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1
Russell, Alexander. "England and the general councils, 1409 - 1563". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:677e32c2-821f-453d-9375-978f42f4980b.
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My doctoral thesis examines the intellectual and political relationship between England and the general councils of the Church from the Council of Pisa until the Council of Trent. It illuminates the hitherto unexplored features of the revolution that was the end of universal papal authority. With the transfer of spiritual authority to Henry VIII, the heads of England’s Protestant regimes inherited the papacy’s distrust of the general council, which had the potential to interfere with the course of the reformation in England. At the same time, the thesis examines the changing nature of public commitment to universal decision-making in the Church in the face of resistance by hierarchs (papal or royal). It finds a widespread support for the general council over the period, but also a plurality of views about how conciliar government could be reconciled with monarchical rule in the Church. In the fifteenth century, conciliarism had to contend with the suspicions of those who wished to shore up the Church hierarchy against Wycliffite attacks. In the sixteenth century, there was still competition between the establishment’s defence of an hierarchical Church, directed by the monarchy, and theories which stressed the importance of conciliar government. These arguments took different shapes when used by popular rebels in favour of traditional religion grounded on conciliar consent, or by Protestants in favour of synodal government by the godly. But they were both outcomes of enduring instabilities in the ideology of Church government, which had their roots in the fifteenth century.
2
Lawson, Gordon S. "The debate on general practice in England : 1905-1933". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422461.
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Jacques, Denise. "Death and dying in England, 1600-1680". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5090.
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Bracken, Susan Caroline. "Collectors and collecting in England c.1600-c.1660". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45343/.
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5
O'Neill, Daniel Gerard. "Epidemiology of disorders reported in dogs attending general practice in England". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618294.
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6
Hannis, Dorothy. "An ethnography of general practice in the north east of England". Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4085/.
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This thesis is based on an eighteen-month period of fieldwork with a group of general practitioners in the North East of England. Changing patterns in the practice of primary health care are examined alongside a detailed discussion of the role of the practice nurse in order to set general practice in its cultural and historical context. The thesis takes issue with the positioning of primary health care practitioners squarely within Kleinman's 'professional' sector. Within this context, three major themes relating to the primary health care setting are identified as being of major relevance to the enquiry 1. the use of narratives by patients and practitioners, both clinical and therapeutic 2. The role of the general practitioner and practice nurse in mediation between the patient and the secondary health care sector and the role of the practice nurse in mediation between the general practitioner and the patient3. the similarities in practice between healers in primary health care settings and ethnomedicine in traditional and developed societies These themes are illustrated by the use of fieldwork material and are discussed with reference to current anthropological theory concerning narrative, mediation, dialogics, the placebo effect and the practice of shamanism, as an example of ethnomedicine. On the basis of an examination of the similarities between primary care practitioners and ethnomedical practitioners, namely: quality of practitioner-patient relationship based on narrative understanding, shared cultural explanatory models, and shared mediatory role, this thesis concludes that a shared philosophy underlines the two, and that general practice is in itself a system of ethnomedicine practised within the Western context.
7
Moschouri-Tokmakidou, Eleni. "Commercial letters of credit in England and in Greece". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5103/.
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An analysis of the commercial letters of credit in England and Greece. Contents include the types of letters of credit, the legal relationships, shipping documents tendered under a letter of credit, transfer of the letter of credit, and the banker's security.
8
Elasra, Amira. "Essays on educational production functions in England". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7551/.
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Despite the expansion of the literature on the implications that different inputs have on the educational outcomes of students, empirical research has so far lacked the full capacity to provide unequivocal findings. Essentially, this deficiency is mainly attributed to two main factors; the lack of reliable data and the lack of full dimensionality in the theoretical model adopted to explain such data (Levaččićć and Vignoles, 2002; Knoeppel, Verstegen, and Rinehart, 2007). This dissertation aims to fill those gaps by first building a unique large dataset that covers all aspects of the educational process and second by adopting an integrated theoretical model and advanced quantitative methodological approaches to analyze it. With the fulfillment of such aim the dissertation manages to fill some of the gaps identified in the Education Economics literature related to the relationships between the cognitive and affective educational outcomes of English adolescents on one hand and three main inputs representing each of the three indentified factors in the theoretical model on the other hand controlling for other possible heterogeneities. Specifically, the thesis examines the effect of school process inputs in Chapter 2, family structure as a key family background input in Chapter 3 and finally religion and religiosity as a key adolescent’s personal input in Chapter 4.
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Atkinson, Nikola R. "Heavy metal geochemistry of contaminated fenland soils in NW England". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27795/.
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The use of peri-urban fenlands for agriculture usmg urban waste as manorial treatments is increasingly common worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The risk to human health from the use of these contaminated materials for crop production has been studied using two historically contaminated fenlands in NW England. The GBASE survey carried out by the British Geological Survey identified two areas of metal contaminated fenland; west of Manchester (Chat Moss) and north of Liverpool (Halsall Moss). The two areas are used for arable agriculture, and current demand for locally sourced food is increasing pressure on farmers to move to vegetable horticulture. The effect of the metal contamination on the soils and crops is of key importance to monitor any risk to the food chain. Historical research identified the two mossland areas as contaminated with urban wastes, Halsall Moss contaminated with urban organic wastes such as manure and Chat Moss contaminated with urban organic and mineral wastes. Waste disposal on Chat Moss was carried out by the Manchester Corporation to dispose of city waste and generate farmland from the peat. During the drainage up to 1.92 Mt of waste was incorporated into the soil, representing 38% of the topsoil today. Profiles of contaminated and control sites on Chat Moss and a contaminated site on Halsall Moss were collected, with pH, organic matter content and trace metal content measured. Trace metal content was elevated over subsoil levels in the topsoil of all sites, for example arsenic showed topsoil concentrations of 45 mg kg-I in the most contaminated site (CM-3) compared to 3 mg kg-I in the subsoil. The elevation of trace metals in the historically uncontaminated sites indicated possible atmospheric deposition of metals at the control site. Contamination levels were found to be less than originally identified in the GBASE survey, possibly due to differing sample preparation methods and survey size. The GBASE survey measured an average lead concentration in contaminated sites of 1985 mg kg-I compared to 378 mg kg-I measured by the current study. Arsenic and cadmium concentrations exceeded Soil Guideline Values in the most contaminated site, 43 mg kg-I and 1.8 mg kg-I respectively, but all other metals were within guideline limits. Halsall Moss was found to be less contaminated than Chat Moss, due to the mainly organic nature of the waste disposed at Halsall Moss. The mobility and fractionation of the contamination at the most contaminated site on Chat Moss were studied to understand the behaviour of the metals and assess potential risk to ecological or human health. Using sequential extractions, most metals were identified as hosted by organic, Fe/Mn oxide or residual phases. There was no difference observed in fractionation between control and contaminated sites, indicating that soil properties such as organic matter and Fe/Mn oxide content were more important in controlling fractionation than the source of metals. A comparison of Chat Moss with three soils of known contamination history also identified soil properties as key in controlling fractionation. Lability of Pb in the contaminated Chat Moss soil was assessed using 204Pb stable isotope dilution, it was found that 65% of lead was labile. This was the highest out of the four soils studied, and again most likely controlled by soil properties such as organic matter content and pH. The impact of flooding events on the Chat Moss soils was assessed, and it was found that under redox conditions of -200 mY, large quantities of arsenic, lead, molybdenum and manganese were released to soil solution, and drinking water limits for these metals were violated, for example As solution concentration reached 308 J.1g L-1 and the drinking water limit is 10 Ilg L-1. Environmental quality standards for freshwater were also violated by arsenic, copper, lead and zinc showing potential ecological hazard under these reducing conditions, with lead concentrations reaching 137 J.1g L-1 in contrast to the environmental quality standard of 4 - 20 J.1g L-1. The effect of soil contamination on vegetables grown on Chat Moss was also investigated, EU limits for Cd were exceeded by lettuce and onion, and EU limits for Pb were exceeded by parsley, carrot, radish and onion. Hazard Quotients used to assess the impact of plant contamination in the context of human intake showed that only cadmium and molybdenum were potentially hazardous. Thus it is not recommended to grow lettuce (high Cd), parsley, cabbage, radish and onion (all high molybdenum) at contaminated sites on Chat Moss. To minimise risk, conducting liming to raise the pH and immobilise the metals could be used, and careful selection of cultivars that do not accumulate metals is recommended.
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Yoda, Manami. "Henry Caldwell Cook and Drama Education in England". Thesis, Kyoto University (Japan), 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3579948.
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This study aims to clarify the nature of the theatrical way of Henry Caldwell Cook who was the first to introduce theatre into education for English as a first language. This study critically examines the content of his original teaching method, Play Way, and attempts to appropriately place its context in the history of drama education in England in order to explore how effectively drama can be used in language education. The use of theatre for education has a long history. Commencing in ancient Greece and Rome, it has continued until the present time. However, modern drama education has no more than about a hundred years of history. It was Cook and Harriet Finlay-Johnson who opened the history of this theatrical education. Finlay-Johnson had persistently used theatre to teach all subjects, mainly because of her educational stance as an elementary school teacher. She is closely associated with the leaders of DIE (Drama-in-Education) who adhere to the same educational policy. While Cook also used theatre as a means for language education and did his best to maintain a theatrical framework, there is a fundamental difference between Cook's educational method and that of DIE. His Play Way seems to closely resemble TIE (Theatre-in-Education) in that both bring in theatre for school education. However, this similarity is superficial. In the TIE method, while the autonomy of theatre has always been maintained, theatre in Cook's method was used as a means for education to the end, although concurrently he had been able to properly grasp the nature of theatre. Behind such a view of theatre as an educational end in itself is Cook's recognition of the theatricality of human beings. His theatrical teaching tells us that when using theatre as a tool for language education, we must first correctly understand its intrinsic qualities.
11
Burdon, Christopher. "Unravelling revelation : the apocalypse in England, 1700-1834". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2516/.
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This thesis argues that, while the Revelation of John claims to unveil reality, the interpretative structures built on the book are undermined by its own rhetoric. A historical examination of its use shows the fragility of hermeneutics, but also the power of the 'apocalyptic tone' to engender new unveilings. The first chapter presents the Apocalypse as a book constantly inviting but constantly confounding interpretation, refusing to fit conventional generic definitions or reading strategies. The next two chapters show the book's continuing prominence in eighteenth-century England after its pivotal role in the Reformation. First - writers such as Isaac Newton and William Whiston - it serves as rationalistic evidence for God's providence, as well as giving encouragement to moral 'usefulness' and to the reformation of Christianity. Secondly, its imagery reinforces the more individualistic appeal of the Wesley's preaching and hymns. But it is only with the French Revolution (treated in Chapter 4) that the Apocalypse recovers political immediacy, as seen in both radical millenarian writers like Priestley and Bicheno and in conservative ones like Burke and G.S. Faber. The Romantic period also saw a revival of prophetic and visionary writing, and for many poets John of Patmos was a guiding spirit. Coleridge, the subject of Chapter 5, moved from the millenarian declamation of 'Religious Musings' and the fragmented vision of 'Kubla Khan' to an attempt to interpret the Apocalypse as symbolic representation of polar logic and moral order.
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Saunders, Michael P. "The marriage laws as found in the Canons of the Church of England". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1986. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ26361.pdf.
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13
Han, Lu. "Economic Analyses of Crime in England and Wales". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/584/.
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This thesis includes three empirical studies detecting the determinants of crime in England and Wales. We firstly apply time series analyses to look for cointegrating relationships between property crimes and unemployment as well as law enforcement instruments. We extend our study by employing panel data and corresponding techniques to control for area-specific fixed effects as well as the endogeneity of law enforcement variables. In our third study, we allow crime rate to have spatial spillover effect, in other words, the crime rate in one area is affected by, in addition to its local crime-influential factors, the crime rates and crime-related factors in its neighbouring areas. We demonstrate this result by constructing a theoretical model and testing it by applying spatial analysis regressions. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: First, property crimes are better explained by economic models of crime than violent crimes. Second, law enforcement instruments always have negative effects on both property and violent crimes, indicating their deterrence and incapacitation effects as predicted. Third, social-economic factors, such as unemployment and income level, have two effects on property crimes: opportunity and motivation. Their net effects on property crime rates depend on the type of crime as well as the time period being examined. And finally, there is indeed spillover effect existing in crime rate. For burglary, theft and handling, and robbery, the crime rate in one area is positively and significantly correlated with the crime rates from its neighbouring areas. Furthermore, the crime rate of sexual offences of one area is negatively related to such crime rates in neighbouring areas.
14
Chaplin, Julia. "The origins of the 1855/6 introduction of general limited liability in England". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2016. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/64258/.
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The 1855/6 adoption of limited liability as a standard feature of companies incorporated under English law has puzzled historians. Members of a limited liability company have the reassurance of knowing that if the company gets into trouble, their personal financial assets will not be liable for company debts. Yet historians have found relatively little enthusiasm expressed by the investors or businessmen who might have been expected to benefit from the 1855/6 endorsement, prompting several to echo Philip Cottrell’s observation that, 'it is extremely difficult to account for this sharp and dramatic change'. This thesis provides a first, sustained attempt to examine this historical question in detail, and identifies neglected reasons why change came to seem important when it did. Opinion shifted seismically under the economic and social pressures of the late 1840s, when commentators, of whom John Stuart Mill was the most influential, interpreted railway 'mania', the 1847 financial crisis and then the 1848 French revolution in terms of a wider need for limited liability, as a means of expanding participation in companies and capital. Calls for financial democratisation acquired further momentum from the example of the United States and the large number of lawyers who joined Parliament following the election of July 1852. Political and commercial interest came together in a covert campaign organised by solicitor Edwin Field, shipowner Robert Lamont and politician Robert Lowe, who joined forces in early 1853 to try and effect legislative change. Knowing more about these events casts fresh light on the route that wider changes, grounded in steam-power and joint stock companies, took to limited liability. This helps illuminate a pivotal moment in British finance, when older-established intuitions about capital and companies, rooted in physical individuals, gave way to abstract, recognisably modern conceptions.
15
Whiting, Gloria McCahon. ""Endearing Ties": Black Family Life in Early New England". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493445.
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This dissertation explores the attempts of Africans, both enslaved and free, to create and maintain families in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century New England. It makes sense of a remarkable array of historical actors: men like Thomas Bedunah, who plotted a surprising course for his descendants when he chose a spouse of English descent; women like Cuba Vassall, who let her husband secure her firmly in bondage at the very moment the region’s blacks were being freed en masse; and a pair like Mark and Phoebe, who fed their master porridge laced with “Potter’s Lead” in hopes that his death would enable them to find owners closer to their distant families. Pulling together thousands of fragments of evidence, this dissertation contextualizes the everyday lives and beleaguered intimacies of these Africans and many others, revealing patterns in their living situations, gendered relationships, and kin communities that historians have never before recognized. At the same time, the project advances historical arguments related to a range of issues, from the relationship between family and freedom in early New England to the influence of patriarchy on enslaved kin groups in Anglo-America. The project sets forth methodological arguments as well. Contending that historical method has an important bearing on the ability of scholars to understand and portray slaves as fully human, with complete life spans and complicated contexts, “Endearing Ties” makes a case for the importance of reconstructing the lives and trajectories of enslaved individuals in great depth, despite the archival challenges that such an undertaking inevitably entails.History
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Jones, Emma Jane. "The role of emotion in undergraduate legal education in England and Wales". Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4152/.
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This thesis will explore the current and potential role of emotion in undergraduate legal education in England Wales. It will discuss the lack of acknowledgment of emotion within both the doctrinal and liberal traditions of legal education and the limited recognition that has been accorded to emotion more recently as a result of the development of socio-legal and other approaches to the law degree. Parallels will be drawn with changing philosophical and scientific conceptualisations of emotion, which have shifted from viewing emotion as irrational and potentially dangerous, to viewing it as intertwined with, or even part of, cognition and intelligence. The different ways in which emotion can, and arguably should, be incorporated within legal education will then be evaluated. The influence of neo-liberalism on both higher education generally, and legal education specifically, has led to a focus on skills which could incorporate the use of emotion, in particular emotional intelligence, into legal education as a form of soft skill or competency. However, the final three chapters of this thesis seek to demonstrate that relying on this conceptualisation alone is too narrow (as well as being ideologically driven). A detailed discussion of the role of emotion within learning and its impact on the wellbeing of both law students and the legal academy shows that emotion is more than a fotm of soft skill and should become an integral part of undergraduate legal education in England and Wales to improve both the academic attainment and the psychological health of those involved.
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Tuffour, Isaac. "Black African service users experiences of recovery from mental illness in England". Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/18096/.
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Background: Recovery is a complex and contested concept. Many studies have explored the meaning of the concept from the perspectives of service users suffering from mental illness. However, too little attention has been paid to the experiences of Black African service users (BASUs) living in England. At the time of writing this work there were no studies that have explored recovery from the perspectives of BASUs in England. Aims of the study: The aim of the present study is to explore experiences of recovery from mental illness of BASUs in England. Methodology and methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve BASUs. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Findings: Five superordinate themes were derived from the analysis: (1) it is different in Africa; (2) it all started in England; (3) shattered; 4) ‘freaked out’; and (5) focus on recovery. An in-depth explanation of these superordinate themes and the related subordinate themes is presented. The findings highlight the multifaceted ways in which BASUs understand their experiences of mental illness and recovery. Discussion: The insight gained from these findings provided rich information about the complexities of the participants’ experiences of recovery from mental illness. Participants’ explanatory models of mental illness included the complexities of migration, African-centred worldviews and negative life experiences. Participants conceptualised recovery in the context of their social and cultural backgrounds, remission or eradication of symptoms, spirituality, resourcefulness, resilience and unique personal identities. An emerging conceptual model of recovery is formed (Figure 3). Findings are discussed considering existing theory and literature. Implications for clinical practice in relation to the provision of care and promoting recovery for BASUs in England are considered.
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Goldsworthy, Christopher. "Genetic testing for sudden arrhythmic death syndrome and the coroners' system of England and Wales". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97980/.
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The author of this thesis examines how SADS is made and remade within interdisciplinary professional practice. Whilst recent sociological scholarship has followed the discourse of ‘molecularization’ when examining the construction of biomedical categories, I instead place the genetic as part of a broader clinical and medico-legal system. Whilst it is accepted that there are genetic aspects of SADS this does not reduce the usefulness of other disciplinary explanations in practice. This thesis is situated around the molecular autopsy, a technology simultaneously employed to identify the cause of death and help in the diagnosis and treatment of family members of the deceased. As such, this thesis examines the professional system which surrounds this technology across the medico-legal – clinical divide. In doing so, the author of this thesis argues that the usefulness of genetic testing for SADS is an explicitly political problem. Suggesting that the current focus of research examining translational medicine falls short by focusing on the translation from ‘Bench to Bedside’, instead arguing for the importance of examining the political, and socio-economic space in which the technology is to reside. Finally, I explore the co-construction of the professional system of making SADS. A relational approach to professionalism is developed as a way to examine how mutuality is achieved during collaboration between distinct epistemic cultures. The consequence of such an approach is the ability to understand how professional groups are able to mobilise multiple conceptions of SADS in the pursuit of preventing future deaths. Making SADS gains further meaning in that I argue that understandings of SADS are distinct to accounts given in practice. Understandings of the usefulness of genetic testing for coroners is thus, not only based upon the ability of genetics to serve a particular function, but is based upon a fragmented account of the technology, rhetorically produced by clinicians.
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Keeler, Michael Stephen. "Legal and regulatory issues of elderly care in England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75017/.
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Elderly care is one of the more high profile contemporary issues that confronts care professionals, the Government and its citizens. Central to these are concern how care is best regulated and the cost effectiveness of decisions to cut care delivery across the public and private sectors. Defining what constitutes good care delivery is a continuing challenge to health care managers and staff, as the benchmark is in constant flux due to advances in modern medicine and the progression of new and dangerous ill-health conditions. Culture, personal values and expectation changes from generation to generation also blur the definition of what constitutes good care. This thesis offers a contemporary analysis of care and examines how regulatory systems have been too ad hoc and often retrospective; leading to deficiencies in the pro-activity and holistic response elderly care requires to tackle its issues. This is one of the most rapidly evolving areas of regulation in a period of intense media attention and public concern over elderly care. A considerable degree of permanence can be identified towards the action plan of the Government in engaging a variety of reactionary regulatory strategies. In the later analysis in the thesis, it is suggested that additional specialist and dedicated regulation may still prove to be necessary to secure care quality and undertake preventative measures against the abuse of this vulnerable section of the community. Public concern and medical interest continues to reveal cases of severe neglect of the elderly in many private care homes. The Care Quality Commission, the main regulator since 2009, undertakes inspections and reports on care quality, but doubts remain as to how effective the measures in place guard the quality of care in practice. The second Francis Report on the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation (5th February 2013) highlighted many failings in the National Health Service and showed how the most vulnerable and elderly to be particularly at risk. Reports of poor care of the elderly continue to confirm that stricter monitoring and inspections are needed. The aims and objectives of this thesis, are to understand how elderly care regulation has addressed systemic regulatory failures and provides a case study of lessons learnt from past omissions and mistakes. At the time of writing, the Care Quality Commission has undertaken tougher inspection regimes by currently adopting a system of special measures, and new regulations are being considered. Over its approximately six years of activity since it ‘plugged a regulatory hole’ it’s now progressively much improved inspectorate function has even just embraced ‘whistle-blowing’ as part of its ‘work in progress’ profile. There is continued pressure on the regulator to meet expectations of ensuring high quality care, and it is also a response to the changing role of care homes; reflecting the diverse range of care and the ageing population. This thesis provides an analysis of how elderly care has evolved over many centuries and varied in its standards of delivery. Defining appropriate levels for care standards is one approach, adopting a holistic approach is another, but the culture of care is one that needs to be fostered through family members who are often engaged in the delivery of elderly care, as well as the community at large. Developing care through purely legal mechanisms, such as the setting of care standards has its limitations, but will undoubtedly also feature as part of any perceived solution. There are signs that the changing culture in care homes and those that provide care, is a recent and most welcome shift in regulatory goals and objectives. It is argued that this change reflects positively on the current care system which has been driven by some better education of care workers and greater empathy with the elderly; an empathy which is driven by the growing reality with every new generation that most of us will live well into our elderly years due to the advancement of modern medicine. Reflected also is increased lack of trust in people, where in the past assumptions about care delivery standards by individuals were relied upon instead, and how to engage with the continuous re-design of oversight regulatory structures issues of legitimacy and increasing public trust. The Care Quality Commission is developing its own identity and offers a form of social regulation that is set apart from the main economic regulators. There are many lessons which can be learnt when working from within the National Health Service through the use of internal networks, access to current government policy and funding arrangements. Despite strong ministerial engagement in this area, the Care Quality Commission has been able to maintain its own voice and, in recent months, has developed its expertise to address public concerns about elderly care. Despite this, the statistics show that at least one third of care homes are regarded as less than satisfactory, suggesting that much work remains to be undertaken. Co-ordinating clinical and social care of the elderly is part of patient safety. It also connects with regulating the professional standards of health and social care professionals.
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Palmer, Nikolaus Otto Alexander. "An investigation of antibiotic prescribing in National Health Service general dental practice in England". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368671.
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Baeza, Juan I. "The intraprofessional relations of hospital consultants and general practitioners in the NHS in England". Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269039.
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Patel, Salma. "Online patient feedback : awareness, usage and attitudes among patients and general practitioners in England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/93528/.
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In the UK’s National Health Service, there has been an increasing emphasis on patient and public involvement, formal measures of patient experience, and public reporting of performance measures. This, as well as the emergence of the ‘digitally engaged patient’, has shifted the traditional paternalistic doctor-patient relationship. There has also been an increase in consumers more generally using rating websites. These factors together led to the formation of online patient feedback (OPF) websites, where patients can choose a healthcare provider based on patient reviews, and give feedback about healthcare providers. Academic research has been conducted on OPF websites, especially to ascertain whether patient ratings online are associated with other measures of quality. However, very little is known about patients’ and healthcare professionals’ attitudes towards OPF websites. A multi-phase mixed method design was therefore used in this research to explore patients’ and GPs’ awareness, usage and attitudes about OPF websites as a mode to give feedback about GPs in England. In Study A, twenty GPs were interviewed to explore their awareness, usage and attitudes towards OPF. The findings highlighted GPs’ concerns about OPF, and produced recommendations for OPF website providers. In Study B, eighteen patients were interviewed to explore their awareness, usage, preferences and attitudes towards OPF websites and other methods of feedback available in general practice. The findings from this study helped develop a questionnaire, which was then validated in seven-stages. The questionnaire was then implemented nationally across England in Study C using face-to-face interviews with a nationally representative sample of members of the public (n=844). The findings from this research produced evidence both for and against OPF websites, suggesting that GPs are highly concerned about the impact of these websites on them, on their professional practice, their reputation and their patients, and are not currently using OPF for improvement. Patient usage and future intention to use OPF websites was also found to be extremely low when compared to other methods of feedback, suggesting that unlike direct methods of feedback, OPF websites currently only appeal to a very small minority of patients. However, there was evidence to suggest that OPF websites fulfil a ‘feedback gap’ for patients, and unlike other feedback methods, span age, social and regional divides. The key contribution of this research is that the majority of GPs and patients are not convinced of the value of OPF websites as a mode to leave feedback about GPs in general practice. Rather surprisingly, OPF websites cannot be used currently for patient choice in general practice, nor as a measure of quality, because OPF is biased towards negative experiences, and not representative of patient experience overall. This research provides suggestions on how this could be rectified. However, the NHS should also consider channelling its energies towards providing more direct and private methods of feedback in general practice in England.
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Moles, David Richard. "Inequalities in oral cancer incidence and access to NHS general dental services in England". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406146.
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Logan, Anne Frances Helen. "Making women magistrates : feminism, citizenship and justice in England and Wales 1918-1950". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2002. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6229/.
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This thesis addresses the subject of women magistrates in England and Wales from their introduction in 1919 and the work subsequently performed by the early women JPs until the late 1940s. Surprisingly, despite the great volume of work on women’s history during the last few decades, historians have not researched this subject in detail. While only a handful of women have become professional judges in this country, many thousands have sat in judgement on their follow citizens as lay justices. This duty is both voluntary and unpaid but it is, along with jury service, a vitally important aspect of citizenship. It is argued herein that this exercise of citizenship through the magistracy was an ongoing concern of feminists and of women’s organisations in the period. Not only did the magistracy change women by making them equal citizens, but also women changed the magistracy, by pioneering modern ideas in the work of the JP and presaging a new, quasi-professional approach. Part One examines the process by which women were brought into the lay magistracy. Chapter One locates the origins of the campaign for the appointment of women as JPs in the women’s suffrage movement and demonstrates that the necessary legislation was largely uncontroversial. Chapter Two analyses the ongoing campaign by women’s organisations and their abilities to bring more women to the magisterial bench. Chapter Three explores the relationship between the emergence of a separate system of criminal justice for juveniles and the creation of women magistrates. Part Two seeks to establish to what extent the ‘woman magistrate’ was a new category. Chapter Four analyses the social backgrounds of the first women appointed as JPs. Chapter Five is concerned with women’s experience of the magistracy, which is examined mostly through their own words. Chapter Six focuses on networks and organisations of women JPs and the campaigns they took part in, and argues that they adopted a distinctly feminist approach to their role. It is concluded that - up to a point - the early women JPs were a new type of magistrate, providing a template for future developments in the lay magistracy after 1950.
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Oyebanji, Akanbi Olusayo. "Development of a framework for Sustainable Social Housing Provision (SSHP) in England". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11321/.
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Sustainable social housing provision (SSHP) has become very important over the last few decades for the main objective of meeting housing needs. Despite this, there is evidence to suggest that SSHP has not been practiced successfully. A growing body of the literature shows that lack of an acceptable definition of social housing could contribute to the lack of political will for achieving SSHP. The overall aim of this research is to develop ‘a framework for implementing SSHP’. The aim was achieved through research objectives, including a critical review of the concept and identification of types of social housing and proposes a definition for describing it; examine the concept of sustainable development (SD) and its requirements for achieving sustainability in social housing provision (SHP); and examine the key constituents, barriers and recommendations for improving SSHP from economic, environmental and social perspectives. The methodology adopted for this research comprises a combination of the review of the extant literature, a qualitative content analysis and a quantitative questionnaire survey. The contents of the selected documents were grouped into three main categories – constituents, barriers and recommendations for implementing SSHP with economic, environmental and social key factors as sub-groups for each. Data gathered through the questionnaire survey were obtained from housing authorities (public sector) and housing associations (non-profit private sector) as social housing practitioners in England and were analysed using various statistical analysis, including ANOVA. Findings from the study assisted in ranking the key constituents, barriers and recommendations for the implementation of SSHP from economic, environmental and social perspectives, which are categorised into most critical, critical and less critical for achieving sustainability in SHP. The main factors that dominate SSHP include: affordability, adequate provision, adequate funding, economic design and planning, use of environmental friendly materials, effective land use, use of the renewable energy, reduction of waste, promotion of social cohesion, security of lives and property, etc. The outcome was used to develop a framework for improving the implementation of SSHP, which has been tested and validated. Although SD has become a dominant focus of research activities in recent years, studies undertaken for the development of a framework that tied constituents with barriers and recommendations for implementing SSHP are rare. The framework of this type can help to address various sustainability issues that militate against the achievement of sustainability in SHP. In order to achieve SSHP, the role of stakeholders, including social housing practitioners, governments/agencies, financial institutions and end-users are significant. The study concluded that there is a need to develop a framework for implementing SSHP with a strong recommendation that stakeholders should effectively address sustainability issues in SHP.
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Kasuga, Ayuka. "Views of smoke in England, 1800-1830". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13991/.
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This thesis explores urban smoke and its nuisances in Georgian England, especially focusing on the period, 1800-1830. During this period, a number of English towns experienced accelerated industrialisation and many of them first experienced air pollution. In 1821, Michael Angelo Taylor, MP, passed a parliamentary bill on smoke abatement, Taylor’s Act. Although it has generally been believed that the Act did not have much of a social impact, this thesis argues that the Act diffused the usage of smoke abatement technology and triggered dozens of legal cases. The geographical focus of this thesis is Leeds and London. The Leeds case study examines the Leeds smoke abatement campaign and the smoke nuisance court case against Benjamin Gott, a leading merchant/ manufacturer in Leeds. It shows that the confusion over the effectiveness of smoke abatement technology represented the main difficulty in the smoke abatement campaign. The court case between the Duke of Northumberland and Clowes represents an example of the London nuisance cases in the 1820s. After the introduction of the steam press, the printing business became a polluting business. Because the plaintiff was the aristocrat, the case was interpreted as a class issue between aristocrat and middle-class printer. However, it was the Duke’s servants who suffered most from the nuisance and the case shows more complex class politics. This thesis also explores smoke nuisance caused by conventional smoke-producing industries in London, waterworks and brickmaking. Some water companies adopted smoke abatement technology but the confusion over the effectiveness of the technology can be observed in London, too. Taylor’s Act did not directly influence brickmaking business but it could cause nuisance to its neighbours, especially nurseries and gardens.
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Benešová, Martina. "Higher Education credentials and labour market outcomes : expectations of business students in England and the Czech Republic". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2017. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/33921/.
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While the financial returns to education have been widely studied since the 1960s, the research on students‟ earnings expectations is relatively scarce. This study examines students‟ earnings expectations and their perceptions of the link between education and labour market outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was adopted – questionnaires and focus groups were used for data collection. First year and final year Business students were surveyed at two universities in England and two universities in the Czech Republic. A repeated cross-sectional study design was used - the survey was conducted every year between 2011/2012 and 2014/2015. In addition, focus groups with students were carried out to supplement the survey results. Several personal characteristics were found to influence students‟ expectations. Female students had lower earnings expectations and the expected gender pay gap was found to increase with work experience. The effect of gender on earnings expectations was found to be stronger in the Czech Republic. First years students expected to earn more on average compared to their final year counterparts. Ethnicity was found to be an important factor – black British and Asian British students had higher earnings expectations compared to white British students. Students from high-income families expected to earn significantly more compared to those from less affluent backgrounds. Students expected their earnings to grow with education and experience. Students expected to earn more after graduation compared to what they would expect had they decided not to go to university. Final year English students who expected to achieve a first class honours degree had higher expectations compared with the rest of the sample. In both countries, final year students who expected to be overeducated after graduation anticipated a pay penalty. The evidence of a so-called sheepskin effect was found in final year students‟ expectations – they believed they would have been financially punished for leaving university during their final year. Students who intended to stay in their home regions after graduation had lower earnings expectations compared to those who were willing to relocate to the capital city or move abroad. Students‟ perceptions of the link between education and labour market outcomes were evaluated in the light of human capital theory, the screening hypothesis and credentialism. Students in both countries favoured the credentialist explanations of the relationship between education and future socio-economic status. English students believed that employers prefer graduates from elite universities. On the other hand, Czech students believed that graduates from more affluent families are advantaged in the graduate labour market due to their economic capital. This study has some implications for both policy and practice. However, while the sample size was relatively large, the results cannot be generalised to the entire population of Business students in England and the Czech Republic since non-probability convenience sampling was used to collect the data.
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Maryan, Rebecca. "Humoral theory circulating in religious literature in England, c.1300-1500". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32713/.
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This thesis examines the appearance of humoral discourse in religious literature disseminated in England in the later medieval period. It employs focused case-studies drawn extensively from manuscripts and early printed sources to demonstrate the transmission of humoral theory in religious circles and how this changed over time, especially with the shift from Latin to the vernacular in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. By demonstrating the transmission of humoral ideas outside the medical sphere in England in this period, this provides evidence for a ‘medicalization’ of society at this time. However, this study also demonstrates that there was increasingly a ‘Christianization’ of medicine at the same time, evident in the appropriation of humoral discourse in religious literature including sermons, pastoral guides, Rules for religious, works of religious instruction, and devotional and mystical texts.
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Dangerfield, Anthony Samuel. "School self-evaluation in action : a case study in the North-West of England". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2012. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/14043/.
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research examines the development of a self-evaluation model within a secondary school environment. The study investigates the contributing factors that influence the development of a school and suggests an evaluative model that measures pupil performance, encourages school staff to be self-reflective and enables a trustworthy indication of school attainment and improvement. Data collection included the use of surveys at the beginning and end of the investigation and also in-depth individual semi-structured interviews with school staff and local authority educational advisers. The outcome of the research provided a self-audit model that enabled judgements to be made on pupil progress across the full range of the curriculum and measured the strengths and weaknesses of the school compared with national standards. Emerging from the research was the realisation that managing the process of change was fundamental to the success of the model. It is this change process and its management that are the key findings of this research.
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Rahmani, Ataollah. "Majority rule and minority shareholder protection in joint stock companies in England and Iran". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1848/.
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Principally, joint stock companies are governed by the principle of majority rule, which means that while they are formed and continue to work through participation of every shareholder, only those who hold a majority of voting shares can make decisions in companies. The principle relies on contract and is often supported by company law. In the main, it is advantageous to companies, the Judiciary and the economy. It facilitates collective action, allows management to focus on the daily running of the company business and encourages corporate financing, which is decisively important for corporations. It also saves, by curbing minority actions, the courts’ time and the public budget. In one sense, however, it can also be dangerous to the rights and interests of minority shareholders. Using the majority rule, majority shareholders may fix for themselves private benefits or adopt policies which are poor and consequently harmful to companies. Such danger could discourage likely investors from investing their capital in companies and might undermine one of the main purposes of the corporation as an institution introduced by law and business practice to solve problems encountered in raising substantial amounts of capital. This research seeks to study in the light of English and Iranian company laws difficulties deriving from application of the majority rule for minority shareholders and possible ways and mechanisms which can be used to sensibly curb the occurrence of such difficulties. To this objective, it identifies four factors which can explain how and why the rule is liable to abuse by majority shareholders and examines the mechanisms provided by company laws of England and Iran which attempt to strike a balance between the rule of majority and interests of minority shareholders.
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Russell, Marion. "Challenge and complexity : implementing the Principal Child and Family Social Worker role in England". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/117043/.
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Following the Munro Review of Child Protection in England in 2011, the appointment of a Principal Child and Family Social Worker was recommended to provide practice leadership across child protection social work with children and families. Since this time, the experience of local authorities has varied greatly in the interpretation and implementation of the role. Using a multi-method qualitative approach, this study considered the views and perspectives of Senior Managers in the conception and implementation, and the experience of PCFSWs in undertaking the role, to interrogate the following research questions: - How has the role of PCFSW been implemented? - What does the implementation tell about management, leadership and professional status? - What does the implementation reveal about boundary spanning, organisational change, and complexity? - What are the implications for future policy development? The wider context of continuing changes in legislation, policy, regulation, and DfE lead reform was considered. Building on the systems approach advocated by Munro, this research was conceptualised with reference to boundary spanning and complexity theory. The findings suggest that current policy and practice in child protection social work has evolved in a closed system, where compliance and the features of managerialism prevail. In contrast, frontline practitioners more readily operate in a complex system. Tensions between the two perspectives continue such that the aspirations for reform instigated by Munro and articulated by the participants in this study have not been fully achieved. Such aspirations may not be achievable when one part of the wider system needs to be open and adaptive, while the authority in the system seeks to be controllable, and hence closed. These tensions are reflected in current DfE policy initiatives. Given this, it is unlikely that one role, the PCFSW, can singularly effect such change within the organisation or the wider system.
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Bokhari, Sophia. "North western Pakistani Pashtun perspectives on the educational achievement of their children in England". Thesis, University of Worcester, 2015. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/4069/.
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This thesis provides an analysis based on a qualitative modified Grounded Theory approach of the perceptions of people belonging to the North Western Pakistani Pashtun population residing in England, regarding the educational achievement of their children. The research involved participants across five sites: Birmingham, Bradford, East London, Oldham and Manchester. All participants originated from the village and tribal areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Names have been anonymised, and details that might enable identification omitted. Fieldwork took place between 2012 and 2014. Research techniques used were qualitative questionnaires and interviews. The research aimed to unpick the extent to which ethnicity promoted or hindered educational achievement within this selected population. In addition, it also highlighted the inextricable link, as perceived by the population, between their educational achievement and their combined ethnicity, cultural, economic and social capital. Initial and focused coding and a relational analysis of a situational map were undertaken, in line with a modified Grounded Theory methodology. The study identifies one core category: 'educational apathy', as deep set, and its properties and dimensions are thoroughly explored in relation to the selected population. A further two categories: 'gender inequality' and 'the role of Islam' emerge as issues that also need to be addressed for increased educational achievement. This study supplies a historical context for North-Western Pakistani Pashtuns and their identity as an ethnic group. Reasons are given for the avoidance of the term 'Pathan'. The thesis describes migration patterns to England and the socialisation of theses Pashtuns as a migrant population. Official data on this selected population in England is scarce so demographic indications are taken from official school censuses (2007-2012) and national censuses (1991, 2001 and 2011) on language, free school meals and qualifications. In cases where there was an absence of data, data were gleaned for the broader 'Pakistani' population. The thesis evidences the relative income poverty within North-Western Pakistani Pashtun families living in inner city ghettoised areas of England, by relating their experiences of social class and socio-economic status to their negative perceptions of educational achievement. There is little literature nationally or internationally on this selected population, so this thesis offers new knowledge. This particular ethnic group is 'hard to reach' as they are generally reticent to open up to outsider researchers. I was able to work with a substantial sample (n=107) because, although an outsider, I was brought up alongside members of this population and was therefore trusted. The research makes a contribution by identifying this population as a separate group with a distinct ethnicity, language, and cultural and social capital. To date, North-Western Pakistani Pashtuns have been obscured within the categories of 'Pakistani' or 'Afghani' which neglects the needs and plight of this population within England. This research, I firmly believe, is the first to provide a) insight into this population in England and b) a discussion on issues affecting their educational achievement.
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Laurie, Ian. ""All the world's a stage" : acting out the government-supported apprenticeship programme in England". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358504/.
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Since ‘Modern Apprenticeships’ were first introduced in England in 1994, government supported apprenticeships have gone undergone a series of transformations leading to them being underpinned since 2009 by statute and taking a central role in the current UK Government’s state-led vocational skills and education programmes for England. Accordingly, the numbers of people starting and completing apprenticeship programmes each year has increased rapidly, but these increases have also seen expansion in the support structures provided by central government, organisations and businesses. It is these ‘support structures’ that are the focus of this thesis; uncovering who the actors are and what roles they perform in the provision of England’s government-supported apprenticeship programme. Conducting interviews with a variety of people and organisations from government through to employers, this thesis considers apprenticeship in England by way of the public and private organisations that perform these varying roles. Beginning with two quotations which between them offer ideas of structure (‘script’) and agency (‘improvisation’), the research introduces an innovative use of an ancient symbol called a ‘triquetra’ (‘three cornered’) to create an ‘Apprenticeship Triquetra’. In the ‘Apprenticeship Triquetra’, three initial groups of actors – government, employers and training providers – and the many other organisations and businesses that operate in the spaces between them, are juxtaposed with their functional counterparts of governance, employment and education. The Apprenticeship Triquetra then explores the relationships between these ‘actors’ and ‘factors’ through sociological theories of Foucault’s (1978) governmentality thesis and Actor Network Theory (Latour, 1987; Law, 1987). By adding a historical lens to the concepts and theories and drawing a Ii distinction between the apprenticeship ‘programme’ and the apprenticeship ‘system’, apprenticeship is shown to be a site of complex social interactions and vested interests. This multifaceted research presents a unique critique of apprenticeships in England and concludes with three findings. The first is that there appears to be a concerning level of commodification that has developed in the apprenticeship system. The second finding relates to the way in which the power of the government has been used to direct the apprenticeship programme and system. The third finding constitutes that of an observation born out of this thesis’ historical and contemporary narratives: apprenticeship acts as a social barometer reflecting broader social contexts
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Wood, Bethany Isobel Amy. "Combating heretics in civil war and interregnum England, 1642-1657 : parliamentarian responses to heresy". Thesis, Keele University, 2015. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/1207/.
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Puritans entered a novel position of power in the early 1640s. Their attempts to ‘combat’ heretics and further reform in the 1640s/50s were impeded by the dismantling of legal and ecclesiastical apparatus previously employed against them. Influential Presbyterians and Independents in Parliament, the Westminster Assembly, and the New Model Army, were also divided over defining orthodoxy, enforced conformity to a national Church and liberty of conscience. Chapter one addresses crucial developments in defining and punishing heresy, in the Early Church, and in England, from the first noted burning of a heretic under Henry IV up until the outbreak of Civil War. Existing fractures within Puritanism intensified as lapsed censorship produced an explosion of new or public heterodox ideas. Chapter two explores disagreements over legitimate means of reform and establishing ‘truth’, by examining the case of anti-Trinitarian Paul Best which initiated a Parliamentary Ordinance to enable execution of obstinate heretics. This legislation generated public controversy, especially in print. Chapter three addresses the significance of preaching, fasting and prayer as spiritual means to oppose heresy, and emphasis on collective national responsibility and repentance. Particular attention is paid to the Humiliation for heresy on 10 March 1647. Chapter four compares the differing political and ecclesiological contexts which produced the Heresy Ordinance and the 1650 Blasphemy Act, especially a shift from Presbyterian to Independent dominance in positions of government. The Rump settlement was predominantly shaped by a magisterial Independent vision of reform. Chapter five addresses Interregnum problems with enforcing the Blasphemy Act and upholding liberty offered in the Instrument of Government. The cases of Socinian John Biddle and Quaker James Nayler reveal fears of unrestricted definitions of heresy, and rigidly defined orthodoxy. Overall across these decades, concerns to avoid establishing precedents which could endanger the godly prevented systematic suppression of heresy and blasphemy.
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Shave, Samantha Anne. "Poor Law reform and policy innovation in rural southern England, c.1780-1850". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/173807/.
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Recent analysis in poor law history has uncovered the experiences of individual relief claimants and recipients, emphasising their role in the welfare process. The literature has, however, tended to draw a false dichotomy between understanding the experiences of the individual poor and understanding the administration of the poor laws. This thesis deploys a ‘policy process’ understanding of social policies, a concept developed in the social sciences, to understand the processes driving social policies under the poor laws. The thesis deploys a more holistic approach to understanding the poor laws, taking into account how those in positions of power, as well as welfare recipients, impacted upon social policies under the poor law. By applying this understanding to the literature, significant aspects of poor law history have been left under-researched. The adoption and implementation of enabling legislation in the final years of the old poor law, specifically Gilbert’s Act of 1782 and Sturges Bourne’s Act of 1819, have hitherto received little attention. Policy transfer under the old and New poor laws, an aspect that informed all stages of the policy process, has also been neglected. In addition, the ways in which welfare scandals during the early years of the New Poor Law influenced the development of social policies have not been treated to systematic analysis. This thesis tackles each of these lacunas in turn, using administrative records produced by the central welfare authorities and Parliament, and local administrative records from the rural south of England. It offers a more nuanced picture of poor law reform and policy innovation under the poor laws. Enabling legislation was adopted and dropped at different times, and it was implemented in different ways. Policy transfer was important in the administration of poor law policy throughout the period. Early welfare scandals arose in areas of policy strain and had influenced the development of national legislation. Cumulatively, the different foci demonstrate the multifarious ways in which policy was adopted, implemented and changed under the poor laws. They also highlight the importance of two groups in this process, key actors and stakeholders. Rather than viewing the experiences of relief claimants as separate to the administrative aspects of the poor laws, the ‘policy process’ approach allows us to view them as part of the same process. In turn, this offers new insights into how both relief claimants and relief administration impacted upon each other.
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Brewster, David. "Comparing cannabis control : convergence and divergence in England & Wales and the Netherlands". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/84381/.
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This thesis explores the nature and extent of convergence and divergence in cannabis control in England & Wales and the Netherlands through an examination of the policy-making process. Over the past couple of decades a number of sociological theories of crime control have pointed towards converging tendencies in the growth of ‘punitiveness’ across advanced Western countries. One of the most influential accounts put forth has been David Garland’s The Culture of Control which suggests that the transition to late-modernity has brought with it new and reconstructed risks and threats, and ambivalent strategies of responding to issues of crime and security. However, despite the usefulness of such bodies of work which attempted to map the ‘master patterns’ of crime control, there is a need to empirically examine how a culture of control unfolds across different national and subnational spheres. An under-examined area of criminological research is the very nature of policy development and negotiation, with tendencies to read off policy outcomes without a deeper exploration of how such responses come into being and unfold across different national and subnational spaces. The area of drugs policy, and specifically regarding cannabis, provided an interesting focus in which to test and build upon The Culture of Control, and particularly so in England & Wales and the Netherlands who have traditionally exhibited differences in their approaches to cannabis policy. Recent policy changes regarding cannabis suggest a toughening of approaches in both jurisdictions, with the reclassification from Class C to Class B in England & Wales in 2009, and the modifications to the ‘coffeeshop’ gedoogbeleid (‘tolerance policy’) in the Netherlands in 2012/13. A thematic analysis was conducted on empirical data from ‘elite’ semi-structured interviews (n=62) as well as key policy documents. The findings suggest that there have been convergent patterns in the way in which problems and policy alternatives have been constructed and molded to fit particular political agendas which shifted policy in a more repressive direction; but there are crucial differences in institutional and political cultures which still generate significant points of divergence across and within these jurisdictions. Consequentially, although ‘contrasts in tolerance’ may not be as marked as once described before (Downes 1988), there are still key components of the policy process in the Netherlands which more readily enable resistance against overly punitive policy movements, and foster the potential for a more pragmatic approach towards cannabis control.
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Richmond, Stephen. "A critical evaluation of orthodontic treatment in the general dental services of England and Wales". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276344.
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Woodman, J. L. "General Practitioner responses to concerns about (possible) child maltreatment in England : a mixed methods study". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1452201/.
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Background: There is increasing recognition that GPs’ responses to maltreatment-related concerns should include but go beyond referral to and joint-working with children’s social care. However, the role of the GP in this area remains contentious and wider responses in general practice are not fully defined. Aim: To describe and understand responses to concerns about child maltreatment in general practice in England. Methods: I estimated the annual incidence of maltreatment-related codes in children’s electronic primary care records (over time, by child characteristics) and estimated between-practice variation using a UK representative cohort of 1.5 million children from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database. I also calculated prevalence estimates for 2010. I investigated other responses to maltreatment-related concerns through unstructured in-depth interviews with GPs (N=14), health visitors (N=2) and practice nurses (N=2) and observations of team meetings (N=4) in four practices in England. I undertook a development phase with 11 GP practices in England to prepare for the study proper and used literature reviews to drive my study design and contextualise my results. I aimed to increase the breadth and depth of my findings by adopting a mixed methods design (integrating quantitative and qualitative data). Results: In 2010, the annual incidence of children with any maltreatment-related code was 9.5 (95%CI 9.3, 9.8) per 1000 child years, equivalent to a code entered in the record of 0.8% (95%CI 0.8, 0.8) of all children registered in 2010. I identified seven actions that GPs described taking in response to maltreatment-related concerns. GPs enacted responses through parents and other family members as well as children. From the GPs’ perspective, strong relationships with parents and health visitors were prerequisites for responding to maltreatment-related concerns. Conclusions: My findings challenge policy makers, professionals and researchers to rethink the GPs’ role in responding to maltreatment-related concerns.
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Sodiq, Abdulla. "The role of academic staff governors at three outstanding general further education colleges in England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90881/.
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This thesis aims to explore Academic Staff Governor (ASG) roles at three Outstanding Further Education colleges in England. Uniquely, the research focuses on types of ASG activities; ASGs’ professional and power status and the understanding of the role. The study draws upon relevant literature to identify concepts related to governors’ roles and activities. An interpretivist stance is used to collect predominantly qualitative data through a combined methods approach, and to engage with ASGs and external governors. During fieldwork, qualitative and quantitative evidence from six semi-structured interviews; 35 questionnaire responses, observations of 8 governance meetings and governance documents, was analysed. Findings suggest that ASGs’ insiderness; their affiliation with other groups and decision-making circumstances may influence their governing activities. Activities rooted in operational settings such as professional-information giving were highly-valued by other governors, while there were uncertainties about the benefit of having managerial staff as ASGs. The research also identified ASGs’ relatively low power status which in turn may affect their professional status. There was evidence indicating uncertainty amongst the college staff regarding the role of an ASG in the colleges’ boards. As a result of the study, to aid understanding and to conceptualise an ASG’s role in FE colleges, ‘The 3 RaPs Framework’ and ‘The Restricted Professional Model’ of an ASG have been developed. For relevant practitioners, organisations and policymakers, the research recommends clear and specific role descriptions for ASG posts; action to develop ASGs’ professionality as teachers and to allow more opportunities for ASGs to act as governors. Finally, further research opportunities are identified in order to research ASGs’ professional profiles in the FE sector; ASGs’ personality characteristics; clarity of ASG role in educational governance; the role in high performing and underperforming colleges; and the role in the wider global educational governance.
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Naji, Safaa. "An ethnographic case study of the role of public libraries in facilitating lifelong learning activities in the North of England". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34666/.
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This ethnographic study examines the role of public libraries in supporting lifelong learning (LLL) activities. It was undertaken in a library in the North of England. This study adopted the community of practice (CoP) as a conceptual framework to highlight the importance of the public library as a lifelong learning institution and to explore the significance of the knowledge and skills that are developed through social interaction with learners (users of the library) and librarians and the effects of that on users’ learning and identity. Fieldwork was conducted in the library during a period of nine months. Participant observation and unstructured interviews with 11 librarians, semi-structured interviews with 48 users, along with documentary analysis, were used to generate qualitative data on the library as a lifelong learning institution and the role of librarians in supporting lifelong learning activities. The findings reveal the potential for the public library to be a lifelong learning institution which are: the stimulating learning environment of the library; diversity in the library; a variety of learning resources and accessible facilities as well as cooperation with other organisations in the community. The findings also suggest that the library has integrated social, economic and educational effects on both individuals and communities. The library offers equal and free learning opportunities for everyone, regardless of their background, which provides learners with on-going skills. In this sense, the library is considered as key to unlocking inequality. The findings reveal that the library achieves social justice, fosters social cohesion and prevents social isolation. In addition, the public library plays a vital role in promoting individuals’ health and well-being through bibliotherapy sessions. The findings also show that the library constructs learners’ identities as they become confident, independent learners, critical thinkers and active citizens. On an economic level, the library has a direct and indirect economic impact on individuals, as well as on the whole community. The direct role has been demonstrated by saving users money and supporting people to find jobs as well as starting up their own businesses. Its indirect role is demonstrated though saving money for the public Exchequer, such as the NHS. However, the library faces challenges which affect the quality of delivering those services such as funding cuts, leading to the closure of library buildings, lack of public perception of the library’s value and misunderstanding the rules by the users. The study also highlights that the librarians play a significant role in supporting lifelong learning activities. The librarians deliver the learning sessions as proficient teachers. They also support library users by guiding them to access the valuable information resources and learning sessions which meet their needs. This study shows that there are criteria for librarians to be able to support LLL activities. However, the data indicates that the librarians face challenges such as replacing them with volunteers to run the library services. In addition, there is a lack of public awareness about their significant role in the community.
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Morbey, Roger. "The practical application of statistical methods to improve the utility of syndromic surveillance in England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/94879/.
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Nelson, Sally. "Directing jurors in England and Wales : the effect of narrativisation on comprehension". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56293/.
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This thesis reports the first empirical study to specifically measure and attempt to improve the comprehensibility of jury instructions in England and Wales. While a wealth of research has established that the majority of American jurors substantially misunderstand the crucial legal instructions they are given by the judge at the end of a trial, to date there has not been any comparable rigorous testing of jury instructions in England and Wales and we do not have a clear picture of how well they are understood. It is unwise to extrapolate the findings from American jury trials because the instruction methods are very different: in the English summing-up, English judges not only instruct the jury on the law but also review the evidence, and judges may, if they wish, both integrate their legal instructions with the specific evidence in the case and 'narrativise' the language of their instructions. 102 mock jurors drawn from the community were tested for their ability to recognise, recall and apply eleven legal instructions given in a summing up at the end of a rape trial simulation. They were randomly assigned to receive one of three summings up, which systematically differed in their degree of narrativisation: one based on model instructions published by the Judicial Studies Board; a second that integrated evidence from the case into the instructions; and a third that further narrativised the integrated instructions by applyign discourse features previously hypothesised as having a narrativising function. The thesis, then examines both the comprehensibility of legal instructions within the English summing up and the effect on comprehension of narrativising those intructions. A highly persuasive pattern of results occurred: increasing levels of narrativisation increased juorors' understanding of the instructions, and specifically aided jurors' ability to apply the law to the evidence in the case. Discussing the results in terms of Accommodation Theory and the Cognitive Story Model, the thesis concludes that a judge may better guide jurors through the categories of the law by accommodating the narrative approach that jurors bring to their role.
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Ham, Young Jin. "Performance Measurement in the Social Housing Sector in England : the Case of Housing Associations". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/381/.
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Performance measurement was introduced and, many would argue, imposed on the social housing sector but now there is a growing interest in its intrinsic benefits to public organisations themselves, not only for internal regulation but also as a means of demonstrating social accountability. This thesis is about performance measurement in practice but it sets this within the framework of various theoretical approaches to the subject. The thesis proposes four research questions: why do housing associations measure performance; how is performance information used - by whom and for what purposes; what factors influence the development of performance measurement; and what has the performance measurement approach changed in the housing association sector? Through a discussion of the literature on performance measurement in the context of performance management and practical case studies, the thesis answers the four research questions. The central conclusion of the thesis is that performance measurement is a significant driver of the use of performance information in social housing management, in particular for decision-making on the delivery of housing services. The thesis reveals the hybrid nature of performance measurement, where managerial and social values currently prevail, in contrast to the traditional assumption of a dominant ‘political control’ role.
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Earle, Sarah. "The relationship between formative and summative teacher assessment of primary science in England". Thesis, Bath Spa University, 2018. http://researchspace.bathspa.ac.uk/11554/.
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Assessment drives the taught curriculum, defines what is valued (Stobart 2008) and can enhance or hinder learning (Mansell et al. 2009). In England, the complexities of assessment are compounded by ongoing changes to statutory assessment procedures and a lack of centralised guidance for judgements of primary science (Turner et al. 2013). The Nuffield expert group (2012) proposed a pyramid-shaped model of teacher assessment which utilised formative information to inform summative judgements. The model was operationalised by the Teacher Assessment in Primary Science (TAPS) project (Davies et al. 2014), but there was no explicit explanation of the 'formative to summative' process. This study sought to develop understanding of the relationship between formative and summative teacher assessment of primary science, in action and over time. A Design-Based Research (DBR) approach was used in order to develop guidance directly relevant to practice. Analysis of 91 submissions from the Primary Science Quality Mark (PSQM) database provided a mapping of current practice in England. Two case studies of TAPS project schools considered the enacted relationship between formative and summative assessment, during implementation of a 'formative to summative' approach. New insights have been gained into the conceptualisation and enactment of the relationship between formative and summative assessment. Teacher conceptualisations of assessment were found to encapsulate a wide range of dimensions such as purpose, value, audience, assessor, timing, formality, rigidity and support. Refinements to the TAPS pyramid model are proposed to explain the 'formative to summative' process, conceptualising summative assessment as a summary judgement of attainment, which may be informed by snapshot and focused assessment activities. It was found that implementation of a 'formative to summative' approach required a shared understanding of key assessment concepts like validity and reliability; a seesaw balance model is proposed to support the development of such a shared understanding.
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Morris, Rebecca. "Free schools in England : choice, admissions and social segregation". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6695/.
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This study examines the issue of school choice in the context of Free Schools in England. It focuses on three different aspects, each one related the Free Schools policy from a social justice and equity perspective. First, the admissions arrangements of secondary Free Schools, are explored. Second, the reasons and strategies that parents reported when choosing a school are considered. Finally, the student compositions of the schools are analysed. The study as a whole takes a multi-method approach, using Annual School Census data, parent questionnaires and interviews and a documentary analysis of admissions policies. The findings show a complex picture, reflecting the heterogeneous and diverse nature of Free Schools. Disadvantaged pupils are under-represented in the majority of Free Schools, but not in all. The admissions policies also suggest that the majority of Free Schools are using similar methods for allocating places as those used by other schools in their area. Parents that had chosen Free Schools tended to report looking for similar features but had taken different routes and encountered varying circumstances during the decision-making process. Many were attracted to the Free School by its promise of quality and used a range of proxy features to determine this, including factors relating to the social composition, comparisons with other school types and a focus on a traditional approach to schooling. Recommendations for how the Free Schools policy (and education policy more widely) could be used to encourage equity of access and opportunity are included at the end of the study.
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Ferguson, Angus H. "Should a doctor tell? : medical confidentiality in interwar England and Scotland". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3150/.
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Medical confidentiality is integral to the doctor - patient relationship and an important element in efficient and effective medical practice. However, it is generally acknowledged that medical confidentiality can not be absolute. At times it must be broken in order to serve a ‘higher’ interest - be it public health or the legal justice system. Yet, very little is known about the historical evolution of the boundaries of medical confidentiality in Britain. The absence of detailed historical research on the subject has meant that contemporary writers have tended to use citations of the Hippocratic Oath or short quotations from key legal cases to place their work into longer term context. The current thesis provides a more detailed examination of the delineation of the boundaries of medical confidentiality during a period of intense debate - the interwar years of the twentieth century. The increase in state interest in the health of the population, the growth in divorce after the First World War and the prominence of the medical issues of venereal disease and abortion, all brought unprecedented challenges to the traditional concept of medical confidentiality. Having examined the, oft-cited, benchmark precedent for medical confidentiality from the late eighteenth century, the thesis proceeds to examine the ways in which medicine had changed by the interwar years. The high-point of the debate in the early 1920s is examined from the perspective of the three key interest groups - the Ministry of Health, the British Medical Association and the Lord Chancellor. Overall, the work provides insight into the historical delineation of medical confidentiality in Britain, both in statute and common law. As such it lends a longer-term context to current debates over the boundaries of medical confidentiality in the twenty-first century.
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Künzel, Stefanie. "Concepts of infectious, contagious, and epidemic disease in Anglo-Saxon England". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50580/.
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This thesis examines concepts of disease existing in the Anglo-Saxon period. The focus is in particular on the conceptual intricacies pertaining to pestilence or, in modern terms, epidemic disease. The aim is to (1) establish the different aspects of the cognitive conceptualisation and their representation in the language and (2) to illustrate how they are placed in relation to other concepts within a broader understanding of the world. The scope of this study encompasses the entire corpus of Old English literature, select Latin material produced in Anglo-Saxon England, as well as prominent sources including works by Isidore of Seville, Gregory of Tours, and Pope Gregory the Great. An introductory survey of past scholarship identifies main tenets of research and addresses shortcomings in our understanding of historic depictions of epidemic disease, that is, a lack of appreciation for the dynamics of the human mind. The main body of research will discuss the topic on a lexico-semantic, contextual and wider cultural level. An electronic evaluation of the Dictionary of Old English Corpus establishes the most salient semantic fields surrounding instances of cwealm and wol (‘pestilence’), such as harmful entities, battle and warfare, sin, punishment, and atmospheric phenomena. Occurrences of pestilential disease are distributed across a variety of text types including (medical) charms, hagiographic and historiographic literature, homilies, and scientific, encyclopaedic treatises. The different contexts highlight several distinguishable aspects of disease, (‘reason’, ‘cause’, ‘symptoms’, ‘purpose’, and ‘treatment’) and strategically put them in relation with other concepts. Connections within this conceptual network can be based on co-occurrence, causality, and analogy and are set within a wider cultural frame informed largely though not exclusively by Christian doctrine. The thesis concludes that Anglo-Saxon ideas of disease must be viewed as part of a complex web of knowledge and beliefs in order to understand how they can be framed by various discourses with more or less diverging objectives. The overall picture emerging from this study, while certainly not being free from contradiction, is not one of superstition and ignorance but is grounded in observation and integrated into many-layered systems of cultural knowledge.
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McKenzie, Sarah. "Death, inheritance and the family : a study of literary responses to inheritance in seventeenth-century England". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/44291/.
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This thesis argues that a study of literary genres from the seventeenth century pertaining to death and inheritance in the family yields evidence about the way in which inheritance was understood and interpreted by early modern society; these genres include parental legacies, women writers’ interpretations of Genesis, Anne Clifford’s personal account of her struggle to gain her inheritance, plays (comedies and tragedies) and elegies on the death of children. A study of literature related to the topics of wills, legacies and lineage imparts insight into early modern concepts of family relations and parental roles, and challenges Lawrence Stone’s views on the late development of the affective family. The textual legacies of Elizabeth Joceline, Elizabeth Grymeston, Dorothy Leigh and Edward Burton, and the elegies of Ben Jonson and Katherine Philips will be used to demonstrate emotive parenting and the extension of parental roles beyond the death of the parent or beyond the death of an heir. Familial texts can be used to study the familial and political environments and attitudes, but as will be proved in the thesis, literature, especially in the form of legacies, elegies and exegeses, also had agency in creating new definitions of inheritance external to the formal patriarchal basis of land and power transference which many historians have considered the prime focus of study in the seventeenth century. In addition Rachel Speght, Alice Sutcliffe, and Amey Hayward produced interpretations of Genesis as literary testaments, asserting women’s role in the creation of a less sinful, less patriarchal lineage. The ‘prodigal’ play structures of Thomas Middleton and Aphra Behn compared with patriarchal political texts, and a comparison of two versions of King Lear byWilliam Shakespeare and Nahum Tate address the temporary interruption of patriarchal succession and highlight post- Restoration changes to the ideological functions of inheritance.
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Heyberi, Ebru. "Integrating technology in the curriculum for enhanced learning : a comparative study in England and North Cyprus". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4042/.
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This research compared English and Turkish Cypriot teachers’ pedagogical approaches to using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the classroom and explored differing contexts of ICT use in the two countries. Research methods included self-completed questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and three rounds of a modified Delphi technique aimed at building consensus around what constitutes a model of practice. Two secondary schools in each country participated. Findings highlighted differences in access to resources between ‘good’ and ‘improving’ schools and between Turkish Cypriot and English schools. Access to reliable technology and basic ICT training are identified issues for Turkish Cypriot teachers whilst effective integration of ICT in teaching is identified as a key issue for English teachers. Turkish Cypriot and English teachers differed in their pedagogical approaches but instructivist teaching methods continue to be a major component of teaching in both countries’ schools. The Delphi method proved a useful process to encourage mutual engagement toward shared goals, exploring different contexts of use and building consensus on a model of practice. The consensus building activity suggested some parameters for a model of practice, generated useful lesson plans and proved a potentially useful method for encouraging a sense of joint ownership for professional development in this area.
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Kamaludeen, Juriah. "The detection and cccurrence of triclabendazole resistance in Fasciola hepatica in sheep in England and Wales". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2026439/.
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Sheep are at risk from the disease fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola hepatica. For sheep, triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the drug of choice as it kills the early, immature stages of the parasite. However, TCBZ is becoming increasingly ineffective due to emergence of resistance. The aim of this thesis was to identify the most appropriate diagnostic test to detect infection with F. hepatica in sheep, the optimum faecal egg count reduction method to detect TCBZ resistance, and thirdly to assess the prevalence of TCBZ resistance in Britain. In Chapter 2, three different techniques that have been described in the literature to diagnose F. hepatica infection: faecal egg counts (FEC), coproantigen ELISA and a PCR-based assay, were compared. The objectives were to compare the sensitivity of these techniques to detect early infection in experimentally infected sheep and measure the efficacy of TCBZ against a susceptible isolate. For this, a total of 12 sheep were infected with 200-215 TCBZ susceptible metacercariae and infection was tracked on a weekly basis from 0 to 14 weeks post-infection (wpi) at which point they were divided into two groups of six. Group 1 was left untreated and Group 2 animals were treated with TCBZ (Fasinex®; 10 mg/kg) per os. Faecal samples were collected on the day of treatment and daily until 10 days post treatment (dpt). At 10 dpt, all sheep were killed for liver fluke recovery and enumeration. Results showed that the coproantigen ELISA could detect infection from 5 wpi (2/12 sheep), and all sheep were positive by 8 wpi. FEC was less sensitive at detecting early infection, 1/12 animal became positive at 7 wpi and all sheep were positive at 11 wpi. The PCR failed to detect infection at any time point. The efficacy of TCBZ against F. hepatica was 97% with p < 0.001. There was no correlation between the coproantigen levels and FEC for all sheep, R2 = 0.031 (Spearman’s test p = 0.21) at 14 wpi. The study confirmed that the coproantigen ELISA is more sensitive in detecting early fluke infection compared to FEC. All six sheep in Group 2 were positive by FEC and 4 of these were also positive by coproantigen ELISA at 10 days post treatment with TCBZ; at post-mortem, between one and 13 flukes were recovered in all but one animal. Chapter 3 describes a pilot study conducted to improve the design of a previously described composite faecal egg count reduction test (cFECRT). Firstly we determined if it was necessary to sample the same 20 sheep before and post treatment, or if two random groups of 20 sheep could be sampled for the two counts. Samples from 44 sheep from Farm 1 and 105 sheep from Farm 2 were collected and individual egg counts determined. Bootstrap analysis showed that the same 20 sheep had to be sampled pre-treatment and at 21 dpt. The coproantigen ELISA and FEC were compared on individual samples and composite samples from 20 sheep on five farms. Faecal samples were collected prior to treatment, 7 and 21 dpt to determine the optimum time to collect the post-treatment sample. A comparison revealed that the results of the individual coproantigen ELISA were more informative compared to composite ELISA values for detection of infected sheep. The results also showed that sample testing at 21 dpt can help avoid false positive results. Chapter 4 describes two TCBZ resistance prevalence studies. Firstly a total of 20 farms in the county of Cumbria were approached. Sixteen farms submitted samples and 13 farms had pre-treatment counts sufficiently high to conduct the FECRT, and evidence of TCBZ failure was detected on all 13 farms. Secondly a survey of TCBZ resistance was conducted in three regions of Britain, North East England, South West England and South Wales. Two hundred and fifty farms were contacted, 42 farms took part in the study. Of the 42 farms who submitted pre-treatment samples, seven had pre-treatment counts of 100eggs per gram or higher. Evidence of TCBZ failure was observed in 4 of those 7 farms, all from North East England. Using questionnaire data, descriptive statistics showed that there was no significant difference (T-test p = 0.82) between resistance status and total number of ewes on a farm. Evidence from the present study suggests that TCBZ resistance is common on sheep farms in some parts the UK but further work is needed to establish a national prevalence. Overall, this study demonstrated that the coproantigen ELISA test is able to detect pre-patent fluke infections when compared to FEC. However, this work highlights that the coproantigen ELISA performs differently in experimentally infected sheep compared with naturally infected sheep. Further evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA is needed if it is to be used with confidence for detecting TCBZ resistance in the field. Whilst this study identified TCBZ to be a problem on some sheep farms it was not possible to determine the prevalence of TCBZ resistance in England and Wales, This highlights the need to monitor TCBZ efficacy on a farm by farm basis in England and Wales.