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Berezina, Natal'ya, Mihail Cherkashin e Nikita Berezin. Rational use of personal protective equipment in medical organizations in an unfavorable epidemiological situation ... ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1215689.
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The training manual discusses the organization of the use of personal protective equipment in the context of a new coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. It is intended for health care organizers, doctors of all specialties, and other medical professionals who provide care to patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus infection.
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Päivikki, Susitaival, ed. Tuohilampi questionnaire for epidemiological studies of contact dermatitis and atopy. Helsinki: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 1996.
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Riglietta, Marco. Perspectives in alcohol and drug consumption in Europe: Social and epidemiological outlooks of three European contexts. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 2010.
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1946-, Chakraborty Ranajit, e Szathmary Emöke J. E, eds. Diseases of complex etiology in small populations: Ethnic differences and research approaches : proceedings of a Symposium on Genetic Epidemiology in an Anthropological Context, held in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, August 18 and 19, 1983. New York: Liss, 1985.
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Center for Research on Gender and Sexuality (San Francisco State University) e University of California, San Francisco. Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, eds. Risk across borders: Sexual contexts and HIV prevention challenges among Mexican gay and bisexual immigrant men : findings and recommendations from the Trayectos Study = Fronteras de riesgo : contextos sexuales y retos para la prevencion del VIH entre inmigrantes Mexicanos gays y bisexuales : hallazgos y recomendaciones del Estudio Trayectos. [San Francisco, CA.]: [University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention], 2008.
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M, Hardy Leslie, e Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Prenatal and Newborn Screening for HIV Infection., eds. HIV screening of pregnant women and newborns. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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Chen, Yuying, e Yue Cao. Epidemiological Context and Concerns. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733989.013.0005.
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Bhopal, Raj S. The epidemiological concept of population. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0002.
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Epidemiology is a population science in several senses. First, it studies populations’ disease patterns, which are hugely influenced by the interaction of individuals living in communities. Secondly, it depends heavily upon demographic population data to achieve its goals. Thirdly, its findings are drawn from, and applied to, groups (or populations) of people. One critical yet that the causes of disease in individuals is not synonymous with the causes of disease in populations. This has implications for epidemiology and its application to public health. Populations are dynamic, changing in age structure, ethnic composition, and behaviours. Epidemiology needs to work within the context of demographic and epidemiological transitions as societies change. One prime purpose of epidemiology is applying findings in health promotion, health care, and health policy to improve the health of populations. The focus on population in epidemiology distinguishes it from other medical sciences.
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N'Guessan, Nicaise Aya. Community-Based Control of Schistosomiasis and Soil- Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Epidemiological Context of a Large Dam in Cote D'ivoire. INTECH Open Access Publisher, 2013.
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Proceedings of the Workshop: Methodology of Assessment of Occupational Exposures in the Context of Epidemiological Detection of Cancer Risks (Medicine). European Communities / Union (EUR-OP/OOPEC/OPOCE), 1988.
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Bhopal, Raj S. Epidemiological study designs and principles of data analysis: A conceptually integrated suite of methods and techniques. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739685.003.0009.
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Epidemiological studies are unified by their common goals and by their basis in defined populations. The case series (or register-based study) includes examination of trends in deaths, cancers, notifiable diseases, and hospitalizations. Case–control studies are analysed by comparing the exposure to risk factors in cases to those in controls. In a population studied at a specific time and place (a cross-sectional study), measurements can be made of disease, the factors which may cause disease, or both simultaneously. Cohort studies produce data on disease incidence and are especially good on associations between risk factors and disease outcomes. Trials compare treated and untreated populations and are used, primarily, for information on effectiveness of health interventions. Natural experiments, including Mendelian randomization studies, may provide causal evidence. The principles for the analysis of all studies are similar. The design and interpretation should be in the context of traditional, systematic, and meta-analytic reviews.
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Krieger, Nancy. Epidemiology and the People's Health: Theory and Context. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2011.
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Seifert, Tad. Headache in Sports. Editado por Ruben Echemendia e Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.19.
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The prevalence of primary headache disorders in the general population provides a unique challenge in the evaluation of headache occurring in the context of sport. Sport-related and exercise-related headaches are not uncommon, but there is limited epidemiological data on these types of headaches in athletes. Any primary headache type can occur in the setting of sports. These scenarios are challenging in the return to play context, as it is often unclear whether an athlete has an exacerbation of a primary headache disorder, new onset headache unrelated to trauma, or has suffered a genuine concussive injury. Through careful evaluation, the practitioner can distinguish primary headache disorders from posttraumatic headaches following concussion. This chapter reviews primary headache disorders, posttraumatic headaches, and other secondary headache disorders.
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Polanczyk, Guilherme V. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0013.
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This chapter initially reviews the main methodological aspects of ADHD prevalence studies, specifically study design, case definition, and ascertainment to subsequently address meta-analyses summarizing the prevalence of the disorder on children, adolescents, and adults. Results of meta-regression in the context of meta-analysis have investigated the effect of year of publication, sample location, and methodological characteristics of studies on heterogeneity of results. Studies on the course of the disorder, following up clinical and community samples, are discussed, as well as cultural influences on epidemiological findings. Large-scale cross-national studies and longitudinal studies following non-referred samples are necessary to further advance the knowledge on the epidemiology of ADHD.
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Carstensen, Bendix. Epidemiology with R. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841326.001.0001.
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This book is a practical guide designed for students and researchers with an existing knowledge of R who wish to learn how to apply it in an epidemiological context and exploit its versatility. It also serves as a broader introduction to the quantitative aspects of modern practical epidemiology. The standard tools used in epidemiology are described and the practical use of R for these is explained and laid out. R code examples, many with output, are embedded throughout the text. Epidemiology with R is an advanced textbook suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners in the fields of human and non-human epidemiology, public health, veterinary science, and biostatistics.
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Sambo, Luis. Epidemiology and health policy in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703327.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 describes the epidemiological challenges facing Africa, the way in which the wider determinants of health affect the population, and the wider international context within which health systems developed in recent years. It covers how Africa is facing a disproportionately large share of the world’s burden of disease with a tiny part of its resources, and also how Africans, supported by international partners, have tackled these problems with considerable success. It also discusses how some of the intractable public health challenges and underlying systems’ issues remain serious challenges to be tackled in coming years. It concludes with thoughts on how health in Africa has changed in the last 10 years and the need for a more holistic health systems approach in the future.
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Buttner, Melissa M., e Michael W. O'Hara. Women’s Health. Editado por C. Steven Richards e Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.034.
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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant mental health problem with deleterious effects, including poor health related quality of life and long-term disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that women in particular are more vulnerable to an increased risk of depression, relative to men, beginning at the time of menarche through the menopausal transition. Depression comorbid with chronic medical conditions can often exacerbate the risk of depression, as well as complicate its recognition and treatment. Depression comorbidity can lead to negative outcomes, including progression of the chronic medical condition, poor treatment adherence, and mortality. In this chapter, we explore chronic medical conditions that are associated with a greater prevalence of depression in women relative to men, including type 2 diabetes, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis. An overview of epidemiology is followed by a discussion of theories explaining depression comorbidity and approaches to recognizing and treating depression in the context of these chronic medical conditions. Finally, we discuss future research directions with the goal of informing clinical research and practice.
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Jackson, Kristina M., e Carolyn E. Sartor. The Natural Course of Substance Use and Dependence. Editado por Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.007.
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Substance use and substance use disorders show normative epidemiological age-related trends, with typically onset in the late adolescent to young adult years, manifesting peak prevalences in emerging adulthood, and decreasing thereafter. Although less prevalent in older adults, substance misuse is more consequential when present and thus represents a public health concern. Careful examination of the population-based empirical literature indicates the necessity of viewing substance involvement in the context of development, with unique developmental factors associated with its onset, course, and resolution. Many individuals who suffer from a substance use disorder appear to “recover” without formal treatment. Despite normative age-related trends, there is considerable individual course variation, and modern statistical techniques have identified several distinct prototypic courses that appear to differ in their determinants and consequences. Research using a lifespan perspective on substance use and misuse has powerful implications for the design of effective, developmentally informed prevention and intervention programs.
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Kapustin, A. Ya, I. I. Kucherov, S. A. Sinitsyn, A. I. Kovler e Yu N. Kashevarova. Constitution and Modernization of Legislation: Proceedings of the XV International School of Young Legal Scholars (Moscow, May 27 – June 5, 2020). Jurisprudence PH, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-5-9516-0874-1.
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Modern constitutional transformations, asserting a “value” legal understanding, actualize theoretical and practical problems of legislative regulation, serve as a prereq- uisite for rethinking the essence, role and significance of law in the life of society, and determine the formulation of a number of issues related, first of all, to the qualitative implementation of novelties. This collection reflects the diversity and depth of scientific discussions of the XV In- ternational school of young legal scholars on the topic “Constitution and modernization of legislation”, which was held by the Institute of legislation and comparative law under the Government of the Russian Federation in cooperation with the International Union of lawyers. In the context of a difficult epidemiological situation related to the spread of corona- virus infection, in order to protect the health of conference participants, the organizing Committee decided to hold the XV School remotely (by correspondence). For the first time, all its scientific events were held online. The participants had a unique opportunity to communicate with the direct developers of amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, present their reports in a new format.
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Mendenhall, Emily. Rethinking Diabetes. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501738302.001.0001.
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Rethinking Diabetes investigates how "global" and "local" factors transform how diabetes is perceived, experienced, and embodied from place to place. The book argues that neoliberal capitalism fuels the intrinsic links between hunger and crisis, structural violence and fear, and cumulative trauma and psychiatric distress that are embodied in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (hereafter, "diabetes"). It suggests that a global story of modernization as the primary force in the spread of global diabetes overlooks the micro-level stressors that respond to structural inequalities and drive the underlying psychophysiological processes linking hunger, crisis, oppression, unbridled stress, and chronic psychological distress to diabetes. The narratives in this book unveil how deeply embedded such factors are in how diabetes is experienced and (re)produced among low-income communities around the world. Yet, the book focuses on four life stories – one from each context – to consider how diabetes is perceived and experienced in the United States, India, South Africa, and Kenya. These discrete chapters investigate how social, cultural, and epidemiological factors shape people's experiences and why we need to take these differences seriously when we think about what drives diabetes and how it affects the lives of the poor.
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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup e S. B. Thacker. Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.001.0001.
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The last four decades of human history have seen the emergence of an unprecedented number of 'new' infectious diseases: the familiar roll call includes AIDS, Ebola, H5N1 influenza, hantavirus, hepatitis E, Lassa fever, legionnaires' and Lyme diseases, Marburg fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS, and West Nile. The outbreaks range in scale from global pandemics that have brought death and misery to millions, through to self-limiting outbreaks of mainly local impact. Some outbreaks have erupted explosively but have already faded away; some grumble along or continue to devastate as now persistent features in the medical lexicon; in others, a huge potential threat hangs uncertainly and worryingly in the air. Some outbreaks are merely local, others are worldwide. This book looks at the epidemiological and geographical conditions which underpin disease emergence. What are the processes which lead to emergence? Why now in human history? Where do such diseases emerge and how do they spread or fail to spread around the globe? What is the armoury of surveillance and control measures that may curb the impact of such diseases? But, uniquely, it sets these questions on the modern period of disease emergence in an historical context. First, it uses the historical record to set recent events against a much broader temporal canvas, finding emergence to be a constant theme in disease history rather than one confined to recent decades. It concludes that it is the quantitative pace of emergence, rather than its intrinsic nature, that separates the present period from earlier centuries. Second, it looks at the spatial and ecological setting of emergence, using hundreds of specially-drawn maps to chart the source areas of new diseases and the pathways of their spread. The book is divided into three main sections: Part 1 looks at early disease emergence, Part 2 at the processes of disease emergence, and Part 3 at the future for emergent diseases.
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Smith, Rebecca. Smallpox. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0063.
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Symptoms of the smallpox virus include fever and a progressive papular rash that becomes vesicular and then pustular. A systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) leads to septic shock and death in 30% of cases. The definitive diagnosis can be confirmed via blood samples, lesion contents, or scrapings from crusts analyzed using electron microscopy, viral antigen immunohistochemistry, or polymerase chain reaction. The suspicion of a single smallpox case should lead to immediate notification of local public health authorities and the hospital epidemiologist. Because the disease does not exist in nature, smallpox should be considered the result of a bioterrorist attack until proven otherwise. An epidemiologic investigation is essential for determining the perimeter of the initial release so that tracking and quarantine of those exposed can be completed. Patients are extremely contagious and must be placed on contact, droplet, and airborne precautions in a negative pressure room.
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Afza, Musarrat, Marko Petrovic e Sam Ghebrehewet. Tuberculosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0012.
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This chapter covers two case studies and scenarios: a case of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a college student; and a case of laboratory-confirmed Mycobacterium bovis in an adult with inflammatory bowel disease. The pulmonary TB case resulted in a wider investigation and contact tracing as the case attended college while symptomatic. The Mycobacterium bovis resulted in wider workplace and hospital contact tracing through convening an Incident Control Team. Background information on the epidemiology and clinical features of TB and the public health response to TB in educational, healthcare, and occupational settings are discussed. Case definitions, and a detailed risk assessment, with clear description of close contacts, priority groups, and the required public health actions, are described. ‘Top tips’ are given, to provide practical tips for the reader to think through the public health management of TB, and ‘tools of the trade’ list the laboratory and epidemiological components of the investigation.
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Kosova, A. A., U. U. Kutlaeva, E. V. Fedorova, V. A. Kukarkina, T. T. Fedotova, A. V. Slobodenyuk e R. N. An. Epidemiology of HIV infection and prevention directions. SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0474.12072021.
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This electronic educational resource is intended for sixth-year students of the Faculty of Medicine and Prevention, but it can also be used to train medical students of other specialties, in order to form the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for a specialist to work in the field of prevention of infections with a contact mechanism of transmission (HIV infection) to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population. The EOR consists of 2 disciplinary modules containing theoretical and practical material, as well as test control. The theoretical part is represented by video lectures and video workshops. In the control block, the student is asked to answer a test control whose task is to check the level of assimilation of theoretical material.
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Lamden, Ken, Sam Rowell e Andrew Fox. Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0005.
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This chapter describes a cluster of diarrhoeal disease caused by E.coli O157 in a case scenario involving infection following a farm visit, and possible subsequent spread within a nursery. Background information on the epidemiology of E.coli O157 indicates the role of farm contact in infection, and the risk factors for transmission. In addition to providing clear case definitions, the risk groups of contacts are described in detail. ‘Top tips’ are given, to assist the health protection practitioner take timely and appropriate action, and ‘tools of the trade’ list the laboratory, epidemiological, and veterinary components of the investigation. The statutory safety legislation required at the source farm is explained, and the importance of communication with the affected families is emphasized. The final part of the chapter considers other possible scenarios, including the possibility of food from the farm café being the source.
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Huyton, Rita, Sam Ghebrehewet e David Baxter. Hepatitis B. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0006.
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This chapter describes an acute hepatitis B case and scenario involving a paramedic with a pregnant woman as close sexual contact and potential risk of transmission to the unborn baby. Background information on the epidemiology of Hepatitis B, markers of hepatitis B infection (both acute and chronic), and the risk factors for transmission are discussed. There are clear case definitions of acute, chronic, and those susceptible and at high risk for hepatitis B plus detailed interpretation of hepatitis B markers. ‘Top tips’ are given to assist the relevant clinicians or public health/health protection practitioner/specialist to take timely and appropriate action. The laboratory, epidemiological, and infection prevention and control components of the investigation are listed. The importance of confidentiality and communication with the affected individual and close contacts is emphasized. Other possible scenarios, including the public health response to a cluster/outbreak are considered.
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Bonthius, Daniel J. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190604813.003.0011.
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Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), an arenavirus, is a prevalent pathogen and an important and underrecognized cause of neurologic birth defects. LCMV utilizes rodents as its principal reservoir. Rodents that acquire the virus transplacentally often remain asymptomatic because congenital infection provides immunological tolerance for the virus. Humans typically acquire LCMV by direct contact with fomites contaminated with infectious virus, from rodents, or by inhalation of aerosolized virus. Congenital LCMV infection occurs when a woman acquires the virus during pregnancy. The virus is passed to the fetus transplacentally, presumably during maternal viremia. Published reports of LCMV infection during pregnancy make it clear that LCMV can be a severe neuroteratogen. Prospective epidemiological or clinical studies of congenital LCMV infection are needed to gain more knowledge about the incidence and spectrum of LCMV-induced teratogenicity. The clinical presentation of congenital LCMV is reviewed, along with recommendations for diagnostic studies and information about long-term prognosis.
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Ramraj, Victor V., ed. Covid-19 in Asia. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553831.001.0001.
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Covid-19 in Asia: Law and Policy Contexts is an edited collection of original essays on Asia’s legal and policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, which, in a matter of months, swept around the globe, infecting millions. In a matter of weeks, the unimaginable became ordinary: lockdowns of cities and entire countries, physical distancing and quarantines, travel restrictions and border controls, movement-tracking technology, mandatory closures of all but essential services, economic devastation and mass unemployment, and government assistance programs on record-breaking scales. Yet a pandemic on this scale, under contemporary conditions of globalization, has left governments and their advisors scrambling to improvise solutions, often themselves unprecedented in modern times, such as the initial lockdown of Wuhan. Identifying cross-cutting themes and challenges, this collection of essays taps the collective knowledge of an interdisciplinary team of sixty-one researchers. Beginning with an epidemiological overview and survey of the law and policy themes, it covers five topics: first wave containment measures; emergency powers; technology, science, and expertise; politics, religion, and governance; and economy, climate, and sustainability.
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Schwarz, Peter E. H., e Patrick Timpel. National and international policy initiatives on multimorbidity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.003.0018.
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This chapter presents a reflection on different policy initiatives targeting multimorbidity. Owing to its global impact on public health, type 2 diabetes is used as an example in this context. Challenges on different levels are illustrated, and the implementation and limitations of scaling-up processes in integrated care initiatives as well as national policies on the prevention of chronic diseases are discussed. Questions on the responsibilities of society, government, and insurance companies to jointly tackle the epidemiologic challenges are addressed and general conclusions on the different approaches are drawn. One important issue significantly hampering the development, implementation, and scaling up of effective policies is the lack of sufficient long-term evaluations. To accomplish sustained improvements of the current public health situation, a strategic shift from individual to shared responsibilities of the different parties is needed. The chapter concludes with proposals for prevention policies and general recommendations for policy development.
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Hukić, Mirsada, e Mirza Ponjavić. COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: March – June 2020. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi20.190.00.
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At the end of 2019 the world became aware of the existence of a new virus stemming from the Coronaviridae family and causing a specific disease – COVID-19. In less than three months, the virus and its consequences, developed from being a local public health problem in China to a daunting global problem we all had to face. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of COVID-19. On the international scale, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the response of the professionals and scientists has been rapid, although not always consistently efficient enough. Despite the selfless cooperation of scientists and practitioners worldwide, countries with developed economies, good public health and a strong scientific system have had the advantage in the fight against the disease over developing countries. Despite the fact that by these criteria BiH is not one of the most resilient countries, so far, its response to the pandemic has seemed to be satisfactory. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) was one of the first institutions of the science system to respond to the pandemic. On the initiative and under the leadership of academician Mirsada Hukić, on March 22, 2020 the development of the project "Epidemic Location Intelligence System (ELIS)" and its Geoportal began on a voluntary basis, with the task of permanently monitoring the spread of COVID-19. Theoretical and professional parts of the project in the areas of medicine, public health and informatics were completed by April 2, 2020. Thanks to the support to the project by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Šefik Džaferović, the expert system received additional hardware support and was filled in time with data from across the country. This enabled the system to become operational as early as on April 8, 2020. The results of all these efforts are visible in this publication. Initially, the ELIS project was important for the epidemiological and public health area. The abundance of collected data and obtained virus samples enabled the extension of the project idea to the sequencing of viruses found in BiH and their typology. The transition of research to the clinical aspects of COVID-19 is the next phase in the development of the ELIS project. ANUBiH has already started the work on examining the economic and pedagogical consequences of COVID-19 in order to look at this medical phenomenon in the broadest possible context. All the results of ANUBiH in response to the epidemic challenges of COVID-19 are achieved due to the synergistic action of numerous individuals and institutions in different fields of science and public health in cooperation with government. Therefore, I believe that the ELIS project has shown the way to go in solving the burning problems of our society which we will encounter in the future.
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O'Hagan, Anthony, e Mike West, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Applied Bayesian Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.001.0001.
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This handbook discusses various applications of modern Bayesian analysis in important and challenging problems. With contributions from leading researchers and practitioners in interdisciplinary Bayesian analysis, the book highlights current frontiers of research in each application. Each chapter involves a concise review of the application area, describes the problem contexts and goals, discusses aspects of the data and overall statistical issues, and offers detailed analysis with relevant Bayesian models and methods. The book is organised into five sections based on the field of application, namely: Biomedical and Health Sciences; Industry, Economics and Finance; Environment and Ecology; Policy, Political and Social Sciences; and Natural and Engineering Sciences. Topics range from an epidemiological study involving pregnancy outcomes, to matching and alignment of biomolecules; pharmaceutical testing from multiple clinical trials concerned with side-effects and adverse events; malaria mapping in the Amazon rain forest; risk assessment of contamination of farm-pasteurized milk with the bacterium Vero-cytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) O157; Bayesian analysis and decision making in the maintenance and reliability of nuclear power plants; risk modelling regarding speculative trading strategies in financial futures markets; the use of hierarchical models to characterize the uncertainty of climate change projections; and the use of multistate models for mental fatigue.
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Eltis, David. Africa, Slavery, and the Slave Trade, Mid-Seventeenth to Mid-Eighteenth Centuries. Editado por Nicholas Canny e Philip Morgan. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199210879.013.0016.
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Which of the major components of the Atlantic world — the Americas, Africa, and Europe — was most immediately affected by the integration of the Old and New Worlds that Columbian contact triggered? On epidemiological grounds alone the Americas would be the choice of most scholars, with Europe, at least prior to the eighteenth century, the least affected. In terms of dramatic economic, demographic, and social consequences of the early stages of Atlantic integration, Africa lies somewhere between the two. Yet if we shift the focus to changes in the nature and size of connections between the continents as opposed to changes within them, the most striking developments between the 1640s and the 1770s relate to Africa, not Europe or the Americas. The Slave Coast was a major supplier of slaves to transatlantic markets. West Central Africa, by far the largest supplier of slaves to the Americas, experienced two diasporas. Captives from the northern ports went to the colonies of northern Europeans, those from Luanda and Benguela in the south went to Brazil. By the end of the third quarter of the eighteenth century, the transatlantic slave trade was close to the highest level it was ever to attain.
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Bailey, Mark. After the Black Death. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857884.001.0001.
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The Black Death of 1348–9 is the most catastrophic event in recorded history, and this study—the Ford Lectures of 2019 at Oxford University—offers a major re-evaluation of its immediate impact and longer-term consequences in England. It draws upon recent inter-disciplinary research into climate and disease; renewed interest among econometricians in the origins of the Little Divergence, whereby economic performance in parts of north-western Europe began to move decisively ahead of the rest of the continent on the pathway to modernity; a close re-reading of case studies of fourteenth-century England; and original new research into manorial and governmental sources. The Black Death is placed within the wider contexts of extreme weather and epidemiological events, the institutional framework of markets and serfdom, and the role of the law in reducing risk and shaping behaviour. The government’s response to the crisis is re-considered to suggest an innovative re-interpretation of the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. By 1400 the main effects of plague had worked through the economy and society, and their implications for England’s future precocity are analysed. This study rescues the third quarter of the fourteenth century from a little-understood paradox between plague and revolt, and elevates it to a critical period of profound and irreversible change in English and global history.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Editado por Patrick Davey e David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
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Threlfall, E. J., J. Wain e C. Lane. Salmonellosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0030.
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Salmonellosis remains the second most common form of bacterial food-poisoning in the UK and in most of the developed economies. Although the number of isolations per annum has declined since 2000, over 10,000 laboratory-confirmed cases are recognised each year in England and Wales, and over 150,000 in Europe. Most of infections are associated with contaminated food, particularly of poultry origin, but also may originate from cattle and pigs, and to a lesser extent, sheep. The most common serovars from cases of human infection is Enteritidis, followed by Typhimurium. Contact with pets, particularly reptiles and amphibians is becoming an increasing problem and infections can be severe, particularly in children. Accurate and reproducible methods of identification and subtyping are crucial for meaningful epidemiological investigations, and traditional phenotypic methods of typing are now being supplemented by DNA- based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, variable number of tandem repeats analysis, and multilocus sequence typing. The use of such methods in combination with phenotypic methods has been invaluable for outbreak control at the international level. The occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is an increasing problem, particularly in relation to the development of resistance to antimicrobials regarded as ‘critically-important’ for last resort therapy in humans. Control measures such as vaccination of poultry flocks appear to have had a substantial impact on the number of infections with Salmonella Enteritidis. Nevertheless good hygiene practices in both catering establishments and the home remain essential for the control of infections at the local level.
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HIV Screening of Pregnant Women And Newborns. Natl Academy Pr, 1990.
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