Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Émission par effet de champs"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Veja os 50 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Émission par effet de champs".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Veja as teses / dissertações das mais diversas áreas científicas e compile uma bibliografia correta.
Boutoudj, Rachid. "Conception technologique et modélisations de réseaux de micropointes à émission par effet de champ sur matériau GaAs". Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-195-196.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteQuentin-Schindler, Marie. "Étude et développement d’une source d’ions équipée d’une cathode à nanotubes de carbone, émettrice d’électrons par effet de champ avec une application aux tubes neutroniques scellés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS251.
Texto completo da fonteThis doctoral project, carried out at Sodern, a subsidiary of ArianeGroup, is dedicated to the optimization of sealed neutron tubes. These devices are used for material analysis, primarily in the oil and mining sectors. They operate on the principle of miniaturized particle accelerators, generating neutrons through the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction.The central issue of this research concerns the ion source of the tubes, currently based on a cold Penning-type cathode. This configuration presents significant limitations, such as inefficient control of the ion-generating plasma discharge. This problem is exacerbated by jitter, which characterizes variability in pulse widths, and a delay in ignition, which is the lag between powering the source and ion extraction. To overcome these obstacles while limiting power input, the introduction of a carbon nanotube (CNT) based electron-emitting cathode, operating by field effect, is considered due to its ability to emit under relatively low potential and without added temperature.The methodology adopted initially includes tests of CNT electron emission to evaluate their practical integration into the ion source. The operational parameters examined include the gaseous environment in the pressure range of the tubes, lifespan, repeatability, temperature, and neutron pulsation. These investigations led to the development of a modified ion source, integrating a CNT source. This integration was first carried out by simulation on CST Studio software, then by the design of a prototype. This prototype was realized and tested in the laboratory to characterize its temporal properties. The results show a significant reduction in ignition delay and jitter, although this has led to irreversible degradation of the CNTs after a few hours of operation. These tests show that a minimum emission current would allow these improvements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates the potential of adding an electron source to improve the temporal performance of a Penning-type ion source
Sévelin-Radiguet, Nicolas. "Dispersions temporelles et énergétiques en émission ionique : application à la Sonde Atomique Tomographique assistée par laser". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES064.
Texto completo da fonteAtom Probe Tomography is a nano-analysis technique able to map chemical species with atomic resolution in 3D within the sampled volumes. Surface atoms are field-evaporated from the specimen surface. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry assigns their chemical nature. Ultra-short laser pulses used to trigger the evaporation process allow analysing a broad range of materials (from metals to insulators). This thesis deals with two aspects of the use of ultra-short laser pulses in atom probe. The first part is an experimental and theoretical work about laser-assisted field evaporation mechanisms of silicon. Laser illumination and intense electric field confine carriers near the semi-conductor surface. Optical properties change and appear quasi-metallic. The second part of this thesis focuses on the energy spreads of the emitted ions. Various technological limitations previously hid this dispersion of energy. A new electrostatic lens allows us to measure such quantities. We show results on various materials (metals, semi-conductors and oxides) and suggest some possible explanations. Atom probe is not only a powerful analytical microscope but becomes an energy spectroscope as well
Gault, Baptiste. "Physique de l’évaporation par effet de champ assistée par impulsions laser ultracourtes : Application à la sonde atomique". Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUES047.
Texto completo da fonteThe tomographic atom probe is an analytical microscope able to map the atom distribution in three dimensions with a near-atomic resolution. The atoms are chemically identified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This technique could become a key-tool in the development of the future devices of the nanoelectronics. However, the field of applications is limited to good conducting material. This work is the first stage of the development of a new generation of laser assisted atom probe, that could analyse either good or poorly conducting material, with an enhanced field of view. We studied the physics of the interaction between an ultrafast laser pulse and a sub-wavelength metal tip, in order to determine the process that provokes the ultrafast laser assisted field evaportaion. Through a complete study of the laser ablation or of the field enhancement phenomenon, we put into evidence that the evaporation was due to a surface second-order non-linear optical effect called optical rectification. The heating and cooling of the illuminated tip was modelled and experimentally studied by a pump-probe method. Finally, the performances of this new instrument are discussed : the spatial resolution is kept, and the mass resolution is generally greatly increased. It seems that poorly conducting material can also be analysed
Dongmo, Hervé Maxime. "Etude du vieillissement des écrans à effet de champ, mesure de potentiel de Kelvin par microscopie à sonde locale". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20013.
Texto completo da fonteBorz, Mario. "Propriétés d'émission et de conduction de nano-pointes de diamant sous éclairement laser ultra-bref : Etude par microscopies à effet de champ et spectroscopie en énergie". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR117.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to understand the changes in the electrical and optical properties of large band-gap materials at the nanoscale in the presence of a huge static electric _eld. Diamond nano-needle has been chosen as a study material, thanks to its wide band gap, high resistance to external stress and high thermal conduction. Diamond presents also high electrical resistance, making it a good candidate for the study of electrical conduction modi_cations under high electric and optical _elds. In order to study the electrical conduction properties, two di_erent experimental tech- niques were used: Field Ion microscopy and Field Emission Microscopy with and without laser illumination. The experimental observations were coupled with electrical conduction models which describe qualitatively and quantitatively the obtained results. For the study of the optical properties, laser-assisted Field Emission Microscopy was performed. In this case, the study was performed in two experimental con_gurations: one by illuminating the whole sample by the laser beam and the other by focusing the laser beam only on the apex of the nano-tip where the electric _eld is enhanced and the electrons are emitted into vacuum. The results describe the electrical conduction and electron emission properties of the diamond nano-needles in dark and under laser illumination. As _eld emitters, diamond nano-needles show advantages compared to metallic tips such as: higher emission stability and higher damage threshold under laser illumination. The results are promising for the development of novel photo-electron sources for time- resolved electron microscopy
Kaddour, Mohsen. "Contribution à la modélisation d'un coupleur actif à onde lente en lignes de transmission à contact métal-semiconducteur". Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT034H.
Texto completo da fontePagliarulo, Francesca Romana. "Étude du photodétachement de petits agrégats de carbone par imagerie résolue en temps". Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10104.
Texto completo da fonteMenu, Mélissa. "Champs magnétiques générés par effet dynamo dans les objets astrophysiques en rotation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX104.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this thesis is to investigate the generation of astrophysical magnetic fields via the dynamo effect. The impact of a global rotation and an average magnetic field imposed simultaneously, suitable configuration especially for planetary and stellar interiors, is the main issue of this study. Particular attention is paid to the temporal dynamics of the system, as well as to the topology of the generated field. In order to obtain an overview of the phenomenon, several numerical approaches were used, from the cubic model (TURBO code) focused on the study of local phenomena to the spherical model (PaRoDy code) allowing a more direct comparison with observations. These two types of geometry complement each other : the less constraining local approach makes it possible to observe precisely the consequences of a parameter, while the global approach is subject to more realistic constraints, such as thermal convection. The local model revealed an inverse cascade of hybrid helicity, the second invariant of the doubly anisotropic MHD, whose intensity depends on several parameters. The latter is more important when the polarization favored by the forcing corresponds to magnetostrophic waves (right polarization). Also, the tilt angle between the magnetic field and the rotation axes plays a major role, especially when θ≻35°, the value for which the process causing the cascade changes and weakens it. Finally, increasing the number of magnetic Prandtl (Pm) leads to a faster and more important transfer of magnetic energy to large scales. The global study also shows the key role of Pm in large-scale field generation. Indeed, the new values explored show that strong dipole fields can be maintained in more turbulent regimes. This specific behaviour corresponds to dynamos for which the Lorentz force is not negligible at large scales. The relative importance of inertia compared to magnetic forces is decisive in the topology of the observed field. Thus, the transition from a dipolar regime to a multipolar regime is delayed by the Lorentz force, the essential component of force balances in astrophysics. These results could be applied to various systems, including the geomagnetic field during reversals
Mebarek, Lassen. "Méthode numérique par éléments finis de frontière pour le calcul par équations intégrales de champs acoustiques rayonnés par des structures axisymétriques". Compiègne, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986COMPD017.
Texto completo da fonteCostalat, Robert. "Etude analytique et numérique des interactions neuronales par effet de champ électrique : application à l'hippocampe". Angers, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ANGE0014.
Texto completo da fonteHappy, Henri. "Helena : un logiciel convivial de simulation des composants à effets de Champs". Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10062.
Texto completo da fonteHuet, Pauline. "Modélisation, simulation et quantification de lésions athéromateuses en tomographie par émission de positons". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112132/document.
Texto completo da fonteCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in western countries. New strategies and tools for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring need to be developed to manage patients with atherosclerosis, which is one major cause of cardiovascular disease. Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) is a powerful imaging technique that can detect at early stages plaques prone to rupture. Yet, Partial Volume Effect (PVE), due to the small lesion dimensions (around 1 mm) with respect to the scanner spatial resolution (around 6 mm full width at half maximum), and statistical variations considerably challenge the precise characterization of plaques from PET images. An original model of atheromatous lesion parameterized by its dimensions and activity concentration, was developed. Thirty six Monte Carlo simulations of FDG-PET acquisitions were produced. Based on the simulations, we showed that the number of iterations in iterative reconstructions, the post filtering of reconstructed images and the quantification method in the Volume Of Interests (VOI) varied sharply in an analysis of the dedicated literature. Changes in one of these parameters only could induce variations by a factor of 1.5 to 4 in the quantitative index. Overall, inflammation remained largely underestimated (> 50% of the real uptake). We demonstrated that modeling the detector response could reduce the bias by 10% of its value in comparison to a standard OSEM recontruction and for an identical level of noise. In reconstructed images, we showed that the measured values depended not only on the real uptake but also on the lesion dimensions because of PVE. A minimum contrast of 4 with respect to blood activity was required for the lesion to be observable. Without PVE correction, the measured values exhibited a correlation with activity concentration but were much more correlated with the total uptake in the lesion. Applying a PVE correction leads to an activity estimate that was less sensitive to the geometry of the lesion. The corrected values were more correlated to the activity concentration and less correlated to the total activity. In conclusion, we showed that the total activity in inflammatory lesions could be assessed in FDG-PET images. This estimate did not require PVE correction. Tracer concentration estimates are largely biased due to PVE, and the bias can be reduced by measuring the maximum voxel in the lesion in images reconstructed with at least 80 iterations and by modeling the detector response. Explicit PVE correction is recommended to detect metabolic changes independent of geometric changes. An accurate estimation of plaque uptake will however require the intrinsic spatial resolution of PET scanners to be improved
Samaca, Martinez José Ricardo. "Analyse thermomécanique du comportement cyclique des élastomères par mesure de champs". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023976.
Texto completo da fonteFlores, Robin de. "Altérations structurales, fonctionnelles et moléculaires des sous-champs hippocampiques et de leurs réseaux dans le vieillissement normal et la maladie d’Alzheimer". Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN1019.
Texto completo da fonteRecent advances in neuroimaging techniques allow to better understand the pathophysiological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and are particularly promising for early diagnosis. The objectives of this thesis were to better characterize the structural, functional and molecular alterations of the hippocampal subfields and their associated networks in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging using in vivo multimodal neuroimaging. First, we evaluated the structural hippocampal subfields alterations in normal aging (NA) and AD using a manual delineation method developed in our laboratory. We then evaluated the validity of the automatic segmentation algorithm implemented in FreeSurfer. These analyses showed specific structural changes in NA and AD, while the FreeSurfer method appeared inappropriate to estimate hippocampal subfield volumes. In addition, our work suggests that the practice of physical or cognitive activities have a beneficial effect on hippocampal substructures particularly sensitive to NA. Secondly, we evaluated the specific intrinsic functional connectivity of hippocampal subfields with the rest of the brain, before assessing their alterations in a pre-dementia stage of AD. Our results highlighted the specificity of hippocampal subfield networks and their functional alterations in early AD. In addition, our results showed a hierarchy in the progression of tau pathology within hippocampal subfield networks over the course of AD
Veleva, Miléna. "Microscopie électronique à effet tunnel : contribution à l'étude du rôle de la pointe". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0476.
Texto completo da fonteMazard, Angélique. "Bases neurales de l'imagerie mentale visuelle : effet du contenu de l'image mentale et implication de l'aire visuelle primaire". Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN3078.
Texto completo da fonteGrand, Johan. "Plasmons de surface de nanoparticules : spectroscopie d'extinction en champs proche et lointain, diffusion Raman exaltée". Troyes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TROY0014.
Texto completo da fonteThe intrinsic weakness of the Raman process makes its application in a near field optical experiment rather difficult. Thus, as a first step towards near field Raman spectroscopy, we studied Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS), a technique that enables the detection of very low concentration of molecules adsorbed on rough metallic surfaces. For the purpose of the near field experiments, these SERS-active samples have to be reproducible and yield good enhancement factors. By designing metallic nanoparticle grating through electron beam lithography, we manage to vary the shape, size and arrangement of the particles, hence enabling a fine tuning of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) over the whole visible spectrum. We then investigate the relationship between the spectral position of the LSPR and the SERS intensity. The enhancement factor turned out to depend not only on the spectral position of the LSPR, but also on the shape of the metallic nanoparticles on which the surface plasmon is localized. In the same time, we build up an Apertureless Scanning Near Field Optical Microscope (ASNPM) set-up. The microscope is based on an atomic force microscope and a confocal detection coupled to a spectrometer. The near field/far field discrimination is achieved through the use of a lock-in detection of a photon counting device. Using this set-up along with a white light continuum, generated by coupling a Photonic Crystal Fiber to a Ti:Sa laser, made it possible to investigate the near field optical response of metallic nanoparticle gratings at different excitation wavelengths. A photon counting scheme was then used to directly record near field “extinction” spectra
Groussard, Mathilde. "Les bases neurales de la mémoire sémantique musicale : spécificité et effet de l’expertise : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]". Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN1569.
Texto completo da fonteSome clinical dissociations have suggested a relative neural independence between verbal and musical material, as shown by demented patients who can recognize familiar musical excerpts in spite of major impairments of memory and language. The independence between musical semantic memory (defined as memory for “well-known” melodies) and verbal semantic memory has never been investigated using neuroimaging techniques. This work aims at specifying the cerebral network of musical semantic memory and to highlight the neural distinction with verbal semantic memory. In the two first studies, using TEP H2O15 and fMRI, we have revealed that verbal and musical materials draw on two different networks, subserved by a broadly distributed bilateral temporo-prefrontal cerebral network. The superior temporal gyrus bilaterally appears mainly engaged for music whereas left middle and inferior temporal areas are activated for language. The left inferior frontal and posterior part of the middle temporal areas seem, on the contrary, commonly involved for both materials and subserved semantic executive processes. We have also assessed the influence of musical expertise on the cerebral organisation in musical memory. Thus, the third study conducted in musicians and non musicians subjects revealed, during a familiarity task, a partially distinct functional organisation in long-term memory due to musical expertise as well as a functional and anatomical specificity in the hippocampus
Boualia, Hassan. "Etude numérique et expérimentale des champs dynamiques et scalaires dans un écoulement turbulent fourni par un brûleur coaxial. Effet de la stratification". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR129/document.
Texto completo da fonteRésumé non fourni
Goidescu, Cristina. "Caractérisation et modélisation de l'endommagement par microfissuration des composites stratifiés - Apports des mesures de champs et de l'homogénéisation". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7121/1/goidescu.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteGuiot, Vincent. "Comportement hors équilibre des isolants de Mott sous champ électrique : transition résistive par effet d'avalanche électronique dans les composés AM4X8 (A=GA, Ge ; M=V,Nb,Ta;X=S,Se) et Ni (S, Se)2". Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2119.
Texto completo da fonteDuring the last quarter of century, major breakthroughs in Solid State Physics (superconductivity, magnetoresistance) occurred in the vicinity of the Mott metal-insulator transition (MIT). This transition is due to electronic correlations and is usually controlled by electronic doping and by pressure. Despite its high applicative potential, control of the MIT by electric field still remains less studied. Recently, a peculiar electric pulse induced resistive switching (EPIRS) was discovered in the family of correlated compounds AM 4 X 8 (A= Ga, Ge; M= V, Nb, Ta; X= S, Se). In this PhD thesis, the Mott insulating electronic state of these compounds is firstly investigated. We show then that electric fields above threshold values E,h as low as I kV/cm allow to break the Mott insulating state of these materials. This phenomenon appears to be of purely electronic origin and can be pinned to cause a non volatile transition. A study of the new solid solution GaTa4(Se,Te)s, developed on purpose, demonstrates the E,h dependence with the Mott gap. Comparison with conventional semiconductors behaviour under electric field strongly suggests that this transition corresponds to an electronic avalanche, in contrast with theoretical predictions of a Zener effect. Peculiar dynamics of transition and strong electro-mechanical coupling experimentally observed are suggested to originate from the Mott insulating state of the compounds. A similar study of the Ni(S,Se)2 solid solution and of the organic compound K-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN) 2 ]Cl confirms the generalization of this electronic avalanche effect to other Mott insulators
Demers, Pierre. "Simulation numerique des vibrations induites par effet de couronne sur les conducteurs a haute tension". Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1994. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Texto completo da fonteKarray, Mayssa. "Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques et électriques des matériaux composites par méthode holographique numérique 3D et analyse diélectrique". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793179.
Texto completo da fonteGuérin, Frédéric. "ÉMISSION DE GAZ A EFFET DE SERRE (CO2, CH4) PAR UNE RETENUE DE BARRAGE HYDROÉLECTRIQUE EN ZONE TROPICALE (PETIT-SAUT, GUYANE FRANÇAISE) :EXPÉRIMENTATION ET MODÉLISATION". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079947.
Texto completo da fonteSur 10 ans, les émissions atmosphériques se sont avérées très significatives, notamment les trois premières années ayant suivies la mise en eau, puis décroissent au cours du temps. Tandis que 50% des émissions de CO2 ont lieu à la surface du lac, les émissions de CH4 sont principalement localisées en aval des turbines.
Les émissions atmosphériques résultent de la dégradation de la MO (sol et biomasse issus de la forêt tropicale) immergée lors de la mise en eau et leur diminution au cours du temps découle de l'épuisement du stock de MO. Au terme de 10 ans, 20% du stock de carbone a été minéralisé et émis vers l'atmosphère sous forme de CO2 et de CH4. L'oxydation aérobie du CH4 transforme plus de 95% du CH4 diffusant depuis l'hypolimnion en CO2 dans la colonne d'eau du lac et 40% du CH4 entrant dans la rivière à l'aval. A l'échelle du barrage ce processus est responsable de l'oxydation de 90% du CH4 produit et de 30% des émissions totales de CO2. Le CH4 et le CO2 qui atteignent les eaux de surface du barrage sont émis vers l'atmosphère par flux diffusifs. L'étude de ce processus de transfert gazeux à l'interface air-eau montre que, en milieu tropical, les flux diffusifs sont accélérés par les fortes températures et les phénomènes pluvieux.
Le modèle est basé sur le modèle hydrodynamique SYMPHONIE 2D et les modules biogéochimiques développés dans le cadre de cette étude à partir des données cinétiques des processus étudiés. Les profils verticaux simulés de température, d'oxygène, de CO2 et de CH4 sont bien reproduits. Ce modèle pose les bases d'un outil opérationnel de modélisation pour la retenue de Petit Saut ainsi que pour d'autres réservoirs en milieu tropical.
Rateau, Yann. "Effet de la modulation de l'activité thalamique par la sérotonine pendant la mise en place du champs de barils chez la souris nouveau-née". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066651.
Texto completo da fonteMaurel, Christian. "Emission de photons induite par microscopie à effet tunnel sous ultravide. Etude de nanojonctions Au/MoS2". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007895.
Texto completo da fonteKahouli, Abdelkarim. "Nanostructures GaN pour l'émission dans l'ultraviolet". Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4105.
Texto completo da fonteThis work deals with the growth, the structural and optical properties of polar (0001) and semi-polar (11 2 2) GaN nanostructures grown in an Al0. 5Ga0. 5N matrix by molecular beam epitaxy. The aim of our work was to improve the radiative efficiency of nitrides in the UV range. First, we have studied the growth of polar GaN/Al0. 5Ga0. 5N quantum dots (QDs). We found that the quantum dot structures are affected by a strong electric field (3500 kV/cm) responsible for a large redshift of the QD transition energies and a large reduction of the oscillator strength when the nanostructure height increases. Next, we have studied the growth of the semipolar GaN/Al0. 5Ga0. 5N (11 2 2) nanostructures. The nanostructures, which have an anisotropic shape, are elongated and aligned along the [1100] direction. We have performed time resolved and integrated photoluminescence experiments in order to evaluate the internal electric field. We found a small electric field value of 450 kV/cm. Accordingly, the optical properties are improved compared to the polar case. An emission in the UV range (310 – 340 nm), a narrow line width (90 meV) and a small radiative lifetime (330 ps) are obtained. Finally, a first demonstration of a UV light emitting diode (LED) using polar GaN/Al0. 5Ga0. 5N QDs was done
Tamer, Maher el. "Theorie et mise en evidence experimentale des champs magnetiques axiaux auto-generes dans les plasmas denses crees par interactions laser de puissance-matiere". Toulouse 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU30110.
Texto completo da fonteNgo, Kim Tu An. "Lipides intramyocellulaires (IMCL) et exercice. Evaluation par la technique histochimique dans les champs d'application : effet de l'exercice aigu de très longue durée : effet de l'entraînement chez les sujets âgés et les sujets en surpoids". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01073542.
Texto completo da fonteNgo, Kim Tu An. "Lipides intramyocellulaires (IMCL) et exercice. Evaluation par la technique histochimique dans les champs d’application : effet de l’exercice aigu de très longue durée : effet de l’entraînement chez les sujets âgés et les sujets en surpoids". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STET016T/document.
Texto completo da fonteLipid metabolism is involved during muscle exercise. Energetic contribution of lipids increases during long lasting endurance exercise of moderate intensity (40% à 60% of VO2max). As well as circulating free fatty acids, intramyocellular lipid storages (IMCL) are postulated to be used during performances longer than 4 hours. Due the the lack experimental evidences untill today, a first study was undertaken on 10 athletes (40 ± 6 yrs) during a 24h running. Results obtained on vastus lateralis muscle showed a significant 56% and 45% decrease of IMCL in type I and IIA fibres respectively while glycogen decreased only in type I fibres. These data indicate a more efficient catabolism of IMCL than those of glycogen in fast twitch fibres during ultra endurance exercise, of which mechanism remains to be explored. IMCL accumulates during ageing or overweighting and may constitute a risk of insulin resistance (IR). A combined 14 weeks endurance (ET) and resistance (RT) training was followed by older (73 ± 6 yrs) and overweighted (58 ± 5 yrs) subjects. In the two groups IMCL increased (p<0.05) in vastus lateralis muscle (after ET) but remained stable in deltoidus muscle (after RT) and was linked to an increase (p<0.05) of β-oxydation enzymatic capacity after ET. Muscle ceramides, a category of lipids implicated in IR, decreased (p=0.052) after ET and not after RT. These results confirm that increase in IMCL is not a metabolic risk factor and that ET induces a decrease of both ceramides and IR
Liu, Caiyun. "Effet du pré-traitement par champ électrique pulsé sur le séchage et la friture des légumes : cas des pommes de terre et des carottes". Thesis, Compiègne, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019COMP2467.
Texto completo da fonteThis research project focuses on the effect of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on various drying and frying processes from plant products (potatoes and carrots). Interactions between different drying modes and pretreatment have been studied. The impact of PEF treatment and pre-drying by hot air or pre-drying by vacuum drying on frying kinetics and the quality of fried products were analyzed. PEF pretreatment results in electro-permeabilization of the cell membranes, which favors the acceleration of mass transfer processes. The results showed that the drying time was significantly reduced in all processes (hot air drying, microwave drying, vacuum drying). The advantage of the PEF treatment was also manifested by a decrease of the internal temperature of the product during drying. This lower temperature has a significant advantage in the preservation of heat-sensitive compounds (carotene, etc.). The dried sample pretreated by PEF could better retain the initial product color and had a reduced color deviation after rehydration. In regards to the frying process, the application of the PEF treatment showed not only an advantage in terms of the frying time but also in terms of oil content absorbed. The oil content of PEF treated sample was lower compared to untreated ones. Moreover, the combination of the PEF pretreatment and hot air pre-drying (or vacuum pre-drying) showed a synergistic efficiency on frying time and also in terms of oil content absorbed
Mulleman, Denis. "Variabilité de réponse aux anti TNF-alpha dans les rhumatismes inflammatoires : apport des marqueurs biologiques et d'imagerie". Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3113/document.
Texto completo da fonteThere is an interindividual variability of the dose - response relationship in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases treated by Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-a) inhibitors. In the first part of this thesis, the pathophysiology of TNF-a in inflammatory processes is presented. Then, the work focuses on the concentration-effect relationship using pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models. At the end, after discussion on imaging biomarkers, the thesis discusses the usefulness of a new technique to detect the early response to treatment, namely the positron emission tomography (PET). In summary, this work describes the PK-PD relationship in rheumatic inflammatory diseases treated by monoclonal antibodies using clinical and biological markers and demonstrates also the influence of high concentrations of monoclonal antibodies on maintenance to treatment. PET is a promising technique to identify early response to TNF-a antagonists
Madjour, Kamel. "Réalisation et caractérisation de détecteurs submillimétriques et térahertz par des composants à effets de champs à base de nitrure de Gallium". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10178.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis relates to the fabrication and the characterization of different types of Gallium nitirde based high electron mobility transistors (GaN/AlGaN heterojunction based HEMT) as millimeter and terahertz radiations detectors. The first part of this work presents a state of the art of different types of THz radiation detectors either by electronics, optics or optoelectronics approaches. This part allows a comparison of their performances. The second part deals with design and process technologies to the fabrication of GaN/AlGaN based devices. This part explains particular difficulties encounterd and solutions omplemented in the process fabrication of gratting-gate transistors. The third part describe the experimental results in free-space, up to 550GHz, of these different types of detectors (i.e. NEP, SNR, integrated horn antenna...). This part outlines the THz real-time imaging performed for the first time with GaN/AlGaN based detectors. The last part deals with the study of the intrinsic performance of these detectors. This study is based on the resistive-mixing theory in HEMTs. Modeling of the nonlinear behavior of transistors is achieved. This part relies on resistive-mixing measurements made using a new type of an on-wafer measurement bench developed in our laboratory. In conclusion, a report on the performances of all detectors studies in this thesis is done. This conclusion attempts to answer in the reasonable questions
Ren, Sicong. "Mesures de champs et simulations par élément finis de l'interaction entre vieillissement dynamique et endommagement dans les alliages métalliques". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM001/document.
Texto completo da fonteRecently, in-situ observations by X-ray laminography (at synchrotron) show that the multiple localization bands are the precursors of damage and possibly the slant fracture. These bands can be related to the strain ageing effect (L"uders or Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC)) whose influence on the fracture is still poorly understood. These effects are observed in many industrial alloys such as 2000 or 5000 series aluminium alloys, or, for example, in the C-Mn steels for which a ductility drop is observed in the temperature range where these effects are most pronounced.The aim of the thesis is to characterize the PLC effect and to evaluate its influence on the development of ductile damage and therefore on the final fracture. Firstly, the influence of strain ageing on strain hardening was introduced in a model based on the dislocation density using results from the literature. Secondly, several 2000 series aluminium alloys and a C-Mn steel were investigated by mechanical tests combined with Digital Image Correlation. The premature triggering of localization bands was observed in tensile tests involving relaxation, unloading and strain rate jump for certain aluminium alloys. The bands around the notch in the specimens of C-Mn steel were observed at high temperature. Two different modes of fracture were observed at the two temperatures. These results are compared with those produced with the KEMC model. Thirdly, a constitutive model combining the strain ageing (type KEMC) and damage (type Rousselier) was developed in order to explain the experimentally observed interactions between these two phenomena
Rampnoux, Jean-Michel. "Développement de bancs d'acoustique picoseconde pour la caractérisation sans contact par impulsions laser ultracourtes de couches micrométriques et sub-micrométriques de composants microélectroniques". Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR16014.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work, I present the development of two experimental methods using laser pulses for thin film metrology by picosecond acoustic technique. The pump-probe set-ups use a femtosecond and picosecond laser while detection is either reflectometric or interferometric. Both methods make it possible to measure simultaneously the amplitude and phase variations reflectivity induced by the acoustic field excited by the laser pump pulse. It's a nondestructive way of measurement. The first step of our work was the design, construction and development of a femtoseconde oscillator Ti:Saphir were the first step. In one set-up, the oscillator produces lower 100 fs laser pulses and a repetition rate is near several tens megahertz. Moreover, the energy pulse is some nanojoules with a wavelength around 800 nm. These characteristics meet with the requirements for acoustic characterisation. This femtosecond oscillator and a commercial 12 ps laser were implemented in two pump-probe set-ups. In both instruments, the sample characteristics are measured by two optical systems, one reflectometric and one interferometric. The optical generation and detection of acoustic waves has been validated in this work by several experiments using representative microelectronic samples. They illustrate the application fields of picosecond acoustic technique. After characterisation of a metal layer on semiconductor substrate (acoustic velocity, thickness), we have studied phenomena in semi-transparent semiconductors, like Brillouin oscillations. Finally, we have succeeded in the analysis and interpretation of the acoustic response of a multi-layer microelectronic component structure
Ramos, Emilie. "Démonstrateur optique CaLIPSO pour l’imagerie TEP clinique et préclinique". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112409/document.
Texto completo da fontePET detectors are usually based on scintillation crystals or semiconductor materials. The CaLIPSO project aims to build a PET detector working on the double detection of Cerenkov light and pair productions in a novel detection material called TriMethylBismuth. This would allow at the same time an enhanced time resolution (thanks to the Cerenkov signal) and a excellent spatial resolution (thanks to the ionization signal). Liquid TMBi (at room temperature), thanks to its good photo fraction (47%), allows a good detection efficiency, principally by photoelectric effect. In this context, this work aims to design and optimize an optical detector as a proof of concept for the Cerenkov detection of 511 keV gamma photons, and to measure the time resolution and detection efficiency of such a detector. The optical signal based on Cerenkov effect in TMBi has been observed on a first demonstrator, but its performances were clearly inappropriate. So we used a Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4) of the detector in order to model the relevant phenomena and to optimize de detection. It appeared that light collection efficiency in the detector was the most important parameter to optimize so as to improve time resolution and detection efficiency. Before that, we measured TMBi optical properties (refractive index, light absorption and diffusion), in order to model accurately the Cerenkov light propagation in the detector. The tool used for the time resolution measurement is a YAP: Ce scintillator coupled to a PMT. We also needed to optimize this tool in order to allow a more accurate measurement of the detector time resolution. At the end of this work, a second version of the optical demonstrator was built. We measured a detection efficiency of 32%, and a time resolution of 660 ps FWHM. The measured efficiency proved that our detector is fully efficient to detect the photoelectric conversions of the 511 keV photons (27% of the incident photons). Several technological optimizations are proposed to further improve the time resolution, in order to be able to measure the gamma photons’ time-of-flight in the future
Mammadi, Younes. "Métrologie optique à petite échelle sous Microscope Électronique à Balayage : mesures de champs cinématiques en présence de discontinuités, par couplage FIB-MEB-CIN". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT2288.
Texto completo da fonteThis work is divided into three main parts. Initially, in order to order to carry out our studies at smaller scales such as micrometric scale, we must not only use a more complex means of observation, for example, scanning electron microscope "MEB-FEG" to obtain images usable in metrology optical, but also have to mark (speckle) on these scales. More recently, digital image correlation is the most widely used kinematic field measurement technique to study the mechanical behavior of materials and structures over an area of interest ranging from the meter scale to the millimeter one. This can be obtained by using a dual-focused ion beam technique. Furthermore, we have adopted a scientific approach by first developing an artificial speckle, with an engraving depth of the order of 100 nanometers. We also relied on statistical tools such as the range of gray levels, autocorrelation, the number of passes and the variation of magnification, which were necessary to validate the marking and to generate better results.In the second part, we coupled the DIC by utilizing the scanning electron microscope and the focused ion beam as the labelling techniques. In order to build a controlled and reliable metrological solution to observe and quantify the movements and deformations of matter at these scales. Several tests have been carried out on two metals ; Steel 304l and Inconel 718, toensure the repeatability and reproducibility of the procedure. In these tests, we proposed to calculate the horizontal and vertical displacements as well as the error related to these displacements.We demonstrate the same approach on the deformation fields. Different results have been obtained depending on the variation of the standard deviation found in the acquired data making it possible to quantify measurement errors as well as repeatability and drift over time.The last part of the proposed work is about the adaptation of measurement methods to the particular mechanisms of deformation at different scales, such as the location of fractures and damage. To study mechanical behavior and taking into account local fractures, we extract the deformations of a fractured material using a displacement field measurement method. The proposed approach consists of extracting the residual deformations of the first local gradients of H-DIC, the least disturbed by the fractures. Various tests have been carried out to assess the validity of this proposed new approach. An application to study the mechanical behavior of a metallic composite (Al / ω -Al-Cu-Fe) is proposed. Particular exploitation of all the fields lies in the good separation of the deformation fields and the cracked part. A discussion on the comparison between a conventional DIC analysis and its extension is presented on the zones without and with fractures
Lassalle, Emmanuel. "Emission quantique spontanée : modifications induites par l'environnement". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0197.
Texto completo da fonteThe control of the spontaneous emission of quantum emitters is of fundamental importance for the development of future quantum technologies. Such applications rely on the manipulation of atoms, molecules, or "artificial" atoms, as elementary sources of light, and on the exploitation of the quantum nature of the emitted light, single photons. In parallel to the recent developments in nanofabrication techniques and nanotechnologies, theoretical understanding of the fundamental interaction mechanisms between quantum emitters and their environment also becomes more and more essential.In this thesis, we tackle three different paradigms of the spontaneous emission phenomenon, all dealing with modifications of the spontaneous emission induced the environment: the problem of monitored spontaneous emission, the interaction between quantum emitters and optical resonances supported by nearby nanostructures and the remote interaction between quantum emitters and metasurfaces. We present and deal with different formalisms to model such different situations, interfacing different fields of physics like quantum optics and nanophotonics. In each of these situations, we illustrate with realistic theoretical predictions how the spontaneous emission is modified. For each case, for provide with experimental proposals for future confirmations of these predictions, to bring a better understanding and control over these fundamental processes
Bonfim, Marlio. "Micro bobines à champ pulsé : applications aux champs forts et à la dynamique de renversement de l'aimantation à l'échelle de la nanoseconde par effet Kerr et Dichroïsme Circulaire Magnétique de rayons X". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008020.
Texto completo da fonteSibille, Alain. "Etude des défauts créés par irradiation électronique dans InP". Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077083.
Texto completo da fonteHenriques, de Figueiredo Bénédicte. "Evaluation de l’integration des donnees issues de la tomographie par emission de positons en radiotherapie : application à deux modèles cliniques : les cancers ORL et les cancers pulmonaires". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22125/document.
Texto completo da fonteObjective: To study the impact of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) data on radiotherapy (RT) planning through two clinical models: the head-and-neck cancers (HNC) and the pulmonary cancers. Methods and Materials: For HNC, after a previous phantom study in order to determinate an automatic segmentation method with adaptive thresholding, two series of nine and 15 patients selected for RT, underwent PET with 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and 18F-Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO). The impact on RT target volumes (TV) and dosimetries was evaluated. For FMISO-PET, several time acquisitions and several segmentation methods were assessed. For pulmonary cancers, the use of a four-dimensional (4D) FDG-PET with partial volume effect (PVE) correction and several segmentation methods was evaluated through the first seven patients enrolled in the PULMOTEP protocol performed by the CHU of Bordeaux. Results: For HNC, FDG-PET led to a RT TV reduction of 40%, with mismatches between PET and CT data. For FMISO-PET images, a better contrast was obtained 4h after FMISO injection. However, segmented volumes obtained at 3 and 4h were not statistically different allowing PET- acquisitions at 3h in routine clinical practice. The use of FMISO-PET allows considering « dose escalation » on hypoxic TV with an increase of tumour control probability by 18,1% without excessive increase of toxicities. For pulmonary cancers, there was no impact of the respiratory motion correction but only one patient on seven presented a mobile tumour. PVE correction had impact on RT TV with an increase of the maximal tumoural activity by 27% and a volume reduction of 15%. Conclusion: For HNC, the validation of these results needs clinical and prospective studies. For pulmonary cancers, the use of 4D-PET must be decided case by case. On the other side, the implementation of automatic software for PVE correction seems interesting
Laggoun, Ali. "Etude structurale et magnétique de films pulvérisés Fe-Zn par diffraction de rayons X et spectrométrie Mössbauer. Effet du recuit". Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUES023.
Texto completo da fonteRichard, Cyril. "Spectroscopie électronique et effet zeeman dans le radical NiH". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595685.
Texto completo da fontePoilblanc, Didier. "Théorie des phases onde de densité de spin induites par le champ magnétique dans des conducteurs très anisotropes". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112017.
Texto completo da fonteBoniface, Claude. "Modélisation et diagnostics d'un propulseur à effet Hall pour satellites : configuration magnétique et nouveaux concepts". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30016.
Texto completo da fonteHall Effect Thrusters (HETs) are gridless ion engines where a magnetic field barrier is used to impede the electron motion toward the anode and generate a large electric field that provides collisionless ion acceleration. The thrust is about 100 mN and the specific impulse of HETs is in the range 1600-2000 s (i. E. The velocity of ejected xenon ions is on the order of 16-20 km/s). The thrust and the specific impulse of standard Single Stage HETs are well adapted to the missions of orbit correction and station keeping. The goal here is to model the physical phenomena occurring in such a thruster, and, in correlation with experimental studies, to validate and/or improve the assumptions of the model. The model describes the transport of the electrons, ions, and neutrals in crossed electric and magnetic fields. The model developed at CPAT was extended and used to identify conditions for optimal operation of the thruster, with particular attention to the influence of the magnetic field distribution on the thruster operation. In addition, we developed a model to study new thuster concepts such as a Double Stage Hall Effect Thruster, where ionization and acceleration are accomplished in two stages. The experimental study involved using specific plasma diagnostics (Fabry-Perot Interferometry) in order to measure the electric field distribution in the thruster. Measurements were made at the PIVOINE test facility in Orléans. Systematic comparisons between experimental results and simulations allowed us to define more clearly the limits of the model and to improve its predictive ability
Nacenta, Mendivil Jorge P. "Imagerie directe de champ électrique par microscopie à balayage d'un transistor à électron unique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY009/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this doctoral work, we have developed a new scanning single electron transistor (SET) microscope that works at very low temperatures (T = 50 mK) and high magnetic fields (B = 18 T). A SET consists of a small metallic island connected to source and drain electrodes through two tunnel junctions. In the Coulomb blockade regime at low temperature regime (T 5 K), an external electric field tunes the current circulating through the SET. In addition,small electric field variations lead to large SET current changes that makes the device a highly sensitive charge detector, able to detect charges smaller than 0.01 e. Thus, when the SET scans above a surface, it maps the electrostatic properties of the sample. However, the implementation of a scanning SET microscope is extremely challenging since it combines scanning probe microscopy, low temperatures and sensitive nanoscopic devices. For thisreason, only a few groups have succeeded its realization. Our technological choices to build the microscope improve certain aspects with respect to the already existing instruments. The breakthrough is that we fabricate the SET probe using standard lithographic techniques on commercial silicon wafers.For that reason, batch fabrication of SET probes is possible. Furthermore, by a combination of dicing and etching techniques, the SET is engineered extremely close to the edge of the Si chip (< 1 micrometer). In this way, the SET can be approached to a few nanometer from the sample surface by means of a atomic force distance control. Additionally, an on-probe gate electrode fabricated close to the island can be used to tune the operating point of the SET. Anovelty of our instrument is that with this on-probe gate and a feedback loop we have been able to map directly the local electric field. We demonstrate this new feedback scanning method by imaging an interdigitated array of nanometer scale electrodes. Moreover, the SET is an ideal tool for the study of the localization of electronic states. In the future, our scanning SET will be used for the study of two-dimensional electron systems in the quantum Hall regime, topological insulators and the metal insulator transition
Dubois, Sylvie. "Propriétés électroniques des composés à ondes de densité de charge KMo6017, NbSe3 et (TSeT)2CI : Etude par magnétotransport en champ magnétique intense". Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0028.
Texto completo da fonteZhao, Yu. "Optical feedback sensing in microfluidics : design and characterization of VCSEL-based compact systems". Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAT0008/document.
Texto completo da fonteOptical feedback interferometry (OFI) is an emerging sensing technique which has been studied in fluidic systems. This sensing scheme is based on the modulation of the laser emission output power and/or the junction voltage induced by the interaction between the back-scattered light from a distant target and the laser inner cavity light. Thanks to the Doppler Effect, OFI can precisely measure the velocity of seeding particles in flowing liquids which is much required in chemical engineering and biomedical fields. In the present thesis, optical feedback interferometry performance for microscale flow sensing is studied theoretically and experimentally. A new numerical modeling approach based on multi-physics numerical simulations for OFI signal simulation in the micro-scale flowmetry configuration is presented that highlight the sensor performances. In this model, many factors are involved such as particle concentration and laser-particle scattering angle distribution and flow velocity distribution. The flow rate measurement shows good agreement with the modeling. The implementation of OFI based sensors in multiple fluidic systems, investigating the impact of the fluidic chip specific configuration on the sensor signal.Finally, a compact OFI flowmetry sensor based on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) using micro optical fabrication techniques is demonstrated as well. The simulation method for the design and the microfabrication procedures are detailed. After an evaluation of the experimental results, the capabilities of this new OFI sensor in microfluidic measurements are emphasized, thus demonstrating an open path towards ultra-compact microfluidic systems based on the OFI sensing technique
Lorut, Frédéric. "Etude de monocristaux de KTiOPO4 sous champ électrique : mesures électriques, observations optiques et imagerie par diffraction aux rayons X". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10211.
Texto completo da fonte