Artigos de revistas: "English Civil War and Interregnum"

1

Bennett, Martyn. "Exact Journals? English Newsbooks in the Civil War and Interregnum". European Journal of Marketing 21, n.º 4 (abril de 1987): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000004689.

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Greenberg, Stephen J. "Dating Civil War Pamphlets, 1641–1644". Albion 20, n.º 3 (1988): 387–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049735.

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The English Civil War and Interregnum produced an astounding number of political tracts, pamphlets, and broadsides that have long fascinated historians and bibliographers. The lack of any effective control over pamphlet content after the elimination of the Court of Star Chamber in the summer of 1641, coupled with the use of printed propaganda by both the king and Parliament, combined to create a body of free-speaking literature that is unmatched in scope and daring. Extensive microfilming and cataloguing projects have made the pamphlets widely accessible to study, but have failed to answer basic questions about the nature of the pamphlets themselves. Fbr example, how soon after an event could a pamphlet be available? How many pamphlets were actually being printed (and when) as opposed to what was being entered in the registers of the Stationers' Company of London? In other words, what could a concerned citizen find for sale at the bookstalls on a given morning?It is probably impossible to answer these questions for more than a fraction of the pamphlets. Yet, by examining what records do remain, it is possible to gain at least a sense of what the pamphleteers were capable of in serving a public avid for news.

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Bowen, Lloyd. "Representations of Wales and the Welsh during the civil wars and Interregnum". Historical Research 77, n.º 197 (1 de julho de 2004): 358–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.2004.00214.x.

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Abstract This article examines how Wales and the Welsh were represented in the pamphlet literature of the civil war and early Interregnum. It considers the historical construction of the Welsh image in English minds, and traces how this image came to be politicized by Welsh support for Charles I during the sixteen-forties. An examination of the public controversies surrounding the state-sponsored evangelization programme in Wales during the early sixteen-fifties shows how the contested image of Wales in the public sphere interacted with high politics at the centre. This study contributes to our understanding of the interplay between ethnicity, identity and politics during the sixteen-forties and fifties, and demonstrates how imagery and representation informed political discourse in the mid seventeenth century.

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Collins, John M. "Hidden in Plain Sight: Martial Law and the Making of the High Courts of Justice, 1642–60". Journal of British Studies 53, n.º 4 (outubro de 2014): 859–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2014.113.

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AbstractThis article traces the transformation of martial law during the Civil Wars and Interregnum culminating with the creation of the High Courts of Justice in the 1650s. The Long, Rump, and Protectorate parliaments used, adapted, and combined martial law procedures with others to solve some of the most difficult and pressing legal problems they faced. These problems included the trial of spies, traitors to the parliamentary cause, Charles I and his royalist commanders of the Second Civil War, and conspirators, plotters, and rebels during the 1650s. The Long Parliament, the English Commonwealth, and the Protectorate governments used these legal innovations to control discretion at law, and to terrorize dissidents into obedience. The Petition of Right, whose makers had demanded that English subjects only be tried by life and limb by their peers in peacetime, was overturned in order to meet these challenges.

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Birch, Ian. "The ministry of women among early Calvinistic Baptists". Scottish Journal of Theology 69, n.º 4 (novembro de 2016): 402–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0036930616000387.

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AbstractAlthough there is considerable documentation of women preachers during the English Civil War period and the Interregnum, it is clear that such activities were not encouraged among English Calvinistic Baptists, and most especially among Particular Baptists. Yet there was a tension in even the most restrictive Baptist teaching on this subject. For since Baptists had opened the door to congregational participation in the public ministry of the church, they were faced with the problem of partially closing that door in order to restrict the ministry of women to that ofdiakonia, and good works. Nevertheless, a small number of women have been identified as both prophets and Particular Baptists, and the nature and context of their ministry illustrates the role of women in early Baptist communities.

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BATES, LUCY. "THE LIMITS OF POSSIBILITY IN ENGLAND'S LONG REFORMATION". Historical Journal 53, n.º 4 (3 de novembro de 2010): 1049–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x10000403.

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ABSTRACTInterpretations that solely emphasize either continuity or controversy are found wanting. Historians still question how the English became Protestant, what sort of Protestants they were, and why a civil war dominated by religion occurred over a hundred years after the initial Reformation crisis. They utilize many approaches: from above and below, and with fresh perspectives, from within and without. Yet the precise nature of the relationship of the Reformation, the civil war, the interregnum and the Restoration settlement remains controversial. This review of recent Reformation historiography largely validates the current consensus of a balance of continuity and change, pressure for further reform and begrudging conformity. Yet ultimately it argues that continuity must form the foundation for any interpretation of the Reformation, for controversial or dramatic alterations to the status quo only made sense to contemporaries in the context of what had come before. Challenging ideas, like challenging individuals, did not exist in a vacuum devoid of historical context. The practical limits of possibility, constrained largely by the established norms and procedures, shaped the course of English Reformation. As such, practicality seems a unifying and central theme for current and future investigations of England's long Reformation.

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Field, Clive D. "Adam and Eve: Gender in the English Free Church Constituency". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 44, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1993): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046900010204.

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The vital contribution of women to the early development of English dissent, especially during the era of the Civil War and Interregnum, has received considerable scholarly attention since the appearance of Keith Thomas's seminal study in 1958. However, the focus of interest has chiefly been on the roles played by individual women as preachers or church founders, and no concerted attempt has yet been made to replicate analyses of New England Puritanism during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which have highlighted the disproportionate numbers of women in church membership. There has been a similar lack of effort to document the effects of gender in determining English religious practice in the period after 1700, despite the beginnings of academic preoccupation with women's experience of Christianity in the eighteenth to twentieth centuries, and despite an abundance of evidence from sociologists and statisticians since the Second World War about women's greater performance on most indicators of religious belief and behaviour. This brief article therefore hopes to break new ground in assembling evidence about the strength of female support for Protestant Nonconformity in England from 1650 to the present day, using three distinct assessment criteria: membership, attendance, and profession.

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McCall, Fiona. "‘The Child's blood should lye at his Door’: Local Divisions over Baptismal Rites during the English Civil War and the Interregnum". Studies in Church History 59 (junho de 2023): 198–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2023.9.

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By the 1640s, Prayer Book ritual had marked rites of passage in England for over eighty years. It formed a reassuring continuum with older Catholic rites and gave communality to parish religion. However, puritans disliked its ceremonial elements, which were banned by Parliament in the 1640s. Anecdotal evidence suggests that parishioners continued to demand old-style rites of passage, and some clergy to offer them. This has led historians to suggest that traditionalist practice was condoned by the regime. This article uses loyalist memories of antagonisms between puritan and non-puritan clergy and parishioners over baptism, as well as evidence from legal prosecutions and other sources, to complicate such presumptions, showing how, with opinion sharply divided on their practice, rites of passage led to clashes and confrontations within parishes and remained a focus for local antagonism.

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Dailey, Barbara Ritter. "The Visitation of Sarah Wight: Holy Carnival and the Revolution of the Saints in Civil War London". Church History 55, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1986): 438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3166367.

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Historians of English Puritanism concede that by the 1650s the revolution of the saints had run its course. The political activism of the Presbyterians, Independents, and radical sects during the war gave way in the Interregnum period to more private concerns of personal and collective piety. The pattern of changing popular mood in an unstable political environment is clear enough, but the social meanings of religion as devotional practice are more obscure. Lost in the historical analysis is the realization that piety is an expressive form of communication in the politics of social life. In times of militant controversy the public role of piety is more obviously ideological, and devotional literature achieves publicity in the sense of promoting sectarian reformation. From this perspective, I shall focus on Henry Jessey's The Exceeding Riches of Grace Advanced (London, 1647) and will place it in the context of the art of dying (ars moriendi) tradition and of factional pluralism in civil war London. The story of Sarah Wight's illness and conversion experience attempted to unify religious and political divisions in a crucial revolutionary year. Within a traditional framework of devotional literature, Jessey communicated a political message. Sarah Wight herself was not a passive recipient of ministerial advice, but an influential teacher of radical theology. In fact, it was the customary form of the artes moriendi tradition that allowed her conversion to become an occasion for lay preaching.

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Legon, Ed. "Sadler Saddled: Reconciliation and Recrimination in a Restoration Parish". English Historical Review 136, n.º 582 (1 de outubro de 2021): 1164–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceab278.

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Abstract The Surrey town of Mitcham attracted national attention in 1665 when a brief pamphlet war erupted between its vicar, Anthony Sadler, and his parishioners. In this testy public altercation, Sadler accused his patron, the local landowner Robert Cranmer, not only of neglecting his duty to maintain the ruinous vicarage and of misusing tithes, but also of disloyalty and nonconformity. Cranmer was vindicated in print by a neighbour who dismissed and ridiculed Sadler, pointing to the patron’s presentation of future Anglicans to the vicarage during the Interregnum. This article uses a remarkable body of evidence from ecclesiastical court records and elsewhere to unpick these claims and counter-claims to conformity and loyalty. In doing so, it demonstrates that the protracted dispute between Sadler and his parishioners, of which the pamphlets of 1665 were only one manifestation, was borne along by the development of equally strong but opposing positions with respect to the thorny issue of how to bridge the divisions of civil war and revolution. Moreover, the article demonstrates that this positioning had the effect of prolonging the dispute until Sadler resigned from the parish in 1669, and bringing it into several other venues of conflict resolution. This episode sheds light on several features of English society in the decades immediately before and after the Restoration, especially change and continuity in a parish within a shifting national political and religious context; the participation of men and women in law and religion; and the enduring and volatile legacy of civil conflict.

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11

Worden, Blair. "Ann McGruer . Educating the “Unconstant Rabble”: Arguments for Educational Advancement and Reform during the English Civil War and Interregnum . Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2010. Pp. 213. $59.99." American Historical Review 116, n.º 5 (dezembro de 2011): 1564–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.5.1564.

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12

Maguire, Nancy Klein. "The Theatrical Mask/Masque of Politics: The Case of Charles I". Journal of British Studies 28, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1989): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385923.

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Britain now wear's the sock; the Theater's clean Transplanted hither, both in Place and Scene.Martin Butler and Jonathan Dollimore have recently documented the importance of drama in English political life before 1642. Such scholarship, however, has stopped cold at the great divide of 1642. Except for Lois Potter in “‘True Tragicomedies’ of the Civil War and Interregnum,” no one has considered the relationship between politics and theater while the theaters were officially closed. Scholars have thereby missed a seminal question in understanding the discourse and complex political maneuvering enveloping the act of regicide in 1649. What is the relationship between the theatrical tradition and the execution of Charles I?Even though historians frequently comment on the “tragic” nature of the execution of Charles I, thus far neither historian nor literary person has bothered to examine the immediate and popular reactions to the act of regicide. This is understandable. An odd mix of imaginative projection and verifiable fact enshrines the execution of Charles, and documentation is admittedly difficult. The available assortment of primary literature, however, indicates that many Englishmen responded to the execution as theater, more specifically, the dramatic genre of tragedy. A 1649 sermon (attributed to the Royalist Robert Brown) exemplifies both the tragic response to the act of regicide and the mid-century employment of the theatrical tradition: Brown describes the execution as “the first act of that tragicall woe which is to be presented upon the Theater of this Kingdome, likely to continue longer then the now living Spectators.”

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13

Atherton, Ian, e A. R. Warmington. "Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in Gloucestershire". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, n.º 1 (1999): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052831.

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14

Baker, Philip. "Radicalism in Civil War and Interregnum England". History Compass 8, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2010): 152–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00662.x.

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15

Carter, Patrick. "Clerical Taxation during the Civil War and Interregnum". Historical Research 67, n.º 163 (1 de junho de 1994): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2281.1994.tb01819.x.

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16

Robison, William B. "Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in Gloucestershire, 1640–1672". History: Reviews of New Books 27, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1999): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1999.10528302.

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Richardson, R. C., e A. R. Warmington. "Civil War, Interregnum and Restoration in Gloucestershire, 1640-1672". American Historical Review 104, n.º 2 (abril de 1999): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2650496.

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Capp, B. "The Religious Marketplace: Public Disputations in Civil War and Interregnum England". English Historical Review 129, n.º 536 (7 de dezembro de 2013): 47–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet326.

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Como, David R., e Jason Peacey. "Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum". Sixteenth Century Journal 37, n.º 3 (1 de outubro de 2006): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477994.

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Carpenter, Stanley D. M. "The English Civil War". History: Reviews of New Books 26, n.º 3 (abril de 1998): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528112.

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Bennett, M. "The English Civil War". English Historical Review CXXV, n.º 513 (24 de março de 2010): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ceq023.

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Roots, Ivan, Richard Cust e Ann Hughes. "The English Civil War". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 30, n.º 2 (1998): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053557.

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23

Theophanidis, Philippe. "Interregnum as a Legal and Political Concept: A Brief Contextual Survey". Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, n.º 9 (1 de maio de 2016): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.16228.

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I propose to trace the dialogical path of Antonio Gramsci’s concept of ‘interregnum’ briefly mentioned in one of his prison notebooks which was rediscovered in recent years and used in various political writings. I will first examine the meaning of the concept of interregnum in the context of Roman law, where it originates. Second, I’ll show how the Italian writer used it in a two-page note included in his Quaderni del carcere to describe the political crisis of our times. I will also briefly sketch the renewal of the idea of interregnum from the 1980s onward, when a specific quote from Gramsci’s note was used to frame various political crises, from South African apartheid to the civil war in Syria, all the way to the rise of a new far right ideology. In the third and main section, I’ll explore in more detail how, in the past five years, Keith Tester, Zygmunt Bauman, and Étienne Balibar all explicitly engage with the idea of interregnum in an open dialogue. While referencing one another, they used Gramsci’s interpretation of the concept in an effort to understand and address the contemporary problem of political synthesis. In the fourth part, and in the spirit of keeping discussion open, I will raise some issues regarding the various paths proposed by Bauman and Balibar to find our way ‘out of the interregnum.

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Raymond, Joad. "Review: Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum". Library 7, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2006): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/library/7.4.464.

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25

Reichardt, Dosia. "Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (review)". Parergon 22, n.º 2 (2005): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2006.0040.

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Fukuyama, Francis. "The Last English Civil War". Daedalus 147, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00470.

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This essay examines why England experienced a civil war every fifty years from the Norman Conquest up until the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, and was completely stable after that point. The reasons had to do with, first, the slow accumulation of law and respect for the law that had occurred by the seventeenth century, and second, with the emergence of a strong English state and sense of national identity by the end of the Tudor period. This suggests that normative factors are very important in creating stable settlements. Rational choice explanations for such outcomes assert that stalemated conflicts will lead parties to accept second- or third-best outcomes, but English history, as well as more recent experiences, suggests that stability requires normative change as well.

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Matwijów, Maciej. "„Acta interregnorum” — rękopiśmienne zbiory materiałów dokumentujących dzieje bezkrólewi w Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej w XVII i XVIII wieku". Roczniki Biblioteczne 60 (8 de junho de 2017): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.60.8.

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ACTA INTERREGNORUM — MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF MATERIALS DOCUMENTING THE HISTORY OF INTERREGNA IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIESThe most important types of handwritten books in Poland in the 17th–18th centuries were collections of public life materials documenting important political events. Such events in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth included interregna, lasting from the death of a king to the election of his successor and marked by great intensification of political life. The collections documenting interregna, usually entitled Acta interregnorum, contained both official and private documents, including correspondence of state dignitaries, political writings, resolutions of senate councils, regional assemblies and the parliament as well as parliamentary diaries. Such collections were compiled for the interregna of 1632, 1696–1697 and 1733, with the collection for the 1632 interregnum appearing in two different editions. With the exception of the 1632 interregnum documents,edited by Jakub Sobieski, they appeared in versions differing in terms of the selection and arrangement of their contents, but the differences between the collections were not substantial and did not change the fundamental concepts of such works. The author has identified a total of 45 copies of interregnum files, with the most substantial being the files for the 1733 interregnum and the civil war of 1734–1736 which ensued as a result of the interregnum. The Acta interregnorum were disseminated through copying of the various compilations; they were also commissioned, that it compiled in an organised manner. Unfortunately, with the exception of the collection edited by Jakub Sobieski, we do not know their authors, but the most important role was probably played here by officials associated with the Primates of Poland — Archbishops of Gniezno, who, acting as “interreges”, were in charge of the state’s policy during the interregna.

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Marotti, Arthur F., Thomas Healy e Jonathan Sawday. "Literature and the English Civil War". Modern Language Review 87, n.º 3 (julho de 1992): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3732955.

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Canaan, Howard, Thomas Healy e Jonathan Sawday. "Literature and the English Civil War". Modern Language Studies 21, n.º 4 (1991): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3194988.

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Harris, Tim. "Literature and the English civil war". History of European Ideas 14, n.º 2 (março de 1992): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(92)90279-l.

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Laurence, Anne. "A Priesthood of She-believers: Women and Congregations in Mid-seventeenth-century England". Studies in Church History 27 (1990): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840001216x.

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This paper considers women’s participation in the congregations of Civil War and Interregnum England. In particular it is concerned with the idea of whether women sectaries in the 1640s and 1650s had a different idea of church polity from their brethren, or whether, within the confines of the sects, they continued to play the role traditionally assigned to women in Christianity: that of the spiritually inspired, the example of holiness rather than the leader. In short, did women even in the sects remain outside the church polity?

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STOYLE, MARK. "ENGLISH ‘NATIONALISM’, CELTIC PARTICULARISM, AND THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR". Historical Journal 43, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2000): 1113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00001369.

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Langley, Chris R. "Parish Politics and Godly Agitation in Late Interregnum Scotland". Church History 90, n.º 3 (setembro de 2021): 557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640721002122.

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AbstractFollowing the English invasion of Scotland in July 1650, ministers and laymen in the Church of Scotland splintered between Protester and Resolutioner factions: The Protesters argued that the Church of Scotland required further moral reformation in order to appease a vengeful God, and the Resolutioners were more content to accept the reintegration of former royalists into places of trust following the civil wars. This article explores the profound ways in which this split fundamentally altered relationships in the unusually well-documented parish of Crichton in Midlothian. Unlike other studies that have emphasized the ways in which the Protesters moved toward a position of separation from the rest of the kirk, this article explores a group of Protesters who sought to actively reform the kirk from within. Godly agitation in parish affairs was characterized by three traits: it was coordinated, remarkably litigious, and disseminated in manuscript libels and petitions rather than print. Ultimately, while this godly elite was adept at agitating for further reformation at the parish level, it did so without seceding from the structures of the national church altogether.

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Greaves, Richard L., e Ann Hughes. "The Causes of the English Civil War." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, n.º 3 (1993): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542142.

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Underdown, David, e Conrad Russell. "The Causes of the English Civil War". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 23, n.º 2 (1992): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205291.

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Downie, J. A., Howard Erskine-Hill e Graham Storey. "Revolutionary Prose of the English Civil War". Modern Language Review 82, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3728454.

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Hirst, Derek, e Conrad Russell. "The Causes of the English Civil War." American Historical Review 97, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1992): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164590.

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FALKUS, C. "Revolution, Reaction and the English Civil War". Australian Journal of Politics & History 13, n.º 3 (28 de junho de 2008): 365–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1967.tb01287.x.

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Holmes, C. "Contemporary Histories of the English Civil War". English Historical Review 117, n.º 474 (1 de novembro de 2002): 1342–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/117.474.1342.

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Braddick, Michael J. "Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War". Seventeenth Century 34, n.º 3 (8 de fevereiro de 2019): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268117x.2019.1575763.

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Bennett, M. "Decisive Battles of the English Civil War". English Historical Review CXXIII, n.º 500 (1 de fevereiro de 2008): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cem444.

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Mendle, Michael, Ann Hughes e R. C. Richardson. "The Causes of the English Civil War". Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 31, n.º 4 (1999): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053146.

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Jones, W. J. "The Causes of the English Civil War". History: Reviews of New Books 20, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1992): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1992.9949558.

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Morrill, John. "The English Revolution as a civil war". Historical Research 90, n.º 250 (13 de setembro de 2017): 726–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.12200.

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Kennedy, Donald E. "Holy Violence and the English Civil War". Parergon 32, n.º 3 (2015): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pgn.2015.0182.

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Peters, Erin. "Trauma Narratives of the English Civil War". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 16, n.º 1 (2016): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jem.2016.0008.

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Capp, Bernard. "Popular culture and the English civil war". History of European Ideas 10, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1989): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90295-7.

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Blackmore, David. "English Civil War week, 7-13 July". Royal Armouries Yearbook 2, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 1997): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/30650682.1997.12426578.

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49

Donagan, Barbara. "Atrocity, War Crime, and Treason in the English Civil War". American Historical Review 99, n.º 4 (outubro de 1994): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168772.

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50

NEUFELD, MATTHEW. "The Politics of Anglican Martyrdom: Letters to John Walker, 1704–1705". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 62, n.º 3 (3 de junho de 2011): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046909991370.

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Resumo:

This article explores the political significance of past Christian suffering at the dawn of the Augustan era through an analysis of correspondence containing accounts of hardships endured by conforming clergymen during the English civil wars and Interregnum. The politics of martyrdom to be derived from letters to John Walker was grounded on the correspondents' conviction that their epistles conveyed accounts of sequestered clergymen and their families who had suffered for their profession of Christian truth. The persecutions that loyal clergy had endured during the 1640s and 1650s were signs that the Church by law established, both then and now, was the true English Church. Furthermore, as documentary witnesses to oral testimonies which identified the genuine sufferers for Christian truth within recent memory, the epistles themselves aspired to be martyrological relics.

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