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1
Elliehausen, Gregory E. Theory and evidence of the impact of equal credit opportunity: An agnostic review of the literature. [West Lafayette, IN]: Credit Research Center, Purdue University, 1989.
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2
Equal opportunity theory. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1996.
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Fishkin, Joseph. Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2016.
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Fishkin, Joseph. Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2013.
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Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2013.
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Bottlenecks: A New Theory of Equal Opportunity. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Mithaug, Dennis E. Equal Opportunity Theory: Fairness in Liberty for All. SAGE Publications, Incorporated, 2012.
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Equal Opportunity and the Case for State Sponsored Ectogenesis. Palgrave Pivot, 2016.
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Kendal, Evie. Equal Opportunity and the Case for State Sponsored Ectogenesis. Palgrave Pivot, 2014.
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Kendal, Evie. Equal Opportunity and the Case for State Sponsored Ectogenesis. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2015.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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Goldstene, Claire. Struggle for America's Promise: Equal Opportunity at the Dawn of Corporate Capital. University Press of Mississippi, 2014.
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18
Andrew, Mason. Levelling the Playing Field: The Idea of Equal Opportunity and Its Place in Egalitarian Thought. Oxford Political Theory. Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Mason, Andrew. Levelling the Playing Field: The Idea of Equal Opportunity and Its Place in Egalitarian Thought (Oxford Political Theory). Oxford University Press, USA, 2006.
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Gledhill, Jane Rosalind. Equal opportunity policies, theory and practice: A critical review of local government initiatives with special reference to Bradford Metropolitan Council 1981-1988. Bradford, 1988.
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Can American capitalism survive?: Why greed is not good, opportunity is not equal, and fairness won't make us poor. 2018.
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Ferreira, Francisco H. G., e Vito Peragine. Individual Responsibility and Equality of Opportunity. Editado por Matthew D. Adler e Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.24.
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Building on earlier work by political philosophers, economists have recently sought to define a concept of equity that accommodates the fairness of reward to individual responsibility and effort, while allowing for the existence of some inequalities that are unfair and should be compensated. This chapter provides a critical review of the economic literature on equality and inequality of opportunity. A simple “canonical model” of equal opportunity is proposed, and used to explore the two fundamental concepts in this (relatively) new theory of social justice: the principles of compensation and reward. Ex ante and ex post versions of the compensation principle are presented, and the tensions between them are discussed. Different approaches to the measurement of inequality of opportunity—and empirical applications—are reviewed, and implications for the measurement of poverty and of the rate of economic development are discussed.
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Wood, Stephen, e Lilian M. de Menezes. Family-Friendly, Equal-Opportunity, and High-Involvement Management in Britain. Editado por Peter Boxall, John Purcell e Patrick M. Wright. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.003.0028.
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Family-friendly, equal-opportunity, and high-involvement initiatives have increasingly been at the forefront of discussions of human resource management since the 1990s. They are widely viewed by academics and policy makers as critical ways of simultaneously improving the well-being of workers and the efficiency of organizations. Moreover, they are often presented as related practices. This article first discusses how they are perceived to be related and the research thus far on their links to organizational performance. It then reports a study designed to test these associations.
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Mitchell, Bruce, e Robert E. Salsbury. Unequal Opportunity. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216030164.
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The authors discuss the history of American education and its goals in a democratic society. The nature of the criticisms of public education and the motivations of the critics are examined. The final section includes an analysis of the significance of the public education system's possible demise, a suggested plan of action for the improvement of public education, and a Guerrilla Handbook which offers suggestions for parents wishing to secure the best possible public education for their children. John Dewey said What the best and wisest parent wants for his own child, that must the community want for all its children. Any other idea for our schools is narrow and unlovely; acted upon, it destroys our democracy. The authors argue that the nation's public schools must be serious about demanding equal educational opportunities without regard for affluence level, religious background, race, gender, or ethnicity.
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Arditti, Joyce A. Parental Incarceration and Family Inequality in the United States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810087.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that mass incarceration is an insidious mechanism to limit equal opportunity to freely and optimally ‘do family’. Indeed, research documents a host of negative family outcomes associated with parental incarceration and children seem to be particularly vulnerable. This chapter introduces a ‘Family Inequality Framework’ (FIF), which builds on research and theory that conceptualizes parental incarceration as an ongoing family stressor that influences critical parenting processes and indices of family functioning. Based on family stress theory and ecological frameworks, the FIF points to material hardship as the main conduit through which parental incarceration contributes to and reproduces family inequality. Moreover, an FIF represents a shift in emphasis from how mass imprisonment contributes to inequality among incarcerated adults, to how parental incarceration contributes to inequality among children.
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Martin, Rex. 32. Rawls. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708926.003.0032.
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This chapter examines the main arguments for John Rawls's ideas about justice. Rawls identified two principles as central to political liberalism: the principle of equal basic rights and liberties, and a principle of economic justice, which stresses equality of opportunity, mutual benefit, and egalitarianism. In Rawls's interpretation, these two principles take place ultimately in an ideal arena for decision-making, which he calls the ‘original position’. In time, Rawls became dissatisfied with this approach and began to reconfigure his theory, moving the focus towards a ‘family’ of liberal principles. The chapter begins by discussing Rawls's first and second principles before considering his concept of ‘original position’ as well as his views on overlapping consensus. It concludes with an analysis of the main ideas contained in Rawls's 1999 book, The Law of Peoples.
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Sheppard, Eric. Heterodoxy as Orthodoxy: Prolegomenon for a Geographical Political Economy. Editado por Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler e Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.9.
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For most geographers, thinking geographically about the economy means something very different than for mainstream/geographical economists: what is heterodox for the latter constitutes geographers’ orthodoxy. Nineteen propositions about geographical political economy demonstrate how thinking geographically disrupts core propositions about capitalism in mainstream economic theory. The spatiotemporality and relational nature of inter-sectoral commodity production, shaped by the socio-spatial dialectic, implies that commodity production generally is far from equilibrium, (re)produces uneven geographical development, and cannot be divorced from political processes. With respect to exchange, markets are socio-spatial constructs, profit rates are positive, free trade is inequalizing, and financialization matters. With respect to distribution, globalizing capitalism (re)produces socio-spatial inequality, an outcome modulated by the necessity of llabour politics and state intervention. Trajectories of globalizing capitalism co-evolve also with cultural and biophysical processes: its constitutional failure to deliver on the promise of equal opportunity for all makes it necessary to countenance more-than-capitalist alternatives.
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Kaup, Monika. New Ecological Realisms. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474483094.001.0001.
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What is the singular reality of humanistic objects of study? New Ecological Realism argues that our contemporary moment after the exhaustion of postmodernism presents an unprecedented opportunity to pursue this question. It proposes that the answer is found in a new concept of the real that hinges on, instead of denying, context, organization and form. New Ecological Realism showcases a context-based concept of the real, arguing that new realisms of complex and embedded wholes, actor-networks, and ecologies, rather than old realisms of isolated parts and things, represent the most promising escape from the impasses of constructivism and positivism. To achieve this, this study devotes equal attention to literature and theory. By pairing post-apocalyptic novels by Margaret Atwood, José Saramago, Octavia Butler, and Cormac McCarthy with new realist theories, this study shows that, just as new realist theories can illuminate post-apocalyptic fiction, post-apocalyptic fiction also embeds new theories of the real. Reassessing the recent revival of interest in ontology in contemporary theory, this study brings together four contemporary theories that formulate context-based realisms: Bruno Latour’s actor-network theory; Chilean neurophenomenologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela’s theories of autopoiesis and enactivism; German philosopher Markus Gabriel’s new ontology of fields of sense; French philosopher Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenology of givenness and American philosopher Alphonso Lingis’s writings on passionate identification. Their shared emphasis on interconnectedness over individuation has gone unnoticed because these theories have never been considered together before.
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Archer, Richard. Miles to Go. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0014.
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This epilogue examines the breakdown (but not the disappearance) of the struggle for equal rights after the Civil War. Reform-minded New Englanders dispersed in various directions. Some focused on the newly liberated freedmen to the south and on reconstructing that region. Others concentrated on such causes as women's rights, temperance, and labor. No one denied that forms of racism persisted in New England, but many shared Garrison's belief that the basic work for equal rights had been accomplished or soon would be and welcomed the opportunity to invest in their own lives. And some of the black leaders died far too soon. The book concludes with a brief examination of why New England was in advance of the rest of the nation in providing equal rights but far from an equal society.
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Sicker, Martin. Between Man and God. Praeger, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400617812.
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Sicker presents a personal attempt to come to grips with the awesome question, Where was God at Auschwitz? and with it some of the related central issues of Jewish thought and belief. There is a tendency among many writers of contemporary work of theology to argue that the very fact of the Holocaust invalidates traditional Jewish theory and that its long-held ideas about God must therefore be revised radically. However, Jewish thinkers have long asked the equivalent of this troubling question, albeit in reference to other places and times in Israel's history and have offered possible answers, just as we do today. The big difference between then and now is not the enormity of the Holocaust, but the readiness of earlier thinkers to search for meaning without almost cavalierly discarding traditionally cherished ideas and beliefs. The author argues that modern advocates of radical theological revision actually have little to add to our understanding of the ways of God and even less to a meaningful Judaic perspective on the universe and the relationship between man and God. A second concern is the contemporary argument that because there is no universally accepted theology of Judaism, one is not bound by any particular conception of God, whether of biblical or rabbinic origin. Jewish theology has thus come to be viewed essentially as an equal opportunity field of intellectual endeavor, an approach Sicker considers fundamentally and fatally flawed. Traditional non-dogmatic thought does not require radical revision. What is required is a sympathetic understanding of the theological assumptions and ideas of the past coupled with a sincere and respectful attempt to reformulate them in terms more attuned to the modern temper.
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Jeffery, Commission, e Moloo Rahim. 8 Hearing Procedures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729037.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the components of a typical investment arbitration hearing as well as various procedural issues that arise in the context of the hearing. Hearings often present the best opportunity to test the evidence and arguments presented by the parties over the course of an arbitration. It is therefore important to give both parties an equal and adequate opportunity to present their case at the hearing. Yet, there is a desire to conduct the hearing in an efficient manner. The goal in adopting hearing procedures is to strike a balance between these considerations. The chapter first considers how parties and the tribunal will want to plan for the hearing at the outset. It then discusses the pre-hearing procedures and the hearing itself, taking into account the order of proceedings, cases where witnesses/experts are unavailable to testify in person, transcription of proceedings, and transparency and confidentiality of the hearing.
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Hsu, Madeline Y. Conclusion. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.003.0009.
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This concluding chapter considers early twenty-first-century immigration controls as furthering national economic advantage. The immigrant I.M. Pei, with his imported talent and skills, illustrates the diminishing of racial inequality through his exceptional accomplishments and success even as he reflects the hollowness of such civil rights victories. The quantified overattainment by the Asian American model minority emanates in large measure from immigration preferences that privilege those most likely to succeed educationally, economically, and now entrepreneurially. Model minority successes have served as rebukes to less well performing minority populations by implying that their failure to attain equal standing does not result from past and ongoing discrimination but is somehow attributable to a lack of the kind of cultural values that would produce upward mobility in the land of equal opportunity.
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Sher, George. How Bad Is It to Be Dominated? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660413.003.0006.
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When A Theory of Justice was published in 1971, the discussion that ensued centered mainly on questions about distribution. More recently, however, many influential theorists have come to believe that this emphasis on distribution is neither faithful to Rawls’s thinking nor defensible on its own terms. They argue that what justice primarily demands is not that resources or welfare or opportunity be distributed in any particular way, but rather that relations of domination and subordination among persons be eliminated. In their view, what matters is not that goods be distributed equally (or in accordance with any other pattern), but only that individuals relate to one another as equals. Despite the prominence this approach to justice has achieved, the chapter argues that it is seriously mistaken.
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Peach, Ken. Recruitment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796077.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses the topic of recruitment. Recruitment is a key management activity. Mostly, recruitment is a great success but, occasionally, it can go horribly wrong. A significant objective of the recruitment process is to tilt the outcome in favour of the former while avoiding the latter. There are several different types of recruitment, but they share many common recruitment actions. The necessary paperwork (job description, person specification, advertisement, etc.) is discussed, as well as the need to eliminate both conscious and unconscious bias. The need for, and actions required to achieve, equal opportunity regardless of gender, ethnicity or sexual preference are also discussed. In addition, the processes of candidate selection and interview are described.
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Geismer, Lily. A Multiracial World. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and its commitment to equal opportunity and changing individual attitudes through one-on-one interaction. While METCO offered a rare example of interracial and urban–suburban cooperation, its focus on collective benefits rather than collective responsibility had wide-ranging consequences. Tracing the development of METCO offers an important case study of the trade-offs that suburban liberal activists made in their quests to achieve social justice. The organizers' pragmatic approach ensured the acceptance of the program in the suburbs and paved the way for later support of diversity claims about the value of affirmative action. This strategy, nevertheless, fortified the consumer-based and individualist dimensions of the Route 128 political culture. It ultimately made community members more resistant to grappling with the systemic and historical circumstances that necessitated programs like METCO and affirmative action in the first place.
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Clayton, Matthew. Education. Editado por Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.16.
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This chapter discusses the central questions about the content and distribution of education debated by philosophers in recent years. How should educational opportunity be distributed between individuals? Should society aim to achieve equal opportunity, or should it allow departures from equality provided the least advantaged are thereby helped or everyone enjoys an adequate education? Should society seek to eliminate or temper only inequalities that are caused by class differences, or also those caused by individuals’ genetic endowments? Education is not merely a good to be distributed; it is also a vehicle for shaping individuals’ beliefs and desires. Is it permissible for the political community to raise children to have a sense of justice, and for the community or parents to get children to adopt a particular conception of the good life, such as particular religious convictions? Finally, may parents determine the kind of education that their child receives?
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Dunbar-Hester, Christina. Hacking Diversity. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691192888.001.0001.
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Hacking, as a mode of technical and cultural production, is commonly celebrated for its extraordinary freedoms of creation and circulation. Yet surprisingly few women participate in it: rates of involvement by technologically skilled women are drastically lower in hacking communities than in industry and academia. This book investigates the activists engaged in free and open-source software to understand why, despite their efforts, they fail to achieve the diversity that their ideals support. The book shows that within this well-meaning volunteer world, beyond the sway of human resource departments and equal opportunity legislation, members of underrepresented groups face unique challenges. The book explores who participates in voluntaristic technology cultures, to what ends, and with what consequences. Digging deep into the fundamental assumptions underpinning STEM-oriented societies, the book demonstrates that while the preferred solutions of tech enthusiasts—their “hacks” of projects and cultures—can ameliorate some of the “bugs” within their own communities, these methods come up short for issues of unequal social and economic power. Distributing “diversity” in technical production is not equal to generating justice. The book reframes questions of diversity advocacy to consider what interventions might appropriately broaden inclusion and participation in the hacking world and beyond.
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Suzumura, Kotaro. Intergenerational Equity and Responsibility for Future Generations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0006.
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Why should the present generation be held responsible for the sustainable well-being of future generations, especially since past generations must bear some large share of the cause of global warming? This chapter describes the principle that all generations irrespective of when they emerged in the past or will emerge in the future should have equal opportunity to lead worthwhile lives of their choice. It assesses several alternatives including assigning voting rights to the very young and setting aside these alternatives as on balance unsatisfactory or unworkable. On the principle of responsibility and compensation, the chapter proposes that the present generation must either abate global warming or compensate future generations. It explains and defends why this one-sided, external, and irrevocable choice of the present generation is the only sensible and moral alternative for addressing intergenerational equity.
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Archer, Richard. The Wall. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676643.003.0013.
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Any comparison of the 1850s with 1830 would conclude that the struggle for equal rights had made substantial progress. Almost all legal discriminations had ended. There was increased opportunity for advancement. Some black New Englanders gained wealth, political positions, access to cultural venues, and all the other trappings of the affluent middle class. But a wall of poverty and limited economic opportunities limited most. They faced the double hardship of racism and disdain for the poor. Poverty was a wall holding back people of all ethnicities, and it was much more difficult to surmount than barriers separating working class from lower middle class or middle class from upper middle class. For African Americans, the wall was reinforced by racism. Desegregating schools and eliminating the ban on mixed marriages proved to be much easier than ending poverty.
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Rezvani, Selena. The Next Generation of Women Leaders. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400691454.
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A groundbreaking, empowering collection of advice—richly illustrated with the stories of women at top echelons of their fields—that advances the leadership outlook for Generation X and Y women like no book before it. Over the course of a year, Selena Rezvani interviewed women executives in various industries, roles, and job functions, including Jamie McCourt, president of the Los Angeles Dodgers, Denise Incandela, president of Saks Direct at Saks Fifth Avenue, Roxanne Spillett, president and CEO of Boys and Girls Clubs of America, and Naomi Earp, chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The result is The Next Generation of Women Leaders, a penetrating, eye-opening, and ultimately empowering narrative, filled with stories of remarkable women who navigated the leadership maze and triumphed. While the leadership landscape may be shifting in women's favor, women are nowhere near an equal presence in leadership roles when compared to men. Rezvani's achievement was to engage some extraordinarily accomplished women as mentors, each of whom provided tools and information that young women can use to shape their own careers. The Next Generation of Women Leaders encourages younger women to be their own advocates when it comes to professional growth and advancement, and it provides tangible how-tos on negotiating the workplace as a woman.
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Detlefsen, Karen. Liberty and Feminism in Early Modern Women’s Writing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810261.003.0002.
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This chapter shows how Mary Astell and Margaret Cavendish can reasonably be understood as early feminists in three senses of the term. First, they are committed to the natural equality of men and women, and, relatedly, they are committed to equal opportunity of education for men and women. Second, they are committed to social structures that help women develop authentic selves and thus autonomy understood in one sense of the word. Third, they acknowledge the power of production relationships, especially friendships among women, in cultivating fulfilling lives for women. All three forms of feminism promote greater liberty for women. Moreover, the chapter establishes that many of these conclusions are especially forceful given Cavendish’s use of the genre of literature, and given the method that literature allows, namely that of presenting alternate points of view.
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Scanlon, T. M. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0001.
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Six objections to inequality will be explored in subsequent chapters. These are objections based on requirements of equal concern, on objectionable inequality in status, on the degree of control that the rich can exercise over the lives of those who have less, on interference with equality of economic opportunity, on interference with the fairness of political institutions, and on features of economic institutions that generate inequalities in wealth and income without sufficient justification. These objections are all egalitarian in the broad sense of being objections to the difference between what some have and what others have. It is a further question to what degree they are egalitarian in the narrower sense of being based on ideas of the value of equality rather than on other values.
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Butt, Simon, e Tim Lindsey. Labour Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199677740.003.0017.
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Indonesian labour law was transformed after the fall of Soeharto, with workers granted many freedoms they had been denied under his rule. This chapter explains the rights and duties of workers and employers in Indonesia today, including those relating to conditions of employment, minimum wages, overtime, leave, social security, anti-discrimination and equal opportunity guarantees, and termination of employment (including severance pay). Attention is paid to the rules applicable to women, children, and foreign workers, and to unions, collective bargaining, and the right to strike (including the requirements for legal industrial action). Case studies are provided and sub-contracting rules are covered. The chapter closes with an evaluation of Indonesia’s problematic industrial dispute resolution process, including the much-criticized Industrial Relations Court.
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Rose, Deondra. Opening Doors for Women. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190650940.003.0005.
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This chapter offers a final case study of landmark higher education policy development, analyzing the creation of Title IX. By departing from the redistributive policy design of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) and the Higher Education Act (HEA) and employing a regulatory approach to expand access to higher educational institutions, lawmakers ventured beyond the precedent of promoting equal opportunity through financial aid. This analysis reveals an interesting shift in the intentionality of lawmakers when it came to expanding women’s access to college degrees. While the substantial benefits that women received from the NDEA and the HEA were byproducts of broader political forces that supported their inclusion as incidental and even accidental beneficiaries, Title IX was crafted with the explicit purpose of expanding women’s access to higher educational institutions.
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Scanlon, T. M. Procedural Fairness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0004.
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Equality of opportunity requires that individuals should be selected for positions of advantage on the basis of relevant qualifications and that the ability to acquire these qualifications should not depend on the economic status of a person’s family. This chapter offers an institutional account of the moral basis of the first of these requirements. This account presupposes that positions of advantage are justified by the benefits they produce when they are held by individuals with the relevant abilities. The notion of ability relevant to considerations of procedural fairness therefore depends on the aims that justify the institution in question and on the way it is organized to promote these aims. The chapter relates this idea of fairness to the ideas of equal concern and non-discrimination and discusses the implications of procedural fairness for affirmative action.
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Lowe, Hannah, Nuran Urkmezturk e Iysha Arun. SUPPORTING GENDER EQUALITY: Examples from Politics, Business and Academia in the UK. Dialogue Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/nubs7155.
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The Dialogue Society supports the Equality Act 2010 (Government Equalities Office 2015). We believe we have a duty to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity, and foster good relations within our organisation. Furthermore, Dialogue Society aims to reflect its values in accordance with the Equality Act 2010 within society. Whether it is direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, harassment or victimisation, any form of discrimination must be condemned in any area of social life. Society will be in its fully developed form when all forms of discrimination are eliminated. The Equality Act 2010 includes legislation against many forms of discrimination. Sex discrimination is one of the areas covered by the Equality Act 2010. Sex discrimination is the unfair treatment of one as a result of their gender identity, i.e., if they are a man or a woman. Although sex discrimination can be towards both genders, women experience it many times more than men do. Additionally, although many countries have achieved significant milestones towards gender parity across education, health, economic and political systems, there remains much to be done. According to The Global Gender Gap Index 2018 report, there is a gender disparity in political empowerment, which today maintains a gap of 77.1%, and an economic participation and opportunity gap, which is the second-largest gender disparity at 41.9% globally (World Economy Forum 2019). The data illustrates that sex discrimination is one of many problems in the contemporary world. It operates negatively on a number of societal and economic levels: it divides the community, causes a lack of opportunity and representation for women, and excludes women from participation in many aspects of social life. Equal contribution opportunities for women and men are critical for our community's economic and societal development. The Dialogue Society aims to build dynamic and inclusive economies and societies that provide a future of opportunities for all. In order to achieve this best form of society, we believe women’s empowerment is a necessity. Women’s empowerment includes promoting professional development for women, implementing practices that empower women in the workplace, and promoting equality through community initiatives. The women’s empowerment process focuses on shaping frameworks for closing economic gender gaps, fostering diversity, and promoting women's inclusion and equality. Furthermore, the Dialogue Society aims to increase women's participation in the workforce, help more women advance into leadership, and close the gender gap. To this end, the Dialogue Society organised many projects, research, and panel discussions on women’s empowerment. This report aims to inspire ongoing efforts and further action to accelerate the achievement of full gender equality via promoting women’s empowerment, recommending and implementing direct top-level policies for gender equality, and ensuring that existing policies are gender-sensitive and practices are safe from gender-based discrimination. Finally, this report is to engage and illustrate the importance of allyship, awareness, and policy implementations that improve the lives of millions of women. We call upon every reader of this report to join the efforts of the Dialogue Society in promoting women’s empowerment for an equal society.
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Fernandez, Marilyn. The New Frontier. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199479498.001.0001.
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Does the burgeoning Indian Information Technology (IT) sector represent a deviation from the historical arc of caste inequality or has it become yet another site of discrimination? Those who claim that the sector is caste-free believe that IT is an equal opportunity employer, and that the small Dalit footprint is due to the want of merit. But they fail to consider how caste inequality sneaks in by being layered on socially constructed ‘pure merit’, which favours upper castes and other privileged segments, but handicaps Dalits and other disadvantaged groups. In this book, Fernandez describes how the practice of pure and holistic merit are deeply embedded in the social, cultural, and economic privileges of the dominant castes and classes, and how caste filtering has led to the reproduction of caste hierarchies and consequently the small Dalit footprint in Indian IT.
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Urish, Ben, e Ken Bielen. Words and Music of John Lennon. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216038467.
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Despite John Lennon's immense popularity, little attention has been paid to his work apart from the Beatles. Yet his solo artistry not only illuminates what he gave to the Beatles, but also constitutes a significant contribution to popular music in general. Lennon was able to fuse experiments in technology, instrumentation, lyrics, and musical form into recordings that were both artistically and commercially successful. Few singer-songwriters have been his equal. In this long overdue investigation, authors Ben Urish and Ken Bielen give Lennon's artistry the opportunity to speak for itself. After a brief biographical introduction, chronologically arranged chapters discuss his incredible body of work album-by-album and single-by-single. A discography and annotated bibliography conclude the book. Despite John Lennon's immense popularity, little attention has been paid to the overall efforts of his work apart from the Beatles. Yet his solo artistry not only illuminates what he gave to the Beatles (and what the Beatles experience gave to him), but also constitutes a significant contribution to popular music in general. Lennon was able to fuse experiments in technology, instrumentation, lyrics, and musical form into recordings that were both artistically and commercially successful. Whether expressing emotions, explaining philosophies, protesting social situations, or ruminating on the joys and pains of personal entanglements, few singer-songwriters have been his equal. In this long overdue investigation, authors Ben Urish and Ken Bielen give Lennon's artistry the opportunity to speak for itself. After a brief biographical introduction, chronologically arranged chapters discuss his incredible body of work album-by-album and single-by-single. A discography and annotated bibliography conclude the book. Although he is often lauded as a spokesperson for his generation, this praise, however intended, is far too limiting. Lennon was able to transform the intensely personal into the deeply universal (as well as the reverse), often with humor and pointed insight. At their core, his songs are simultaneously humanistic and transcendent. And as such, they-and he-continue to be relevant, and will certainly remain a valuable part of our cultural heritage for a long time to come.
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Milkman, Ruth. Women’s History and the Sears Case. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040320.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the dynamics of job segregation by gender as well as the social and cultural construction of boundaries between “male” and “female” work in the retail sector. More specifically, it analyzes the role of employers and their hiring policies in shaping the sexual division of paid labor by focusing on the controversy stemming from the legal battle between Sears Roebuck & Co. and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). After discussing the political context of the EEOC's class-action sex-discrimination lawsuit against Sears, the chapter considers the historical evidence presented by both parties through the expert testimonies of two historians: Rosalind Rosenberg for Sears and Alice Kessler-Harris for the EEOC. It examines how women's history and the issue of difference figured in Sears's defense, along with the EEOC's argument that Sears's policies systematically excluded women from its most highly paid sales jobs.
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Pringle, Judith K., e Glenda Strachan. Duelling Dualisms. Editado por Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen e Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.27.
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This chapter presents a history of diversity management through the use of dichotomies that cross-cut the field. These are used as a framework to organize the evolution from equal opportunity policies and practices to managing diversity in organizations. We trace the shift from the social justice case for equality to the business case for managing diversity; from practitioners’ initiatives to academic research, from the US diversity discourse to many country contexts, from an emphasis on gender to ‘other’ demographic diversity dimensions, and from quantitative to qualitative research methodologies. The discussion demonstrates the complexity of combining historical and socio-political country contexts on organizational policies and practices. The resulting influences on an individual’s experiences of diversity management are as complex as are the partiality of theoretical explanations. We urge researchers to move beyond dualisms combining their strengths, to create transformative approaches. Altogether the continuing debates add to a vibrant field.