora. The European Window: Challenges in the Negotiation of Mexico's Free Trade Agreement with the European Union. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011110.

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On 1 July 2000 regulations to liberalize trade flows between Mexico and the European Union came into force, after more than six years of diplomatic work and complex negotiations. These regulations are part of the ¿Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLCUEM), which is also one of the components of the Agreement on Economic Association, Political Concertation and Cooperation (¿Global Agreement¿). The Global Agreement through its three components ¿ political dialogue, trade liberalization and cooperation- was at the time the most ambitious agreement ever constituted by the EU. The economic association component included in the Global Agreement ¿ the TLCUEM- was the first overseas free trade treaty and served as an important precedent for later EU negotiations with other Latin American countries. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the reasons that led Mexico and the EU to the constitution of this treaty; to describe the main challenges of the Global Agreement negotiations of different components; and to briefly review the results of the first three years since the TLCUEM enforcement.

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Suominen, Kati, e Antoni Estevadeordal. Rules of Origin in FTAs in Europe and in the Americas: Issues and Implications for the EU-Mercosur Inter-Regional Association Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, janeiro de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011087.

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Rules of origin (RoO) are a central topic both in the Inter-Regional Association Agreement negotiations between the European Union (EU) and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), and in the 34-country negotiations of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed mapping of the different rules of origin regimes in FTAs in Europe and the Americas, and to draw lessons from these regimes to the EU-Mercosur RoO negotiations, in particular. The paper offers four recommendations. First, the EU¿s standardized RoO regime will play a central role in the EU-Mercosur RoO negotiations. However, there is plenty of room for mutual tariff concessions. At the minimum, the EU¿s tariff preferences for Mercosur should approximate those provided to Chile in order to foster Mercosur¿s chances to augment its industrial exports to the European market. Second, the EU-Mercosur FTA RoO regime should incorporate general and sector-specific adjustment mechanisms in order to enable Mercosur to better utilize the preferential treatment provided by the EU. Third, Mercosur will need to further consolidate its common market in order to take full advantage of the RoO regime¿s likely provision of diagonal cumulation. Fourth, Mercosur should make the most of its strategy of simultaneous trade negotiations in the Americas and with the EU by ensuring a high degree of compatibility between its two major future agreements.

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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml e Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, novembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.

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