Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Enjeux et défis forestiers"
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Arnould, Maxence. "Construction d’un cadre de référence méthodologique pour piloter des Living Labs forestiers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0343.
Texto completo da fonteFrench forests are at the heart of historical issues, such as wood production and the renewal of the forest heritage, which today intersect with environmental, economic and social challenges in a context of climate change and ecological transition (e.g., preservation of soils, biodiversity and water resources, circular bioeconomy, design of resilient forests in the face of unprecedented and extreme risks, etc). To respond to these issues and challenges, public decision-makers have formulated new national and regional strategies that reflect a set of expectations for the forestry sector. In this context, policy makers and forest actors have become aware of the need to innovate within complex ecosystems of actors, to adapt to this new situation with coherence and organization. The ambition of this thesis is therefore to demonstrate that Living Labs approaches, often evoked but rarely practiced with rigor and method, provide an efficient and adapted methodological framework to impulse this collective innovation and to make actors' uses evolve (in terms of silvicultural management but also of networking and information sharing). We propose to build a methodological frame of reference, according to an action-research posture, based on the Living Lab approach to pilot innovation in forest contexts characterized as complex, multi-actor and multi-scale (in time and space), and territorialized. This work therefore proposes a theoretical and methodological transfer of the Living Lab approach to the upstream forestry sector through three case studies. Specific tools are developed or adapted, such as personas to reach small private owners, territory games to address the spatialization of resources or questions. The discussion shows the relevance of the approach for steering innovation processes in a multi-stakeholder, multi-functional and uncertain forestry context, by bringing out new ideas to solve blocking points
Bourguignon, Camille. "Régularisation foncière urbaine au Brésil : enjeux, progrès et défis". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010548.
Texto completo da fonteKhadraoui, Wahid. "Société de l'information: genèse, enjeux et défis de la gouvernance mondiale". Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020050.
Texto completo da fonteBoyadjian, Julien. "Analyser les opinions politiques sur internet : Enjeux théoriques et défis méthodologiques". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10016.
Texto completo da fonteThousands of texts daily published on the Internet indicate practices, attitudes and opinions on plenty of issues, politics included. They can be considered a real material to analyze the social world. These digital texts are quite specific, with regard to other types of data: they are not generated by and for a research protocol. Therefore, the researcher ignores the sociological properties of their authors. In order to identify these authors in the real social world, I built my own methodological plans to panelize the members of the social network Twitter. The data generated by my method support the following idea : the individuals who publish political texts are politicized and have high cultural capital. Besides, they only do so on an occasional basis. The level of production of political tweets is in fact correlated to the level of activity of the field of production of information and opinion. Twitter can therefore be considered a monitoring tool of the political opinion market
Abou, Kasm Antonios. "Le Tribunal spécial pour le Liban : défis juridiques et enjeux stratégiques". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GREND006.
Texto completo da fonteThe Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) is created through a bilateral agreement concluded between the UN and the Lebanese Government; but its essential instruments didn’t come into force until the adoption of the binding resolution 1757 (2007) of the Security Council adopted under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. The STL, sitting in the Netherlands, composed of foreign and Lebanese judges, is an internationalized criminal tribunal sui generis. Its primary mandate consists on prosecuting those responsible for the 14th February 2005 attempt which caused the death of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic HARIRI and 22 other people; nevertheless the STL’s jurisdiction can be extended to cover connected attacks. Many features distinguish the STL, since it is the first criminal tribunal that was created under the UN’s framework outside of the International humanitarian law’s discipline; it judges terrorism crimes in peace time under the Lebanese domestic law; moreover, it is the first international criminal tribunal which holds trials in absentia, establishes an Office for the Defense as an autonomous organ equally with the Office of the Prosecutor giving the defense counsel large powers. The STL works according to its proper Rules of Procedure and Evidence – adopted by its judges – associating the civil law system and the common law system. The STL’s functioning confronts legal challenges due to its combined funding mechanism, assured by the conventional contribution of the Lebanese Government as by the voluntary contributions of member States; or due to its restricted primacy limited only to Lebanese courts, arising a problematical horizontal cooperation. In addition, the STL’s Statute expresses reluctance on the immunities’ question. The implementation of the STL has created a large political controversy in Lebanon; its work in an unstable geopolitical framework triggers relevant strategic issues having impacts on the political scene in Lebanon and Middle-East. The STL incurs strategic challenges since its first indictment incriminates Hezbollah members – an armed resistance against Israel – ally of Iran and Syria. The Arab spring and its implications on the Syrian revolution generate instability to the political and security conditions of Lebanon, alerting a new series of terrorist attempts. The main mission of the STL consists to end impunity in Lebanon related first and foremost to political assassinations. The STL is considered as an instrument of selective justice since it is established only to judge a single attempt and a small number of connected crimes in a restricted spatiotemporal framework, whereas a large number of serious crimes of International humanitarian law and political crimes perpetrated in Lebanon are still unpunished. For its detractors, the STL embodies the dilemma between "civil peace" and "international justice", although its finality seeks to consolidate the national reconciliation through the discovery of the truth
Ghamgui, Mohamed. "La construction de l'état au Soudan : enjeux et défis 1969-1994". Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100198.
Texto completo da fonteDiop, Ismaila. "Islam et modernité chez Muhammad ʿAbduh : défis de son époque et enjeux contemporains". Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/DIOP_Ismaila_2009.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMuhammad ‘Abduh is one of the figureheads of the muslin reformist movement which started in the late 19th century. At that time the muslin world was going through a deep crisis. In order to cope with this situation, Muslim thinkers attempted to set guidelines which would help this civilisation smoothly stand the test of modern times. Muhammad ‘Abduh’s views go beyond a mere faith refinement. ‘Abduh deals with modernity with an open-mindedness that leaves enough room for modern times lifestyle to be accommodated into the muslin faith without its yielding the least to influence of the West. Muhammad ‘Abduh approaches the issue of modern lifestyle through general and flexible Islamic principles so much so that there is no clash between Islam and modern lifestyle. Of course, Islam was challenged by modern times lifestyle yet what ‘Abduh approach does not seeks to repel the western civilisation but rather try to achieve a blending between Islam and modernity for the sake ijtihād (the will to interact with others) and for maslaha (common good) of the Islam community. While being open to modern culture ‘Abduh’s views purposefully remain faithful to the basics of Islam. And it is out of both this open-mindedness to western culture and this faithfulness to the pillars of the Islam religion that he tries to work out a modernity that match with the core values of Islam religion. He dedicates his life and work to developing a humanism which breaks free of tradition constraints and to advocating for a fruitful interaction been the western and the Arab worlds
Almeida, Nicolina Francina Baptista. "Géopolitique de la langue française : enjeux et défis traductifs en contexte U.E". Master's thesis, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55481.
Texto completo da fonteAlmeida, Nicolina Francina Baptista. "Géopolitique de la langue française : enjeux et défis traductifs en contexte U.E". Dissertação, Porto : [Edição do Autor], 2010. http://aleph.letras.up.pt/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=000206356.
Texto completo da fonteFoyer, Jean. "Diversité naturelle et culturelle face aux défis des biotechnologies : enjeux et controverses au Mexique". Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545542.
Texto completo da fonteAwono, Abdon. "Enjeux et dynamiques de l’exploitation des Produits Forestiers Non-Ligneux au Cameroun". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MON30053.
Texto completo da fonteThe involvement of rural people in forest management is determinant in sustainable management of forests. These people are relying on forest products, especially Non timber forest products they have been collecting for centuries. A good understanding of the valuing conditions of these products is essential in the Congo Basin. The implication of the private sector in adding value to NTFP is another challenge that will be analyzed in my thesis. By giving more attention to NTFP we create the conditions of equity in forest management. Overall the work attached to this thesis is important for sustainable forest management in Cameroon. Many articles, books and book chapters were published on the issue and number of presentations has been given during international conferences related to forests
Tarif, Julie. "Enjeux et défis du style dickensien : Analyse de quatre traductions françaises d'Oliver Twist". Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979108.
Texto completo da fonteBa, Allassane. "Le droit des terres : défis et enjeux dans le processus de décentralisation au Mali". Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010268.
Texto completo da fonteMontouroy, Yves. "Enjeux forestiers globalisés et territoires : les acteurs européens face à la régulation politique multiscalaire". Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40034/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aims at contributing to the study of the European Union and International Relations. Through analyzing the regulation of forest-based industries and the globalization of forest issues, the aim is to identify how both have been constructed as a European public problem. This is implemented around a central hypothesis: forest territories are institutionalized by actors who participate in its regulation. In order to ascertain the ability of actors to move between scales of regulation, the thesis is grounded on theoretical tools derived from the Theories of international relations and Public policy analysis. After a first part dedicated to defining this approach, a second is presents three case studies of European public policy (forest protection against fire, t renewable energy and actions to counter the trade of illegal wood). In sum, each one shows the ability of actors to territorialize a globalized forest issue
Mondélice, Mulry. "Le droit international et l'État de droit : enjeux et défis de l'action internationale à travers l'exemple d'Haïti". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26470.
Texto completo da fonteLa société internationale promeut de plus en plus l’État de droit notamment depuis le début des années 1990, en particulier en Haïti. En quête d’une démocratie introuvable et ravagé par des crises politiques et humanitaires, cet État fait constater les difficultés de l’action internationale. Interdisciplinaire, la thèse, centrée sur l’accès à la justice comme garantie, examine comment et dans quelles mesures les normes utilisées pour la promotion de l’État de droit peuvent constituer une obligation juridique de l’État et un moyen de changement. Invoquant le droit international protégeant la personne, États, organisations internationales et acteurs non étatiques brandissent les sources juridiques variées de l’État de droit dans diverses circonstances concourant à son élasticité au cœur d’une institutionnalisation évolutive au double niveau national et international. Le cas haïtien montre que le droit international contribue à une structuration et une consolidation de l’État de droit par la recherche d’un meilleur encadrement de l’État. Les compétences de celui-ci sont appelées à s’inscrire dans un droit interne conforme au droit international et des institutions solides, protégeant les droits et libertés dont le respect est surveillé par des mécanismes et institutions variés. Néanmoins, l’articulation entre droit interne et droit international, État de droit et immunités, la souveraineté, les relations entre l’État et les membres permanents du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, ainsi que les faiblesses structurelles entravant une culture favorable à la primauté du droit, limitent l’accès effectif des particuliers à la justice. Dès lors, il apparaît nécessaire de réorienter les actions menées, par des réformes transversales devant contribuer à de meilleures pratiques au sein de l’État pour valoriser la personne humaine. Descripteurs : Droit international, droit interne, droits de l’homme, démocratie et État de droit, indivisibilité des droits, accès à la justice comme garantie des droits et libertés, réforme de la justice et des institutions, fonctions de l’État, lutte contre l’impunité en Haïti, représentations, culture juridique, droit à réparation des victimes, éducation aux droits de l’homme, formation des acteurs de la justice, coopération internationale.
Since the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings. Keywords: International law, national law, human rights, democracy and the Rule of Law, indivisibility of rights, access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms, justice and institutional reform, State’s functions, fight against impunity in Haiti, representations, legal culture, victims’ right to compensation for damage, human rights education, training of justice actors, international cooperation.
Mondelice, Mulry. "Le droit international et l'Etat de droit : enjeux et défis de l'action internationale à travers l'exemple d'Haïti". Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020025.
Texto completo da fonteSince the beginning of the 90’s, international community bosltered the Rule of Law, particularly in Haiti. Looking in vain to establish a democracy and devastated by humanitarian and political crises, this State emphasizes the difficulties of acting at the international level. This interdisciplinary thesis focuses on access to justice as a guarantee of rights and freedoms. It examines how and to what extent the norms used to promote the Rule of Law can be considered as States’ legal duties and as a mean of change. Appealing to international human rights law, States, international organizations and non-state actors use different legal sources of the Rule of Law in various circumstances and contribute to its elasticity in the context of progressive institutionalization at the national and international levels. The Haitian example shows that by being internationalized, the Rule of Law becomes structured and consolidated through improved State guidance, the exercise of its competences being part of a national law that respects international law, and because of strong institutions protecting rights and freedoms of which the respect is monitored by various mechanisms and institutions. Nonetheless, the relationships between national and international law, the Rule of Law and immunities, sovereignty, relations between State and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, as well as structural weaknesses impeding the development of a culture favorable to the Rule of Law restrain individuals’ effective access to justice. Therefore, it seems necessary to reorient actions through transversal reforms that should result in better practices of valuing human beings
Woynar, Marion. "Gestion du patrimoine culturel et nouvelle vision du développement : enjeux et défis dans la dynamique historique du Mexique". Thesis, Dijon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DIJOD001.
Texto completo da fonteOver the last two decades, cultural heritage management in relation to development issues has become a challenge for many countries in the world. Conflicts around the issue of cultural heritage are increasing and in Mexico, this increase coincides with the application of NAFTA (North-American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and the United States, 1994). Since then, Mexico has oriented its national policies according to the neoliberal stream which has accelerated the implementation of a model of development that makes emphasis on negotiating everything. These political orientations fostered on the one hand the marketing of cultural heritage, and on the other hand the cultural homogenization slowly ending the rich diversity of models of development and concepts of cultural heritage. The Mexican government opted for a model of development that is, most of the time, in contradiction with cultural policies. In the Mexican Maya area for example, two main concepts of cultural heritage exist. The first system was identified among the Mexican government (as well as among UNESCO’s policies). The second system was identified among indigenous Maya people. The first system is fundamentally drawn from the occidental thought and the second one from the Amerindian thought. Both systems have their respective modalities to transmit cultural heritage. In both cases, modalities of transmission have a significant role and greatly influence the implementation of a specific model of development. In fact, the way cultural heritage is conceived will state the way it will be managed and transmitted and will define the model of development that should be implemented. Looking at the differences that exist between both systems helps to understand the present conflicts related to cultural heritage and development. To overcome the conflicts, the Amerindian system is considered as a feasible alternative for the world’s challenges in terms of development
Banshimiyubusa, Denis. "Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d’analyse et d’interprétation à partir des partis politiques". Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2049/document.
Texto completo da fonteHaving asserted themselves as key players in the democratic transition of the 1990’s and the establishment of the Arusha post-Agreement consociate democratic regime in August 2000, Burundi’s political parties remain the main channels of mobilization for political actors. Nonetheless, the deficits of these political formations regarding their origin, ethnopolitical conflits that stand out their history, their very low level of institutionalization, the lack of democratic political culture and their inclusion in the dynamics of the political system marked by the weigth of practices of patronage and neo-patrimonial practices, ethno-political violence, military civilian and one-party authoritarianism, reduce them to simple instruments for obtaining politico-economic profits, sometimes personal, rather than being levers for qualitative democratic change. This study also chows that the existence of several political parties, legal texts and the holding of elections at regular intervals does not necessarly mean the existence of democratic rule because that democracy is not a technical and linear process applied on the basis of a simple prescription or only institutional order
Gomis, François. "Les nouveaux défis et enjeux de la politique étrangère de la France en Afrique francophone subsaharienne". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05D020.
Texto completo da fonteFrom 1960s to the end of the cold war, even beyond, the influence even the supremacy of France in the French-speaking territories in Sub-Saharan Africa is almost total. However, in this 21st century, the world competition in the research of new markets and the security of the energy supply leads inexorably the great powers to enter in “conflict of interests” by the mutual penetration of the “back-yards”. This is particularly true for France which has countries such as the United States, China, India, Brazil, Turkey, the Gulf Arab States, etc., to make a dramatic entrance in a geographical area where she judged it for a long time as her “exclusive domain” considering the historical, linguistic and political links. These new challenges and issues for the African policy of France are measured from now on, in the light of the transformations at work in the world with the globalization and the emergence of new powers of the South. The challenges and the issues are important for the external action of France and its place in the World, considering the fierce competition between new stakeholders and the ongoing African society changes. Nevertheless it still has economic, diplomatic and strategic assets which enable him to elaborate, thanks to the francophone cultural center, an original project, ambitious and promising. With this aim in mind, it will be necessary to answer to the two following questions: How to reform this traditional policy based on close and privileged relationships with African leaders without compromising, however, the comparative advantages of France on the spot? Which political strategy has to be implemented in order to identify the real common interests of the French and the French-speaking Africans, by taking into account the opportunities and threats, and to develop them in a mutually beneficial partnership?
Diallo, Mamadou Yaya. "Les Nations Unies et la lutte contre la prolifération des armes légères et de petit calibre : défis, enjeux et perspectives". Reims, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REIMD003.
Texto completo da fonteAs the world came out of the cold war and a glimmer of hope for peace found hanging in international relations, Africa turns into a vicious civil war with the use of increasingly frequent use of weapons SALW. Despite this designation, these weapons have claimed more victims than the weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons. Given this situation, the United Nations will respond by appointing committees of experts to reflect on the fight against the proliferation of small arms. These Committees have filed reports that demonstrate the impact of small arms in the exacerbation and continuation of conflicts around the world and particularly in West Africa, where the complex dynamics of the traffic, traffic and the use of smaIl arms and light weapons mixes regional insecurity, violence, illegal acts, and criminal networks. In response to these reports, the United Nations convened the Conference on the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects, in July 2001 to attract attention and lay the foundations for a process of international regulation the arms trade. From that conference emerged a Program of Action, which provided a framework for international regulation of procedures for the sale and transfer of weapons. In the wake of this program, West Africa will adopt a convention on small arms on 14 June 2006. This conference was a failure because, unlike the weapons of mass destruction that were the subject of an international, small arms are considered as goods for which the paradox of balancing business and morale. Howewer, new strategies to mitigate the effects of normative impasse on the regulation of procedures for the sale and transfer of small arms will be found safe in the prevention and structural conflicts, specifically in West Africa
Porcedda, Aude. "Les défis et enjeux du changement vers le développement durable : l'analyse stratégique des muséums nature de Montréal". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2006. https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9782296216570.
Texto completo da fonteScience museums were long considered the preserve of the well-to-do of societies past, elitist places where science was the only consideration. Today, there is a broader range of museum stakeholders and their institutions are subject to complex and previously unknown social, economic and environmental pressures. Some science museums have recently included sustainable development in their new missions, but not without generating some controversy. For sustainable development, unlike the environment, is no longer just a concept to be explained to visitors through exhibitions ; it is also a new system of management. This kind of change challenges established commercial, environmental, cultural, scientific and social paradigms, and alters the very identity of science museums. The goal of this research project, then, is to answer the question: What are the challenges and issues involved for science museums that opt for sustainable development? The goals of the project are to understand the mechanisms governing the operation of science museums, to engage in a critical discussion on the consequences of the shift toward sustainable development and to determine the methodological contribution of organisational sociology for museology
Munoz, del campo Norma. "L'état et la culture au Chili, 1989-2008 : les enjeux et défis d'un processus de construction d'une catégorie d'intervention publique". Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017327.
Texto completo da fonteYérima, Banga Jean-Louis. "L'État, l'Église et l'éducation : le partenariat comme nouveau paradigme axiologique face aux défis de l'éducation en Centrafrique et ses enjeux". Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0011/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe history of the education's policies and the educational reforms of the Central African Republic remains particulary marked till now by a tremendous lack of academic research in the fiel of education sciences. This thesis underlines 120 years of the history of the policies and the schools reforms in Central African Republic since 1889. The thesis follows the ways State and Catholic Church historically collaborated during the past years in the field of school from the beginning up to 2009. During this period, the relationships with politics and schools as points of focus between the two institutions are analysed and explained. This thesis, undestanding the school as the place of mutual convergence of the energies and collaboration, tries to monitor, not only the evolution and the breaks between the State, the Church and the school, but also monitors the innovations we can discovert today as new orientations in the éducation policy through the concept of partnership. Our research put forward the new reconfiguration of Central African school with its transformations and its school policies wide opened to new actors than the only catholic schools with the concept of partnership. Finally, binding to the history of education that remained a long time unexplored, the research is based on the analysis of the public and private archives related to the school policies’s evolution led out by the agenda of globalization
Muñoz, Del Campo Norma. "L'état et la culture au Chili, 1989-2008 : les enjeux et défis d'un processus de construction d'une catégorie d'intervention publique". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030051/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis research deals with making culture a Public Intervention Category in Chile, from1989 to 2008.The process began in a particular historical and socio-political context characterized bythe democratic transition heralded by the 1988 plebiscite and consolidated by the 1989elections. At this time culture began to gain a fundamental role in the social and politicaldevelopment in Chile. Previously denied a formal organizational structure, the newinstitution’s cultural interventions were fragmented and fragile.This dissertation analyzes the National Council on Culture and Arts (NCCA) created in2003 and its work in the context of culture emerging as a public matter. In doing this we areable to identify the different issues in cultural policymaking that arose since the end ofauthoritarian rule. This investigation is a contribution to the debates on the analysis of publicpolicy, utilizing its main theoretical tools to dissect the process of establishing a category ofpublic intervention through three central themes: ideas, actors and institutions. Hence, thiswould connect the cognitive approaches of public policy marked by neo-institutionalism andinstrumentalist policymaking focuses.The analysis approaches the issue on two levels. The first one centers on the articulationbetween concepts and values with the realignment of policy actors within a specificinstitutional framework. Secondly, we will focus on the issues that arose in theinstitutionalization of culture, and the tensions involved in this process. We will especiallystress the deadlocks generated by the construction of a national cultural ideal under aninstitutional order characterized by “authoritarian enclaves” inherited from the former rule
Bohbot, Reine. "L'accès à l'eau dans les bidonvilles des villes africaines : enjeux et défis de l'universalisation de l'accès (Cas d'Ouagadougou)". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25730/25730.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn the twentieth century, diseases transmitted through dirty water are the second worldwide leading cause of death, among children. It kills five times more than the HIV. At long-range forecasts, this situation leads to a vicious circle, in which poor people tend to stay poor. Indeed, consequences of the nutritional status and of the lack of access to safe water have repercussions on the present generation and the next ones. Their vulnerability to infectious diseases is exacerbated by inadequate living conditions. It restricts those people’s abilities to take advantage of other social services, as education, and they cannot rise up the social ladder. This paper will focus on the challenges of the access to safe drinking water in the African cities. The urban area should be, by its density, a potential buying market sufficient for patronizing investments and extension of the water network. In fact, improvements in access and making-sensitive projects, do not gather good results, because of the increasing population and the expansion of shantytowns. Those realities, which are an area of vital concern for developing countries, are not taking into account, by the policies, yet. So, we will wonder if the models for safe access to drinking water imitate the occidental vision (access to water directly linked with the ownership of a real estate) or, if there is emergence of models based on social, politic and economic specificities of African cities. In short, this study is about the junction between supply and technical solutions, with demand and the needs of users. After analyzing a macroeconomic point of view, a study case of Ouagadougou will be produced.
Diallo, Amadou. "La dimension politique du partenariat U. E. / A. C. P. Depuis l'Accord de Cotonou : défis, enjeux et perspectives". Reims, 2008. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000967.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe Cotonou Agreement establishes a strategic framework for relations between the EU and countries A. C. P. (African, Caribbean and Pacific). It was signed on 23 June 2000 at Cotonou in Benin and revised on 25 June 2005 in Luxembourg. The new rules cover a wide range of topics as the strengthening of political dialogue, streamlining of financial instruments of development assistance and economic and trade cooperation closer in line with the gradual establishment of Economic Partnership Agreements regional. This new agreement focuses on five key strategic points. First, strengthening political relations between the ACP States and the European Union, that establishing a regular dialogue promoting the coherence and relevance of the strategies of ACP-EU cooperation. The policy of peace building and conflict prevention or migration is incorporated in the new agreement. Regular dialogue will be maintained with regional, subregional and representatives of civil society on human rights, democratic principles and good governance
Ondoua, Ekobena Jean-Marie. "Le processus budgétaire au Cameroun : aspects juridico-institutionnels et analyse critique des enjeux et défis de la nouvelle gouvernance financière publique". Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0454.
Texto completo da fonteCameroon has adopted a new state financial regime by law n ° 2007/006 of 26 December 2007, which entered into force on 1 January 2013. This law introduces a new culture in the way public finances are conceived and managed and is part of a movement of fundamental reform of public finances in the world. The budgeting process is significantly improved through the introduction of program budgeting. Thanks to this new system, public decision-makers, politicians or managers stop thinking only in terms of means to turn resolutely towards the pursuit of performance. This work proposes to make a diagnosis of the state budget, from its conception to its elaboration until its execution and its control. It highlights and traces the contributions and impacts of the new public financial governance in a context marked by degraded public finances. It provides a critical analysis of the framework and actors in charge of public budgets, apprehends the stakes and exposes the challenges facing our public finances
Farah, Joseph. "Enjeux et défis de la contribution des réseaux sociaux numériques à une transmission réussie : le cas de l’Eglise catholique". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS040/document.
Texto completo da fonteAt first, the digital social networks (DSN) were understood as communicational means: example, search an old friend in order to create a communication. With this tentacular revolution of this horizontal communication, another vertical axe was born: the transmission. Politicians (Obama and Facebook during the electoral campaign at the USA), stars, leaders, Men of the Church (Benoit XVI first Pope at Twitter), etc. imposed a new sample of presence: a vertical transmission, a process where a signal, a message is moving towards from a transmitter to a receiver or to a mass. The transmission is often devoid of interactivity. It's the dilemma of the DSN: Transmission and communication. To communicate a message means to bring it on a horizontal axe (speaker/interlocutor). To transmit a message means to bring it on hierarchic vertical axe (transmitter/receiver).The transmitted message may fail: refusal of the message, wrong message, wrong transmitters, etc. As for the Catholic Church, our case study, the failure in the transmission of its message (the faith) may be destroying: heresy, sentimentalism, dangerous transmission, obsession even devilish, etc.How a Catholic Church, with its hierarchic structure, can set up a successful transmission: Official (sure), acceptable and instructive? How a Catholic Church can respect and assure the reconciliation between the two pillars of the DSN: Communication (horizontal axe) and transmission (vertical axe)?In the first part, we find an observation of the development of the social network that has taken on, as one goes along, the shape that we know nowadays, Digital Social Networks (DSN). In the second part, and after a historical summary of the major stages of the formulation of the medias church conception, and a presentation of the key masterly texts concerning its vision towards DSN, an interview with the administrator of the ecclesiastic group about the DSN (a sample) and a questionnaire addressed to the members will be achieved in order to reveal instructions and explanations that draw the vital lead of the last part of the thesis.A novelty is presented in the last part: a new strategy of transmission 2.0 that is constituted of different propositions:-Prior transformations in the bosom of the Church in its view of the DSN world: The DSN are an occasion created from the relationship of the two axes: vertical and horizontal.-To establish an official institution and ecclesiastical DSN offices in order to manage the certified groups.-A technical and office automation collaboration between: Church and DSN firms (Facebook, Twitter, Google + etc).-An outline of a wiki-manual: an official document that constitutes an “open source” it sets up the general instructions of the transmission 2.0 of the Church
Bou, Ezzeddine Amine. "Les enjeux stratégiques et les défis géoéconomiques dans les relations irano-européennes 1992-2008 : de l'interdépendance et du choix rationnel dans les rapports asymétriques". Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1G035.
Texto completo da fonteRecently, we hear about the emerging of "Shiite crescent. " This vision highlights the Iranian expansionist desire and the disposition of the Shiite’s communities in the region to pledge allegiance to Tehran. Iran benefits from the falling of its enemies like Afghanistan and Iraq, and has been seeking to promote a regional influence policy in line with its national interests. The European Union (EU) trading partner of Iran decided in December 1992 to initiate a "critical dialogue" in order to, gradually normalize relations between the two parties. However, bilateral meetings are still suffering from the absence of a formal framework. This situation must change in regards to Iran's regional place and the commercial potential that represents. Certainly, the potentiality for Iran to impose itself as a regional power and as a true partner of the EU depends on the progress of negotiations on the nuclear crisis, on human rights and on the peace process in the Middle East
Chalifoux, Marie-Claude. "Les enjeux et les défis de la gestion stratégique du changement dans les organismes de développement local au Québec : pour une meilleure performance organisationnelle". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6154/1/030405429.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSheikh, Farah Naz. "Apprentissage à distance d'un langue étrangère, mythe ou réalité ? : autonomie et prise de repsonsabilité dans un environnement d'autoapprentissage, enjeux et défis pour les acteurs du processus de l'autoformation". Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1030.
Texto completo da fonteThe technology of information and communication has revolutionized the teaching in general and teaching of language in particular. This in its turn has altered the traditional concepts of roles attributed to the actors involved in the act of learning and teaching. This research work describes the distance learning especially online learning of French language in Pakistan using Internet and the problems related to this new approach of autonomous learning that requires the modification of roles and duties of both the learner and the teacher focusing on strategies to be used in order to make the learners get used to a method of learning that is totally different from traditional learning and to make them take responsibility of their learning
Berrios, Adolfo. "Étude comparative des représentations sociales du développement durable en contexte scolaire en France et au Chili : enjeux et défis des pratiques éducatives menées en sciences sociales et humaines et sciences de la nature". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3042.
Texto completo da fonteConsidering the differences in the control of education for sustainable development (ESD) in France and Chile and the more or less explicit place of the word sustainable development (SD) in the humanities and social sciences and natural sciences such two countries, this research attempts to identify how teachers and students, according to these disciplines, will represent the SD object. This is to highlight how their social representations (RS) reflected in the teaching-learning process of this socially controversial issue (QSV). To do this, we developed a methodological device that combines interviews and questionnaires for teachers. As for the students, this device is based entirely on questionnaires. Our results reveal the existence among teachers of both countries an RS SD fitted into that of a resource-environment. This representation would be more pronounced among Chilean teachers, thus generating a developmentalist perception in their understanding of SD issues. Although students of all classes share a RS rooted in the realization of eco-gestures, the developmentalist referred is also present among Chilean students. In light of our results, we believe that without a distancing in the construction of knowledge and spreading controversy, educational practices acquire a transmissive pace that does not promote understanding of the complex issues involved in implementing it global project
Lafont, Pascal. "Les acteurs de la reconnaissance et de la validation des acquis de l'experience : défis et enjeux de leurs mises en oeuvres pour et par les organisations de travail, de formation, et de certification". Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0070.
Texto completo da fonteThe study of the challenges and stakes relating to the implementation of the recognition and the validation of informal and non formal learning relates to the representations and the behaviors which are expressed as well through the speeches argumentatives than the intrigues as they are of individual or institutional nature. However, several systems of representations and positioning interpenetrate according to a typology of the actors met in the training companies and certification, even of work. This interaction is as much the fruit of negotiations as of social transactions which are nourished mutually insofar as the level of reflexivity of the actors enables them to weave bonds between course of validation and lifelong learning. On a European and international scale, the universality of the character of recognition and validation of the informal and non formal learning is put to the test of intercultural, fruit of meetings between injunctions and adaptations
Aza, Ondine. "Enjeux et défis de la trajectoire de développement de deux petits États insulaires anglophones : étude comparée de Maurice et de Trinidad des origines à l’ère de l’économie de la connaissance". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA021/document.
Texto completo da fonteAt a time when economic growth is thought to be driven primarily by knowledge, the purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent two Small Island Developing States – Mauritius and Trinidad – are adequately equipped for this new economic context. As former British colonies, they both joined the Commonwealth upon gaining independence in the nineteen-sixties and they have since largely succeeded in overcoming their initially unfavourable conditions. Today, their good political, economic and social development is widely acknowledged. The main focus of this research is to evaluate how far colonial legacy, which is still visible in the contemporary institutions of both these states, can favour the transition they wish to undertake towards knowledge-intensive activities as drivers of economic growth. For this purpose, the research analyses the development trajectory followed by their institutions and their economy spanning the whole period of their colonial and post-independence history; additionally, this research considers the steps which are undertaken nowadays to build the framework required to foster a knowledge economy by studying more specifically the role of higher education as an essential tool for human capital formation. While upholding that some of the assets which could help them achieve their objectives can be linked to their colonial past, the research contends that the transformation of these two countries into knowledge-based economies could be hindered by the legacy of colonisation on some of their current features and which, decades after gaining independence, impedes the widespread diffusion of knowledge amongst their population
Bolaluembe, Boliale Papy-Claude. "Défis, enjeux et opportunités pour l'aménagement durable des forêts dans le bassin du Congo : cas du territoire d'Oshwe dans la province de Maï-ndombe en République Démocratique du Congo". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34487.
Texto completo da fonteImportant issues mark the implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The aim of our thesis was to explore, in a holistic way, the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of SFM in the socio-ecological context of the DRC. It focuses on the case of the Oshwe territory in the province of Maï-Ndombe in the DRC. It is an interdisciplinary study that encompasses three distinct components of SFM. The first chapter deals with the perceptions of local, national and international actors on the issues facing SFM in the DRC. We applied the qualitative analysis of the discourse of the various actors. After this analysis, the list of SFM issues in the DRC was established. This list has oriented the determination of the SFM criteria that meet the expectations of the various actors consulted. This study reveals that local stakeholders are mainly concerned about social issues; the national actors by the stakes of the forest governance and the international actors by the ecological stakes of biodiversity conservation. The other two chapters deal respectively with the challenges and opportunities related to a social issue and an ecological challenge, issues recognized as critical by the consulted actors. Thus, the second chapter concerns the challenges of the implementation of the Social Responsibility Contract (SRC) to the territory of Oshwe. We applied the qualitative analysis of the discourses of the different local and national actors. This approach allowed us to establish convergences in the content of their various speeches on the SRC. We observed the enthusiasm of the various actors for the organizational structure used for the implementation of the SRC during the negotiations. In addition, SRC is recognized as a formal and horizontal mechanism for sharing the benefits of logging. It helps to reduce conflicts between local communities and forest managers by acting as a "palaver tree". However, the slowness in the execution of the chronograms chosen in the SRC constitutes a germ of conflict. The third chapter deals with the issue of maintaining the forest composition after use of Controlled and Directional Felling (CDF). We compared the effects of CDF and windfall effects on the regeneration of commercial forest species. We used canonical redundancy analysis to determine which species are significantly influenced by both gap type and gap size. Guarea cedrata leans towards the natural gaps and Canarium schweinfurthii attaches to the CDF gaps. This information is fundamental for implementing ecosystem-based management based on the emulation of a natural disturbance such as windthrow. This doctoral thesis attests that SFM is not easy but not impossible in the DRC by involving the different actors in the search for solutions to the issues perceived by actors locally in the forest management units. It hopes to contribute to the implementation of adaptive forest management in the DRC and the development of the national forest certification standard.
Courte, Amandine. "Le carbone des sols, la petite agriculture, ses systèmes de production et pratiques, témoins des enjeux environnementaux et agricoles de la Guyane". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Guyane, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019YANE0010.
Texto completo da fonteGuyanese soils as those of Amazonian bioma, have for agrosystems, strong edaphic constrains which are accentuated by land uses changes. Carbon stocks are the center of fertility and environmental management issues that involves emerging systems and low impact practices. In order to estimate the value of such practices, we studied the stocks evolution after cultivation using the data provided by the creation of two repositories, one of the production systems of small-scale agriculture and the other one of soil carbon stocks under natural vegetation. Our study on Guiana's agricultural production systems showed that carbon can be a recognized indicator that order space management patterns. This work also confirms the spontaneous development of low-impact practices by farmers. Measurements in the forest environment and mapping showed that soil organic carbon stocks under natural vegetation are high and could constitute an important carbon reservoir for France, estimated between 11 and 22 % of the national stock. Measurements of agricultural stocks and simulations (RothC) of the stock value among time, indicated that stocks vary rapidly and strongly after clearing and cultivation. Indeed, 50 % stocks decreases have been observed with intensive crop systems after 5 years’ cultivation. Low-impact practices reveal economical and environmental efficiency. In fact, they present an interest by being low GHG emitters and being able to increase the initial SOC under natural vegetation by 20 % after 5 years. However, beyond the farmers acceptability, there are many obstacles for agriculture development and these issues require global public policies in order to encourage these low-impact practices
Alaadrah, Najwa. "L’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole face aux nouveaux défis de l’agriculture et aux enjeux de l’agroécologie dans les pays du Sud et de l’Est de la Méditerranée : le cas de la Syrie et de la Tunisie". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCG002/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this dissertation is to analyze the evolution of the agricultural extension system in a Mediterranean context, in terms of organization, types of advice and methods of intervention drawn from a regional analysis of Syrian and Tunisian systems. This evolution responds to profound changes in the agricultural production model, historically based on the principles of the Green Revolution, which is evolving towards agro-ecological models. We situate this work in the movement known as the "agro-ecological transition", which proposes a framework of development associating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. This movement allows us to envision a better integration of agriculture and its stakes in the territorial development project. To design and implement the agro-ecological approach requires a profound change in the management of production systems. To ensure these changes, farmers need new support schemes. The analysis of the evolution of the extension systems is conducted from a theoretical and methodological framework constructed with reference to development theories, notably especially evolutionist, which take into account the general forces that determine local actions, and historicist, which give pace to development trajectories and singular territorial combinations. This framework assumes that the development does not depend on producers willing to adopt exogenous innovations but rather to participate in its elaboration. This participation meets two needs: i) the adaptation of innovation to the particularity of situations as the agroecological transition advocates ii) the decentralization of the management of socio-environmental goods, towards common forms. To deal with these challenges of transforming agricultural systems, we can be expected that the organization of agricultural extension has adapted by the passage of a system driven primarily by a public device, based on a single type of technical advice and on diffusionist methods of mass of extension, to a composite system offering several types of advice and individual or joint intervention methods based on the co-construction of the advice. Our analysis is based on an empirical work adapted to the situation of the two countries under study, circumscribed to the regions of Al Ghâb in Syria and Nabeul in Tunisia. The results are quite similar in both countries where the evolution of the agricultural sector occurs through small changes that rely more on the substitution of practices more economical and more respectful of the environment than previous practices, but these changes have not been accompanied by a significant evolution of the agricultural extension system. The state apparatus still occupies a monopoly position in Al Ghâb, and dominant in Nabeul. The organizational evolution of this system is limited, in both regions, to the deconcentration of services, with a timid privatization on the site of Nabeul. In both regions of study, the state apparatus uses classically collective counseling methods of advice based on the "Training and Visit" model, and is limited to a technical dimension based mainly on the proceeds of the Green Revolution, their contribution to the evolution of agricultural practices towards agroecology is not notable
Rahman, S. K. Ashiquer. "Mobilisation du portail de médiation des connaissances ePLANETe Blue pour définir les nouveaux défis de développement soutenable au niveau des établissements d’enseignement supérieur et de recherche (HERE) dans l'optique d'une économie des connaissances". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV053.
Texto completo da fonteOver the past decade, higher education and research etablishments (HERE) around the world have been confronted with a number of challenges relating to the articulation of three dimensions, namely the development of higher education. Innovation and Sustainable Development. The questions that arise are related to the adoption of new innovative technologies in higher education etablishments, the evaluation of the quality of RSE strategies in a multi-criteria and multi-stakeholder perspective, the development of programs taking into account the challenges of sustainable development, etc.Taking the example of the development strategy of the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines and the creation of the University of Paris Saclay, we will examine how significant initiatives to meet this triple challenge have been developed. A historical reminder will be made to trace the evolution of the strategy of the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (2004-2015) and the University of Paris Saclay (2015-2020) in terms of program development. training and partnerships for sustainable development.In particular, we will use the ePLANETe.blue knowledge mediation portal, which provides (a) an innovative tool for documenting educational programs and materials (TALIESIN DOORWAY), (b) a tool for assessing the quality HERE in a deliberative perspective and (c) an innovative and original approach in the development of pedagogical approaches. A reflective approach is proposed to evaluate the contribution of ePLANETe.blue to the knowledge economy
Casteigts, Michel. "Le management territorial stratégique. De la territorialisation en général et des territoires en particulier. L’aménagement de l’espace Aménagement du territoire Les réseaux territoriaux de savoirs Le design organisationnel territorial: le territoire comme organisation : biens collectifs, économies externes et compétitivité Le management territorial stratégique Transports urbains; la gouvernance territoriale face aux défis du développement durable La gouvernance urbaine entre science et idéologie Processus de territorialisation de l'espace Transactions interculturelles et intégration territoriale: le cas du Pays Basque Mythes métropolitains et territorialités urbaines dans le processus de globalisation: un repérage critique Quelques enjeux interculturels de la mondialisation, autour des notions de proximité, d'identité et de territoire Les paradoxes de l'équité territoriale L'invention stratégique du territoire, entre projets, transactions et conventions". Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU2070.
Texto completo da fonteThe territory is a socially constructed apparatus and not a transcendental entity. Understanding the territorial phenomena requires to identify the mechanisms of this construction. The purpose of this thesis is to describe these territorialization processes, in a comparative approach to uncover the central figure of strategic territorial management, an ideal-typical configuration of collective action that appears when mechanisms legally instituted impede the territorial expression of strong societal dynamics.Strategic territorial management, the emergence of which is closely correlated with that of sustainable development, combines the territory as a regulatory framework, knowledge sharing as a cognitive principle, cooperation as an operational organization and governance as a decision-making process. In this context, the creation of the territory involves project based dynamics on transactional approaches and conventional logics
Doré, Isabelle. "Prévention du paludisme au Burkina Faso : défis et enjeux de la promotion de la moustiquaire imprégnée". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8178.
Texto completo da fonteRodrigue, Catherine. "Enjeux éthiques, défis dans les soins de santé et prise de décisions pour les patients souffrant de troubles neurologiques de la conscience". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4992.
Texto completo da fonteComa, the vegetative state and the minimally conscious state are classified as “disorders of consciousness”. The common characteristic of these diagnoses is an altered state of consciousness. Technological advances now allow us to keep people afflicted with these diagnoses alive. The very nature of their condition and the type of care available to them has lead to important medical and ethical dilemmas. First, this thesis proposes a literature review of the ethical and social issues related to disorders of consciousness. Certain issues have persisted for years and others have emerged more recently as that relating to the use of neuroimaging. The second part proposes a qualitative study examining the perspectives and experiences of healthcare professionals dealing with ethical issues in the management of these patients; these aspects are so far poorly documented. We conducted this study using a short questionnaire and semi-directed interviews. The interviews were taped and analyzed using qualitative analysis software Nvivo. Our study showed that our participants experienced a high degree of certainty about the diagnosis, although the latter is often reported as a major challenge in the literature. The prognosis is a critical challenge, including its disclosure to relatives. Finally, the relationship with the family is a key element in the care of patients and it is influenced by multiple factors.