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McMahon, Robert Kieran. "Bureaucratic motivations : an examination of motivations in the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Environment Agency for England and Wales". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49d505fd-475f-4064-8591-0052c83d902a.
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This thesis examines the motivations of bureaucrats in two government agencies: the Environmental Protection Agency in the US, and the Environment Agency for England and Wales. The model employed in this work is a Trifocal Model which utilises Rational Choice, Institutional and Cultural approaches in answering the thesis question. The aim of this work is two-fold: one aim is to explain motivations in two agencies; the second aim is to suggest why the existing literature in the field of bureaucracy often fails to capture the diversity of bureaucratic motivations. The claim is that the adherence to one particular paradigmatic approach prevents scholars from attaining a comprehensive understanding of motivations. This work focuses on two elements of the Trifocal Approach, namely institutional and cultural explanations. Rational Choice explanations are given a limited explanatory role in this work, in large part because of the restricted usefulness of an approach which takes the preferences of agents as given. This thesis uses a scientific approach to the analysis of qualitative data, allowing other researchers to make use of, and indeed to question, the findings presented below. The argument in this thesis suggests why scholars must pay more attention to what those people within bureaucracies tell us about themselves and their motivations. To take the preferences of agents as givens is to ignore much of what is most important about the study of politics that is, where preferences come from, and how they shape the political behaviour we observe in bureaucracies. This thesis will show that public sector reforms are often flawed, often failing to consider the interplay of cultural and institutional effects, and how these effects have a bearing on the motivations of staff in organisations undergoing reform. Furthermore, cultural and institutional factors must be considered whenever one considers the question what is it that motivates bureaucrats.
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Proctor, Iain. "Linking biodiversity with environmental drivers and pressures in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6641/.
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This thesis describes the original and significant development of a hierarchical statistical framework in order to realign fine-scale spatial covariate data. An example of the utilisation of this framework is given within the context of biodiversity modelling. Biodiversity is of utmost importance to the correct functioning of ecosystems and the provision of services vital to humanity. Understanding of the impacts on biodiversity by environmental drivers and pressures can help appropriate responses to be taken, to mitigate, halt or reverse damage to habitats. Therefore, linking biodiversity measures with explanatory covariates in statistical models can help understand these relationships and the extent to which certain drivers and pressures are responsible for environmental change. When modelling biodiversity, the scale at which the variables are measured should be considered. Where data are measured at different scales, a situation of misalignment arises. Misaligned data may be subject to measurement error, which can influence the resultant model, if the data are not realigned. In order to realign covariate data, two transformation approaches can be implemented. The first method is to aggregate the response data to the level of the explanatory covariates. The second method is to downscale the covariate data to the response locations. This realignment process is more complex than aggregation of the response, since it requires the uncertainty estimation of the downscaled covariate predictions. The developed framework has possible further applications in fine-scale uncertainty estimation of model covariates, where the scale at which the covariates are given is coarser than that at which the response data are available. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the main issues and challenges in the thesis: biodiversity, data measurement, modelling techniques, scale and data realignment. The three case studies used in the development of the hierarchical framework are also introduced. Data from Loch Leven on underwater plants are analysed in chapter 2. Carabid data from ten rural locations are considered in chapter 3. In the final case study in chapter 4, coverage abundance data from sites the Countryside Survey across Great Britain are modelled. In chapter 5 the data from chapter 4 are used as the impetus; a hierarchical framework for realigning covariate data is developed and a simulation is created in order to assess its performance relative to the non-realigned model. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the case studies as well as discussion of the main issues and proposals for additional development.
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Gray, Ian Munro. "Environmental impact assessment in the forest sector of Great Britain". Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/environmental-impact-assessment-in-the-forest-sector-of-great-britain(bb9713d9-cf78-4270-8781-79140ceeb136).html.
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Environmental impact assessment has been in use within the British forest sector since 1988 when the Environmental Assessment (Afforestation) Regulations became effective. In Great Britain between 1988 and 1998 a total of 211 applications for grant assistance for afforestation proposals have been subject to environmental impact assessment. Of these 101 had been completed by 1998 and the assessment concluded. This research details the development of environmental impact assessment in international, national and forest sector contexts, and presents a review procedure tailored for use in the British forest sector. Using this procedure, 89 forest sector environmental statements were reviewed. The review highlights the overall poor quality of environmental impact assessments and environmental statements within the British forest sector. The research investigates the efficacy of the Forestry Commission's screening process and its ability to identify projects with potential impacts through the development of a screening protocol for use in the British forest sector, which was used Forest Commission staff to screen a series of case studies. The survey, prediction and assessment techniques employed within forest sector environmental impact assessments are analysed. For a sample of assessments where adequate baseline information was included in the original assessment, a practical audit of impact predictions was carried out, where the actual outcomes of predicted impacts were compared with information derived from field investigation.
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Lavers, David Anthony. "Seasonal hydrological prediction in Great Britain – an assessment". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1360/.
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This thesis assesses seasonal hydrological prediction in Great Britain. Firstly, the study evaluates river flow prediction using climate model output to drive a rainfall-runoff model in the Dyfi basin, Wales. Results show that climate model precipitation can not skilfully simulate Dyfi discharge. When a downscaling process is employed to generate precipitation time series, river flow forecast skill improves, but historical river flows still provide superior forecasts. Secondly, large-scale climatic control on British precipitation/discharge and European precipitation is investigated by correlation analysis. Results show spatiotemporal hydroclimatological variation, with western regions generally having stronger empirical relationships. River flow has weaker associations because of basin controls and evapotranspiration. The dynamic nature of precipitation/discharge generating mechanisms is not captured by the North Atlantic Oscillation Index. Thirdly, seasonal climate model forecast skill is evaluated. Limited skill exists over land and over all extratropical regions for forecasts beyond month-1; precipitation has lower skill than 2-metre air temperature and mean sea level pressure. Seasonal climate models exhibit higher idealised predictive skill indicating potential for future increases in actual predictive skill. In conclusion, seasonal hydrological prediction using a climate-to-river modelling chain could be improved through consideration of the uncovered spatiotemporal hydroclimatological variability and through seasonal climate modelling improvements.
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Letourneau, Lyne. "Animal protection law in Great Britain : in search of the existing moral orthodoxy". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602287.
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Omnipresent in Western society, the idea of progress is commonly advanced in relation to the development of animal protection law in Great Britain. Essentially, it is argued that the law now recognises that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. From the concept of "animal as object" to that of "animal as person", indeed, the history of Western philosophical thinking bears witness to a progressive acknowledgement of animals (or, at least, of some animals) as full members of the moral community, along with all human beings. However, as political theorist Robert Garner argues in his book Animals, Politics and Morality, public policy is never simply a product of moral principles. Rather, influenced by pressure groups, it is the result of a process based on negotiation and compromise. That being the case, in the present thesis, I ask whether Great Britain has truly been the scene of moral progress through the development of animal protection law and to what extent one may speak of moral progress at all in relation to this area of law. Is animal protection law in Great Britain moving away from the traditional moral position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, thereby granting moral standing and equal moral status to animals The answer to this question lies with identifying the philosophical conception of the relations between humans and animals which is expressed through the body of animal protection law in this country. For animals' moral status within the law ensues directly from it. In the first chapter, following the great influence the position plays in the contemporary debate over our moral treatment of animals, I use Tom Regan's theory of animal rights to assess whether animal protection law in Great Britain reflects a conception of human-animal relations that is consistent with a recognition that animals possess moral rights. In the second chapter, I defend the view that animal protection law in Great Britain does not reflect utilitarianism - a position that has been popularised in animal ethics by moral philosopher Peter Singer. In the third chapter, building on the distinctive features of animal protection law in Great Britain which have emerged from the analysis in Chapters I and II, I contend that the law reflects "group egoism" - a form of consequentialism which falls between ethical egoism and utilitarianism. To be sure, what comes forth as the dominant position underlying animal protection law in Great Britain is that human beings protect animals only to the extent to which benefit is provided to them in return, or, at the very least, to the extent that so doing does not impinge on their interests in animal use. Does this position represent any kind of moral progress In the context of changing human attitudes towards animals and the development of animal protection law, I argue that it does. However, this moral progress carries no recognition that animals are worthy of moral consideration in their own right, that is, that they count or matter morally. Far from doing away with the traditional position that animals are exclusively means to human ends, animal protection law in Great Britain fits in with this way of thinking and grants to animals an instrumental value only.
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Cai, Deyu. "Wide area monitoring, protection and control in the future Great Britain power system". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/wide-area-monitoring-protection-and-control-in-the-future-great-britain-power-system(fcefb6b8-85d0-42ad-b284-41a997a7d1b4).html.
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The growing issue of power-grid congestion and a global increase in disturbances have emphasized the need to enhance electrical power networks using Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC). This is a cost-effective solution for improving power system planning and operation. In addition to these existing issues, the Great Britain (GB) power system is facing significant changes, in terms of both power transmission technology and the nature of the generation mix, that will cause the operation of the future GB power system to become more unpredictable and complex. Therefore, developing a WAMPAC system will be essential to enhance the stability and optimise the operation of the future GB power system. The main objectives of the research presented in this thesis are to design a GB WAMPAC system and develop solutions to overcome the challenges that will be involved in the initial stage of the GB WAMPAC project. As Synchronized Measurement Technology (SMT) is the most essential element and enabler of WAMPAC, this thesis first provides a study of SMT and its applications. This study also reviews the state of the art of these SMT applications, and worldwide experience with the operation of WAMPAC in terms of system architecture, communication technologies and data management. After the basic study of WAMPAC, this thesis presents a new methodology for designing a roadmap that will ensure the future GB WAMPAC system will be developed in a logical and economic manner. This methodology takes into account the international experience with WAMPAC project management and the practical challenges faced in the future GB power system. With this new methodology, the GB strategies for the development of WAMPAC are devised. Two major SMT applications are then developed that can form main parts of the proposed future GB WAMPAC system. These applications are developed to enhance the small signal stability of the future GB power system.1. Wide Area Inter-area Oscillation Monitoring using Newton Type Algorithm.2. Wide Area Inter-area Oscillation Control using Power Electronic Devices. Finally, the operation of a proposed GB WAMPAC system is demonstrated using the DIgSILENT software package. The proposed real time applications are tested and evaluated using dynamic simulations of a full GB power system model. In addition, some key factors that will influence the operation of the future GB WAMPAC system will be analyzed and discussed.
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Hill, Louise. "Ecological impacts of ash dieback in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:941ee684-798b-47b6-ae51-64baeb5f821e.
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Ash dieback is a severe disease of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.), caused by the invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In its native East Asia, H. fraxineus is a harmless endophyte, but since its accidental import into Europe in the early 1990s it has infected over 90% of ash trees in some areas, with long-term mortality sometimes exceeding 90%. The disease was discovered in Great Britain in 2012, and has since spread rapidly. This thesis investigates some of the possible impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and society, and in doing so identifies ways to alleviate some impacts. Britain has only 13% tree cover (among the lowest in Europe), so may be particularly vulnerable to ash loss. Better understanding of the effects and how to minimise them is critical to deliver an evidence-based response. First, we investigated impacts in woodlands by experimentally killing woodland ash trees by ring-barking. We found no short-term effect of ash loss on ground flora or earthworm communities, or on the regeneration or growth of other woody species. Observational evidence suggested that remaining canopy trees rapidly filled gaps left by ash, perhaps contributing to stability. Our woodlands appeared to be remarkably resilient to ash loss, although there may be long-term effects or impacts on other species that this experiment failed to observe. To investigate broader-scale impacts, we required high-quality abundance maps for ash and other trees across Britain. Using species distribution modelling and random forest regression, we developed a protocol to produce abundance maps from readily available data. We tested the predictive power of the resulting maps using cross validation. Our maps are the best available for abundance of British tree species, and will be useful across a wide range of disciplines. We then used them to model ecosystem vulnerability to ash loss, based on the abundance of ash and other tree species, and their ecological trait similarity. We identified areas at risk of the largest impacts, and produced guidance for positive management actions to minimise ecological change. Lastly, we investigated the financial impacts of ash dieback, estimating the total cost to Britain at £9.2 billion. This figure is many times larger than the value of lost trade if biosecurity were improved to prevent future invasions, questioning the validity of financial arguments against biosecurity. We also found that loss of ecosystem services accounted for less than a third of the total cost, suggesting that ecosystem service assessments may miss a large proportion of the true cost of biodiversity loss. Overall, we found that some impacts may be less than expected, such as local effects on woodland ground flora, and others, such as the economic cost, may be much larger than expected. However, the resilience of ecosystems to a major shock such as loss of a common species, and actions to mitigate the impacts, depend on having a diversity of other trees present. The ash dieback outbreak highlights the importance of preventing other severe pests and diseases of trees from being introduced; something that has been increasing exponentially, largely due to international trade in trees. This thesis provides further firm evidence that there is an ecological and social imperative to halt this trend.
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de, Aguiar Thereza R. S. "Corporate disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions : a UK study". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/840.
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Two beliefs drove this dissertation to be centered on the analysis of the UK corporate disclosure (CD) related to global climate change (GCC). Firstly, GCC is the most significant environmental concern of our current age (IPCC, 2001; Stern, 2006; IPCC, 2007). Secondly, CD could illustrate the values of organizations and possibilities for changing organizations’ responsibility regarding to GCC (Gray et al., 1996; Bebbington and Larrinaga-Gonzalez, 2008; Bebbington et al., 2009). This study utilizes content analysis as its principal method and seeks to achieve its goal by way of a two investigations. The first investigation focuses on disclosures made by direct participants’ (DP) in the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS). It captures GCC disclosures from both stand alone (SA) and annual reports (AR) during 2000 - 2004. This part of the study explores if joining the UK ETS changed GCC disclosures. This is tested on both a longitudinal and matched pair (MP) basis. An analysis using institutional theory suggests that instruments of environmental policy may influence GCC disclosures. Results showed that DP increased GCC disclosure, especially in the AR where mainstream business rationale is accepted. MP disclosures, in contrast, focus on the SA media and on different topics than DP disclosures. AR and SA both contain CD, but in this study they showed different patterns of disclosure and therefore may constitute different disclosure media. The second investigation suggests a method to compare GCC disclosure for a sample of DP and MP, using three different media: carbon disclosure project (CDP), AR and SA. Analysis shows that GCC disclosure did not provide sufficient information to compare GCC initiatives and disclosures. Despite the fact that organizations have similar characteristics in terms of sector, size and origin country, they showed different views on GCC issues and this may partially explain differences on GCC initiatives and disclosure.
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Hancock, Rosemary Joy. "Muslims Going Green: Islamic Environmental Activism in the United States and Great Britain". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14655.
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This thesis examines Muslim environmental activism in the United States and Great Britain, utilising a theoretical framework of social movement theory. Through interviews with Muslim environmentalists, supported by textual data produced by Islamic environmental organisations, the thesis analyses the way Muslim environmentalists frame environmental crises, how they motivate and sustain their activism through emotion and identity work, and their use of ‘moderate’ forms of activism. Islamic environmentalism has not received due academic attention from social movement theorists or Islamic studies scholars. The thesis contributes to the literature on social movements by testing the theory in new ground: Islamic environmental activism is simultaneously a religious movement and a secular movement, and this offers interesting avenues for theorising on the role of religion in social movements. The thesis also contributes to Islamic studies literature: although there is a very small body of academic work on Islamic environmentalism, none apply social movement theory to this area. The thesis argues Muslim environmentalists are drawn into activism through (i) affective ties to friends, romantic partners, and charismatic leaders, and (ii) due to a strong sense of religious duty that stems from a very particular, environmental understanding of Islamic scripture and practice. Secondly, the thesis demonstrates the importance of ‘group culture’ for attracting and retaining committed activists. Finally, the thesis contends that Muslim environmentalists demonstrate a synthesis of political activism and religious practice. Religious ritual, symbolism, and narrative are incorporated into political action in such a way that activism becomes religious practice.
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Morehart, Miriam Corinne. ""Children Need Protection Not Perversion": The Rise of the New Right and the Politicization of Morality in Sex Education in Great Britain, 1968-1989". PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2207.
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Two competing forms of sex education and the groups supporting them came to head in the 1970s and 1980s. Traditional sex education retained an emphasis on maintaining Christian-based morality through marriage and parenthood preparation that sex education originally held since the beginning of the twentieth century. Liberal sex education developed to openly discuss issues that reflected recent legal and social changes. This form reviewed controversial subjects including abortion, contraception and homosexuality. Though liberal sex education found support from national family planning organizations and Labour politicians, traditional sex education found a more vocal and powerful ally in the New Right.
This thesis explores the political emergence of the New Right in Great Britain during the 1970s and 1980s and how the group utilized sex education. The New Right, composed of moral pressure groups and Conservative politicians, focused on the supposed absence of traditional morality from the emergent liberal sex education. Labour (and liberal organizations) held little power in the 1980s due to internal party struggles and an insignificant parliamentary presence. This allowed the New Right to successfully pass multiple national reforms. The New Right latched onto liberal sex education as demonstrative of the moral decline of Britain and utilized its emergence of a prime example of the need to reform education and local government.
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Zhang, Wen Ting. "A comparartive case study of environmental disclosure in the oil industries of China and the UK". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3959234.
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Wickramasinghe, Kremlin. "Quantifying the impact of policies addressing sustainable and healthy diets". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711872.
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Thacker, Scott. "Reducing the risk of failure in interdependent national infrastructure network systems". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02e7313c-0967-47e3-becc-2e7da376f745.
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Infrastructure network systems support society and the economy by facilitating the distribution of essential services across broad spatial extents, at a range of scales. The complex and interdependent nature of these systems provides the conditions for which localised failures can dramatically cascade, resulting in disruptions that are widespread and very often unforeseen. This systemic vulnerability has been highlighted multiple times over the previous decades in infrastructures systems from around the world. In the future, the hazards to which infrastructure systems are exposed are set to grow with increasing extreme event risks caused by climate change. The aim of this thesis is to develop methodology and analysis for understanding and reducing the risk of failure of national interdependent infrastructure network systems. This study introduces multi-scale, system-of-systems based methodology and applied analysis that provides important new insights into interdependent infrastructure network risk and adaptation. Adopting a complex network based approach; real-world asset data is integrated from the energy, transport, water, waste and digital communications sectors to represent the physical interconnectivity that exists within and between interdependent infrastructure systems. Given the often limited scope of real-world datasets, an algorithm is presented that is used to synthesise missing network data, providing continuous network representations that preserve the most salient spatial and topological properties of real multi-level infrastructure systems. Using the resultant network representations, the criticality of individual assets is calculated by summing the direct and indirect customer disruptions that can occur in the event of failure. This is achieved by disrupting sets of functional service flow pathways that transcend sectorial and operational boundaries, providing long-range connectivity between service originating source nodes and customer allocated sink nodes. Kernel density estimation is used to integrate discrete asset criticality values into a continuous surface from which statistically significant infrastructure geographical criticality hotspots are identified. Finally, a business case is presented for investment in infrastructure adaptation, where adaptation costs are compared to the reduction in expected damages that arise from interdependency related failures over an assets lifetime. By representing physical and geographic interdependence at a range of scales, this analysis provides new evidence to inform the targeting of investments to reduce risks and enhance system resilience. It is concluded that the research presented within this thesis provides new theoretical insights and practical techniques for a range of academic, industrial and governmental infrastructure stakeholders, from the UK and beyond.
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Clegg, Mark. "The relationship between strategic culture and force protection : a study of the UK and US during the period 1999-2010". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=206989.
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Protecting deployed servicemen makes sound military sense. For as long as war has been around, commanders and comrades have had a vested interest in preserving their own side's fighting power in order to defeat their enemies. As such, they have drawn upon technological developments and tactical agility to reduce the vulnerabilities of their own troops whilst aiming to exploit the weaknesses of adversaries. This activity, labelled force protection in common military parlance, has often been overlooked by commentators in favour of other fields of war and warfare. However, attitudes which influence each state's individual approach towards force protection stem from extremely diverse groups. Force protection transcends the traditional notions of levels of war possibly as much as any other military activity. As a function during warfare it has the potential to trouble individuals at the lowest and the highest levels of a state. Depending on one's point of view, force protection can be perceived as a purely military function or as a political imperative of paramount importance. Either view garners the attention of the domestic population which also has potential to impact on the approach to protecting deployed servicemen. Combined, the sub-cultures of the government, the military and the people form a state's strategic culture. However, these sub-cultures are often at odds and view similar problems through different lenses resulting in tensions which create a difficult backdrop for military commanders to assess. Since strategic culture is the key origin of influence for approaches to force protection, it is the natural extension that each state approaches this activity in different ways. Moreover, just as strategic culture evolves in reaction to perceptions and events, so does a state's attitude towards force protection. This study traces the period 1999 to 2010 from UK and US perspectives. It finds that both states evolved in their attitudes and approaches to force protection and indeed approached this element of war in strikingly different ways. The British approached Operation Allied Force in 1999 with a confident attitude towards force protection. UK politicians and senior commanders, backed up by a public that appeared at ease with sending British servicemen into danger, favoured tactical prowess as the means to achieve the conditions for force protection. However, this hubris was out of context as the sensitive political conditions of the US-led NATO operation demanded a 2 more technological approach; an approach which the British military struggled to match. Despite this very public experience, British strategic culture maintained its viewpoint in the early stages of the Iraq war. As UK troops set out to war in 2003, once again tactical superiority was the prescription for force protection. However, insurgent tactics, mismatched force ratios and inferior equipment all tested the UK approach. Domestic sensitivity increased during the course of this commitment and by 2006 UK politicians became more involved in the force protection dimension. As the second half of the decade progressed, with a combative domestic political landscape and UK servicemen involved in wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, political micromanagement came to characterise the British approach to force protection. This was consistent with the reports of senior UK military leaders who acknowledged the political nature of this most sensitive element of war. Nevertheless, despite such a tense domestic backdrop, British strategic culture remained unchanged as the evolving attitudes failed to manifest in shifts in behaviour. UK force protection remained the domain of military professional and tactical prowess was the favoured method of achieving it. The US journey highlights the political imperative which was placed upon force protection during the build-up and execution of Operation Allied Force. Despite widespread criticism this approach, which in practise involved politicians dictating the conduct of tactical activity, resulted in no US losses and thereby achieved one of the stated measures of success. Nevertheless, such an approach was found to be wholly unsuitable for the early stages of the Iraq war. The US initial approach to force protection was the traditional one of relying on armour, firepower and distance to remain out of the reach of one's adversaries. Insurgents were challenged to develop new munitions and tactics in order to outwit the superpower as onlookers anticipated that the US strategic community would balk in the face of rising casualties. Meanwhile, Iraqi civilians were caught in the middle of a seemingly unending fire fight as the US, tasked with providing security for Iraqis, appeared to be more concerned with their own welfare. In many ways this period confirmed the traditional narrative of US strategic culture as well as US force protection. However, as the second half of the decade unfolded, the work of figures including General David Petraeus served to turn around this losing battle. The widely-acknowledged Surge of US troops, resolute political backing by President Bush and steady support of the US public provided the conditions for US forces, armed with a fundamentally new doctrinal approach to conduct a significant shift in their approach to force protection. Although some in the US strategic community remained culturally attuned to their old ways, most acknowledged that recent successes in Iraq and Afghanistan were inextricably linked to the US approach to force protection. The year 2009 brought a change of Administration in the White House and a change of senior military commander at the helm of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan. However, despite a certain amount of domestic political turbulence and a seemingly unstoppable escalation in US casualties there appeared no signs of an alteration to the recent evolutions in the US strategic cultural approach to force protection. Force protectionism had been substituted for risk acceptance and courageous restraint.
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Baumast, Annett. "Environmental management systems and cultural differences : an explorative study of Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden /". Aachen : Shaker-Verlag, 2003. http://www.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/2659.
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Baumast, Annett. "Environmental management systems and cultural differences : an explorative study of Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://www.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/2659/$FILE/dis2659.pdf.
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Smith, Jonathan Howard. "The politics of environmental conflict : the case of transport in Britain 1972-1992". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295091.
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Al-Hamadeen, Radhi Mousa. "Assurance of corporate stand-alone reporting : evidence from the UK". Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/423.
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Whitten, Doreen Muriel. "Protection, prevention, reformation a history of the Philanthropic Society, 1788-1848". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/137/.
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This study explores the origins and early evolution of the Philanthropic Society with the aim of making a contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of philanthropy. The Society was founded, in 1788, at a time of growing public concern over the failure of existing legal measures to stem a perceived rising tide of crime. Explicitly conceived as a crime prevention enterprise, the Society focused its attention on a constituency of poor children who either seemed destined for or who had already embarked on a criminal career. The Society's educational experiment in moulding them into law-abiding citizens was initially located in a group of family houses scattered around the village of Hackney. It then made a swift transition to a purpose built Institution in Southwark and remained there until a decision to establish a Reformatory Farm School, at Redhill, was taken in 1848. On one level, this study describes how the Society's development was nurtured by Philanthropists with a diversity of interests in the fields of commerce, jurisprudence, medicine, local poor-law and penal administration. It presents new information on the interplay of ideas and influences that helped shape the Society's institutional policy and practice over the period. At another level, this study takes us through a pre-modem policy landscape to the point at which a voluntary enterprise in protection, prevention and reformation attracted the support of the Government and became the subject of statutory action. By examining hitherto underused Philanthropic archival sources and previously overlooked Government documents, it traces a complex network of interaction between informal and formal agencies in the dissemination of reforming ideas and the shaping of social policy. In doing so, it describes how conventional views on the respective roles and relationships between charitable agencies and the State began to change during the early nineteenth century. A revised version of this thesis has been published as 'Nipping crime in the bud: how the philanthropic quest was put into law' (2010), Waterside Press, Hook, ISBN 1904380654
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Baumast, Annett [Verfasser]. "Environmental Management Systems and Cultural Differences : An Explorative Study of Germany, Great Britain and Sweden / Annett Baumast". Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1172611254/34.
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Robins, Dawn. "Evaluating the long term impacts of transport policy : the case of passenger rail privatisation in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/340005/.
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Britain’s national rail system was ‘privatised’ as a result of the 1993 Railways Act, with most of the organisational and ownership changes implemented by 1997. This thesis examines the long term impacts of the privatisation initiative on the passenger rail service. A key issue when examining long term changes is that of the counterfactual – what would have happened if the changes had not occurred? A simple econometric model of the demand for passenger rail services was developed and used in conjunction with extrapolative methods for key variables such as fares, train kms and GDP to determine demand-side counterfactuals. Extrapolative methods were also used to determine counterfactual infrastructure and train operation costs. Although since privatisation rail demand has grown strongly, the analysis indicates that transitional disruptions suppressed demand by around 4% over a prolonged period (1994/95 to 2005/6), whilst the Hatfield accident reduced demand by about 5%, albeit over a short period (2000/1 to 2005/6). A welfare analysis indicates that although consumers gained as a result of privatisation, for most years this has been offset by increases in costs. An exception is provided by the two years immediately before the Hatfield accident. Overall the loss in welfare since the reforms were introduced far exceeds the net receipts from the sale of rail businesses. It is found that although the reforms have had advantages in terms of lower fares and better service levels than otherwise would have been the case, this has been offset by adverse transitional effects and high costs, which in turn may be linked with higher transaction costs.
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Hajer, Maarten A. "The politics of environmental discourse : a study of the acid rain controversy in Great Britain and the Netherlands". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357325.
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Ball, Christopher Stephen. "Energy policies and environmental entrepreneurship : the cases of Britain, France and Germany". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23945.
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To respect climate change goals, reinforced by COP21 in Paris, an overhaul of the energy system in EU countries will be necessary and this will involve a major deployment of low-carbon technology (Stern 2006). Although the relative roles of green new ventures and incumbent firms in the dissemination of environmental innovation remain unclear (Hall, Daneke et al. 2010), entrepreneurship shows promise as a response to environmental prob-lems (Anderson 1998, Schaltegger 2002, Hart, Milstein 1999). Since green new ventures are free from the innovatory constraints faced by incumbent firms (York, Venkataraman 2010, Hockerts, Wüstenhagen 2010), they are in a position to disrupt existing unsustaina-ble markets. Designing and implementing an energy policy with an “entrepreneurial fla-vour” (Wüstenhagen, Wuebker 2011) could be advantageous in achieving a successful sus-tainable transformation of the energy system. This thesis examines how entrepreneurs per-ceive energy policy in three advanced EU countries using a case study approach, with each country constituting a case. Data sources comprised policy documents, interviews with entrepreneurs and key staff in new ventures, and field notes from practitioner conferences. At this critical point at which direct support for renewables is being withdrawn, it is argued that efforts must be made to retain this entrepreneurial force in the energy market. This thesis reflects on the degree to which the market-creating support mechanisms are being withdrawn. If entrepreneurship is to thrive in a post-support context, there must be consid-eration as to how to better integrate decentralised renewables into the energy market, espe-cially in relation to how they can compete effectively with conventional technologies, namely nuclear and gas. In addition to alternative strategies to incentivise adoption of re-newable energy technologies beyond early adopter consumer categories (Rogers 1995), building greater public consent to sustainability policies is crucial to the continued success of energy entrepreneurship. Geopolitical factors surrounding energy security may rein-force the case for continuing to support entrepreneurship in the renewable power sector.
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Smolarski, Jan M. (Jan Mietek). "Environmental Determinants and Choice of Project Evaluation Techniques in US and UK Firms". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277767/.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a theory that helps explain the conditions under which firms select certain project evaluation techniques. This study uses contingency theory to analyze the impact of environmental uncertainty on the choice of project evaluation techniques. In addition to a direct measure of uncertainty, several dimensions of uncertainty are included in this study. These dimensions of uncertainty include control structure, method of financing, foreign assets, method of growth, and product domination. This study also analyzes the use of project evaluation, management science and risk management techniques in US firms over time and in UK firms over time in order to compare to prior research. A comparison of firms in the two countries are also provided.
The primary method of data collection was a survey instrument. Data were also collected from annual reports and various other public sources.
The variables that appear significant in the choice of project evaluation technique in US firms are environmental uncertainty, control structure, method of financing, foreign assets, and product domination. The variable that appear significant in the choice of project evaluation technique in UK firms is method of financing. US firms favor discounted cash flow techniques although this study detected a slight decrease over time. UK firms continue to use non-discounted cash flow techniques, although the use of discounted cash flow techniques is widespread. There are significant differences between US and UK firms. US firms tend to use discounted cash flow techniques to a greater extent than UK firms.
This research makes a significant contribution in attempting to develop a theory explaining the use of project evaluation techniques in firms in the US and UK. In addition, several other developments relating to project evaluation, management science and risk management are discussed. The results of this study can be used by managers in refining and improving their existing project evaluation processes.
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Selman, Paul Harry. "An approach to the assessment of the agricultural impacts of coal mining". Thesis, University of Stirling, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1787.
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Contentions that expansion of the British coal mining industry into predominantly rural areas may pose serious threats to agriculture and food production are reviewed in the light of the available evidence. It is considered that, whilst the severity of impacts and rate of future development may have been overstated, the conflicts are sufficiently significant to warrant close examination. Further, land use planners are responding for the first time to mining proposals affecting entire coalfields, thus making it essential to establish the correct principles of development from the outset. It is noted that past assessments of agricultural impacts have failed to reflect their diverse and pervasive nature, thus necessitating the identification of more appropriate methods of forecasting. In the light of current weaknesses in practice, it is argued that a formal system of impact assessment may prove necessary. Those characteristics of mining operations and associated end-uses which are likely to affect agriculture are analysed, as are those aspects of the farm enterprise most vulnerable to disruption. These various characteristics are then used as a basis for the assessment of mining-agriculture impacts. A review of the strategic nature of impacts arising from mining programmes is considered desirable, and limited proposals are made regarding assessment at this scale. More detailed consideration is given to an appraisal framework for individual mining proposals, and this is tested in relation to part of the 'Vale of Belvoirl coalfield. It is concluded that, although further methodological refinements and field investigations are necessary, the early implementation of an impact assessment procedure is nevertheless justified.
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Ferretti, Johanna [Verfasser]. "Do Policy Impact Assessment Processes Promote Stringent Environmental Policy? : A Comparative Analysis between Great Britain and Germany / Johanna Ferretti". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/114905056X/34.
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Munro, Lyle 1944. "Beasts abstract not : a sociology of animal protection". Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7967.
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Komiya, Fumito. "A comparative study of the law of dismissal in Japan, Great Britain and the United States from the perspective of employment protection". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2237/.
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This thesis analyses the present state of the law of dismissal in Japan, Great Britain and the USA, with a view to evaluating the adequacy of regulation, accessibility of procedure and effectiveness of remedy in each of these systems from the perspective of employment protection. Possible improvements of these systems are considered, having regard to the policies underlying them. In the first chapter, the development of the law of dismissal in each country is briefly reviewed. The second chapter considers the extent to which the protection of the law of dismissal covers different forms of the termination of employment in each country. The third, fourth, and fifth chapters examine the general law of dismissal in these countries and identify what kind of regulation, procedures and remedies apply to dismissals in each case. The sixth chapter examines the legal status of provisions in collective agreements concerning dismissal in each country, and special attention is paid to how arbitration regulates dismissals in Britain and the US. The seventh chapter examines the grounds on which it is unlawful to dismiss employees, the administrative bodies which deal with discriminatory dismissal claims, and the procedures and remedies for discriminatory dismissals, in each country. Chapter eight examines the regulation, procedure and remedies applicable to dismissals for redundancy or economic reasons in each country. The ninth chapter examines the effectiveness of the legal systems of dismissal of each country from the view-point of the employee's protection, and the tenth chapter considers the policy behind the system of each country. The final chapter considers the prospects for improvement of the systems and reflects on Japanese employment law.
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Hurren, Elizabeth T. "The 'Bury-al Board' : poverty, politics and poor relief in the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire c.1870-1900". Thesis, University of Northampton, 2000. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2784/.
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The crusade against outrelief, which was promoted by the Local Government Board in the late-Victorian era, is a neglected topic of nineteenth century poor law studies. This thesis examines the crusade against outrelief that was implemented in the Brixworth Union of Northamptonshire because this board of guardians was one of the strongest and most renowned supporters of central government’s anti-outrelief policy between 1870 and 1896. For over twenty-five years guardians implemented a series of progressively harsh strategies to try to eradicate outrelief spending. Those anti-outrelief measures had a profound social cost with far-reaching political repercussions. From the start of the crusade campaign, working people organised to fight for the reintroduction of outrelief. When the poor law was democratised in the 1890s the working-classes succeeded in becoming guardians of the poor for the first time and they outvoted the anti-outrelief policy. The political contest over outrelief provides fresh insights into the complex nature of labour relations in the countryside and the impact of democratisation in the late nineteenth century. It traces the role of the poor law in rural society and how policy was shaped by central and local factors. The study, therefore, examines the politics of poor relief, the forces that shaped poor law policies and the impact those policies had on rural society in the context of the crusade against outrelief and its overthrow. In the process it questions some of our assumptions about working class political and social welfare aspirations before the advent of Welfare State legislation in the early twentieth century
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Zelle, Carsten F. "Why is there no Green Party in America?: Environmental politics and environmental consciousness in the United States and West Germany". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52094.
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The present paper attempts to explain the absence of a Green Party in America by means of comparison with the country that gave birth to the most successful Green Party so far: West Germany. In the first section it will be shown, that neither the electoral system nor other legal barriers prevent new parties from emerging in the United States. Then, the two countries will be examined from two different perspectives. First, through comparison of the politics of environmental protection it will be shown how a dialogue between the state and interest groups could be established in America, while it could not in Germany. The conclusion will be drawn that different opportunity structures define different incentives to founding a Green Party. From this finding the hypothesis will be developed that the conflictual environmental politics in Germany caused environmental concern to merge with other New Politics concerns and visions of a new state. It is from this ideology that the Green Party drew its electoral success. Due to aggregation of the environmental issue in institutional politics, this potential Green electorate did not emerge in the United States. The hypothesis will be tested empirically using survey data. Three operationalizations of the Green ideology will be employed: postmaterialism, the New Environmental Paradigm, and support for protest movements. The results deliver strong support for the hypothesis. The electoral resources for an American Green Party are weak.Master of Arts
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Frazier, Erica Lynn. "The Green New Deals of Great Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland : A Critical Discourse Analysis". Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE1159.
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Cette thèse suit l’évolution et la transmission du concept de GND à travers le temps et l’espace via l’analyse des documents produits par les groupes GND de Grande Bretagne, d’Irlande et d’Irlande du Nord dans une perspective comparative. La thèse intègre des méthodes quantitatives et qualitatives, dont des entretiens semistructurés, l’analyse lexicométrique et une forme adaptée de l’Analyse Critique du Discours afin de répondre à la question suivante : « Comment les discours et les idéologies des 'Green New Deals' de l'Irlande, la Grande-Bretagne et l'Irlande du Nord peuvent-ils être compris en relation les uns aux autres et dans leurs contextes respectifs ? » La thèse explore l'influence des contextes et des groupes sur les discours et le contenu idéologique des textes Green New Deal, et avance l’argument que bien que les Green New Deals aient, à des degrés divers, le potentiel pour constituer la première étape d'une transition sur le long terme vers une économie politique juste et verte, ils se doivent de développer certains thèmes pour permettre à leur potentiel transformateur d’opérer, au lieu de renforcer les idéologies actuellement dominantesThis thesis follows the evolution and transmission of the Green New Deal concept through time and space by examining the British, Irish and Northern Irish Green New Deal documents from a comparative perspective. It uses quantitative and qualitative methods including Corpus Linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and the collection of elite oral history interviews to respond to the guiding question, “How can the discourses and embedded ideologies of the Green New Deals of the Republic of Ireland, Great Britain and Northern Ireland be understood in relation to one another and their respective contexts?”. The thesis explores the influence of contexts and groups on the discourses and ideological contents of the Green New Deal texts, ultimately finding that though the Green New Deals have the potential to act as transitional documents in a move towards a just green political economy, further work must be done to develop key themes in the texts and ensure they realise their transformative potential rather than simply reinforcing currently dominant ideologies
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Howells, Gary. "Emigrants and emigrators : a study of emigration and the New Poor Law with special reference to Bedfordshire, Northamptonshire and Norfolk, 1834-1860". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35558.
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Topouzi, Marina. "Occupants' interaction with low-carbon retrofitted homes and its impact on energy use". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac363b69-c414-4ef8-875a-ada6a9867f8f.
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Current regulatory and other policy trends in housing refurbishment relating to low-carbon performance standards tend to involve complex technologies and systems as well as innovative solutions to achieve 80% emissions reduction in line with the UK national target for 2050. Indicators of domestic energy performance tend to assume ideal performance of materials, complex systems and services, and that they are installed to high standards and under specific conditions, as well as rational occupant behaviour and interactions. Previous studies exploring the influence of socio-technical factors on the UK's domestic energy use highlight that one of the main reasons for under-performance of individual projects is the lack of understanding of how people interact with domestic technology. Considering this, and given that there is still little evidence on deep refurbishments that implement low-carbon 'whole house' approaches in the UK, this research explored occupants' interaction with heating and ventilation measures as these were designed, installed and operated. The main concern was to identify the type of interactions that occur between occupants (social housing tenants) and building systems (mainly low-carbon heating and ventilation systems), and how that influences actual energy use. Using a sample of 26 social housing properties involved in the Retrofit for the Future competition in the UK, the study employed an socio-technical mixed methods approach, in which qualitative and quantitative empirical data were explored together, cross-checking occupants' 'doings' and 'sayings'. A combination of theories was used to analyse the complex interrelated factors involved in users' interaction with building systems. The analysis identifies key factors that affect significantly occupants' everyday practices and their interactions with the new measures: thermal comfort and pastexperiences with measures and controls; knowledge and skills (of both occupants and those involved in the project); design of the technical interventions (systems/measures) and quality of their installation. The findings from this research showed that active measures (such as intelligent and conventional heating controls, MVHR boosters, etc.) fostered direct interaction with active users when there were no design or installation faults. On the contrary, low-carbon measures that are designed and installed to be passive (such as MVHR systems operation) tend, in practice, to involve indirect interactions with active users. The research findings provide an insight into the 'in-use' factors, demonstrating to policy makers and implementers of mass refurbishment programmes the need for a framework where critical combinations of different measures and design solutions are targeted on specific house types, locations and households, in order to achieve maximum savings. Higher standards in installation of the new measures and improved quality control are also found to be a key part of refurbishment policies.
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Streer, Jan. "Die Umsetzung der Verbrauchsgüterkaufrichtlinie im englischen Recht durch die Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 /". Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/523584539.pdf.
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Ramsbotham, Alexander. "African Union Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection. An Evaluation of the EU Strategy for Africa and the G8/Africa Joint Plan". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5497.
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Global demand for peacekeeping is growing, especially in Africa. The United Nations has traditionally been at the forefront of developing peacekeeping theory and practice, and remains the primary operational agency for peacekeeping in Africa. But increasing emphasis is being placed on the African Union to assume greater responsibility for peacekeeping on the continent. The AU is still comparatively new and is in the process of developing its peace and security architecture. Over the past decade, the international community has been supporting African peacekeeping, both to build AU capacity and to provide direct operational support. In 2005 the international community agreed a collective 'responsibility to protect' vulnerable civilians threatened by gross violations of their human rights. And civilian protection is increasingly included in the mandates of peacekeeping missions. Within the context of contemporary complex, multidimensional peacekeeping ('peace support'), civilian protection is not an exclusive operational objective, but is rather one of a number of mandated tasks aimed at establishing more sustainable security as part of a broader peacebuilding goal. The AU has embraced the responsibility to protect principle, adopting a constitutional commitment to protect the rights of vulnerable civilians, including through peacekeeping interventions if necessary. But how capable is the AU in practice to deliver effective peacekeeping to protect civilians? And how appropriate is international support to help realise this ambition?
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Hermans, Renee Elisabeth Maria. "Impact of forest-to-bog restoration on greenhouse gas fluxes". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27319.
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Large areas of northern peatlands have been drained and afforested in the second half of the 20th century with significant impacts on important ecosystem services, including loss of biodiversity and potential changes in C storage. A considerable effort is currently invested into restoring original peatland function and ecosystem services, with an increasing area of newly restored peatland areas over recent years. However, the effect of restoration on the greenhouse gas (GHG) budget is unknown. This study is the first quantification of CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from forest-to-bog restoration sites spanning 0 to 17 years in age. Further, the impact of afforestation on peat decomposition is measured in situ, and the impact of afforestation on the biochemical composition of the peat in relation to CO2 and CH4 fluxes is investigated. Results show that forest-to-bog restoration is successful from a GHG perspective, since all three major GHG fluxes of the restoration sites are changing along the chronosequence towards the fluxes from near pristine bog sites. The peat decomposition rate under the forest plantations is a big part of the total soil respiration at 126.8 ± 14.7 g C m-2 y-1 (44% of total soil CO2 efflux) and our results indicate a slowing down of peat decomposition towards the near pristine bog. CH4 fluxes increase with restoration age, whilst all sites remain a small sink for N2O. I observed changes in peat quality and nutrient availability in the pore water under forests. Different CO2 fluxes between vegetation-free peat cores from different sites for the same temperature and water level show that these differences in peat quality and nutrient availability shape the biogeochemical processes in the peatlands. However only small differences in CH4 fluxes between sites were evident, suggesting that on its own (and in absence of biotic interactions under field conditions), forestry effects on CH4 flux are limited.
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Small, David. "The deglaciation of the northwest sector of the last British-Irish ice sheet : integrating onshore and offshore data relating to chronology and behaviour". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3410.
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It is now accepted that the last British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) was highly dynamic and drained by numerous fast flowing ice streams. This dynamic nature combined with its maritime location made the BIIS sensitive to the rapid climate change that characterised the Last Glacial Interglacial Transition. Gaining an understanding of the behaviour of the BIIS at this time is important to explore the nature of forcing between ice sheets and climate. This thesis presents new chronological data relating to the deglaciation of the northwest sector of the BIIS (NW-BIIS) from onshore dating of moraines using cosmogenic exposure dating. This improved chronological framework is supported by offshore data in the form of a newly constructed Ice Rafted Detritus (IRD) record from the offshore sediment core MD95-2007. These data suggest that deglaciation commenced sometime after 18 ka and that the NW-BIIS was located close to the present day shoreline by 16 ka. Further provenance analysis of the IRD using U-Pb dating of detrital minerals demonstrates that during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition MD95-2007 was being supplied distal IRD from a source(s) to the west. The absence of diagnostic Scottish material suggests that after retreat to the coastline at 16 ka calving margins were not re-established during Greenland Interstadial 1. By combining these results with existing data relating to the deglaciation of the NW-BIIS it is possible to summarise the deglaciation history of the NW-BIIS from the continental shelf to mountainous source regions and compare this to numerical models of BIIS behaviour during this time. With a better understanding of the chronology of NW-BIIS retreat it is possible to relate the timing of initial deglaciation to possible forcing factors and gain a better understanding of the response of a marine based sector of an ice sheet to rapid climate change.
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Kök-Kalaycı, İrem. "Politics of transparency : contested spaces of corporate responsibility, science and regulation in shale gas projects of the UK and the US". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:79f34c61-709d-44f1-ae1c-c298cd4cb07c.
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This thesis presents a political geography of transparency, regulation and resource making in shale gas projects in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). The emergence of shale gas as a politically and economically desirable resource occupied national political aspirations, most notably in the US and to some extent in the UK, for reasons of energy security and economic development. Although shale gas has become a globally desirable resource, this thesis shows that the resource is not same everywhere. Following knowledge making practices in distinct regulatory regimes of the UK and the US, I trace how making of shale gas resource is subjected to contestation in a range of technical fields, such as law, economics, geosciences and environmental impact assessment. The study is based on in-depth analysis of technical and policy documents, and interviews with a wide range of actors (i.e. regulators, gas companies, investors, scientists, landowners), and field visits in the US (New York, Pennsylvania and Texas) and the UK (Lancashire, Litchfield and London). Drawing on theoretical insights from the Science and Technology Studies (STS), legal and resource geographies, I empirically showed that both regulatory practices and resource materialities matter in encapsulating making of shale gas projects in different national contexts. Documenting how information production and its contestation is entangled with assemblages of materials and technologies, as well as regulatory, geoscientific and market interventions in the context of the UK and the US, this thesis offers an alternative account of the geography of transparency and regulation regarding the development of shale gas policies. The political viability of shale projects depends on how these informational spaces are generated, contested and transformed in nationally specific scientific practices and regulatory regimes.
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Orchard, Philip. "A right to leave : refugees, states, and international society". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1261.
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This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted.
This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation.
The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR.
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姚舜. "大灣區環境法律制度與環保合作策略研究 =Research on environmental law system and environmental protection cooperation strategy of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Great Bay Area". Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3952072.
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Gibbon, Rebecca Jane. "Enacting social accounting within a community enterprise : actualising hermeneutic conversation". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/976.
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The research was carried out using a participatory action research approach to develop social accounts with Jesmond Swimming Pool (JSP). The original motivation to carry out this project was to see what social accounts would look like and whether it was possible to develop them in this organisation. The experience of doing social accounts is further examined using Gray, et al., (1997) to explore whether these were either ‘ideal’ or ‘good’ social accounts for the organisation. A communitarian philosophical framework is used in order to examine the conceptualisation of ‘good’ social accounts. The first part of the thesis explores the social and environmental accounting (SEA) and accountability literature, with the second part exploring the experience of reaching initial agreement to do social accounts (SAs). The agreement to do the accounts was then followed by two years of social accounts developed with JSP. This empirical data provides a detailed account from the perspectives of insiders and other sources as to the experience of doing social accounts. This experience is then opened up to interrogation from a wider view point. The third part of the thesis examines the experience of JSP using third sector communitarian philosophy and a voluntary accountability framework in order to demonstrate that JSP could provide an example of a ‘good’ or ‘ideal’ social account. This raises the issue of whether or not ‘good’ or ‘ideal’ social accounts for third sector organisations are only possible within a communitarian paradigm. If it is possible to establish what ‘good’ social accounts entail then it may be appropriate to extend this approach to other contexts, for example, the public sector or the corporate world.
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Jenkins, Kirsten. "Discourses of energy justice : the case of nuclear energy". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10255.
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The energy sector faces sustainability challenges that are re-working the established patterns of energy supply, distribution and consumption (Anderson et al. 2008; Haas et al. 2008; Stern 2008; Shove and Walker 2010). Amidst these challenges, socio-technical energy transitions frameworks have evolved that focus on transitions towards decarbonised, sustainable energy systems (Bridge et al. 2013). However, the ‘socio-‘ or social is typically missing as we confront climate and energy risks in a moral vacuum (Sovacool et al. 2016). The energy justice framework provides a structure to think about such energy dilemmas. However, the full extent and diversity of justice implications within the energy system have been neglected. Thus, borrowing from and advancing the framework this research explores how energy justice is being articulated with attention to three emergent areas of growth, the themes of: (1) time, (2) systems component and (3) actor. It does so through a case study of nuclear energy, which was chosen because of its points of enquiry with regards to these three areas of growth, and its historical and on-going importance in the UK energy mix. Using results from 36 semi-structured interviews with non-governmental organisations and policy actors across two case studies representative of the nuclear energy stages of energy production and of waste storage, disposal and reprocessing – the Hinkley Point and Sellafield nuclear complexes – this research presents new insights within each of these previously identified areas of development. It offers the contributions of (1) facility lifecycles, (2) systems approaches and (3) the question of ‘justice by whom?' and concludes that the energy justice framework can aid energy decision-making in a way that not only mitigates the environmental impacts of energy via socio-technical change, but also does so in an ethically defensible, socially just, way.
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Sibson, Sophie. "Les stigmates de la Grande Guerre : le retour des soldats blessés en Grande-Bretagne de 1918 à 1930". Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR070.
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Cette thèse cherche à mettre en évidence les difficultés auxquelles furent confrontés les vétérans blessés lors de leur retour en Grande-Bretagne, de 1918 à 1930, et analyse, parallèlement, la manière dont ils ont été accueillis à leur retour, ainsi que les problèmes auxquels ils durent faire face dans l’espace public. À la suite de la Grande Guerre, la Grande-Bretagne désirait, avant tout, oublier les quatre années de conflit qui avaient entraîné tristesse et pertes dans le pays. Afin d’explorer les différentes représentations et la manière dont les difficultés concernant les soldats invalides ont été abordées dans l’espace public, nous avons étudié trois aspects de leur retour: leur retour dans la vie active, dans la vie privée, et enfin leur réinsertion sociale dans la communauté d’après-guerre. Dans un premier temps, après avoir défini le contexte politique et économique de la période d’après-guerre, puis avoir envisagé la question du retour des anciens combattants dans le milieu professionnel, nous avons mis en avant l’attitude des différents acteurs de la réinsertion dans la vie active des vétérans handicapés. Les comportements, notamment, du gouvernement, des associations caritatives et des hôpitaux, ceux des employeurs et des vétérans eux-mêmes, face à leur recherche d’une embauche possible, ont été étudiés. La seconde partie se concentre sur le retour du soldat handicapé dans la vie privée. Nous avons cherché à savoir si les différents handicaps de ces hommes eurent des conséquences particulières sur leur famille, leur entourage, et sur le pays en lui-même. Les cas de divorces, de suicides et d’alcoolisme ont été analysés. Enfin, la réintégration sociale des vétérans blessés dans une communauté d’après-guerre, encore sous l’emprise d’une forte idéologie associée à la masculinité, a été étudiée. Les blessures dévastatrices telles que les défigurations, ou les troubles psychologiques, et leur impact sur la réinsertion de ces hommes ont été soulignés. Le travail des associations de vétérans et des associations caritatives a également été analysé. En parallèle, la contribution des représentations visuelles et littéraires de la réinsertion sociale des vétérans blessés a été examinée, en tant qu’apport complémentaire à la situation qui a été celle du retour du vétéran britanniqueThis thesis centers on the difficulties wounded veterans encountered on their return to Britain after the war up to the early 1930s. In particular, the manner in which the public at large responded to these difficulties is a focal point of the analysis. At the end of the war and in the years that followed, for many British people there was a strong desire to forget the conflict and the accompanying loss and sadness. In analysing the experiences and reactions of veterans and the population as a whole three aspects were examined, namely, their intergration into : professional life, domestic life and society in general. An economic and political framework was presented at the beginning as a means of putting the return of wounded veterans into a necessary and pertinent perspective. The first part of the thesis examines the re-integration of wounded veterans into the workforce. The attitudes of several groups, including those of the government, charities, hospital authorities, employers as well as the veterans themselves were studied. The second part deals with the acceptance and consequences of wounded veterans returning to domestic life. The reactions of family, friends, the veterans themselves and society were presented. The problems of divorce, suicide and alcoholism completed this part. The final section examined the re-integration of wounded veterans into society in general ; a society still greatly under the influence of a strong, rigid image of masculinity. The consequences of devastating wounds such as disfigurement and shell-shock were discussed in this section of social integration. Additionally, the work of veterans’ associations and charities as well as various cultural representations of the integration of wounded veterans were presented
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BUGDAHN, Sonja. "Developing capacity against tradition: the implementation of the EU environmental information directive in Germany, Great Britain and Ireland". Doctoral thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5233.
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Defence date: 21 September 2001Examining board: Prof. Adrienne Héritier (Max-Planck Projektgruppe RdG, Bonn - Supervisor ; Prof. Martin Jänicke (Freie Universität Berlin) ; Prof. Michael Keating (EUI) ; Prof. Brigid Laffan (University College Dublin)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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BIRKE, Sarah. "Ownership of the family home : a critical analysis". Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5488.
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STATHAM, Paul. "Pressing matters : environmental organisations, public communication strategies and media discourse in contemporary Britain". Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5391.
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Defence date: 17 May 1996Examining board: Prof. Klaus Eder, EUI, supervisor ; prof. Bernd Giesen, Justus-Liebig Universität Gießen ; Prof. Christian Joppke, EUI ; Dr. David Morrison, University of Leeds ; Prof. William Outwhaite, University of Sussex
First made available online: 23 September 2016
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HENTZ, Norbert. "Implementierung und Kontrolle von Verhaltenskodizes : Autonomie der Wirtschaftsverbaende oder Kooperation mit Staat und Verbraucherorganisationen? - Rechtsvergleichende Studie am Beispiel der pharmazeutischen Industrie in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Grossbritannien". Doctoral thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5537.
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VERWEIJ, Marco. "Cultures and institutions in transboundary relations : the environmental protection of the Rhine and the great lakes". Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5420.
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Defence date: 12 October 1998Examining Board: Prof. dr. Adrienne Héritier (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Christer Jönsson (University of Lund) ; Prof. Dr. Gerd Junne (University of Amsterdam, external co-supervisor) ; Prof. Dr. Jan Zielonka (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Marco Verweij presents a new and challenging theoretical framework within which to understand international relations, based on the cultural theory developed by Mary Douglas, Michael Thompson, Aaron Wildavsky, and others. By applying this framework in a detailed study of the environmental protection of the river Rhine in Western Europe and the Great Lakes of North America, he also contributes to a better understanding of how transboundary environmental problems have been, and can be, solved.
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Jutlah, Russell Sean. "Great Lakes environmental policy : the ecosystem approach and an economic perspective". Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9701.
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This thesis is concerned with the conceptual foundations of environmental law and
policy in the Great Lakes basin, the world's largest freshwater ecosystem. The Great Lakes
regime is now widely recognized as one of the most advanced international environmental
management regimes in existence. Over the past two decades, toxic contamination has
emerged as a highly pressing ecological issue in the Great Lakes basin. In Canada and the
United States, the ecosystem approach, a comprehensive and integrated approach to
environmental management, has been adopted both bilaterally and domestically in the Great
Lakes' complex environmental policy framework to guide the protection of ecological
integrity. There has been extensive discussion of the ecosystem approach, particularly from
scientific and managerial perspectives; however, the economic content of the concept has
been largely neglected, despite the importance of considering all relevant perspectives in the
development of law and policy.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. After discussing in Chapter 1 the ecological
and institutional contexts and methodological issues of the analysis, this thesis defends, in
Chapter 2, the view that economic theory has relevance to issues of environmental law and
policy. In addition to highlighting the main contours of welfare and environmental
economic theory, a main conclusion, and an essential premise upon which the analysis
proceeds, is that economics remains a useful analytical approach to environmental issues,
despite some important criticisms.
Subsequently, in Chapter 3, the analysis shifts to an examination of four bilateral and
domestic Great Lakes instruments that form the core of Great Lakes toxic pollution policy: (i) the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement; (ii) the Great Lakes Binational Toxics
Strategy; (iii) the Canada-Ontario Agreement; and (iv) the Final Water Quality Guidance
for the Great Lakes System. After outlining key principles underpinning each instrument,
the thesis underscores common themes running through the collective policy framework.
The ecosystem approach constitutes a unifying concept in this framework.
The ecosystem approach is examined from an economic perspective in Chapter 4.
After identifying key elements of the ecosystem approach, this chapter highlights important
parallels between fundamental welfare and environmental economic notions. One main
conclusion is that economic concepts and approaches, such as environmental valuation,
externalities, and self-interest, form an integral part of the ecosystem approach.
Finally, Chapter 5 identifies some directions for further research. Given that, as the
thesis seeks to establish, economic theory constitutes an important, albeit not sole,
perspective on the ecosystem approach, a key challenge will be to facilitate interdisciplinary
analysis and cooperation leading to effective operationalization of the concept.
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YANG, HUI-YING, e 楊蕙熒. "A Study of Fixed-term Labor Contract: Also Discuss The Protection of Fixed-term Employees in EU and Great Britain Legal System". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x88f9v.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
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Fixed-term contract is one of the common atypical job offers since it refers to a short specified contractual relationship between employees and employers in the industry. Compared to a Non-fixed term contract, Fixed-term contract terminates employees as the contract expires while non-fixed term contract continuously exists unless conform to legal grounds. According to the employer, fixed-term contract leads to a lesser labor cost but it results to a lower rate stability of worker’s employment. Therefore, the legislators decide to take actions to prevent fixed-term contract from abusing. Labor Standard Act Article 9 regulates that a contract in nature for temporary, short-term, seasonal or specific work may be made as a fixed term contract, but a contract for continuous work should be a non-fixed term contract. This article also legalizes, in some cases, a fixed-term contract shall be deemed as a non-fixed term upon the expiration of the contract. Though the article has limited fixed-term contract to establish, there are some unresolved issues. Firstly, the article does not stipulate what “continuous work” is about. Secondly,the article limits fixed-term contract into four types namely: temporary, short-term, seasonal and specific ,but these types often cause obsession. Finally, the article rules in some cases in a fixed-term contract will forcibly convert into a non-fixed term contract ; in fact , the legal case is too strict to happen. Through these, Analysis of the opinions of our courts, competent authority, and literature will be done and proposal of recommendations to these unresolved issues will be given afterwards. In principle , fixed-term contract should conform to Labor Standard Act Article 9, but there are special laws which are different to Labor Standard Act Article 9 for particular employees , such as“ Employment Service Act”, “Enforcement Statute for Substitute Services”,“Workers Hired under the Governmental Plan For Expanding Employment through Public Service ”, and “The Seafarer Act”.These laws allow some continuous work which can establish fixed-term contract. Therefore, scrutinizing why the legislators allow these particular employees eliminate the application of Labor Standard Act Article 9 will take upon place , and give a feedback whether these special laws are reasonable or not. Besides these special laws , “minimum years of service clauses” and “probationary”sometimes are misunderstood to regard as fixed-term contract ; due to these, the two concepts and fixed-term contract ‘s similarities and differences need to be analyzed . The protection of Fixed-term contract labors become more sufficient after “Labor Pension Act”, “Employment Insurance, and “Act for Worker Protection of Mass Redundancy” enact. The article will illustrate some dispute about fixed-term contract labors’ job tenure, severance pay, maternity leave, medical period by occupational accidents and wage compensations which are resulted. At last, the study will introduce protection of fixed-term employees in EU and Great Britain legal system as a good reference for our legislation, mainly the principle of prevention of less favourable treatment and employer’s notification obligations about non-fixed term vacancies in the undertaking.