Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Environnements intérieurs de bâtiments"
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Veja os 26 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Environnements intérieurs de bâtiments".
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Abdelouhab, Malya. "Contribution à l'étude du transfert des polluants gazeux entre le sol et les environnements intérieurs des bâtiments". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00683739.
Texto completo da fonteAbdelouhab, Malya. "Contribution à l’étude du transfert des polluants gazeux entre le sol et les environnements intérieurs des bâtiments". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROS329/document.
Texto completo da fonteRisk assessment tools related to transfers of gaseous pollutant from soil to indoor environments present large uncertainties relative to the knowledge of certain parameters, particularly those relating to the soil-building interface: considering the different basement typology, permeability level of floor. These uncertainties lead to an inaccurate evaluation of the impact of gaseous pollutants on indoor air quality.In order to contribute to the improvement of risk assessment models of gaseous pollutants from the soil, thiswork present in a fist part the development of analytical and numerical models. These models have been adapted to consider the different basement, in order to estimate the transfer of gaseous pollutants from the soil to the building. An analogy with heat transfer phenomena between soil and building is used to develop these models.They predict convective airflow transfers between soils and building, for different soil-building interface.There after, the analytical model has been incorporated into an airflow model. This model enables us to study the impact of different types of basement on the entry of pollutants from soil and the indoor air quality.Besides, experimental works have been made to complete the knowledge of concrete air permeability, because of a lack of data. Furthermore, the convective airflows from soil to building have been quantified experimentally.These airflows have been determined in the experimental house ‘MARIA’ installed in the CSTB. Suchquantification constitutes the first experimental database.Finally, the last part of this work shows a one-year follow-up study about the ability of natural SoilDepressurisation System. This study has been carried out to optimize the solutions of buildings protection from the soil gaseous pollutants
Blondeau, Patrice. "Caractérisation et modélisation des transports de polluants dans les environnements intérieurs". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de La Rochelle, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351567.
Texto completo da fonteGourguechon, Camille. "Création et mise à jour de maquettes numériques de bâtiments (BIM) à partir de nuages de points issus de scanners laser dynamiques . : focus sur les environnements intérieurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAD019.
Texto completo da fonteDriven by the need for more efficient and sustainable design and management, BIM (Building Information Modelling) is expanding across the entire building industry. However, despite the advent of laser scanners for indoor surveys, the adoption of BIM in existing buildings is hampered by the difficulties of creating and updating models, which are tedious and time-consuming tasks performed mainly manually. This is the background to this thesis, which aims to automate the process of modelling buildings using point clouds and detecting geometric changes in existing digital models. The challenge is twofold, in considering in particular the point clouds from dynamic laser scanners, which are reputed more complex to deal with than those from static scanners but are also increasingly common due to the wide adoption of these sensors by professionals
Hernandez, Wilches Oscar. "Etude et analyse de la ventilation et de la qualité des environnements intérieurs (QEI) dans les bâtiments de bureaux à faible demande énergétique : le cas de la Tour Elithis à Dijon". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS016/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis research work was carried out in conformity with the Industrial Convention of Training by Research (CIFRE). And was financed by the National Association of Research and Technology (ANRT) and the Elithis Group (Groupe Elithis), engineering and consulting firm specializing in the field of energy efficiency. The building represents more than 40 % of the energy demand in Europe and more than a third of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), an important effort to improve the energy efficiency of buildings associated have a drastic reduction in their green house gas emissions (GHG) is necessary today. In this sense, the evolution of the regulations, so Europeans as nationals converge on the development on a large scale new or renovated building with a very low energy demand. In the strategies of conditioning of the internal spaces, the optimized management of ventilation takes the first step. Besides the renewal of air, the ventilation is indeed the oldest and the most widely used strategies of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Besides the energy aspects, the international work led by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2000) or within the framework of coordinated European projects (European Collaborative Action Urban Air, Indoor Environment and Human Exposure) (ECA, 2003) claims today that the air quality is recognized as a real stake in public health (ANSES, 2014). So, to deal with the performance of a ventilation system, besides the energy aspects and its efficiency to evacuate pollutants or to provide new air in the occupied zone, it is thus advisable to approach the complete problem of the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) integrating into its definition the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) but also the hydrothermal and visual comfort of the occupants. We carried out a complete follow-up of energy consumption, thermal comfort and the air quality in an office building with low energy demand, the Tower Elithis. We observed that energy efficiency is not always synonymous with comfort and good air quality. We thus created a digital model of this building, which allowed us to test and to analyze different strategies of function. We used various criteria of IEQ which allowed us to make an analysis of the global performance of the building, to conclude that the hydrothermal, visual comfort and the IAQ can be associated to an optimization of the energy demand
Nieguitsila, Adelaïde. "Évaluation de l'aérocontamination fongique dans les environnements intérieurs". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944176.
Texto completo da fonteNieguitsila, Adélaïde. "Evaluation de l'aérocontamination fongique dans les environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0076/document.
Texto completo da fonteFungal spores represent a significant part of the biological contaminants that could be detected in air. Exposure to fungi has been associated with several types of human or animal health problems (mycosis, allergy, mycotoxicosis). To evaluate the relationship between airborne fungi potential and adverse health effect, the fungal types and their relative frequencies in air need to be investigated. Traditional methods for fungal identification (culture and microscopy analysis) are laborious, time-consuming and require expertise. To replace cultivation, several techniques have been proposed. This study showed that molecular techniques (PCR-TTGE or Temporal Temperature Gradient Electrophoresis and PCR-DHPLC or Denaturing High Performance Liquid Chromatography) allowed the separation of amplificons corresponding to distinct fungal species that may be encountered in air. Both methods were proved to be appropriate for analysis of complex fungal communities. The detection and the molecular identification techniques were adapted for the evaluation of indoor airborne fungal contamination. The cultivation method and culture-independent techniques were further compared for the analysis of fungal aerosols from different sites
Al, Khalil Omar. "Photogrammétrie mono-image et modélisation tridimentionnelle des intérieurs de bâtiments". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13021.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is devoted to 3D indoor modelling based on an interfacing between single image photogrammetry, object knowledge and Computer Aided Design (CAD). In this context the photogrammetry provides the geometry of the imaged scene as a selection of 3D points. Object knowledge is used to describe the topology and the semantic aspects of the scene in a structured form (databases). The 3D geometry and the object knowledge are combined and interfaced with the CAD in order to establish the 3D model of the scene. The single image technique adopted in our prototype is based upon the use of projective geometry concepts (vanishing point, homography, homogeneous co-ordinates and absolute conic). In our approach, the indoor part is structured in simple components and components of reference. Interconnection surfaces, which connect the components, allow transforming these components in the same geometric reference. We validated our study by the development of algorithms and tools intended for geometric, semantic and topologic data acquisition necessary for modelling by using an application called Single Image Modelling (MMI). This application is integrated in the ARPENTEUR (ARchitectural PhotogrammEtry Network Tool for EdUcation and Research, www. Arpenteur. Net) software. The approach suggested for indoor modelling was tested on a caravansary in Egypt and on a building at ENSAIS. Another application, starting from photographs of the old city hall of Zurich, allowed adapting the proposed method to exterior scenes
Afyouni, Imad. "Représentation et Gestion des Connaissances dans les Environnements Intérieurs Mobiles". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00956812.
Texto completo da fonteBerthelot, Brice. "Conception de capteurs dédiés à la surveillance particulaire biologique des environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1170.
Texto completo da fonteNowadays people pass 90% of their time in closed spaces, and in consequence are exposed to indoor and outdoor particulate matter for which no reference value is available. These pollutants include biological particles and in particular fungal spores, the most numerous living particles and most diverse on the air we breathe (Nolard, 1997). Ubiquitous and harmful, fungal particulate pollution is implicated in the occurrence of many diseases including immuno-allergic diseases. In the context of the monitoring of the microbiological quality of air in indoor spaces, this thesis aims to provide first design elements of an individual diagnostic device dedicated to the exposure assessment of allergenic bio-contaminants focusing in particular on airborne fungal pollution. This research relies on the technical and scientific expertise of CSTB, ESIEE Paris and Université Paris-Est for fungal detection, miniaturization of measurement instrumentation and aerosol physics. Thus, this work is built around a system architecture based on three main elements: the capture and selection of particles according to their surface physical and chemical properties, the particles mass quantification and the identification of the nature of the particle using chemical analysis. These elements relate to many topics covered during the thesis work. In this way, the first topic consists in studying the adhesion of conidia to surfaces to better understand the determinants of this physical phenomenon and evaluate the energies involved. Subsequent results were used during a second stage of this work, to design a MEMS-type silicon microbalance considering the particle-resonator interaction. By this mean the issue was to solve some scientific challenges identified in the literature, such non-uniform sensitivity over the entire device surface or nonlinear frequency responses due to the added mass. Such an approach has also allowed evaluating the performance expected for such sensors. The last aspect of this research focused on the identification of biological airborne particles chemically combining pyrolysis of biological entities of interest, and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). On this occasion, a collaborative work engaged with the "Réseau National de Surveillance Aérobiologique" allowed to experience the technological solution and our methodology since another class of particles was considered: pollens. The analysis of volatile organic compounds obtained from Py-GC/MS characterization of micro-fungi and pollens demonstrated the existence of a specific chemical signature for each biological particle class. Thereafter, it was then possible to establish a variety of chemical markers lists for phyla and different species of the contaminants studied. The relevance of these markers has been further tested in an in-situ assay
Delarboulas, Pierre. "Navigation bio-inspirée pour un robot mobile autonome dans de grands environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0898/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis falls into the field of navigation in bio-inspired robotics in real environment and implies the ability for a mobile robot to move autonomously in a world a priori dynamic and unknown. The work described in this manuscript will show how, starting from the academic work carried out by the Neurocybernetics team of the ETIS laboratory, it was possible to design the mobile robot Diya One able to navigate autonomously in large indoor environments. For the past 20 years, the Neurocybernetics team has been developing bio-inspired navigation models. Previous work has shown that a model of place cells, recorded in the rat, allows a mobile robot to learn robust navigation behaviors, such as a round or a homing, from associations between place and action. Learning and the recognition of a place are based only on visual information. However, three critical problems do not allow to navigate in large environments: 1- the ambiguity of certain visual situations (or perceptual alia), 2- long-term learning, and 3-sensitivity to environmental conditions. The addition of other modalities is an effective solution for increasing the robustness of the location. The team has developed several models based on the proprioception of the robot in order to compensate, in limiting cases, for purely visual models. The main limitation of proprioceptive approaches is that, based on the proprioception of the robot, they are subject to the accumulation of errors. It is therefore necessary to periodically recalibrate the models. Merging allothetic and idiothetic modalities seems to be a good strategy for obtaining a reliable estimate of the robot’s location. Dynamic neural network (DNF) or continous attractor neural network (CANN) constitute a powerful candidate to implement the type of memory required for the construction of place cells. We present a first fusion model using dynamic neuron fields to maintain the orientation of the robot and then a second one generalizing the principle of fusion model for the construction of cells of multimodal places. Being able to produce and market quickly a product is a major challenge for Partnering’s survival. In addition to navigation and location capabilities, a marketable robot requires a set of behaviors that are essential to mobility, security (control law, avoidance of obstacles and holes) and its autonomy (energy management and return to the charging station). To arrive at this first solution, we followed a bottom-up approach defended by behavioral robotics. We have progressively developed the complexity of the robot through elementary behaviors integratedin a control architecture governing at each moment the expression of these behaviors and the selection of the actions to be executed. This manuscript is divided into two parts. A first industrial part with short-term objectives, consisting of implementing the behavioral architecture of the first version of the Diya One robot, based on the existing models developed by the Neurocybernetics team. Then, a second more theoretical part in which we will deal with the realization of multimodal fusion models. These models will be added incrementally to the robot in order to gradually improve its navigationcapabilities
Tittelein, Pierre. "Environnements de simulation adaptés à l'étude du comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation". Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00350664.
Texto completo da fonteLes environnements de simulation énergétique existants ont été conçus pour des bâtiments classiques pour lesquels les consommations sont beaucoup plus importantes que celles fixées pour 2012, il faut donc voir si les modèles mais aussi les méthodes de simulations utilisés correspondent toujours aux spécificités de ces nouveaux bâtiments. L'objectif de ce travail est de montrer l'intérêt d'utiliser un environnement de simulation basé sur les systèmes d'équations pour étudier le comportement énergétique des bâtiments basse consommation.
Pour cela, plusieurs modèles ont été implémentés dans l'environnement SIMSPARK. Il s'agit d'un modèle de matériau à changement de phase, d'un modèle de prise en compte du rayonnement de courtes longueurs d'onde par calcul de la tache solaire et d'un modèle d'échangeur air-sol. Ils ont été intégrés dans un modèle global de bâtiment basse consommation ce qui a permis de montrer les avantages de l'environnement de simulation utilisé. Le fait qu'il soit orienté objet permet de valider indépendamment les nouveaux modèles puis de les intégrer facilement à un modèle de niveau hiérarchique supérieur. Le fait qu'il soit basé sur les systèmes d'équations a permis grâce à la non orientation a priori du modèle d'inverser le sens de résolution de plusieurs problèmes dans une simulation dynamique. Enfin, la robustesse des méthodes de résolution utilisées a été éprouvée.
Zancanaro, Mario Antônio. "Identification des éléments RFID mobiles dans les environnements intérieurs associant la couche application et la couche physique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066730.
Texto completo da fonteIndoor localization research has generated many of potential techniques and algorithms. Identifying RFID tags in an indoor environment with perfect accuracy is not a trivial task for many applications in industry, a marketplace, or a supply chain. Localization systems have been maturing as the number of applications requiring such capabilities has increased in popularity\cite{29} \cite{20}. In businesses, these applications allow intelligent process manufacturing, increasing productivity and enabling reliable product flows. Based on these systems, many processes need to localize and identify the movement of RFID tags. Marketplaces, shops, hospitals, or simple conveyor belts for supply chains can benefit from these tracking systems. However, most of these techniques do not take into account the influence of the real constraints to which the radio signal of the physical system is subject. Although this localization problem has been addressed in lots of treatments, it remains unsolved for systems that need precision. In this thesis, our solution involves identifying RFID tags in movement from others referred to as RFID static tags. We have based our methodology on the classical configuration supply chains scenario involved in industrial and market warehouse use cases. We completely identify which RFID tags are moving and which tags are placed outside and static by the time the conveyor belt supply chain process has ended. We developed our approach by proposing an identification method with two main variations. In its first variant, the method is hybrid and works directly in the application layer, which allows a non-intrusive, custom made and articulate RFID tag identification and classification. In its second variant, we also associate our solution with a physical layer constraint, to limit and optimize the identification zone.The evaluation of the performance shows an excellent precision in a practical industrial operational zone, validated with lots of experiments conducted in a real indoor application under different conditions and using classical setup devices
Zancanaro, Mario Antônio. "Identification des éléments RFID mobiles dans les environnements intérieurs associant la couche application et la couche physique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066730.
Texto completo da fonteIndoor localization research has generated many of potential techniques and algorithms. Identifying RFID tags in an indoor environment with perfect accuracy is not a trivial task for many applications in industry, a marketplace, or a supply chain. Localization systems have been maturing as the number of applications requiring such capabilities has increased in popularity\cite{29} \cite{20}. In businesses, these applications allow intelligent process manufacturing, increasing productivity and enabling reliable product flows. Based on these systems, many processes need to localize and identify the movement of RFID tags. Marketplaces, shops, hospitals, or simple conveyor belts for supply chains can benefit from these tracking systems. However, most of these techniques do not take into account the influence of the real constraints to which the radio signal of the physical system is subject. Although this localization problem has been addressed in lots of treatments, it remains unsolved for systems that need precision. In this thesis, our solution involves identifying RFID tags in movement from others referred to as RFID static tags. We have based our methodology on the classical configuration supply chains scenario involved in industrial and market warehouse use cases. We completely identify which RFID tags are moving and which tags are placed outside and static by the time the conveyor belt supply chain process has ended. We developed our approach by proposing an identification method with two main variations. In its first variant, the method is hybrid and works directly in the application layer, which allows a non-intrusive, custom made and articulate RFID tag identification and classification. In its second variant, we also associate our solution with a physical layer constraint, to limit and optimize the identification zone.The evaluation of the performance shows an excellent precision in a practical industrial operational zone, validated with lots of experiments conducted in a real indoor application under different conditions and using classical setup devices
Giovannangeli, Christophe. "Navigation bio-mimétique autonome en environnements intérieurs et extérieurs : apprentissage sensori-moteur et planification dans un cadre interactif". Cergy-Pontoise, 2007. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/07CERG0346.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis aims at highlighting how the interplay between robotics and the sciences of the living can promote both the understanding the cerebral circuitry and the achievment of very robust algorithms for robotics. The problem of the development of a neural achitecture, inspired by neurobiological models of the cerebral circuitry, for autonomous navigation of mobile robots in unknown indoor and outdoor environments, is adressed. A localization system based on a model of purely visual place-cells is presented. The place-cells enable to learn reactive sensory-motor behavior and planning behavior. The system is able to learn behavioral tasks autonomously or by interacting with a human teacher. An orientation system, merging a visual compass and path integration information, will also be proposed. The possible interactions between sensory-motor and planning strategies will be debated. Finally, issues on the autonomy of the learning in robot will be adressed: A metacontrol architecture which gives self-evaluation capabilities by analyzing the learning progress will be presented
Bessonneau, Vincent. "Étude de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la contamination de différents environnements intérieurs par les composés organiques volatils". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S138.
Texto completo da fonteThe degradation of the indoor air quality can lead to numerous health ranging from headaches to respiratory disorders such as asthma. In our modern lifestyle, we spend approximately 90 % of our time indoors, where we are exposed to many polluants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with more than hundred substances detected, represent a large part of the contamination. In addition, indoor environments contain multiple sources that lead to a heterogeneous contamination. This thesis work proposed a new approach for the classification of emissions, based on their spatial and temporal variability. The implementation of this approach in different indoor environments (homes, swimming-pools, hospitals) led to the development of sampling strategies, which could be used for monitoring programs, the assessment of concentrations levels of few VOCs, and the assessment of the main determinants of the contamination
Vignau-Laulhere, Jane. "Développement du préleveur passif pour la mesure du formaldehyde dans l'air en vue d'améliorer le diagnostic dans les environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU3006/document.
Texto completo da fonteSince 2001 and the creation of a French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), indoor air quality has become a major public health issue. It is the subject of a regulatory framework that continues to evolve in recent years. Two recent decrees, in France, foresee the implementation of the labeling of building materials according to their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (decree n°2011-321, 23/03/2011) and the survey of air concentration of two pollutants (benzene and formaldehyde) with guide values in public buildings (n°2011-1728, 2/12/2012). Today, the analytical method used to measure formaldehyde concentration in air consists in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) sampling cartridge which is analyzed by liquid chromatography after solvent extraction. This method is time consuming, expensive and complicated to perform. The company Ethera develops and markets specific, sensitive sensors for detection and measurement of formaldehyde with passive or active samplers. This sensor is based on a nanoporous matrix containing Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one), which selectively reacts with formaldehyde to produce a colored compound the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). DDL is detected at 420nm by optical reading and the difference of the optical density measured before and after exposition of the sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in air. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of passive samplers. The different phases of the development of passive samplers are studied (design, evaluation in environmental chamber) with different approaches and methodologies. In fact, two axis of study are considered: a theoretical approach and laboratory tests. Theoretical approach will be implemented to optimize a passive sampler or for sizing a new one based on the study of theoretical sampling rates. Laboratory tests will allow to assess metrological parameters of passive samplers (detection limit, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity…) and to estimate effects of exposure factors (temperature, relative humidity, concentration levels …)
Poulhet, Guillaume. "Développement et applications de capteurs passifs pour la mesure in situ des émissions de composés organiques volatils dans les environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10168/document.
Texto completo da fonteIndoor atmospheres are rich in volatile organic compounds (VOC), with indoor concentrations 2 to 10 times higher than outdoor concentrations. Even though indoor pollution is a sanitary topical issue, the wide diversity of VOC sources and the lack of tools for the measurement in-situ of the emissions from materials make difficult the application of strategies of VOC concentration reduction.The main objectives of this thesis were to develop, to qualify and to use passive samplers into different type of buildings in order to demonstrate the potential of these cheap tools for (i) the measurement in-situ of VOC emissions and (ii) the evaluation of strategies of VOC concentration reduction. The first part of this work allowed the development and the qualification of three passives samplers for the measurement of the emissions of aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) and aromatic compounds (BTEX, styrene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene). Analytical performances are adequate for a in-situ application. In a second part, the deployment of these samplers in accommodations and schools allowed to show the potential and limits of these tools for emissions sources diagnosis in indoor environments
Poulhet, Guillaume. "Développement et applications de capteurs passifs pour la mesure in situ des émissions de composés organiques volatils dans les environnements intérieurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10168.
Texto completo da fonteIndoor atmospheres are rich in volatile organic compounds (VOC), with indoor concentrations 2 to 10 times higher than outdoor concentrations. Even though indoor pollution is a sanitary topical issue, the wide diversity of VOC sources and the lack of tools for the measurement in-situ of the emissions from materials make difficult the application of strategies of VOC concentration reduction.The main objectives of this thesis were to develop, to qualify and to use passive samplers into different type of buildings in order to demonstrate the potential of these cheap tools for (i) the measurement in-situ of VOC emissions and (ii) the evaluation of strategies of VOC concentration reduction. The first part of this work allowed the development and the qualification of three passives samplers for the measurement of the emissions of aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) and aromatic compounds (BTEX, styrene and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene). Analytical performances are adequate for a in-situ application. In a second part, the deployment of these samplers in accommodations and schools allowed to show the potential and limits of these tools for emissions sources diagnosis in indoor environments
Moularat, Stéphane. "Etude de la contamination fongique des environnements intérieurs par la détermination et la mesure de traceurs chimiques spécifiques : application à l'hygiène de l'habitat". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0240.
Texto completo da fonteDisease occurrence in mouldy environments is very widely described in the literature. Health effects of moulds and associated metabolites are numerous: infection, allergy, toxi-infection, irritations. Prevalence and severity of declared diseases in the childs and adults seem correlated with an increase of indoor contaminated surfaces. However, the characterization of occupant exposure remains underestimated. The object of this work is essentially focused on the development of analytical methods to determine microbiological indoor quality, the definition and validation of survey indicators. This research is thus both aimed at the development and improvement of sampling techniques and also on the conception and adaptation of direct and indirect measurements methods of metabolism products ( Specific VOC) or of specific cellular components (Ergosterol, mycotoxins). The study of VOC of fungus origin enabled the definition of relevant chemical tracers associated with fungus development. >From these compounds, we established an index of fungus contamination in the indoor environments. Samplings realized in 12 houses allowed the validation of this index. Besides, an original methodology of quantification of mould exposure was proposed taking into account the evaluation of biomass and airborne mycotoxins. The transfer rate of material-air of a mycotoxin (the sterigmatocystin) was also studied
Boissier, Marjorie. "Etude et compréhension des phénomènes environnementaux régissant la colonisation des produits de construction par les aérosols fongiques : application à l'hygiène des environnements intérieurs". Paris 12, 2003. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002110560204611&vid=upec.
Texto completo da fonteFungi are common indoors biocontaminants. Many studies have clearly shown that mould growth coincides with the appearance of respiratory tract diseases and can damage a damage of materials. Building materials have been identified as the main source of fungi in doors. In this context, our objective is the characterization of the environmental phenomenon governing the fungal building materials colonization. For this study we developed many tools to contaminate surfaces and evaluate the fungal behavior on substrates. The stud of adhesion of fungal aerosols showed the importance of the surface hydrophobicity on the degree of bioadhesion. About the growth. Ve showed that the colonization degree depends on the substrates composition. In particular flic values of the ratio C/N and pH. In fine. Our tests and the developed tools allowed the creation of an evaluation procedure based on the vulnerability of materials towards fungal contamination
Anton, Rukshala. "Etude et compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) par des couches polymères : application à la microdétection des polluants des environnements intérieurs". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0644.
Texto completo da fonteConducting polymers can be used as active materials of sensing devices that find application in different areas, such as quality control of products in industries such as food and beverage, cosmetics and solvents, in the monitoring of air quality for environmental and safety purposes, and as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of diseases. In spite of this, as a general rule, the details of the prevailing interactions of the volatile compounds and the polymer are not well understood. For this reason, we have focused the work of this thesis on the characterization of the interactions between vapors of volatile organic compounds and thin films of conducting polymers. These films, that were the active components of the sensors, were prepared atop of different geometry of interdigitated electrodes via electropolymerization, where several preparation parameters (such as doping agents nature and concentrations, monomer nature, thermal annealing) were observed to assure an homogeneous growth of the polymeric film. Several characterizations such as electrochemical studies, AFM observations and UV-VIS-NIR spectra studies were used to obtain detailed information about the interaction mechanisms between VOC and conducting polymers. We have also measured the contact angle of water, formamide and diiodomethane deposited on the surface of the polymeric films to evaluate surface free energy (and its acid-base and dispersive components). The selectivity and sensitivity of the polymeric sensors when exposed to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown to be dependent not only of the properties of the analyzed VOC but also on the nature of the counter-ion used to dope the polypyrrole film. As a final conclusion, we can say that as a result of this work it becomes possible to optimize the design of an arrangement of sensors such that both a better sensitivity and a better selectivity sensitivity to a given chemical environment can be achieved
Munaretto, Fabio. "Étude de l'influence de l'inertie thermique sur les performances énergétiques des bâtiments". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2014. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01068784.
Texto completo da fonteHersen, Guillaume. "Étude de l'aérobiocontamination virale des espaces clos : cas du virus respiratoire syncytial". Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0001.
Texto completo da fonteRespiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants. However, the mechanisms involved in the transmission of the disease are not well known. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to study the viral aerocontamination of indoor environments. This research is thus aimed at the study in laboratory of the survival of RSV aerosol, at the characterization of the particles size of exhaled respiratory aerosols and at the research of these RSV aerosols in various indoor environments. The laboratory study of a RSV aerosol revealed a decrease of its infectivity in a humid atmosphere. However, it appeared that the humidity's impact could be different according to the age of the aerosol. The study of exhaled respiratory aerosol made with 81 volunteers, with or without symptom, showed the important proportion of fine and ultra fine particles. Moreover, it has been shown that volunteers without symptom emit fewer particles than individuals with symptoms. Also, this work highlighted the fact that there is not a specific size distribution considering these emissions. Lastly, the research of RSV aerosols in indoor environments has been done using a high flow cyclone sampler in a hospital and various institutions. Fourteen samplings were done, associated with PCR analyses. These samplings did not permit to detect respiratory airborne viruses
Delaby, Stéphane. "Étude expérimentale du transport des aérosols dans un espace clos ventilé et impact des principales stratégies d'épuration microbiologique de l'air sur l'exposition des occupants". Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0071.
Texto completo da fonteExposure to bioaerosols in indoor environments is associated with a wide range of adverse effects on health including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects and allergies. In order to guard against this phenomenon, the ventilation and air treatment industry has developed and marketed many air control strategies. However, at present, there is no methodology adapted to the evaluation of the relevance of these strategies. The aim of this research work was to characterize, in a first time, the progress of microbiological aerosol from the original source, to their eventual inhalation by person exposed, considering their dissemination through the indoor environments. Secondly, the work consisted of determining the efficiency of air cleaner devices applied to control indoor air quality. For this point, a global approach of evaluation in 3 steps was adopted, consisting of studying the efficiency of the epuration principle implemented, determining the intrinsic performance of the systems in dynamic conditions and their impact on the exposure level of the exposed persons. The tests carried out with air cleaner devices (filtration and photocatalysis) have shown that the intrinsic performance wasn’t able to estimate the beneficial impact of these systems on the exposure level of people when there were applied in indoor environments. So the intrinsic performance of devices is not the single impact factor, the airflow promoted by the device is also a factor to consider. Moreover, the characterization of indoor airflows and airborne particles transport is essential to define a coherent strategy of air treatment
Wifi, Mariam. "Occupants' quality of life experience with sustainable work environments : using a mixed-methods approach to develop a humane and sustainable framework for assessing the indoor environmental quality in office buildings". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18422.
Texto completo da fonteThis research studies perceived Quality of Life (QoL) and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) of occupants’ in the work environments of sustainable office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system (green buildings) and in conventional office buildings. QoL is defined in this research in terms of perceived health, comfort, and productivity. The quality of indoor environments is important because people spend most of their time inside buildings, and in contemporary society, much of the time spent in work environments is in office buildings. In this era of growing concerns about sustainability and the increased awareness of buildings’ negative impacts on occupants, green buildings have been promoted as sustainable solutions to these issues. LEED is the most popular rating system for measuring the performance of green buildings in North America. However, the literature review indicates that there are user complaints about the IEQ of LEED-certified office buildings. LEED-certified buildings are assessed based on technical measures of building performance. This assessment way may create a gap between measured and perceived performance from the user perspective. This raises the question of whether buildings certified with the LEED criteria are humane from the QoL experience of occupants in office buildings. Hence, this research is therefore to propose a new framework that takes into account not only sustainable but also humane factors for evaluating work environments. The study uses a mixed-methods approach – using both quantitative and qualitative methods and proceeds in three phases to comprehensively study occupants’ perceived QoL experience in two LEED and one conventional office building. Phase I uses observations to document the physical work environment and users’ behavioral interactions with the environment. Phase II uses interviews to describe the occupants’ QoL experience, explore the possible IEQ factors shaping their QoL, and to define the constructs of a humane work environment. Questionnaires were distributed concurrently to measure the relationship between occupants’ perceived QoL and IEQ factors that are derived from the literature. Phase III uses focus groups to converge and focus the results of the study. The results are analyzed separately and triangulated using an integrative mixed-methods analysis to interpret, corroborate, conclude, and increase the validation of the findings. The study compared occupants’ perceived QoL in «green» and «conventional» office buildings and revealed 32 quality factors (30 IEQ factors and two others) that influence the QoL experience in office work environments. Also the constructs of what composes a humane work environment based on occupants’ viewpoints have been identified. A new comprehensive, sustainable, and humane framework for assessing IEQ in work environments is developed. This framework guides the relationship between IEQ in work environments and occupants’ QoL as an environment-behavior system.