Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Essais randomisés contrôlés"
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Poels-Estellat, Candice. "Choix du traitement comparateur dans les essais contrôlés randomisés". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077145.
Texto completo da fonteChoice of the appropriate control treatment is a major scientifïc and ethical issue in clinical trials (CI). Taking the example of CT assessing biologics in rheumatoid arthritis which is a potentially severe condition with known effective treatment, we have shown that head-to-head trials are still exceptions and that placebo comparators are predominant, respectively 81 and 5 comparisons among the 102 assessed. Despite guidelines and risk of irreversible damage, 9 879 patients were randomized to control arms to receive no treatment or their previous ineffective treatment. Then, we compared the willingness of physicians to include a fïctional patient in a CT and their willingness to prescribe in a usual care context the control treatment of the CT to the same fïctional patient. We made a randomized internet based case-vignette survey and have shown that for 71% of fïctional patients, physicians considered it inappropriate in the context of usual care to prescribe the control treatment of real current CT for which these patients are eligible. However physicians would enrol two-third of these 71% fïctional patients in these CT in which they would be randomized to receive these inappropriate treatments. Control treatments chosen in these CT are not fair comparators. The ethical requirement of equipoise seemed to be violated here, exposing patients in control arms of such CT to irreversible deterioration. The scientifïc usefulness of their results for evidence-based decision making in clinical practice is questionable as it will not lead to comparative effectiveness data on safety and efficacy of available drugs
Gaudry, Stéphane. "Critères de jugement dans les essais contrôlés randomisés en réanimation". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC252/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe choice of relevant primary and secondary endpoints is an essential step of the design of a randomized controlled trial. In our first work, we conducted a systematic review on patient-important outcomes in randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients. Indeed, clinical decision-making by ICU physicians now pursues the goal of improving mean and long-term outcomes in survivors in addition to increasing their chance of survival. We defined patient-important outcomes as on one hand, outcomes involving mortality at any time, and on the other, quality of life and functional outcomes assessed after ICU discharge. We found that a minority of primary outcomes (27/112,24%) used in randomized controlled trials published in 2013, were patient-important outcomes and that mortality accounted for the vast majority of them. Our analysis of most recently published trials (first half 2016) showed that patient-important outcomes were used in the samelow proportions (25% of the primary outcomes were patient-important outcomes) We then addressed the question of how well withholding and with drawal of life support therapies(W-WLST) decisions were reported in RCT in critically ill patients and how such decisions could impact mortality as outcome measure in these trials. We found that W-WLST decisions, although being a daily concern in routine practice, were scarcely reported in these trials, since they appeared in only 6 of 65 (9%) during follow-up. We further explored the impact of an imbalance in such decisions between the 2 arms of a randomized controlled trial, through a simulation study. This simulation showed that the intervention could appear as protective, if the decision of W-WLST was delayed in the interventional arm, even though the intervention had no true effecton survival. Finally, we performed a randomized controlled study (Artificial Kidney Initiation in Kidney Injury,AKIKI) using mortality as primary outcome and paid attention to report the rate of W-WLSTdecisions in the 2 arms
Pereira, Bruno. "Développements méthodologiques des essais randomisés en clusters : application aux essais d'intervention". Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON1T042.
Texto completo da fonteEkpe, Claire. "Influence des études prospectives, randomisées sur le pronostic des patients : étude comparative d'études observationnelles versus études randomisées contrôlées et impact sur la mortalité globale". Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA130009.
Texto completo da fonteYavchitz, Amélie. "Communication des Résultats Scientifiques dans les Essais Randomisés Contrôlés et les Revues Systématiques". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC272.
Texto completo da fonteRandomized controlled trials (RCT) and systematic reviews and meta-analyses are the cornerstones of therapeutic evaluation because they are considered to provide the highest level of evidence. An accurate and complete presentation by authors of all the important information in report of such studies is essential to allow a critical eppraisal of the study by readers. We defme spin as a specific way of reporting, deliberate or not, that can lead to a "beautification" of the data. No study evaluated the dissemination of spin and their impact on die study's interpretation. Furthermore, several studies focused on different elements that can affect the interpretation of research results, but none assessed the impact of adding a limitation section in abstract of systematic reviews. Finally, spin are frequent and classification was developed for spin in RCTs, however no classification of spin in systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been proposed. Our work showed that 1) spin are disseminated in press releases and news and they are associated with an overestimation of the beneficial effect of treatment, 2) the addition of a limitation section in abstract of systematic reviews and meta-analysis does not impact the confidence in the study results by readers. Finally, we developed a classification scheme of spin in systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, and we ranked spin in abstract according to their perceived severity (i. E. The likelihood to distort the interpretation of the review)
Gueguen, Juliette. "Evaluation des médecines complémentaires : quels compléments aux essais contrôlés randomisés et aux méta-analyses ?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS072/document.
Texto completo da fonteComplementary medicines are numerous and varied, their use is widespread and increasing.Quality and quantity of evaluation data depend on the type of complementary medicines, but there are few consensual conclusions about their effectiveness, even in the case of abundant literature. We will start with an inventory of the adequacy of the conventional methods used for drug evaluation, namely randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyzes, for the evaluation of complementary medicines. Through three practical applications, we will then consider the contribution of other methods, less recognized to date in the field of evidence-based medicine but potentially contributive to shed light on other perspectives. In particular, we will discuss the advantages of mixed methods, qualitative studies and the exploitation of large health administrative databases. We will conduct a mixed-method review of the assessment of hypnosis for labor and childbirth, a qualitative study on the experience of qi gong by patients hospitalized for severe anorexia nervosa and we will study the potential of the French national health insurance database (SNIIRAM) to evaluate complementary medicines. The first two axis will lead us to question the choice of outcomes and measurement tools used in RCTs and to value and legitimate the patient's perspective. More broadly, it will invite us to question the hierarchical vision of qualitative and quantitative research that traditionally attributes supremacy to quantitative studies. It will encourage us to replace it with a synergistic vision of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The third axis will enable us to identify the current limits to the use of SNIIRAM for the evaluation of complementary medicines, both technically and in terms of representativeness. We will propose concrete measures to make its exploitation possible and relevant in the field of evaluation of complementary medicines.Finally, in the general discussion, we shall take account of the fact that the evaluation of complementary medicines is not part of a marketing authorization process. Thus, contrary to drug evaluation, complementary medicines evaluation does not always imply decision making. We will emphasize the importance of considering the aim (aim of knowledge or aim of decision) in the development of a research strategy. We will propose two different strategies based on the literature and the results from our three examples. Concerning the research strategy aimed at decision-making, we will show the importance of defining the intervention, identifying the relevant outcomes, and optimizing the intervention first, before carrying out pragmatic clinical trials to evaluate its effectiveness. We will discuss the regulatory challenges complementary medicine evaluation confronts us to, and stress the need to assess the safety of these practices by developing appropriate monitoring systems
Dechartres, Agnès. "Evaluation des caractéristiques des essais associées à l'effet traitement dans les méta-analyses". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077069.
Texto completo da fonteMeta-analyses have become indispensable tools to synthesize available evidence. However, if the results of included studies are biased, the meta-analysis result will be biased. Meta-epidemiological studies are used to compare treatment effect estimates for trials with and without a characteristic of interest in collections of meta-analyses. They were used to study the influence of characteristics related to internal validity on treatment effect. Using a meta-epidemiological approach, we evaluated the effect of other trial characteristics on treatment effect in meta-analyses. We found larger treatment effect in single center than in multicenter trials. Then, we explored the influence of trial sample size on treatment effect within meta-analyses. We found that not only small but also moderate-sized trials showed a larger treatment effect than the largest trials within a meta-analysis. We questioned the best estimate of the treatment effect in a meta-analysis. In fact, most meta-analysis results are based on ail studies included, regardless of their risk of bias. We compared the effect of several strategies for analysis of treatment effect: meta-analysis of ail trials, meta-analysis restricted to trials at low risk of bias, meta-analysis restricted to the largest trials and results of the most precise trial. Our results showed that many meta-analyses included only trials at small or high-risk of bias. Among the meta-analyses with statistically significant treatment effect for the experimental arm, one quarter did not show any evidence of treatment effect when using one of the alternative strategies for analysis
Smail-Faugeron, Violaine. "Evaluation thérapeutique en médecine bucco-dentaire : comparaison entre essais randomisés split-mouth et en bras parallèles". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066174/document.
Texto completo da fonteSplit-mouth RCTs are common in oral health medicine. However, some authors have suggested that intervention effect estimates from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs may differ. Besides, prospective registration of RCTs is currently the best solution to reporting bias. First, we performed a meta-epidemiological study to compare intervention effect estimates between split-mouth RCTs and parallel-arm RCTs. There was no sufficient evidence for a difference in intervention effect estimates derived from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs investigating the same clinical question. Our results support the use of all available evidence in systematic reviews, including that from split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs, and authors should consider including split-mouth RCTs in their meta-analyses with suitable and appropriate statistical analysis. Second, we assessed how many split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs with results published in 2013 in a sample of oral health journals had been prospectively registered in trial registries. Of 317 identified RCTs, we showed that only 23% of RCTs were registered. Among those, 91% were registered retrospectively. We did not find any statistically significant difference between split-mouth and parallel-arm RCTs. In conclusion, we have proposed recommendations regarding the integration of splitmouth RCTs in research, from the point of view of researchers and of medical journal editors
Sautenet, Bénédicte. "Hétérogénéité des critères de jugement évalués dans les essais randomisés de néphroprotection". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC214.
Texto completo da fonteOutcomes in randomized trials should fulfill high-standard metrological quality (reproducibility, validity, sensitivity to change) as well as clinical relevance. Scientific evidence revealed by clinical trials directly depends on the choice of such outcomes. In addition, the results of these trials and prior trials will be compared on the basis of these outcomes. The choice of similar outcomes for various trials in a same scientific field thus allows for the realization of meta-analyses and finally the optimization of patient care. We aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of outcomes in randomized trials of nephroprotection. First, we compared registered trials in two medical fields, rheumatology and nephroprotection. In rheumatology, an international consensus on outcomes has been established since 1992, whereas no such recommendations exist in the nephrologic field. We therefore compared the description of outcomes in each medical field by means of a score including domain, specific measurement, specific metrics, methods of aggregating data and time frame. These outcomes were then gathered in clusters evaluating the same concept via an international expert' s opinion. Once these clusters are defined, we evaluated the proportion of trials and patients that might be combined for each cluster in a putative meta-analysis. The quality score of outcomes was significantly lower for nephrology than rheumatology trials (odds ratio 4. 2 [95% confidence interval 2. 39; -7. 39], p <0. 001). Overall,. 20 outcomes were identified in each field: 13 clusters in rheumatology versus 8 in nephrology. In rheumatology, the cluster representing a single outcome (American College of Rheumatology response criteria) allowed for assessing 87. 1% of trials and 92. 8% of patients likely included in those trials. No such cluster existed in nephrology. These results resulted in lower homogeneity of the outcomes used in randomized trials in nephrology. Our second objective concerned meta-analysis of randomized trials in nephroprotection. We listed the outcomes used in each meta-analysis, then ascertained the proportion of trials associated with each outcome and identified 20 outcomes clustered in 6 subgroups: antiproteinuric impact, kidney efficiency, end-stage kidney disease, composite outcomes aggregating end-stage kidney disease, death and patient-reported outcomes. For each outcome, the proportion of systematic reviews in which the outcome could be meta-analyzed varied from 1. 5% to 50. 0%. Only 35. 5% of outcomes allowed for aggregating more than 75% of randomized trials. These results underline major divergences in the choice of outcomes in systematic reviews and the difficulties in combining trial
Mathieu, Sylvain. "Enregistrement des essais cliniques et biais de publication". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077037.
Texto completo da fonteIntroduction. Evidence of selective outcome reporting in medical literature is well-known. In 2005, a policy requiring investigators to deposit information in a registry before study onset was initiated. This initiative ambitioned to reduce biases. This study aims to assess: 1)The frequency of trial registration since these recommandations 2)The adequacy between published articles and registers 3)The use of registered information by reviewers. Results: 1)In 40 of the 144 articles, the studies had been registered (27. 8%). Moreover, 24 reports (23%) contained misleading conclusions, of the 105 articles with a clear primary outcome (PO). Négative trial results were associated with misleading abstract conclusions. In the second study, of the 323 included trials, 147 (45. 5%) were adequately registered (i. E. , registered before the end of the trial, with the PO clearly specified). 2)Among the 147 articles with trials adequately registered, 46 (31%) showed some evidence of outcome reporting bias, of which, when the PO description was available, 82. 6% (19/23) had PO results that were statistically significant. 3)Of the 1,136 responses (37. 5%), 676 (59. 5%) had reviewed an article in the past 2 years. Among these, 232 (34. 3%) looked at a trial registry. If one or more items differed between the registry record and the manuscript, 206 reviewers mentioned the discrepancy in their review comments, 46 advised editors not to accept the manuscript. Conclusion. There is an increase in trial registration, and also discrepancies between registered and published information. However, the situation is encouraging because a third of reviewers already use registers in the peer-review process
Cabrera, Rojas Natalia. "Efficacité et tolérance des agents biologiques dans les rhumatismes inflammatoires à début juvénile dans les essais cliniques randomisés et les études observationnelles". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1191/document.
Texto completo da fonteJuvenile inflammatory rheumatism is a chronic disease that begins before the age of 16. Includes conditions classified along a continuum, ranging from the deregulation of innate immunity to the deregulation of adaptive immunity. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) remains the most frequently diagnosed disease. Therapeutic options have expanded since the 2000s with the development of targeted therapies: biological agents (BAs). They can be combined with standard treatments used in paediatric rheumatology (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, methotrexate, and other immunosuppressive drugs). The objective of the work of this thesis was to model the benefit-risk balance of BAs used in JIA from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and to explore long-term tolerance from observational trials. First, using a meta-analytical approach, the data from double-blind, placebo-controlled or open RCTs in JIA were analysed for modelling the benefit-risk balance of BAs. For this purpose, the efficacy measured by a composite clinical and biological score (ACRped30), was compared with clinical safety during the randomized phase of RCTs. Safety criterion was the occurrence of adverse events (AEs). The risk-benefit balance remains favourable for biotherapies. However, these results are limited by the short follow-up period, which may underestimate the incidence of AEs. Second, we conducted an observational study to investigate the medium- and long-term safety of biotherapies using AEs and serious AEs described in a retrospective multicentre database. The overall safety of biotherapies has been acceptable in children with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. We observed a variation in the SAEs over time and that the concomitant prescription of immunosuppressants represented an independent risk for the occurrence of AEs. In order to explore these elements and long-term safety, a meta-analysis of observational studies was conducted. We used the SAEs to study precisely the short and long-term tolerance
Yordanov, Youri. "Le gaspillage évitable de la recherche dans les essais cliniques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC026.
Texto completo da fonteRandomized controlled trials and systematic reviews are essential for the practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM). EBM will be compromised if the evidence issued from biomedical research proves to be biased. Many authors previously denounced the poor quality of research, but in 2009 I.Chalmers and P.Glasziou integrate these criticisms into a more global concept, waste of research. It could be defined as research that fails to help patients and their clinicians to make informed decisions as without accessible, honest and usable reports, research cannot help research end users. They estimated that it could represent up to 85% of health research. In this thesis, we focused on the avoidable waste of research in clinical trials. We had a particular interest in waste of research due to poor trial planning (trials methods or choice of outcomes) or to selective and incomplete reporting of outcomes. Then we estimated to what extent this waste could have been avoided by simple and inexpensive methodological adjustments.Our results suggest that 1) simple and inexpensive methodological adjustments could have limited the risk of bias in 50% of clinical trials, and thus partially reduce the burden of waste of research, and 2) that many trials did not measure or report completely the important outcomes, but that this waste could have been partially avoided for the majority of the trials
Caille, Agnès. "Perte d'information sur le critère de jugement d'un essai randomisé en cluster". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077004.
Texto completo da fonteIn cluster randomized trials, clusters of subjects are randomized rather than subjects themselves and the outcomes of subjects within a given cluster are correlated. This correlation, usually quantified by the intraculster correlation coefficient, needs to be taken into account when planning and analyzing a cluster randomized trial. The present work focuses on two statistical issues related to loss of information in the specific context of a cluste randomized trial : incompleteness of data due to missing binary outcomes and loss of information induced after dichotomization of a continuous outcome. We showed that both multiple imputation with classical or random-effects logistic regression model provided unbiased estimates of the intervention effect and showed good coverage properties, even slightly better with a random-effects logistic regression. Then, we showed that the intracluster correlation coefficient attenuation formula, demonstrated in a reliability context, still applied in the cluster randomized trial context. Therefore, in a cluster randomized triall, dichotomizing a continuous outcome actually induced two antagonistic effects : a decrease in power because of loss of information and an increase in power induced ty the attenuation of the intracluster correlation coefficient. We showed that dichotomization was finally associated with a decrease in power because the attenuation of the intracluster correlation coefficient only partly compensated for the loss in power induced by the loss of information. Our results are of interest for better management of cluster randomized trials, both at the planning stage and when analyzing data
Leyrat, Clémence. "Biais de sélection dans les essais en clusters : intérêt d'une approche de type score de propension pour le diagnostic et l'analyse statistique". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077064.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aimed to study propensity score (PS)-based approaches for analysis of results of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) with selection bias. First, we used Monte Carlo simulations to compare the performance of 4 PS-based methods (direct adjustment, inverse weighting, stratification and matching) and classical multivariable regression when analyzing results of a CRT with selection bias. For continuous outcomes, both multivariable regression and PS-based methods (except matching) removed the bias. Conversely, only direct adjustment on PS provided an unbiased estimate of treatment effect for a low-incidence binary outcome. Second, we developed a tool for detecting selection bias that relies on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the PS model. This tool provides, for a fixed number of covariates and sample size, a threshold value beyond which one could consider the existence of selection bias. This work also highlights the complexity of implementing PS-based methods in the context of CRTs because of the hierarchical structure of the data, as well as the challenges linked to the choice of the statistical method in a causal inference framework
Péron, Julien. "Evaluer le bénéfice clinique dans les essais randomisés en utilisant les comparaisons par paire généralisées incluant des données de survie". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10190/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn medical oncology randomized trials, treatment effect is usually assessed on several endpoints, including one or more time-to-event endpoints. An overall analysis of the treatment effect may include the outcomes observed on all the relevant endpoints. A systematic review of medical oncology phase III trials was conducted. We extracted the methods used to record, analyze and report adverse events and patient-reported outcomes. Our findings show that some methodological aspects of adverse events or patient-reported outcomes collection and analysis were poorly reported. Even when reported, the methods used were highly heterogeneous. Another objective was to develop an extension of the generalized pairwise comparison procedure for time-to-event variables. The extended procedure provides an unbiased estimation of the chance of a better outcome even in presence of highly censored observations. Then, we show how the chance of an overall better outcome can be used to assess the benefit-risk balance of treatment in randomized trials. When a benefit is expected on more than one endpoint, the chance of an overall better outcome assesses the overall therapeutic benefit. The test of the null hypothesis is more powerful than the test based on one single endpoint
Dibao-Dina, Clarisse. "Randomisation déséquilibrée et clause d’ambivalence". Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC120.
Texto completo da fonteOur objective was to determine if the equipoise principle was respected in trials with unequal randomization. First, we performed a systematic review of unequally randomized controlled trials (RCTs) pubiished in the core clinical journals between 2009 and 2010. We estimated the prevalence of unequally randomized trials at 4. 7% (95% confidence interval 3. 9-5. 7%) among reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The justification for unequal randomization was not given in more than three-quarters of the reports. The main justifications were gaining more safety data and increasing patient acceptabiiity. The unequal randomization aimost exclusively led to recruiting more patients in the intervention than control group. Then, we compared the "positiveness" (i. E. , p<0. 05 in favor of the new treatment) between 46 RCTs with unequal randomization and 164 matched RCTs with equal randomization. Positive results in favor of a new treatment were more frequent for RCTs with unequal than equal randomization (65. 2% vs 43. 9%; odds ratio 2. 38; 95% confidence interval [1. 23-4. 63]; p = 0. 01). RCTs with unequal randomization were aise more often industry-funded and their control treatments were more often inactive than RCTs with equal randomization. Our findings question whether RCTs with unequal randomization comply with the clinical equipoise principle and so question the practice of unequal randomization
Vaillant-Roussel, Hélène. "Education thérapeutique et insuffisance cardiaque en médecine générale". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM13/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend non-pharmacological management to improve patients’ quality of life. In France, patient education programs delivered by hospital multidisciplinary teams in outpatient clinics have been assessed for their impact in patients with heart failure (HF). Some international studies assessed patient education interventions for heart failure patients recruited in the hospital. These programs were delivered by hospital multidisciplinary teams. Others have recruited patients with heart failure in primary care but the patient education programs were delivered by nurses or general practitioner assistants. This does not reflect the situation of the majority of patients in France, most of whom are ambulatory and cared for by general practitioners (GPs). Therefore, more evidence is needed on the effect of patient education programs delivered by GPs. As GPs are the doctors closest to patients, we hypothesized that their patient education could improved the HF patients quality of life. The ETIC (Education thérapeutique des patients insuffisants cardiaques) trial aimed to determine whether a pragmatic education intervention in general practice could improve the quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) compared with routine care. This cluster randomised controlled clinical trial included 241 patients with CHF attending 54 general practitioners (GPs) in France and involved 19 months of follow-up. The GPs in the intervention group were trained during an interactive 2-day workshop to provide a patient education program. Several patient education sessions were simulated during the 2-day workshop. Patients had a further four education sessions, at 4, 7, 10 and 13 months, followed by an overview session at 19 months. The primary outcome was patients’ quality of life, as measured by the MOS 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), a generic instrument, and the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). The mean age of the patients was 74 years (± 10.5), 62% were men and their mean left-ventricular ejection fraction was 49.3% (± 14.3). At the end of the follow-up period, the mean MLHFQ scores in the Intervention and Control Groups were 33.4 ± 22.1 versus 27.2 ± 23.3 (p = 0.74, intra-cluster coefficient [ICC] = 0.11). At the end of the follow-up period, SF-36 mental and physical scores in the Intervention and Control Groups were 58 ± 22.1 versus 58.7 ± 23.9 (p = 0.58, ICC = 0.01) and 52.8 ± 23.8 versus 51.6 ± 25.5 (p = 0.57, ICC = 0.01), respectively. Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the intervention group and in the control group were respectively: 93 (80.9%) and 94 (74.6%) (p = 0.24). A comprehensive data set of this trial was used to assess the prescription behaviour of GPs: GP’s guideline adherence for pharmacotherapy of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients and to describe pharmacotherapy of HFpEF patients. Conclusions Patient education delivered by GPs to elderly patients with stable heart failure in the ETIC program did not demonstrate an improvement in their quality of life compared with routine care. Further research on improving the quality of life of elderly patients with CHF in primary care is needed. Patient education strategies and methods, as well as relevant tools and adapted criteria used to assess them, remain a field of research to develop. This area of investigation will be the following of this work
Chauvin, Anthony. "Développement et évaluation d'interventions visant à améliorer le processus de « peer-review » en recherche biomédicale The most important tasks for peer reviewers evaluating a randomized controlled trial are not congruent with the tasks most often requested by journal editors Impact of interventions to improve the quality of peer review of biomedical journals: a systematic review and meta-analysis A protocol of a cross-sectional study evaluating an online tool for early career peer reviewers assessing reports of randomised controlled trials". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB215.
Texto completo da fonteThe peer-review process is a cornerstone of biomedical research publication. However, studies have shown that peer-reviewers' evaluations are often discordant, that they fail to detect fraud, errors and that their evaluation is influenced by the results. The objective of this thesis work was to explore and rethink the process of peer-review editorial. As a first step, we identified the tasks expected of peer-reviewers when evaluating a randomized controlled trial report and compared the importance of these tasks from the points of view of peer-reviewers and editors. Our study showed that the most important tasks for peer reviewers were not congruent with the tasks most often requested by journal editors in theirs guidelines to reviewers. In a second step, we conducted a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluating an intervention aimed at improving the quality of peer-review in biomedical journals. We identified 22 randomized controlled trials that evaluated 5 interventions. These trials included a small number of participants, were mostly monocentric and had biases that limited the interpretation of their results. Finally, we have developed and evaluated a tool to help achieve the peer-review of randomized trials associated with online training. This tool is specifically aimed at evaluating the quality of the reporting that means the compliance with the recommendations of the CONSORT statement (i.e., international recommendations required by publishers to report randomized trials in a complete and transparent manner). We compared the performance of young trained peer-reviewers using the tool with the performance of reviewers evaluating the manuscript as part of the usual peer-review process. We included 120 randomized controlled trials. Our results showed that the tool improved the number of items correctly classified per manuscript by young peer-reviewers. This finding suggests that the use of a CONSORT checklist focusing on specific items could improve the quality of the peer-review process, and thus the quality of the published manuscript. At the end of this work, we propose to rethink the peer-review process that could be carried out in 2 stages with junior peer-reviewers assessing compliance with the recommendations of the CONSORT statement and experienced reviewers evaluating the methodology and relevance of the question
Hefti, Manuel. "Nature urbaine et bien-être : analyse des processus psychologiques entre réalité et immersion virtuelle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU2011.
Texto completo da fonteClimate change and urbanization increase the vulnerability of cities. The (re)integration of nature can mitigate these effects by enhancing well-being through mechanisms such as biophilia, attention restoration, stress reduction, and a sense of connectedness to nature. This thesis aims to confirm the effects of urban nature on well-being, explore the associated psychological processes, analyze psychophysiological impacts, and assess the influence of environmental specifics through three studies involving city dwellers. The first study, involving 479 participants, shows that perceived quality and quantity of urban nature increase positive affects, especially among those with a strong connectedness to nature. The second study, conducted with 104 participants using 360° virtual reality (VR) videos, reveals that more natural environments reduce cognitive effort, as indicated by eye movements. The third study, with 83 participants in VR, compares a standard urban environment to a nature-enriched version after a stressful task. It combines subjective and objective measures (heart rate variability and electrodermal conductance) of stress, highlighting the importance of the sense of presence to optimize the benefits of VR experiences. The results demonstrate that urban nature enhances well-being, although its effects on attention and stress are more nuanced. The discussion highlights the importance of nature in mitigating the impacts ofclimate change and the usefulness of VR in environmental psychology research
Janiaud, Perrine. "The rational use of available evidence before extrapolating the benefit risk ratio from adults to children". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1063/document.
Texto completo da fonteDrug interventions are evaluated and receive a Marketing Authorization (MA) before being prescribed. They are generally evaluated in adult patients and then prescribed to children by extrapolating the treatment effect observed in adults. The extrapolation of the benefit risk ratio from adults to children occurs during drug development and when prescribing drugs (within the MA or off-label, which is frequent in children). This is due to the specific constraints of pediatric clinical research leading to a lack of data in children. A framework for extrapolation is currently being finalized by the European Medicines Agency. Using a meta-epidemiological approach, we explored the similarities and differences of the benefit, the benefit risk ratio and the perceived placebo effect between adults and children from meta-analysis including randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trials evaluating a drug intervention in an indication in adults and children with separate data for both populations. We then built the effect model using adult data to predict the treatment effect in children and calibrate future pediatric clinical trials. Our research highlights the importance of using all available evidence before extrapolating the benefit risk ratio from adults to children and to justify new studies in the context of existing evidence. This approach allows to reduce unnecessary repetitions of clinical trials, to better allocate resources, to identify gaps in knowledge and thus optimize pediatric clinical research. More generally, it applies to any research allowing to avoid a waste in the time and resources invested
Labeyrie, Marc-Antoine. "Evaluation du traitement du vasospasme cérébral survenant après une hémorragie sous-arachnoïdienne anévrysmale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UNIP5243.
Texto completo da fonteEvidence-based medicine has gained importance in recent decades, particularly in Anglo-Saxon countries. But many common medical practices remain unvalidated to this day. In spite of an increasing limitation of these practices, there are some areas of practice with no recommendation, for better or for worse. Shouldn't the requirement for evidence to be the requirement for evaluation? These considerations guided this research on vasospasm angioplasty, a therapy that is not yet validated but is performed in routine practice in many centers. Our work consisted first of all of a review of the literature on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and vasospasm angioplasty after subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture. We also participated in the completion of a meta-analysis on the treatment of this condition (Boulouis et al. 2016). This first step highlighted contradictions in the findings on the association between vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia that could be attributed to biased methodologies or using tests with low sensitivity. This review also stated that there was no evidence to date for the efficacy of vasospasm. We sought in a second step to determine the link between delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm using a more robust methodology than employed to date (Brami et al. 2020; Simonato et al. Submission 2021). This work supported the association between vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. In addition, it has allowed us to better determine the topography of vasospasm and to show in an original way that vasospasm spares vessels between 150 and 900 microns, and predominates at the level of the middle segments of cerebral arteries in almost 40%. Finally, we sought to define which angioplasty technique was the most effective. To this end, we performed a historical cohort comparison showing superiority of distal mechanical vasodilation + intravenous vasodilation (IV) over proximal mechanical vasodilation + intraarterial vasodilation as a first-line strategy. This evaluation also highlighted important limitations of the patient selection process for vasodilation, many of whom were treated too late. We also performed an inter-center comparison of 2 opposing vasospasm treatment strategies that did not show superiority of distal mechanical vasodilation + IV over a conservative attitude without vasodilation. In conclusion, our work helps define the next steps in the validation of vasospasm angioplasty by suggesting, in particular, the interest of an explanatory randomization comparing distal mechanical vasodilation + standard medical treatment vs. standard medical treatment alone
Gautier, Isabelle. "Evolution quantitative et qualitative des protocoles d'essais cliniques présentés devant un comité d'éthique français". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0660.
Texto completo da fonteMethodological quality in clinical research is mandatory to ensure the reliability of medical experiments, with benefits for both practitioners and patients. This PhD thesis aims at measuring the quality of therapeutic trials submitted to the Ethics Committee of the South-East Region II, and its evolution over several years. Two comprehensive cross-sectional studies were conducted. The first explore the field of pediatric research, and aims at measuring the impact of the introduction of European Pediatric Regulation in 2007, on the evolution of the quantity and quality of trials in this field, given the low number of research in this population. The second analyzes the quality of randomized controlled trials using the JADAD score and seeks to identify the elements that influence it. These studies were conducted using the protocols submitted to the Ethics Committee, and not from a literature analysis. The concept of quality was first studied based on their ethical and scientific reliability. The various assessing tools proposed by the experts to measure the quality were appraised, which allowed the selection of the most methodologically scale adapted to this study. Conclusion: we show that the level of quality observed for pediatric trials is high, but was not influenced by the introduction of the European Regulation, which could, on the other hand, have led to an important increase in the number of pediatric trials. Regarding randomized controlled trials, a multivariate analysis allowed the identification of two statistically significant markers associated with high quality score of the protocol: the multicentric character of the research, and the drugs trials
Savina, Marion. "Critères de Substitution à la Survie Globale dans les Essais Cliniques Randomisés en Cancérologie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0894/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn cancer randomized controlled trials (RCT), a surrogate endpoint is intended to substitute a clinically relevant endpoint, e.g. overall survival (OS), and it is supposed to predict treatment effect. Alternative endpoints, for example progression-free survival, are increasingly being used in place of OS as primary efficacy endpoints in RCTs. In practice however, the surrogate properties of these endpoints are not systematically assessed. We performed a systematic literature review to identify surrogate endpoints validated in oncology. We next conducted MAs to evaluate surrogate endpoints in two cancer settings: advanced soft-tissue sarcoma and adjuvant breast cancer. Results could not definitely validate surrogate endpoints in these indications. OS must remain the primary efficacy endpoint in these settings, even though alternative endpoints may provide valuable input in earlier phase studies (phase II trials, futility analyses). This work provides key information for the design of cancer RCTs, in particular for the choice of primary endpoints to assess treatment efficacy
Bourcier, Simon. "Sepsis sévère et choc septique : épidémiologie des suppléances d'organe. Evaluation dynamique de la fonction endothéliale". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS557.
Texto completo da fonteSepsis is a serious and frequent infectious condition, representing a worldwide health problem. Septic shock mortality has been reported to decrease over the last two decades while randomized clinical trials almost all failed to demonstrate an improvement in mortality. The heterogeneity of included patients and the between-trial methodological variability could contribute to the observed absence of treatment effects. In a first work, we conducted a systematic review to assess how organ support outcomes were defined and reported in septic shock randomized clinical trials. The definitions and methods of calculation of organ support duration and organ support-free days were infrequently reported. Non-survivors were frequently included in organ support duration calculation leading to difficulties of interpretation. The organ support-free days definition varied among studies by the time point of measurement and the weight attributed to death. In a second work, we conducted an observational study of skin endothelial function in mottling area in patients with sepsis and septic shock. After resuscitation, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the skin circulation was measured before and after iontophoresis of acetylcholine in the forearm and the knee area. In the knee area, the increase in skin blood flow following iontophoresis of acetylcholine was lower in patients with mottled skin as compared to patients without mottled skin. The increase in skin blood flow following iontophoresis of acetylcholine in the knee area was significantly lower in non-survivors and in patients with septic shock compared to patients with sepsis
Amsallem, Florent. "Interventions non-pharmacologiques et syndrome de l’intestin irritable : revue de la littérature et méthodologie des essais thérapeutiques pour l’évaluation de l’efficacité de l’ostéopathie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYSE1126.
Texto completo da fonteHypnotherapy, acupuncture, and osteopathy are non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) that have already shown low to moderate efficacy on the severity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. However, the results of these studies must be interpreted with caution because of the presence of strong risks of bias related to the methodology used; the design of the existing trials would also explain contradictory results on the effectiveness of NPIs. We have chosen to examine and criticize these sometimes contradictory claims from a growing body of literature. The analysis of all the published and unpublished evidence allows us to take an objective and transparent look at NPIs, including osteopathy for IBS. We hypothesized that osteopathy would decrease the severity of symptoms in adults with IBS at 1-month follow-up. In the systematic review, the objective was to measure the effectiveness of NPIs, namely body therapies and mind-body therapies, and to discuss their role in the treatment of IBS. Several electronic databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published in the English language between 1990 and 2020. Efficacy outcomes were examined on the basis of change in overall IBS symptoms or abdominal pain through 12 months of follow-up. We identified 11 parallel-group trials that included a total of 1590 participants. Body therapies (acupuncture and osteopathy) showed a beneficial effect over standard medical treatment for IBS symptoms after 6 months of follow-up, but there was no statistically significant difference between body therapies and sham therapies for these symptoms. It was not possible to conclude that hypnotherapy was superior in terms of efficacy to standard medical treatment for IBS symptoms because of the discordant results. In particular, we discuss the design of the trials included in the systematic review and in particular the choice of the control group. Based on the results of the systematic review, a randomized controlled trial protocol was written to confirm or refute our hypothesis. The experimental group received three active osteopathic treatments performed by an experienced osteopath, each lasting 30 minutes over a period of 15 days. The control group received a fictitious osteopathic treatment of the same duration and period as the experimental group. At inclusion, subjects with IBS diagnosed according to the Rome IV criteria had similar symptom severity and the control group had similar expectations of treatment as the experimental group. The trial was designed to be highly powered and to have a low level of risk of bias. The number of subjects required was calculated to detect a 15% difference in treatment response between the two groups and to achieve 90% power (alpha risk at 0.05). Randomization was stratified by center in a 1:1 ratio, so 202 adults were included in each of the two groups. If efficacy is demonstrated, this two-arm parallel, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in which the control group is considered a comparable experience to the intervention, with similar expectations, would be a design of choice to assert causality. We conclude that it is important to conduct future trials without apparent bias to confirm that nonpharmacologic care has an acceptable benefit-risk balance for an already low-complexity and low-cost use
Ndounga, Diakou Lee Aymar. "Essais randomisés conduits en Afrique subsaharienne : épidémiologie, méthodologie et description des interventions". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB064/document.
Texto completo da fonteSub-saharan Africa (SSA) is characterized by a high population growth and a significant poverty. In addition, this area deals with a burden of disease due to both traditional infection diseases and the emerging chronic diseases. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) taking into account the local context are needed to strength health policy and to improve the population health. However, because of constraint research capacities, RCTs performed in SSA must investigate relevant research questions, biases must be avoided in methods, and health interventions evaluated must be reported completely for easing implementation in current clinical practice. Such efforts help to avoid waste of research. Our objectives were to describe the epidemiology of SSA RCTs, and then to evaluate the methodological quality as well as the reporting of evaluated interventions. On the one hand, our works highlighted that SSA RCTs mainly focused on diseases of the highest burden in that area, although they were frequently funded by high-income countries, and most of the corresponding authors were affiliated to those countries. In the other hand, we have shown that methods at high risk of bias can be avoided through simple methodological adjustments of minor cost. Improving the methodological quality of SSA RCTs implies a large dissemination of available methods at low risk of bias and guidelines on the complete reporting of interventions. Furthermore, understanding barriers and facilitators to the uptake of those methods and guidelines is equally required
Jabbour, Jana. "L'impact d'une intervention nutritionelle chez les receveurs de cellules souches hématopoïétiques : résultats d'un essai contrôlé randomisé". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0265/document.
Texto completo da fonteBackground: Conditioning preceding Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) has been associated with elevated rates of malnutrition until 100 days post HSCT.Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of nutritional counseling provided at hospital discharge on nutritional status 100 days post HSCT (defined as T4). Design: This was a single center randomized controlled trial among adult HSCT patients. Around discharge from the hospital, recruited patients were randomized to a Control Group (CG) receiving usual care and to an Intervention Group (IG) receiving nutritional counseling on a monthly basis post discharge.The primary outcome was the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PGSGA) scores at T4. Malnutrition was also assessed though the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition/ Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics malnutrition score.Results: 52 participants were randomized (August 2016 until August 2017) and 46 were analyzed [65% males, 63% autologous HSCT, IG (n=22), CG (n=24)]. Groups were comparable at randomization. At T4, the percent of well-nourished patients was not significantly different between groups when assessed via PGSGA (72% IG vs. 43% CG, p=0.063).The percent of wellnourished patients as per AND-ASPEN criteria improved in IG at T4 (14% vs. 50%, p=0.02) and remained the same in CG (48% vs. 50%, p=1) compared to admission values. IG had higher protein and caloric intake (p<0.05). Conclusion:Nutritional counseling post HSCT improved patients’ protein and caloric intake and AND-ASPEN score but did not significantly improve PGSGA score
Pahus, Laurie. "La médecine moderne est-elle fondée sur les preuves ? : à propos du cas des maladies respiratoires chroniques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0425.
Texto completo da fonteThe use of statistics in medicine is the final step for the development of scientific medicine pursued throughout the history of the discipline. This method of production of medical evidence is recognized by healthcare professionals, drug manufacturers and political institutions as a pledge of quality that justifies medical decision-making at the individual and collective levels. Initially, the concept is an educational approach advocating the autonomy of each practitioner in bibliographic research and critical appraisal of available evidence for their use in the context of personalized medicine. The approach rejects medical dogmatism. This concept has been and remains largely controversial. However, it has quickly become a deontological and legal requirement that could drift back to dogmatism. The priority given to the methodological quality of medical evidence while poor attention is paid to its real-life applicability raises concerns. In this work we hypothesize that, from the production to the use of medical evidence there are cognitive and/or methodological biases that may alter the relevance of medicine practice despite its scientific alibi. Through the example of chronic respiratory diseases, this epistemological work aims at characterizing the medical evidence. To do so, we analyzed its production methodology, the sources, vectors and targets for dissemination, the consequences of the involvement of regulatory agencies and governments in its applicability and the cognitive biases that may apply to physicians and patients. It aims at determining transparently on what type of evidence medicine is based to enable its relevant practice
Le, Breton Julien. "Amélioration de la participation des patients au dépistage organisé du cancer colorectal par l'implication des médecins généralistes". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS140/document.
Texto completo da fonteBackground: Currently in France, participation rate in organised colorectal cancer (CRC) screening remains well below European guidelines, despite general practitioners involvement.Objectives: The overall objective of this thesis was to assess general practitioners practices in organized CRC screening, to understand barriers to screening participation and to assess strategies to improve patient participation to screening.Methods: Our work was based on data from the organised screening programme in the Val-de-Marne district. We conducted a retrospective cohort of 157 979 patients followed by 961 general practitioners, an action research among 21 volunteer general practitioners and a cluster-randomized controlled trial including 144 general practitioners and 20,778 patients.Results: A small part of the variability of the likelihood of participation was due to the heterogeneity among physicians (intraclass correlation coefficient, 5.5%). Screening participation was significantly lower in males (odds ratio [OR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.91), the youngest age group (50-54 years, OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.58 -0.63; 55-59 years, OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.73-0.80) and patients living in socioeconomically deprived areas (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.87).We have identified seven essential requirements for general practitioners when screening for CRC: Be proactive, Be partners in care, Take into consideration the patient's family and friends, Position themselves as the expert, Manage time efficiently, Explain the test procedure and Help carry out the test. We were able to identify techniques used for each requirement.Systematic reminders sent by post to general practitioners with the updated list of eligible patients for screening did not significantly improve patient participation to organised CRC screening after taking clustering into account (multilevel analysis).Conclusions: Targeted actions to improve CRC screening participation should focus on patients younger than 60 years, males, and individuals living in deprived areas. Actions to enhance the influence of general practitioners on patient participation should be directed to the overall population of general practitioners. Patient-centred care and reflective practice should be at the heart of initial and continuing medical education, and guidelines based on practice data should be proposed
Grenier, Elyse. "L'effet du port d'une plaque palatine sur la douleur suite à une greffe autogène libre : essai contrôlé randomisé". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29709/29709.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteEl-Khoury, Fabienne. "The Effect of Fall Prevention Exercise Programmes on Fall Induced Injuries in Community-Dwelling Older Adults". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T023/document.
Texto completo da fonteContext: Exercise programmes can prevent falls in older community-dwellers. However, evidence that these programmes can also prevent injurious falls was poor.Objectives : Systematic review of evidence of the effect of exercise interventions on injurious fall prevention from randomised controlled trials (RCT).Evaluate the effectiveness of ‘Ossébo’, a multi-centre RCT assessing the effectiveness of a 2-year injurious fall prevention balance training programme.Methods:Systematic reviewThe definitions of injurious falls from included studies were classified into more homogeneous categories. This allowed the estimation of a pooled rate ratio for each injurious falls category based on random effects models. Ossébo trial706 women aged 75-85 years ; home-living with diminished functional capacities were included. The 2 groups were compared for rates of injurious falls with a frailty model. Other outcomes included physical functional capacities, and quality of life indicators. Results:Systematic review17 trials involving 4305 participants were included. Four categories were identified: all injurious falls, falls resulting in medical care, severe injurious falls, and falls resulting in fractures. Exercise had a significant preventive effect in all categories.OsséboThere were 305 injurious falls in the intervention group and 397 in the control group, for a HR of 0.81 (0.67 to 0.99). At 2 years, women in the intervention group had significantly better performances on all physical tests and a better perception of their overall physical function. Conclusion:Fall prevention exercise programmes are effective in preventing injurious falls, and are feasible for long-term, wide-spread dissemination
Amann, Jean-Paul. "Problèmes éthiques de la recherche médicale auprès des enfants : l'exemple d'un essai contrôlé randomisé consacré au syndrome de Dravet". Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010556.
Texto completo da fonteDugravier, Romain. "CAPEDP : une étude longitudinale périnatale évaluant une intervention à domicile de prévention de la dépression postnatale et des troubles de la relation mère-enfant auprès d'une population de femmes présentant des critères de risque psychosociaux". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066227/document.
Texto completo da fontePostnatal maternal depression (PND) is a significant risk factor for infant mental health. Although often targeted in perinatal home-visiting programs with vulnerable families, little impact on PND has been observed. CAPEDP is the first French randomized controlled trial for multi-risk families evaluating the impact on PND symptomatology of a home-visiting intervention using psychologists in a sample of women presenting risk factors.440 women were recruited at their seventh month of pregnancy. All were first-time mothers, under 26, with at least one of three additional psychosocial risk factors: low educational level, low income, or planning to raise the child without the father. Participants were randomized into either the intervention or the control group. The intervention consisted of intensive multifocal home visits through to the child’s second birthday. The control group received care as usual. PND symptomatology was assessed at baseline and three months after birth using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).At three months postpartum, mean EPDS scores were 9.4 (5.4) for the control group and 8.6 (5.4) for the intervention group (p = 0.18). The intervention group had significantly lower EPDS scores than controls in certain subgroups of women: with few depressive symptoms at inclusion (EPDS<8), who were planning to raise the child with the child’s father, with a higher educational level.CAPEDP failed to demonstrate an overall impact on PND. However, post-hoc analysis reveals the intervention was effective in subgroups of women without certain risk factors. Effective overall reduction of PND symptomatology may require more tailored interventions
Herzhaft-Le, Roy Juliette. "Efficacité d'un traitement ostéopathique pour les problématiques biomécaniques de succion des nouveau-nés". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11074.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract: Background: National and international policies recommend breastfeeding for its benefits on mothers’ and infants’ health. In Quebec, almost nine out of ten mothers initiate breastfeeding with their baby but half of these stop during the first month, due to biomechanical sucking difficulties, and this, despite increasing support from lactation consultants (LC). Osteopaths worldwide work with these babies, but there is little empirical evidence for this type of treatment. The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an osteopathic treatment coupled with usual lactation consultations on infants’ identified as having biomechanical sucking difficulties. Methods: A single blind randomized controlled trial including 97 mother-infant dyads referred by LC. The dyads were randomized into two groups: osteopathic intervention or usual care. Four measurement times over a 10-day period (pre and post intervention) allowed for the determination of the babies’ ability to latch, the intensity of pain felt by mothers as well as any perceived side effects. Osteopathic lesions were documented in an effort to establish a profile T-tests and Chi-square tests as well as regression models were used to compare groups. Results: Babies having received the osteopathic intervention showed a clinically and statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in their ability to latch compared to the usual care group. Analyses did not show any statistically significant difference between groups with regard to the pain felt by mothers at the different measurement times. However, 3 days post intervention, the mothers in the intervention group perceived a significant decrease in their level of pain (p=0.001). A profile of osteopathic dysfunctions in these babies was generated with 84,5% of them found to have a posterior skull dysfunction. No serious or severe side effects were reported. Conclusion: Osteopathic treatment coupled with lactation consultations seem to be a promising avenue for mother-infant dyads with biomechanical sucking dysfunctions. Further research is needed to optimize osteopathic treatment in terms of targeting babies, timing and duration of interventions and also to better document and standardize areas with osteopathic lesions.
Barasinski, Chloé. "Pratiques obstétricales maïeutiques lors de l'accouchement : État des lieux et évaluation des types de poussée". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAS009/document.
Texto completo da fonteMany different obstetric practices are used during delivery, and some of them can affect the course of labor and delivery as well as maternal and fetal outcomes. During labor, these practices mainly concern the use of different positions and of analgesic techniques, both pharmacological (epidural analgesia, nitrous oxide) or not (walking, water immersion in a pool, large tub, or shower, birthing balls, etc.). At delivery, there are also different techniques of pushing, of fetal head management, perineal support, and birthing positions. Nonetheless, until now, the use of these practices in France has been studied little if at all, and there are no Clinical Practice Guidelines to help midwives choose their practices based on scientific evidence.The first component of this dissertation describes our inventory of practices reported by midwives (n=1496) and examines whether these practices differ as a function of either place of practice or experience. French midwives very frequently offer women epidural analgesia, especially those practicing in level II or III maternity units. Lateral decubitus was the position midwives preferred during the first stage for women with epidural analgesia and during the descent phase of the second stage. For delivery, most midwives advised decubitus positions. Pushing with Valsalva breathing was advised most often, mostly by midwives with ≤ 5 years of experience. These data show that French midwives use heterogeneous practices that vary according to the maternity unit level and the midwife's experience.The second component of this dissertation is based on a multicenter randomized trial (n=250) to assess the effectiveness of directed pushing when used with open glottis or closed glottis (Valsalva) breathing. The principal endpoint was a composite criterion: spontaneous delivery without perineal lesion (episiotomy, or spontaneous 2nd, 3rd, or 4th degree lacerations). Women were eligible if they have taken an antenatal class that includes a specific training in the types of pushing, and had a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation, planned vaginal delivery, and were admitted to the maternity ward between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation in spontaneous or induced labor when cervical dilation was ≥ 7 cm. The exclusion criteria were a disorder contraindicating expulsive efforts, previous cesarean or other uterine scar, or a fetal heart rate anomaly before randomization. The unadjusted analysis show no difference between the groups in the effectiveness of pushing, in maternal morbidity (severe perineal lacerations or postpartum hemorrhage), or immediate neonatal morbidity (unfavorable pH). After adjustment for confounding factors and clinically relevant prognostic factors, there was still no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the type of pushing (RR adjusted: 0.92, 95% CI 0.74-1.14).In conclusion, midwifery practices during delivery in France differ, and there is no evidence to recommend one type of pushing over another. Women must nonetheless be informed about the different positions and types of pushing during their preparation for delivery and must be able to choose the position and type of pushing they prefer, and be able to change it, during labor (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2012)
Loew, Laurianne. "Stratégies d’application d’un programme de marche prouvé efficace auprès des personnes âgées atteintes d’arthrose du genou : un essai randomisé contrôlé préliminaire". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35763.
Texto completo da fonteYacoub, Bishoy. "Validation de l'outil de dépistage numérique pour l'évaluation de la santé buccodentaire des personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie : un essai contrôlé randomisé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68245.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this study is to validate a digital tool that evaluates the condition of oral structures, dental prostheses, the quality of oral hygiene and the presence of oral pain in elderly people. This tool will be useful for nurses in terms of oral health assessment, implementing corrective measures and early referral to dental health professionals. The study examined inter- and intra-examiner reliability when in use and compared the efficacy of the tool by measuring the time for its administration as compared to the paper counterpart. Over a two-month period, the study randomly selected forty participants aged 65 and over from the Centre d’hébergement Charlesbourg. Evaluation scores of 0, 1 and 2 were assigned to each of the tool’s categories, which represent either oral structure, the condition of the dentures, or oral pain. The percentages agreement and Cohen’s Kappa were calculated to compare the assessment made by each of the tools (digital and paper) and between the dentist and the nurse for the digital tool. The digital tool has achieved more than 80 percent agreement with the reference standard; the dentist. Cohen’s Kappa revealed nearly perfect agreement strength for natural teeth, dentures and oral pain; substantial strength for tongue, gums, palate and oral hygiene; moderate strength for lips; and poor strength for mucous membranes and saliva, the latter calculations being contradictory to the percentages agreement. Additionally, the small sample size produced paradoxical Kappa values that sometimes appeared negative. The intra-examiner agreement percentages ranged from a minimum of 50% for mucous membranes to amaximum of 100% for saliva, natural teeth and oral pain. The percentage of inter-examiner agreement ranged from as little as 33.3% for the tongue to a maximum of 100% for mucous membranes, natural teeth and oral pain.The difference in administration time between the digital tool compared to its paper counterpart was not significant. The digital tool’s performance was outstanding for the agreement percentages, the evaluation parameter adequately matched for the size of this study. It allowed interactive use and facilitated infection control protocols.
Capmas, Perrine. "Comparaison des différentes stratégies de prises en charge de la grossesse extra-utérine". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T031/document.
Texto completo da fonteAn ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy implanted outside uterine cavity. There are four different treatments to manage tubal ectopic pregnancy: expectation, medical treatment (methotrexate), conservative surgery (salpingotomy) and radical surgery (salpingectomy). The choice between these different treatments is based on feasibility criteria (medical treatment and expectation are not feasible in case of tubal rupture). These feasibility criteria can be summarized by activity of ectopic pregnancy. This activity allowed differentiating less active ectopic pregnancies that can be supported by medical treatment and active ectopic pregnancies that required surgery.All of these treatments present advantages and disadvantages and the major unresolved issue concerns subsequent fertility after management of ectopic pregnancy. Randomized trial DEMETER has thus been designed to evaluate a difference of 20% between medical management and conservative surgery for less active ectopic pregnancy and between conservative and radical surgery for active ectopic pregnancy. Differences for two years subsequent fertility after management of ectopic pregnancy were not more than 20% between medical management and conservative surgery for less active ectopic pregnancy as between conservative and radical surgery for active ectopic pregnancy. This trial also allowed concluding to the superiority of conservative surgery with a systematic postoperative injection of methotrexate compared to medical treatment for management of less active ectopic pregnancy. This superiority might be enhanced by postoperative methotrexate injection. The conversion rate to radical surgery when a conservative surgery is decided is important: 10% for less active ectopic pregnancy and 21% (significantly higher) for active ectopic pregnancy. Recovery time is shorter after conservative surgery compared to medical management.Results of DEMETER trial and literature review allowed giving guidelines for management of ectopic pregnancy. Less active ectopic pregnancy with hCG rate less than 5.000UI/l without tubal rupture or hemodynamic failure can be managed in first intention by medical treatment (methotrexate) if the women is assiduous to a close check. However, conservative surgery for less active ectopic pregnancy is a good option. A systematic postoperative injection of methotrexate in the 24 first hours after surgery should be recommended. Active ectopic pregnancy has to be managed surgically and decision between conservative and radical surgery should be done in the operative room. Finally, women have to be informed about the absence of difference between treatments for subsequent fertility
Carayol, Marion. "L' activité physique pour la prévention des effets indésirables du traitement adjuvant du cancer du sein : quelle efficacité en recherche interventionnelle ?" Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2525/.
Texto completo da fontePhysical activity represents an important hope to relieve patients from the side effects related to breast cancer therapy. The objective of this PhD thesis is to analyze the efficacy of exercise interventions in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and radiotherapy. By pooling 33 randomized controlled studies, a meta-analysis showed that exercise interventions resulted in significant improvements of fatigue, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. However, these benefits were rather based on studies with methodological weaknesses. The realization of a randomized controlled trial (named APAD1) respecting good quality standards and testing an intervention of exercise associated with dietary counseling showed benefits on self-declared subjective outcomes, i. E. , fatigue, anxiety, depression, and quality of life, at the end of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, no effect was observed on objective outcomes such as body weight, fat mass, and cognitive and muscle fatigue. It should be noted that improvements of subjective outcomes in intervention vs. Control group were observed whatever the patients' physical activity level, and also, primarily in normal weight and socially favored women. The overall results suggest that the efficacy of an exercise intervention during breast cancer adjuvant therapy to be rather based on psychological mechanisms related to beliefs and expectations of patients regarding the intervention and the care effect it provides them. The efficacy bias seen in studies of lower methodological quality calls the limitations of the experimental design for testing non-pharmacological interventions into questions
Mestari, Zakaria. "Exploration de l’effet d’un programme d’accompagnement parental sur les comportements problématiques et adaptatifs d’enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme : un essai randomisé contrôlé". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11797.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract : Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in social interactions, social communication, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behaviors. Children with ASD exhibit more challenging behavior (CB) and less adaptive behavior (AB) than their peers without ASD. Having CP decrease exposition to positive social interactions, and decreases the opportunities for learning appropriate social behaviors. Parent-mediated intervention aims to provide parents with tools and strategies to promote social and communication skills in their child, and promotes AB. To our knowledge, no clinical randomized control trial documented the effect of a parent-mediated program on CB in children with ASD and aged less than three years old. Objective: Explore the effect of a 12 weeks parent-mediated program on CB and AB in children with ASD aged less than three years old. Method: This program includes strategies from the Early Start Denver Model (ESDM), and the Social Communication Emotional Regulation and Transactional Support (SCERTS). Participants were 13 families from Montreal and Eastern Township. The intervention groups (n = 8) received the intervention immediately, while the waiting list group (n = 5) waited an equivalent period of time before receiving the same intervention. CB were measured using the Infant-Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), while AB were measured using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System - Second Edition (ABAS-II). Results: When comparing the two groups, no differences were found for both outcome measures. Even when all participants were combined into one sample group, the intervention had no impact on the outcome measures. Conclusion: The intervention used in this study had no effect on CB and AB. Methodological limitations are discussed.
Lueza, Béranger. "Estimation du bénéfice de survie à partir de méta-analyse sur données individuelles et évaluation économique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS268/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe survival benefit restricted up to a certain time horizon has been suggested as an alternative measure to the common relative measures used to estimate the treatment effect, especially in case of non-proportional hazards of death. The restricted survival benefit corresponds to the difference of the two restricted mean survival times estimated for each treatment arm, and is expressed in terms of life years gained. In the literature, this measure is considered as more intuitive than the hazard ratio and many authors have suggested its use for the design and the analysis of clinical trials. However, it is not currently the most used measure in randomized trials. This measure is valid under any distribution of the survival times and is adapted if the proportional hazards assumption does not hold. In addition, the restricted survival benefit can be used in medico-economic evaluation where an absolute measure of the treatment effect is needed (number of [quality adjusted] life years gained). If one wants to estimate the restricted survival benefit from an individual participant data meta-analysis, there is a need to take into account the trial effect due to the hierarchical structure of the data. The aim of this thesis was to compare statistical methods to estimate the restricted survival benefit from an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized trials. The starting point was a case study (cost-effectiveness analysis) using data from the Meta-Analysis of Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer. This study showed that the five investigated methods yielded different estimates for the restricted survival benefit and its confidence interval. The choice of a method to estimate the survival benefit also impacted on cost-effectiveness results. Our second project consisted in a simulation study to have a better understanding of the properties of the investigated methods in terms of bias and standard error. Finally, the last part of the thesis illustrated the lessons learned from the simulation study through three examples of individual participant data meta-analysis in nasopharynx cancer and in small cell lung cancer
Robert, Sarah. "Santé et recours aux soins des jeunes en insertion socio-professionnelle : une recherche interventionnelle multicentrique Santé et recours aux soins des jeunes en insertion âgés de 18 à 25 ans suivis en mission locale Effects of systematically offered social and preventive medicine consultation on training and health attitudes of young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs) : an interventional study in France". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS038.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, ‘‘Missions locales’’ are public assistance sites for young people aged 16–25 years who are not in employment, in education or training (NEET). More than 1.4 million NEETs – i.e. ten to fifteen percent of the youth – participate in these sites each year. The main goal of ‘‘Missions locales’’ is to enhance both professional and social insertion – since education, employment, housing and health issues are inseperable. Several international studies have shown that NEETs have poor health status. In France, there were very few quantitative studies on this topic until the PRESAJE survey in 2011, which took place in five ‘’Missions locales’’. Based on data from this survey, we showed that the overall social profile of the NEET population was diverse, with more difficult living conditions than in the general population. Health-related vulnerability factors identified were: low education level; social isolation; insufficient health insurance; low self-esteem; and, low level of trust in institutions. Some of their health indicators were remarkably poor compared to other youth of the same age: more often, they had chronic disease, were overweight or obese, and their mental health status was poor. Despite their poor health, NEETs had less access to health care than the youth of the same age in the general population. This work also has highlighted the importance of having health sites inside ‘‘Missions locales’’. Social and preventive medicine consultations that are fully integrated into the social services for NEETs have an impact on their access to training (and we hope subsequently on their employment), and contribute to changing some of their health-related behaviours
Viswanadham, Ratnalekha Venkata Naga. "Essays on consumer self-control and its interventions". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS433.
Texto completo da fonteEssay 1 measures the heterogeneity in the effects of front-of-pack nutrition labels (FOPs) on food choices in real-life grocery shopping settings. Using a data set of more than 1.1 million purchases, I quantify how FOPs’ effectiveness varies with basket, store, and product characteristics. FOP labels have the strongest response by consumers who buy the most expensive products, who are likely higher-income consumers, creating even more inequality in terms of the healthiness of food choices between rich and poor consumers. Retailers, with their assortment and pricing choices, have a substantial impact on the FOP label effectiveness. Essay 2 investigates how bariatric surgery impacts a form of self-control that involves trade-offs with the cost of time called delay discounting (DD), its temporal stability, and its domain differences for food and money. Two longitudinal studies show that obese people are more impatient for food (but not money) than lean individuals and that surgery reduces impatience. A third study with lean and obese BMIs eliminates alternative explanations to DD differences across reward domains. Essay 3 proposes to study how the brain’s ability to integrate value impacts self-control. Before and after noninvasive brain stimulations, OCD patients complete a set of economic experiments that gauge general executive function and their ability to create value and exert self-control. I contribute to neuroeconomics and psychiatry by showing how behavioral economics experiments can measure the efficacy of treatments beyond clinical measures and behavioral decision-making literature by exploring the impact of valuation on the ability to exert self-control
Oger, Emmanuel. "Traitement hormonal substitutif de la ménopause : hémostase et thrombose veineuse". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA11T034.
Texto completo da fonteVenous thromboses are more frequently observed in postmenopausal women using oral estrogen. The risk related to the transdermal route is unknown. This study aimed to assess the risk for venous thrombosis related to estrogen replacement therapy, as well as its effect on a relevant surrogate marker, i. E. Sensitivity to activated protein C. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial compared oral and transdermal estrogen replacement therapy both combined with continuous micronized progesterone over six months and included 196 postmenopausal women. There was no statistically significant effect of estrogen replacement therapy on APC ratio. Using Coatest® A PCTM Resistance clotting test. However, prothrombin fragment 1+2 increased significantly and free tissue tactor pathway inhibitor decreased significantly on oral estrogen replacement therapy comparted to placebo. An interim analysis of a multi-centre case-control study including 145 cases and 321 con trois showed a four-fold increased risk for venous thrombosis related to oral estrogen replacement therapy compared to non-users (odds ratio, 3. 95, 95% confidence interval, 2. 07 to 7. 55) and an almost three-fold increased risk compared to transdermal estrogen (odds ratio, 2. 87, 95% confidence interval, 1. 50 to 5. 48). Transdermal estrogen did not significantly increased the risk for venous thrombosis (odds ratio, 1. 38, 95% confidence interval, 0. 83 to 2. 31). Adjustment for confounders did not alter the result. These findings emphasis the key role of the route of estrogen aministration and sorne clinical implications are following
Molina, Millán Teresa. "Three Essays on Régional Migration in Nicaragua". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0093.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis explores regional migration among young adults in rural Nicaragua. Chapter 1 analyzes the correlates of migration choices by young adults as they move towards adulthood. Using detailed data this chapter investigates differences between rural and urban migrants and identify differential migration patterns related to education, household demographics and regional development at origin and destination. Chapter 2 tests whether regional migrants and their household of origin participate in an informal insurance arrangement by estimating the casual impact of rainfall shocks on the flow of transfers between regional migrants and their origin household. This chapter finds that migrants provide insurance to their origin household. Distinguishing by destination and economic activity this chapter shows that the level of insurance increases when migrants and households are exposed to less correlated rainfall shocks. Finally, chapter 3 analyzes the implications of attrition for the internal and external validity of the results of a randomized experiment with balanced attrition rates. Using a 10 years longitudinal data set with a final attrition rate of 10 percent, obtained after intensive tracking of migrants, this chapter documents the sensitivity of ITT estimates for schooling gain : and labor market outcomes for a social program in Nicaragua. In this chapter we propose a new method to correct for attrition using inverse probability weighting with estimates of weights that exploit the similarities between missing individuals and those found during intensive tracking
Leblanc, Judith. "L’apport infirmier dans le dépistage : l’exemple du dépistage infirmier ciblé du VIH par test rapide dans les services d’urgences d’Ile-de-France". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV016/document.
Texto completo da fonteScreening is essential to controlling the HIV epidemic as it ensures early treatment initiation, which limits morbidity, mortality and secondary transmission. In France, thousands of individuals remain unaware of their HIV status and a quarter of diagnoses occur at a late stage of infection. Nurse participation in HIV screening is widely discussed as a means by which to get a greater number of actors involved. Through a systematic review we suggested that, in countries with concentrated epidemics such as France, the United States and the United Kingdom, nurses could increase the number of screening tests being offered and performed. In these countries, Health authorities have recommended non-targeted systematic HIV screening in non-specialized health care settings. While this recommendation has gradually been questioned due to its limited effectiveness and associated increased workload, the DICI-VIH trial was designed to explore a new targeted method of HIV screening, performed by nurses in the Emergency Departments of the Paris metropolitan area, where HIV prevalence is high. A large-scale trial with a cluster-randomized two-period crossover design showed that this screening strategy is a compelling approach. By limiting the use of resources allocated to screening in Emergency Departments and by targeting a limited number of patients, this strategy is shown to be feasible and effective in identifying individuals who are unaware of their HIV status. It is also associated with limited costs. These results contribute new data to the discussion on how to best adapt HIV screening strategies in contexts where the epidemic is concentrated and to the evaluation of the contribution of the nursing profession to screening programs
Daucourt, Valentin. "Efficacité et coût-efficacité d'interventions de diffusion de recommandations de prescription des examens biologiques explorant la fonction thyroi͏̈dienne dans la région Aquitaine : exemple d'un essai d'intervention randomisé". Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23072.
Texto completo da fonteFujimori, Hajimé. "Epistémologie pour la médecine intégrative : comment intégrer la vertébrothérapie japonaise dans la médecine ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H226/document.
Texto completo da fonteIntegrative medicine is a relatively new field that offers a new, holistic approach to medicine to satisfy the needs of the public by unifying biomedical medicine and other medical practices; complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), which are not yet scientifically verified. What we call integrative medicine emerged in the early 1990s, and its potential i promising; however, there is crucial need to recognize that there exist methodological problems in this field. In this thesis I want to propose some reflections upon the consequences linked to the disregard for the theory of CAM. I would argue that the special character of today's dominant evaluation methodology -randomized controlled trial (RCT) and the ways in which excessive reliance on RCT distorted the essence of CAM and amplified the predicament. I equally want to propose some reflections upon the effect of the introduction of particular dogmas to CAM into scientific study. I would suggest that the ways in which researches might loose in tum scientific certainty, clarity, and objectivity if they make much of for instance the concept of qi or human sensory subjective diagnostics system in scientific study. Finally, would like to note advantages in introducing Japanese traditional medicine (JTM) into scientific study and the ways in which JTM has reduced influence of, and been freer from, the excessive theorization in Chinese traditional medicine (CTM)
Lucas, Michel. "Effets d'une supplémentation en acide gras oméga-3 enrichie en éthyl-acide eicosapentanoïque (E-EPA) sur la détresse psychologique, les symptômes dépressifs et vasomoteurs chez des femmes d'âge moyen : un essai comparatif randomisé (ECR), à double insu, contrôlé par placebo". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20136.
Texto completo da fonteTrinquart, Ludovic. "Impact, détection et correction du biais de publication dans la méta-analyse en réseau". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05S025/document.
Texto completo da fonteNetwork meta-analysis (NMA), a generalization of conventional MA, allows for assessing all possible pairwise comparisons between multiple treatments. Reporting bias, a major threat to the validity of MA, has received little attention in the context of NMA. We assessed the impact of reporting bias empirically using data from 74 FDA-registered placebo-controlled trials of 12 antidepressants and their 51 matching publications. We showed how reporting bias biased NMA-based estimates of treatments efficacy and modified ranking. The effect of reporting bias in NMAs may differ from that in classical meta-analyses in that reporting bias affecting only one drug may affect the ranking of all drugs. Then, we extended a test to detect reporting bias in network of trials. It compares the number of expected trials with statistically significant results to the observed number of trials with significant p-values across the network. We showed through simulation studies that the test was fairly powerful after adjustment for size, except when between-trial variance was substantial. Besides, it showed evidence of bias in the network of published antidepressant trials. Finally, we introduced two methods of sensitivity analysis for reporting bias in NMA: a meta-regression model that allows the effect size to depend on its standard error and a selection model that estimates the propensity of trial results being published and in which trials with lower propensity are weighted up in the NMA model. We illustrated their use on the antidepressant datasets. The proposed test and adjustment models borrow strength from all trials across the network, under the assumption that conventional MAs in the network share a common mean bias mechanism