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Mutombo, Vially Kazadi, Seungyeon Lee, Jusuk Lee e Jiman Hong. "EER-RL: Energy-Efficient Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning". Mobile Information Systems 2021 (19 de abril de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5589145.
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Wireless sensor devices are the backbone of the Internet of things (IoT), enabling real-world objects and human beings to be connected to the Internet and interact with each other to improve citizens’ living conditions. However, IoT devices are memory and power-constrained and do not allow high computational applications, whereas the routing task is what makes an object to be part of an IoT network despite of being a high power-consuming task. Therefore, energy efficiency is a crucial factor to consider when designing a routing protocol for IoT wireless networks. In this paper, we propose EER-RL, an energy-efficient routing protocol based on reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning (RL) allows devices to adapt to network changes, such as mobility and energy level, and improve routing decisions. The performance of the proposed protocol is compared with other existing energy-efficient routing protocols, and the results show that the proposed protocol performs better in terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime and scalability.
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Jayalakshmi, D. S., D. Hemanand, G. Muthu Kumar e M. Madhu Rani. "An Efficient Route Failure Detection Mechanism with Energy Efficient Routing (EER) Protocol in MANET". International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 13, n.º 2 (8 de abril de 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2021.02.02.
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Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network with two or more number of nodes with restricted energy constraint. The high dynamic nature in MANET attracts needs to consider the energy efficient features in their construct. The routing protocol is an important criterion to be considered for evaluating the performance of the MANET. Energy consumption plays vital role in MANET. Hence designing the scheme that supports energy efficient is much needed for the high dynamic MANET environment concerned. This paper proposes the Energy Efficient Routing (EER) protocol based on efficient route failure detection. The Scope of this paper is to suggest a fresh routing procedure for Mobile Adhoc Network minimizes unsuccessful communication. The projected procedure practices three important criterions to locate the path that assure authentic communication. The channel caliber, connection caliber and node’s residual energy is important reason for the failure of the node in MANET. Hence, the suggested routing mechanism believes these three different parameters to choose the finest node in the route. The reliable transmission and reception are attained by transferring information through route nominated by the suggested system verified by means of NS-2 simulator.
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Lokesh, Deepika, e N. V. Uma Reddy. "Energy Efficient Routing Design for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Network". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 19 (21 de junho de 2022): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23209.2022.19.13.
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The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provides an advance way for connection of various applications. Most of the applications use the wireless sensor network to transmit the information from the device to the main base station. The main operation of the wireless sensor network is to first sense the data using the sensor, then collect the data and finally transmit to the required base station. The data is transmitted in a timely manner such that the other wireless sensor network transmitting the information should not have any problem. During the transmission of the data the main objective of the wireless sensor network device is to provide reliability to the information which is being sent with less latency and to reduce the energy consumption in order to increase the lifespan of the wireless sensor network. Therefore, this paper presents an Energy Efficient Routing for the Target Tracking (EER-TT) in the wireless sensor network which provides reliability, less latency and reduces the energy consumption during the transmission of the information to the base station. Proposed model also provides a cluster selection method for the routing of the wireless sensor network devices. The results attained show that our model EER-TT shows better results when compared with the existing routing-based models.
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Mutombo, Vially Kazadi, Seungyeon Lee, Jusuk Lee e Jiman Hong. "Corrigendum to “EER-RL: Energy-Efficient Routing Based on Reinforcement Learning”". Mobile Information Systems 2021 (4 de junho de 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9817562.
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Kiani, Farzad. "EER-AL: AN ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON AUTOMATED LEARNING METHOD". ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology 9, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2018): 1798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.21917/ijct.2018.0263.
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Sivasubramanian, Karthikeyini S., e Shankar S. Subramaniam. "ADAPTIVE ROUTING SCHEME FOR RELIABLE COMMUNICATION IN VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK (VANET)". Transport 35, n.º 4 (18 de setembro de 2020): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12053.
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In a wireless communication system, due to the presence of the surrounding objects, the amplitude of the received signal rapidly changes by reflection, diffraction, and scattering and noise is added to the received signal. This prompts multipath fading and interference, which affects the quality of communication. The proposed Adaptive Routing Scheme (ARS) considers the algorithm Reliable Routing (RR) using Average Bit Error Rate expressed in Nakagami-m fading channel (ABERN-m) to predict the quality of the link, the Energy Efficient Routing (EER) calculates Remaining Battery Energy (RBE) to extend the network lifetime. The Canberra Distance Measure (CDM) is used instead of Euclidean Distance Measure (EDM) to improve the accuracy of distance measurement in mobile nodes. The aim of the proposed scheme is to predict the best optimal path and maintain the consistent path to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) in real-time communication to improve efficient traffic on the road.
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S.R, Hemanth, e Sanjay Pande M.B. "RELIABLE ROUTING OF EMERGENCY DATA IN WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS UNDER STATIC AND MOBILE SCENARIOS". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, n.º 06 (30 de junho de 2022): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14884.
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Timely intervention can help save precious lives of people who are at risk from chronic diseases or fatal diseases such as cardiac arrest, heart diseases to mention a few. These are the major causes of disability and death across the globe. Continuous monitoring of vital body parameters can be useful in timely intervention which can save the lives of the patients suffering from chronic diseases which can be life threatening, also improve the quality of life. This can be done using Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) with sensors placed on human body. This network uses routing protocol to transmit the sensed data packets to the destination node. if the detected information falls into the category of emergency data, It is critical for sensor nodes to transmit data in a reliable and timely manner while consuming as little energy as possible. Existing protocols propose routing methods that classify traffic and prioritize emergency data transmission. However, apart from traffic classification, robust measures to reduce the loss of emergency packets at various levels during transmission have not been adequately addressed. This can reduce the reliability of emergency data, also increasing the traffic load and energy consumption in forwarder nodes. This shortcoming drives us to propose a routing protocol EER-QR (Energy Efficient Routing with QoS and Reliability) which uses specialized modules with measures for a specific task. Experimental results have demonstrated that EER-QR is Capable of reliably transmitting emergency data, minimizing network load and therefore extending network lifetime. This can help with proper diagnosis in such critical situations resulting in timely intervention and treatment saving the lives of patients.
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S. R, Hemanth, e SanjayPande M. B. Dr. "ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS (EER-W) USING COST COMPUTATION AND CONTROLLED HELLO PACKET BROADCAST". Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering 12, n.º 1 (20 de fevereiro de 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/indjcse/2021/v12i1/211201152.
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Majumdar, Parijata, Diptendu Bhattacharya e Sanjoy Mitra. "Data Aggregation Methods for IoT Routing Protocols". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, n.º 3 (15 de outubro de 2022): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022203.247511.
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Agriculture productivity can be enhanced by IoT- enabled real-time monitoring of weather and soil parameters. Increased volume of sensor data demands a significant amount of memory and power. It also overloads the network, making real-time parameter monitoring very difficult. A large volume of sensor data reduces the lifetime and latency of the network, decreasing the overall throughput. Hence, a reduction in data overload becomes necessary for energy optimization of these energy-constrained sensors. Data aggregation is an effective way of optimizing energy consumption by reducing the volume of redundantly sensed data. Data aggregation helps in designing energy-efficient routing algorithms to transmit information by consuming minimum energy to increase the operational period of the network. This paper surveys different routing algorithms for data aggregation with a focus on energy optimization in precision agriculture. The survey includes IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) to reduce network overload during data transmission, nature-inspired algorithms for energy-optimized intracluster communication, and energy-efficient compressive sensing (CS) to minimize redundant data by aggregation. It also examines duty-cycling algorithms for reducing average energy consumption by periodically placing sensors into the sleep mode during inactive state to save energy. Different performance benchmarks are evaluated to determine the suitability of the routing algorithms in agriculture.
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Nassiri, Mohammad, Mehri Karimi, Reza Mohammadi e Mehdi Abbasi. "EEARP - an Efficient and Energy Aware Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 18, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2020): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2020182.222642.
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Recently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) have attracted significant attention from both academia and industry to explore the vast underwater environment. Since UWSNs suffer from long propagation delay, low bandwidth, and high error rate, providing an efficient routing protocol is challenging. This paper proposes EEARP, a series of new routing protocols for underwater networks to improve the performance of existing DBR. The DBR does not consider energy. It only receives data packets from upper depth node and forwards the packets to lower depth nodes. Moreover, this greedy behavior of DBR causes void area problem. EEARP creates a directed acyclic graph rooted at a sink. Each node receives information like depth, energy, and the number of parents from its parents. When forwarding, each node sends a data packet to one or more of its parent nodes. We implemented EEARP in NS2 simulator and evaluated its performance under different scenarios. Results confirm that EEARP outperforms DBR in terms of energy saving, network lifetime, end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio.
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Saleem, Madyen M., e Salah Abdulghani Alabady. "Performance Analysis and Evaluation of a Multi-Hop Routing Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 20, n.º 3 (15 de outubro de 2022): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2022203.247515.
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Researchers in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) are constantly interested in designing and developing energy-efficient routing protocols. Numerous clustering routing protocols have been developed in recent years to overcome the limitation of consuming less energy and prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes in homogeneous and heterogeneous WMSNs. Existing approaches depend on single-hope communication, in which sensor nodes consume more energy and die faster. Inter-communication nodes can play an important role in reducing energy by transmitting data in a multi-hope fashion to the sink. An energy-efficient multi-path clustering with load balancing routing protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks (EEMCL) is proposed in this study. In this protocol, the main cluster heads (MCHs) are preselected in each network cluster and filled with more energy than normal sensor nodes. The two secondary cluster heads (SCHs) with the highest energy nodes will be selected by the main cluster head algorithm. Moreover, inter-cluster multi-hop routing with the help of MCHs can enhance the network lifetime when the sink is located at the corner of the sensing field. The simulation results verify that the proposed multi-hop technique provides better performance than existing LEACH, LEACH-C, SEEN, and IEE-LEACH routing protocols in scenario 1 and when compared with CPMA in scenario 2. The last node dead (LND) for the proposed protocol is at round 5721, 2225 for LEACH, 2300 for LEACH-C, 2900 for SEEN, and 3160 for IEE−LEACH in scenario 1, while in scenario 2, the LND for the proposed protocol is at round 3820 and 435 for the CPMA routing protocol.
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Bouchekara, Houssem R. E. H., Abdulazeez F. Salami, Yusuf A. Sha’aban, Mouaaz Nahas, Mohammad S. Shahriar e Mohammed A. Alanezi. "TUBER: Time-aware UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing scheme for smart wireless livestock sensor network". PLOS ONE 19, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2024): e0292301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292301.
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This paper is a follow-up to a recent work by the authors on recoverable UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (RUBER) scheme for addressing sensor node and route failure issues in smart wireless livestock sensor networks. Time complexity and processing cost issues connected to the RUBER scheme are consequently treated in this article by proffering a time-aware UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (TUBER) scheme. TUBER scheme employs a synchronized clustering-with-backup strategy, a minimum-hop neighborhood recovery mechanism, and a redundancy minimization technique. Comparative network performance of TUBER was investigated and evaluated with respect to RUBER and UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (UBER) schemes. The metrics adopted for this comparative performance analysis are Cluster Survival Ratio (CSR), Network Stability (NST), Energy Dissipation Ratio (EDR), Network Coverage (COV), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Fault Tolerance Index (FTI), Load Balancing Ratio (LBR), Routing Overhead (ROH), Average Routing Delay (ARD), Failure Detection Ratio (FDR), and Failure Recovery Ratio (FRR). With reference to best-obtained values, TUBER demonstrated improvements of 36.25%, 24.81%, 34.53%, 15.65%, 38.32%, 61.07%, 31.66%, 63.20%, 68.96%, 66.19%, and 78.63% over RUBER and UBER in terms of CSR, NST, EDR, COV, PDR, FTI, LBR, ROH, ARD, FDR, and FRR, respectively. These experimental results confirmed the relative effectiveness of TUBER against the compared routing schemes.
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Kang, Yimei, Bin Hu, Yi Ding e Jingdong Tan. "A Hybrid Node Scheduling Approach Based on Energy Efficient Chain Routing for WSN". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (1 de janeiro de 2014): 254761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/254761.
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Energy efficiency is usually a significant goal in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this work, an energy efficient chain (EEC) data routing approach is first presented. The coverage and connectivity of WSNs are discussed based on EEC. A hybrid node scheduling approach is then proposed. It includes sleep scheduling for cyclically monitoring regions of interest in time-driven modes and wakeup scheduling for tracking emergency events in event-driven modes. A failure rate is introduced to the sleep scheduling to improve the reliability of the system. A wakeup sensor threshold and a sleep time threshold are introduced in the wakeup scheduling to reduce the consumption of energy to the possible extent. The results of the simulation show that the proposed algorithm can extend the effective lifetime of the network to twice that of PEAS. In addition, the proposed methods are computing efficient because they are very simple to implement.
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Abualsauod, Emad H. "Machine Monitoring Protocols Based on Quality of Service (QoS) to Improve Performance of Real-Time Industrial Applications". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5346476.
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A major factor in the optimization of real-time industrial applications is Quality of Service (QoS). There is also a quality-of-service parameter (QoS). Normally, dynamic networks require QoS settings for real-time applications. The industrial production environment is changing due to rapid advances in ICT. Industries have increased output due to improved manufacturing chain efficiency, flexibility, and security. Establishing a secure, reliable, and fast network in the sector is therefore critical. In industrial applications, data collection is an important factor to consider. Various routing methods exist for collecting data from industrial environments and sending it to processing. In this situation, the energy consumption of device nodes and data transmission delay are important factors to consider. This research proposes to construct an energy-efficient delay-aware WSN routing (EDR) protocol for defect detection. The clustering group optimal approach is used to identify which clusters should be selected. A modified task selection method is proposed to calculate the most efficient path between industrial areas and data centres (monitoring rooms). The node selection approach is used to find the network’s aggregate node. The Network Simulator (NS2) programmed is used to model the projected IEM-EDR system. The proposed Industrial Energy Monitoring-Energy-Efficient Delay-Aware Routing (IEM-EDR) system’s performance is compared to that of existing techniques in hop count, latency, energy consumption, throughput, and delivery rate.
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Shivakeshi, Choupiri, e Sreepathi B. "A Review on Efficient Energy Consumption in Software-Defined Networking Using Routing Aware Protocols". International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, n.º 5 (9 de outubro de 2023): 478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i5.2532.
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The concept of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has been a fascinating and growing interest in the field of research. The programmable network component is allowed by the SDN’s promising characteristics and partitions the control plane together with the forwarding plane. Energy Efficiency (EE) turned out to be a vital design requisite for modern networking mechanisms since the energy costs supply hugely to the entire costs in networks. Nevertheless, as it is necessary to handle the trade-off betwixt EE and Network Performance (NP), designing energy-effective solutions is non-trivial. Thus, by utilizing Energy-Aware Routing (EAR) approaches, this paper reviews the methodologies of Energy Consumption (EC) on SDN. The latest research related to the traffic-aware solution, compacting TCAM solution, end-host aware solutions, rule placement solutions, heuristic approach-centric solution, and EAR routing protocol was highlighted by this review article in terms of optimal EC on SDN. Finally, centered on the EC metrics, the current research methodologies’ performance is assessed in the performance evaluation. By utilizing EAR routing, this type of research is helpful for future research in efficient EC in SDN.
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El Alami, Hassan, e Abdellah Najid. "EEA". International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies 7, n.º 2 (julho de 2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwnbt.2018070102.
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The data communication task, in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), is a major issue of high energy consumption. A hierarchical design based on a clustering algorithm is one of the approaches to manage the data communication and save energy in WSNs. However, most of the previous approaches based on clustering algorithms have not considered the length of the data communication path, which is a direct relation to energy consumption in WSNs. In this article, a novel scheme of a clustering algorithm has been proposed for reducing the data communication distance in WSNs. Hierarchical routing protocols were implemented for homogeneous and heterogeneous networks. The results show that the proposed scheme is more efficient than other protocols.
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Farag, Mohamed M. G., e Hesham A. Rakha. "Development and Evaluation of a Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Enabled Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing Application". Sensors 23, n.º 4 (19 de fevereiro de 2023): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042314.
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Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is a communication technology that supports various safety, mobility, and environmental applications, given its higher reliability properties compared to other communication technologies. The performance of these C-V2X-enabled intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications is affected by the performance of the C-V2X communication technology (mainly packet loss). Similarly, the performance of the C-V2X communication is dependent on the vehicular traffic density which is affected by the traffic mobility patterns and vehicle routing strategies. Consequently, it is critical to develop a tool that can simulate, analyze, and evaluate the mutual interactions of the transportation and communication systems at the application level to quantify the benefits of C-V2X-enabled ITS applications realistically. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits gained when using C-V2X Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication technology in an energy-efficient dynamic routing application. Specifically, we develop a Connected Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing (C-EEDR) application using C-V2X as a communication medium in an integrated vehicular traffic and communication simulator (INTEGRATION). The results demonstrate that the C-EEDR application achieves fuel savings of up to 16.6% and 14.7% in the IDEAL and C-V2X communication cases, respectively, for a peak hour demand on the downtown Los Angeles network considering a 50% level of market penetration of connected vehicles. The results demonstrate that the fuel savings increase with increasing levels of market penetration at lower traffic demand levels (25% and 50% the peak demand). At higher traffic demand levels (75% and 100%), the fuel savings increase with increasing levels of market penetration with maximum benefits at a 50% market penetration rate. Although the communication system is affected by the high density of vehicles at the high traffic demand levels (75% and 100% the peak demand), the C-EEDR application manages to perform reliably, producing system-wide fuel consumption savings.The C-EEDR application achieves fuel savings of 15.2% and 11.7% for the IDEAL communication and 14% and 9% for the C-V2X communication at the 75% and 100% market penetration rates, respectively. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the C-V2X communication constraints only affect the performance of the C-EEDR application at the full demand level when the market penetration of the connected vehicles exceeds 25%. This degradation, however, is minimal (less than a 2.5% reduction in fuel savings).
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Bazar, Kirti, e Dr Kanika Sharma. "Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Multipath Sub Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network". International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 11, n.º 6 (30 de março de 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.f7455.0311623.
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The aim of this paper is to design Energy Efficient Multi-Hop Multipath Sub Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. This paper presented a routing protocol for heterogenous WSN for the selection of cluster head based on the highest remaining residual energy in a node by using the optimal probabilistic equation. The heterogenous technique contains the multi-hoping of inter clustering communication and connectivity of remaining sensor nodes by using sub clustering technique. The sensor nodes with high residual energy will become cluster head and sends data packets to the base station. After successive simulations of this routing protocol on to MATLAB 2022b software, it was consequently found out that it improves the number of alive nodes, number of data packets transmitted to the sink in a network and also improves the network lifetime by 75%-80% in comparison with other protocols. The simulation results were carried out by comparing the proposed method with O LEACH, EEE LEACH, Z-SEP, LEACH. The result shows that, our proposed method is more stable and energy efficient than the other routing protocols.
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Adil Mahdi, Omar, Yusor Rafid Bahar Al-Mayouf, Ahmed Basil Ghazi, Mazin Abed Mohammed, Ainuddin Wahid Abdul Wahab e Mohd Yamani Idna Bin Idris Idna Bin Idris. "An Energy-Aware and Load-balancing Routing scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 12, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v12.i3.pp1312-1319.
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<p>Energy and memory limitations are considerable constraints of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The limited energy supplied to network nodes causes WSNs to face crucial functional limitations. Therefore, the problem of limited energy resource on sensor nodes can only be addressed by using them efficiently. In this research work, an energy-balancing routing scheme for in-network data aggregation is presented. This scheme is referred to as Energy-aware and load-Balancing Routing scheme for Data Aggregation (hereinafter referred to as EBR-DA). The EBRDA aims to provide an energy efficient multiple-hop routing to the destination on the basis of the quality of the links between the source and destination. In view of this goal, a link cost function is introduced to assess the quality of the links by considering the new multi-criteria node weight metric, in which energy and load balancing are considered. The node weight is considered in constructing and updating the routing tree to achieve dynamic behavior for event-driven WSNs. The proposed EBR-DA was evaluated and validated by simulation, and the results were compared with those of InFRA and DRINA by using performance metrics for dense static networks.</p>
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Hamzah, Abdulmughni, Mohammad Shurman, Omar Al-Jarrah e Eyad Taqieddin. "Energy-Efficient Fuzzy-Logic-Based Clustering Technique for Hierarchical Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks". Sensors 19, n.º 3 (29 de janeiro de 2019): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030561.
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In wireless sensor networks, the energy source is limited to the capacity of the sensor node’s battery. Clustering in WSN can help with reducing energy consumption because transmission energy is related to the distance between sender and receiver. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy logic model for cluster head election. The proposed model uses five descriptors to determine the opportunity for each node to become a CH. These descriptors are: residual energy, location suitability, density, compacting, and distance from the base station. We use this fuzzy logic model in proposing the Fuzzy Logic-based Energy-Efficient Clustering for WSN based on minimum separation Distance enforcement between CHs (FL-EEC/D). Furthermore, we adopt the Gini index to measure the clustering algorithms’ energy efficiency in terms of their ability to balance the distribution of energy through WSN sensor nodes. We compare the proposed technique FL-EEC/D with a fuzzy logic-based CH election approach, a k-means based clustering technique, and LEACH. Simulation results show enhancements in energy efficiency in terms of network lifetime and energy consumption balancing between sensor nodes for different network sizes and topologies. Results show an average improvement in terms of first node dead and half nodes dead.
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Kumar Dwivedi, Anshu, Awadhesh Kumar Sharma e Pawan Singh Mehra. "Energy Efficient Sensor Node Deployment Scheme for Two Stage Routing Protocol of Wireless Sensor Networks assisted IoT". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 18, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2020): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2020182.240541.
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Now a day wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an essential unit of the internet of things (IoT). IoT theater a vital role in real-time applications which is more useful in real life. Due to its small price and potential use, WSNs have shown importance in different applications over the past year. Health concerns, environmental observation, human protection, military operations, surveillance systems, etc. WSNs have a small device called a sensor node (SN) that has a limited battery. IoT based WSNs consume more energy in sensor node communication. Therefore a Novel energy-efficient sensor node deployment scheme for two-stage routing protocol (EE- DSTRP) has been proposed to reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes and extend the lifetime of the network. Sensor node deployment is a novel approach based on the golden ratio. All traditional protocols divide network zones for communication. No existing protocols tell about the sensor node deployment ratio in each zone. The deployment method is an important factor in reducing the energy usage of a network. To validate its efficiency, in this article, simulation results prove that the proposed IoT based EE-DSTRP protocol is superior to other existing protocols.
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M S, Pramod, e Shivashankar . "Performance of EEDR Routing Protocol under Various Path Loss Models for WSNs". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 4.36 (9 de dezembro de 2018): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24129.
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Path loss is the power variation between the receiver power and the transmitter power. The attenuation of the signal takes place in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) because of path loss. There are various kinds of path loss due to absorption, reflection, refraction and many other factors under diverse environments which are all defined under path loss models. This research paper provides a brief study on different path loss models and their mathematical evaluation. The objective of the proposed work is to evaluate the Energy Efficient Distributed Receiver (EEDR) based routing protocol under the various path loss models and check the performance variation in different environments. The simulation results shows the effect of path loss on end-to-end delay, number of hops, energy consumption and the number of alive nodes in WSNs topology.
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Hasan, Siham, Meisam Sharifi Sani, Saeid Iranmanesh, Ali H. Al-Bayatti, Sarmadullah Khan e Raad Raad. "Enhanced Message Replication Technique for DTN Routing Protocols". Sensors 23, n.º 2 (13 de janeiro de 2023): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020922.
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Delay-tolerant networks (DTNs) are networks where there is no immediate connection between the source and the destination. Instead, nodes in these networks use a store–carry–forward method to route traffic. However, approaches that rely on flooding the network with unlimited copies of messages may not be effective if network resources are limited. On the other hand, quota-based approaches are more resource-efficient but can have low delivery rates and high delivery delays. This paper introduces the Enhanced Message Replication Technique (EMRT), which dynamically adjusts the number of message replicas based on a node’s ability to quickly disseminate the message. This decision is based on factors such as current connections, encounter history, buffer size history, time-to-live values, and energy. The EMRT is applied to three different quota-based protocols: Spray and Wait, Encounter-Based Routing (EBR), and the Destination-Based Routing Protocol (DBRP). The simulation results show that applying the EMRT to these protocols improves the delivery ratio, overhead ratio, and latency average. For example, when combined with Spray and Wait, EBR, and DBRP, the delivery probability is improved by 13%, 8%, and 10%, respectively, while the latency average is reduced by 51%, 14%, and 13%, respectively.
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Sudha, M. N., Velan Balamurugan, Wen-Cheng Lai e Parameshachari Bidare Divakarachari. "Sustainable Multipath Routing for Improving Cross-Layer Performance in MANET Using an Energy Centric Tunicate Swarm Algorithm". Sustainability 14, n.º 21 (26 de outubro de 2022): 13925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113925.
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Generally, battery power is a valuable resource for mobile devices in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Therefore, energy efficiency and network lifetime should be taken into account when developing control strategies. However, designing an energy-efficient routing mechanism necessitates consideration of many nodes from many layers, such as remaining energy, overall traffic load, and channel assumptions. The traditional layered strategy is unsuccessful in dealing with power-related issues that might affect all layers of the stack. In this paper, the Energy Centric Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (ECTSA) is proposed to perform the cross-layer routing over MANET. The fitness metrics considered in the ECTSA to improve the cross-layer routing are residual energy, communication cost, Data Success Rate (DSR), and mobility. Additionally, an Adaptive Competition Window (ACW) adjustment is used for minimizing the energy consumption caused by the contentions. The performance of the proposed ECTSA is analyzed by means of energy consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), End-to-End Delay (EED), and routing overhead. Next, the existing techniques, namely, CEELBRP and EECRP-PSO, are used to evaluate the efficiency of the ECTSA method. The energy consumption of the ECTSA is 7.1 joules and prolongs the network lifetime up to 1603 s for 50 nodes, which is better when compared to the existing CEELBRP and EECRP-PSO techniques.
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Hussain, Altaf, Tariq Hussain, Inam Ullah, Bahodir Muminov, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Osama Alfarraj e Amr Gafar. "CR-NBEER: Cooperative-Relay Neighboring-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Marine Underwater Sensor Networks". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, n.º 7 (24 de julho de 2023): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071474.
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This paper proposes a Cooperative-Relay Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient Routing (CR-NBEER) protocol with advanced relay optimization for MUSN. The utilization of the relay nodes, among all other sensor nodes, makes it possible to achieve node-to-node deployment. The proposed method focuses only on cooperation and relay optimization schemes. Both schemes have previously been implemented, and thus the proposed method represents the extended version of the Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient Routing (NBEER) protocol. Path loss, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption parameters were considered as part of the performance evaluation. The average performance was revealed based on simulations, where the overall average EED of Co-UWSN was measured to be 35.5 ms, CEER was measured to be 26.7 ms, NBEER was measured to be 27.6 ms, and CR-NBEER was measured to be 19.3 ms. Similarly, the overall EC of Co-UWSN was measured to be 10.759 j, CEER was measured to be 8.694 j, NBEER was measured to be 8.309 j, and CR-NBEER was measured to be 7.644 j. The overall average PDR of Co-UWSN was calculated to be 79.227%, CEER was calculated to be 66.73.464%, NBEER was calculated to be 85.82%, and CR-NBEER was calculated to be 94.831%. The overall average PL of Co-UWSN was calculated at 137.5 dB, CEER was calculated at 230 dB, NBEER was calculated at 173.8 dB, and CR-NBEER was calculated at 79.9 dB. Based on the simulations and evaluations, it was observed that the cooperation and relay optimization scheme outperformed previous schemes.
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Birur Viswanath, Shruti, Thippeswamy Muddenahalli Nagendrappa e Krishna Rao Venkatesh. "JSMCRP: Cross-Layer Architecture based Joint-Synchronous MAC and Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 19, n.º 1 (22 de março de 2021): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2021191.240719.
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The exponential rise in wireless technologies and allied applications has revitalized academia-industries to develop more efficient and economic routing solution to meet Quality-of-Service (QoS) provision. Amongst the major wireless communication systems, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is the most sought technology for defense surveillance, healthcare monitoring, industrial monitoring and control, civic and strategic infrastructure surveillance etc. Additionally, the up surge in Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) communication systems too have broadened the horizon for WSNs based communication. However, the parallel increase in communication environment, complex network conditions etc confine efficacy of the classical WSN protocols. Dynamic network and node conditions often force classical protocols to undergo pre-mature link outage, delayed transmission, energy exhaustion and eventual QoS violation. To address such issues enhancing Median Access Control (MAC) and allied routing decision can have vital significance. However major existing efforts either focus on MAC enhancement or routing optimization, even under static WSN topology. Considering it as motive in this paper a highly robust “Cross-layer architecture based Joint-Synchronous MAC and Routing Protocol for WSN communication (JSMCRP)” has been developed. Being cross layer model JSMCRP protocol employs Application Layer, Network Layer, MAC Layer and PHY Layer to perform Network Adaptive MAC scheduling and Dynamic Routing Decision. JSMCRP employs Data Traffic Assessment, Prioritization and Scheduling (DTAPS), Proactive Network Monitoring and Knowledge (PNMK), Dynamic Congestion Index Estimation (DCIE), Adaptive Link Quality, Packet Injection Rate and Cumulative Rank Sensitive Routing Decision (CRSRD) to perform routing decision. Additionally, exploiting dynamic network/node conditions it performs Cognitive MAC scheduling to ensure QoS centric communication over IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack. JSMCRP exhibited higher PDR, lower PLR and low delay under varying network conditions, suitable for real-time communication over constrained mobile WSN conditions.
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Rahiman, Amir Rizaan, Temitope Betty Williams e Muhammad D. Zakaria. "Fine-tuning approach in metaheuristic algorithm to prolong wireless sensor networks nodes lifetime". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 28, n.º 1 (1 de outubro de 2022): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v28.i1.pp365-374.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have evolved a vibrant and lively research field. It comprises numerous wise and low-power consumption devices for gathering the contiguous atmosphere's data. However, the energy dissipation matter that distorts network lifetime remains the challenge since the sensor node battery is non-rechargeable and irreplaceable. Clustering and routing protocol has become the furthermost solutions and invariably minimizes depletion and prolongs the sensor node lifetime. Such protocols have adopted metaheuristic algorithms to secure the efficiency of the clustering and routing protocols. However, the cluster head's extensive task favors consuming and draining more energy. This study proposed a fine-tuning solution for the sensor node's population and generation sizes. It benefits from the modified problem-oriented genetic algorithm parameters in securing the sensor node lifetime. Besides, the solution works effectively to balance the load of the cluster head nodes. A set of simulations has been performed using MATLAB R2018b on the proposed solution, namely the energy efficient of genetic (EEG) algorithm and has revealed that the solution outperforms the network lifetime and cluster head load of the existing solution.
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Chaaf, Amir, Mohammed Saleh Ali Muthanna, Ammar Muthanna, Soha Alhelaly, Ibrahim A. Elgendy, Abdullah M. Iliyasu e Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif. "Energy-Efficient Relay-Based Void Hole Prevention and Repair in Clustered Multi-AUV Underwater Wireless Sensor Network". Security and Communication Networks 2021 (30 de junho de 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9969605.
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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) enable various oceanic applications which require effective packet transmission. In this case, sparse node distribution, imbalance in terms of overall energy consumption between the different sensor nodes, dynamic network topology, and inappropriate selection of relay nodes cause void holes. Addressing this problem, we present a relay-based void hole prevention and repair (ReVOHPR) protocol by multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for UWSN. ReVOHPR is a global solution that implements different phases of operations that act mutually in order to efficiently reduce and identify void holes and trap relay nodes to avoid it. ReVOHPR adopts the following operations as ocean depth (levels)-based equal cluster formation, dynamic sleep scheduling, virtual graph-based routing, and relay-assisted void hole repair. For energy-efficient cluster forming, entropy-based eligibility ranking (E2R) is presented, which elects stable cluster heads (CHs). Then, dynamic sleep scheduling is implemented by the dynamic kernel Kalman filter (DK2F) algorithm in which sleep and active modes are based on the node’s current status. Intercluster routing is performed by maximum matching nodes that are selected by dual criteria, and also the data are transmitted to AUV. Finally, void holes are detected and repaired by the bicriteria mayfly optimization (BiCMO) algorithm. The BiCMO focuses on reducing the number of holes and data packet loss and maximizes the quality of service (QoS) and energy efficiency of the network. This protocol is timely dealing with node failures in packet transmission via multihop routing. Simulation is implemented by the NS3 (AquaSim module) simulator that evaluates the performance in the network according to the following metrics: average energy consumption, delay, packet delivery rate, and throughput. The simulation results of the proposed REVOHPR protocol comparing to the previous protocols allowed to conclude that the REVOHPR has considerable advantages. Due to the development of a new protocol with a set of phases for data transmission, energy consumption minimization, and void hole avoidance and mitigation in UWSN, the number of active nodes rate increases with the improvement in overall QoS.
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Sachithanantham, N. C., e V. Jaiganesh. "Enhanced Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (EEE-RP) to forward the Data Packets and to improve QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks by Means of Machine Learning Methods". Indian Journal of Science and Technology 14, n.º 14 (17 de abril de 2021): 1122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v14i14.477.
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Wu, Guizhou, Junfeng Wu e Xinyu Zhang. "Research on gaussian mixture model and its distributed data mining algorithm in wireless sensor networks". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 20 de fevereiro de 2024, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-238711.
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Optimization of the routing represents an important challenge when considering the rapid development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which involve efficient energy methods. Applying the effectiveness of a Deep Neural Network (DNN) and a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), the present article proposes an innovative method for attaining Energy-Efficient Routing (EER) in WSN. When it comes to dealing with dynamic network issues, conventional routing protocols generally conflict, resulting in unsustainable Energy consumption (EC). By applying algorithms based on data mining to adapt routing selections in an effective procedure, the GMM + DNN methodology that has been developed is able to successfully address this problem. The GMM is a fundamental Feature Extraction (FE) method for accurately representing the features of statistical analysis associated with network parameters like signal frequency, the amount of traffic, and channel states. By learning from previous data collection, the DNN, which relies on these FE, provides improved routing selections, resulting in more efficient use of energy. Since routing paths are constantly optimized to ensure dynamic adaptation, where less energy is used, networks last longer and perform more efficiently. Network simulations highlight the GMM + DNN method’s effectiveness and depict how it outperforms conventional routing methods while preserving network connectivity and data throughput. The GMM + DNN’s adaptability to multiple network topologies and traffic patterns and its durability make it an efficient EER technique in the diverse WSN context. The GMM + DNN achieves an EC of 0.561 J, outperforming the existing state-of-the-art techniques.
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"“ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING MODEL (EERM)”, FOR WSN”". International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research 3, n.º 7 (18 de julho de 2017): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23883/ijrter.2017.3345.k3fid.
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Chithra, K., V. K. Shunmughanaathan, S. Karthik e K. Srihari. "Enhanced energy efficient routing scheme based ant colony optimization". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 20 de maio de 2022, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-212913.
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Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are independent of central administration or any infrastructure, hence it is flexible in nature. Though, the network is self organizing, the mobile nodes have some resource constraints. There is always a requirement forefficient routing protocol to manage the energy consumption and reduce the energy wastages in MANETWith that in mind, this article proposes Ant Colony Optimization for Enhanced Energy Efficient Routing (EEER-ACO). Furthermore, the network design balances the Transition Probability Standard (TPS)offset Coefficient to maximize navigation processing effectiveness and decrease path finding packets. Furthermore, the Surviving route lifespan is calculated based upon that node’s position and speed rate. Through incorporating the Residual Node Lifetime (RNL) and the Residual Link Lifetime (RLL), the Residual Node Lifetime (RNL), the ACO based pheromone has been designed. Further, the algorithm involves in choosing an optimal quality route for assuring continuous and efficient data packet transmission over the defined MANET. The investigation took into account the energy consumption of nodes as well as associated motility. Furthermore, the results indicate that the EEER-ACO algorithm improves network durability by reducing end-to-end delay, data packet loss, and path discovery rate. In comparison to previous algorithms, the proposed study has demonstrated that it achieves a 35 percent better performance than traditional protocols.
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Ramamoorthy, Ramakrishnan, Rameshkumar Ranganathan e Sivakumar Ramu. "An improved Aquila optimization with fuzzy model based energy efficient cluster routing protocol for wireless sensor networks". Yanbu Journal of Engineering and Science 19, n.º 1 (28 de abril de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.53370/001c.34273.
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Due to the latest advances in microelectronics, wireless sensor networking (WSN) has been introduced in many applications. The flow of event data in WSN applications requires timely and reliable distribution so that immediate response and appropriate action can be taken. However, the limited power supply to the sensor terminal causes a transmission between the delay on the way to the base station and the power consumption. Clustering techniques are essential in developing the WSN routing algorithm that improves network operating time and power efficiency. However, due to the unbalanced power consumption between the terminals, the WSN is the optimal, energy efficient routing. In this work, we propose an energy efficient cluster based routing protocol (EEC-HO) for WSN using hybrid optimization algorithm. We introduce an improved Aquila optimization with fuzzy (IAO-Fuzzy) model for optimal and efficient cluster formation and cluster head (CH) computation. The main objective of proposed IAO-Fuzzy model used to compute the trust degree of each node, the highest trust node is considered as CH. After that, the hybrid beetle search induced decision making (BSDM) algorithm for optimal path selection to transfer data transfer between two nodes. Finally, the simulation results of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is compared with the existing routing protocols. For the impact of sensor node density case, we observed that the effectiveness of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is 45.887%, 30.666%, 56.666%, 17.629% and 41.666% efficient than existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, average hop count, throughput and dead nodes respectively. For the impact of simulation rounds case, we observed that the effectiveness of proposed EEC-HO routing protocol is 21.216%, 35.417%, 41.667%, 18.568% and 40.000% efficient than existing protocols in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, average hop count, throughput and number of dead nodes respectively.
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Srinivasa Rao Illapu, Sankara, Aswini Mula e Padmaja Malarowthu. "Multiobjective-energy centric honey badger optimization based routing for wireless body area network". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 25 de janeiro de 2024, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-235387.
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Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is an interconnection of tiny biosensors that are organized in/on several parts of the body. The developed WBAN is used to sense and transmit health-related data over the wireless medium. Energy efficiency is the primary challenges for increasing the life expectancy of the network. To address the issue of energy efficiency, one of the essential approaches i.e., the selection of an appropriate relay node is modelled as an optimization problem. In this paper, energy efficient routing optimization using Multiobjective-Energy Centric Honey Badger Optimization (M-ECHBA) is proposed to improve life expectancy. The proposed M-ECHBA is optimized by using the energy, distance, delay and node degree. Moreover, the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is used to perform the node scheduling at transmission. Therefore, the M-ECHBA method is used to discover the optimal routing path for enhancing energy efficiency while minimizing the transmission delay of WBAN. The performances of the M-ECHBA are analyzed using life expectancy, dead nodes, residual energy, delay, packets received by the Base Station (BS), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and routing overhead. The M-ECHBA is evaluated with some classical approaches namely SIMPLE, ATTEMPT and RE-ATTEMPT. Further, this M-ECHBA is compared with the existing routing approach Novel Energy Efficient hybrid Meta-heuristic Approach (NEEMA), hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Simulated Annealing (hPSO-SA), Energy Balanced Routing (EBR), Threshold-based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for physiological Critical Data Transmission (T-EERPDCT), Clustering and Cooperative Routing Protocol (CCRP), Intelligent-Routing Algorithm for WBANs namely I-RAW, distributed energy-efficient two-hop-based clustering and routing namely DECR and Modified Power Line System (M-POLC). The dead nodes of M-ECHBA for scenario 3 at 8000 rounds are 4 which is less when compared to the dead nodes of EBR.
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Vinothini K, Asha, e Nandhakumar S. "On Wireless Sensor Network Lifetime Prolong and Efficient Routing By Energy Path Balancing". International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 5 de junho de 2020, 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit2063144.
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Remote sensor frameworks (WSN) associations explicit transducers that give distinguishing organizations to Internet of Things (IoT) gadgets with controlled power and limit sources. Since choice or stimulating of batteries in sensor centers is about unreasonable, quality use gets one of the huge structure issues in WSN. Gathering figuring expect a basic activity in power safeguarding for the imperativeness controlled framework. Picking a gathering head can decisively modify the weight inside the framework there by reducing power confirmation and improving lifetime. In this test, we favoring imperativeness careful packing for remote sensor organizes the use of EARR (Energy Aware Routing and Relay Relocation) set of concludes that is applied on the WSN. The show thinks about both power execution and transmission partition, and move center points are used to reduce the lopsided power confirmation of the bundle heads. The proposed show impacts in higher allotted sensors and a suitably balanced bundling contraption improving the system's lifetime. The EARR strategy passes on two shows, which consolidate MCP, based completely EAR and Relay Relocation essentially based EAR. In area I, Transmission go adjusting by the presenting the Maximum Capacity Path based multi ricochet coordinating by using constraining Energy Aware Routing. For the EAR use, need to learn the center points Initial Energy, Residual Energy and Optimum power way. These parameters will ensure the green way and CH levels of leadership to improve the system as a rule execution despite lifetime. The figuring and the reenactment and examine the present R-LEACH and proposed EAR-MCP strategy to the extent throughput, extra quality and inertness with the guide of using NS2 test framework.
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Chaurasia, Soni, Kamal Kumar e Neeraj Kumar. "EEM-CRP: Energy Efficient Meta-heuristic Cluster based Routing Protocol for WSNs". IEEE Sensors Journal, 2023, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2023.3322631.
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Alanezi, Mohammed A., Abdulazeez F. Salami, Yusuf A. Sha’aban e Houssem R. E. H. Bouchekara. "RUBER: Recoverable UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing scheme for smart wireless livestock sensor network". Frontiers in Energy Research 10 (20 de outubro de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.975614.
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This paper is a sequel to a previous article by the authors in which UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (UBER) scheme was proposed to address coverage loss and rapid energy depletion issues for smart wireless livestock sensor networks. Sensor node and route failure issues associated with the UBER scheme are therefore addressed in this research by proposing a recoverable UAV-based energy-efficient reconfigurable routing (RUBER) scheme. RUBER scheme relies on an efficient fault detection and recycling technique, dynamic recovery mechanism, and robust route maintenance technique. Performance of RUBER was analyzed under low, medium and high failure rate network conditions. Performance indices employed for this assessment are failure detection ratio (FDR), failure recovery ratio (FRR), load balancing ratio (LBR), and packet delivery ratio (PDR). Analysis results demonstrated that keeping the failure rate below 10% led to performance improvements of 60.96%, 74.14%, 64.68%, and 60.74% for FDR, FRR, LBR, and PDR, respectively. Performance comparison of RUBER was conducted against UBER and hybrid heterogeneous routing (HYBRID) schemes. Performance metrics utilized for this comparative evaluation are average routing delay (ARD), energy dissipation ratio (EDR), routing overhead (ROH), fault tolerance index (FTI), nodal failure recovered (NFR), route failure recovered (RFR), and cluster survival ratio (CSR). With respect to best-case values, RUBER exhibited gains of 79.67%, 44.98%, 67.88%, 74.90%, 52.20%, 70.56%, and 52.52% over UBER and HYBRID in terms of ARD, EDR, ROH, FTI, NFR, RFR, and CSR respectively. Simulation experiments revealed the relative competitiveness of the RUBER scheme against the benchmarked schemes.
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"Secured and Efficient Data Transmission in Manets Against Malicious Attack using DSR Routing and BCS Clustering with Hybrid AES-ECC Cryptanalysis". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, n.º 11 (10 de setembro de 2019): 1268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.j9484.0981119.
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Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self-configuring network of movable nodes linked by wireless creating a random topology. The nodes are free to move randomly. Thus, the networks wireless topology may be haphazard and may alter rapidly. The efficient route is established using Dynamic source routing (DSR) Routing Protocol. The Binary crow search (BCS) algorithm is used for clustering of sensor nodes and maintaining load balancing in an efficient way. Efficient black hole detection using Malicious Node Detection Mechanism-TX/RX (MNS-TX/RX) with optimized routing algorithm is implemented in a secure environment by using Advanced Hybrid Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cryptanalysis and Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems. Thus “DSR-BCS-HAES-EEC-MANETs” algorithm has precisely detected the black hole node and finds the proper solution for transmitting data for maintaining lifetime and Load- balancing by analyzing performance such as Through-put, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio(PDR), drop, delay and energy consumption in a secure environment
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Mavrikis, Sotirios, Matthian Nieuwoudt, Maximilian Göltz, Sophie Ehles, Andreas Körner, Andreas Hutzler, Emeric Fossy et al. "Continuous Production of Ethylene and Hydrogen Peroxide from Paired Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction and Water Oxidation". Advanced Energy Materials, 14 de março de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202304247.
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AbstractPaired electrolysis offers an auspicious strategy for the generation of high‐value chemicals, at both the anode and cathode, in an integrated electrochemical reactor. Through efficient electron utilization, routine product misuse at overlooked electrodes can be prevented. Here, an original paired electrosynthetic system is reported that can convert CO2 to ethylene (C2H4) at the cathode, and water to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the anode under a single pass of electric charge. Amongst various investigated copper (Cu) nanomorphologies, the bespoke mixed Cu nanowire/nanoparticle catalyst recorded a peak C2H4 Faraday efficiency (FE) of 60% following 370 h of electrolysis at 200 mA cm−2, while the tailored boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anode accumulated an unprecedented ≈1% w/w of H2O2 in 4 m K2CO3 upon applying 300 mA cm−2 for 10 h. When paired, the dual C2H4‐H2O2 electrochemical cell attains a combined FE of 120% for 50 h at 200 mA cm−2, a combined energy efficiency (EE) of 69%, and a 50% decrease in the overall electrical energy consumption (EEC) compared to the individual electrosynthesis of C2H4 and H2O2.