Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Égalité des conditions de concurrence"
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Commaille, Marine. "L'intervention normative des Etats membres dans l'économie : contribution à l'étude de la notion de distorsion de concurrence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASH017.
Texto completo da fonteAs an economic concept, the notion of distortion of competition refers to the effect of State intervention in the economy. Although this notion has been formally transposed into European Union law, it is nevertheless perceived as ill-defined in legal terms. Indeed, what it designates remains unclear, and the multiplicity of meanings that can be construed from this expression makes its conceptualization difficult. However, despite the diversity of potential interpretations, it is possible to conceive the notion of distortion of competition as an operational legal concept. To reach that point, it was necessary to develop a general theory of the notion of distortion of competition. Thus, this doctoral dissertation aims to identify the legal meaning and scope of the notion of distortion of competition as it manifests itself in positive law, in order to suggest a unitary definition of the notion. Once conceptualized, it is then possible to determine the legal regime applicable to the notion of distortion of competition, and to specify the conditions under which it should be banned or, on the contrary, permitted
Blanchard, Marie. "L' égalité de traitement entre entreprises en droit communautaire de la concurrence". Paris 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA020090.
Texto completo da fonteBortoluzzi, Stéphane. "L'équilibre juridique de la concurrence : aspects de droit privé". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010321.
Texto completo da fonteThe duality of private right leads to submit the similar economical relations even equal to different laws, according to the intrinsic nature of transactions realized and the quality of the people concerned. In those views of private right, the question of the juridical balance of competition essentially lays down upon the treatment of "paracommercialisme". The activity is said "paracommerciale" each time it develops with the help of commercial acts, without confering to its author, who is still making a profit of specific advantages attributed to his status, the quality of merchant. A real right of acts and "paracommerciales" activities has been progressively established with its legal specific characters and its common right of connection by the use of classical theories of the civil accessory and by the commerciality of fact. Destitute of independence, this specific status garanties a balance of the forces in the conquest of the customers, instead of an equality of the right. By the way of the transposition of the equal constitutionnal policy before the law in the field of competition, the economical legislation shall not rule people, because of their value or their juridical form, but operations, because of their nature and their economical scope. This new approach will be best expound by a new theory of right economical activities and by a trend towards a common right of societies
Bouchellal, Abdellah. "Incidence de la concurrence bancaire sur les conditions de crédit". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE0506.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis investigates the effect of banking competition on the cost and the quality of lending to firms by financial institutions. Specifically, the empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis aim to reach two complementary objectives. First, assessing the degree to which the rivalry between banks influences their pricing strategy and therefore the cost of corporate financing. The second objective of this thesis is to study the impacts of bank competition on the way banks generate private information about their customers. To this end we proceed in two steps. First, we investigate whether banking competition affects the type of information used by loan officers to assess borrower’s quality. Then, we check the involvement of bank competition in the termination of bank-firm relationships. We consider for all the analyzes conducted in this thesis an approach where the complementarity between different competition indicators used in the literature is exploited in order to better understand the level of rivalry among banks. Several results emerge from the multiple empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis. First, these show that the market power of financial institutions result from two separate sources: the weight of the bank in the local credit market structure, and the level of efficiency of the credit institution. Therefore, the impact of competition between banks depends on the ability of banking competition to influence the local market structure of credit or the efficiency of bank. Moreover, we show that within a concentrated banking market, the existence of strong rivalries between banks reduced the financing cost of firms that had a house bank. Finally, we demonstrate that banking competition increases the duration of bank-firm relationships and encourages loan officers to produce more private information about borrowers. However, it would be safe for banks to monitor the behavior of loan officers regarding their role on information production, in order to design incentives that ensure a sustained effort on their part
Bouchellal, Abdellah. "Incidence de la concurrence bancaire sur les conditions de crédit". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE0506/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis investigates the effect of banking competition on the cost and the quality of lending to firms by financial institutions. Specifically, the empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis aim to reach two complementary objectives. First, assessing the degree to which the rivalry between banks influences their pricing strategy and therefore the cost of corporate financing. The second objective of this thesis is to study the impacts of bank competition on the way banks generate private information about their customers. To this end we proceed in two steps. First, we investigate whether banking competition affects the type of information used by loan officers to assess borrower’s quality. Then, we check the involvement of bank competition in the termination of bank-firm relationships. We consider for all the analyzes conducted in this thesis an approach where the complementarity between different competition indicators used in the literature is exploited in order to better understand the level of rivalry among banks. Several results emerge from the multiple empirical analyzes conducted in this thesis. First, these show that the market power of financial institutions result from two separate sources: the weight of the bank in the local credit market structure, and the level of efficiency of the credit institution. Therefore, the impact of competition between banks depends on the ability of banking competition to influence the local market structure of credit or the efficiency of bank. Moreover, we show that within a concentrated banking market, the existence of strong rivalries between banks reduced the financing cost of firms that had a house bank. Finally, we demonstrate that banking competition increases the duration of bank-firm relationships and encourages loan officers to produce more private information about borrowers. However, it would be safe for banks to monitor the behavior of loan officers regarding their role on information production, in order to design incentives that ensure a sustained effort on their part
Eisele, Jean-Paul. "Les conditions de la clause de non-concurrence en droit allemand et en droit français". Nancy 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN20002.
Texto completo da fonteFontaine, Fabien. "Droit fiscal et concurrence". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020035.
Texto completo da fonteThe relationship between competition and tax law, defined as a means of setting the tax burden for corporations, is far-reaching and complex. Competition is undoubtedly shaped by tax law, insofar as tax expenditures and regular tax provisions may adversely affect the outcome of competition on a given market. Specifically, competition may be distorted by tax criteria that unalign the tax burden from the competitive advantage which determines the market outcome, and which can be defined as the difference in added value between competitors. A more analytical expression of this would be that the criteria setting the tax burden distort competition - either de jure or de facto - when they provide for a specific tax treatment of certain competitors or competing operations. Furthermore, pursuant to the arm’s length principle, competition can be considered as an instrument for tax law, insofar as it is used as a tool for setting intragroup tax bases. The arm’s length principle, which falls under anticompetitive pricing rules, evidences the distorsion of competition that stems from disregarding taxpayers’ respective added values, thereby empirically confirming that tax capacity and added value should be aligned in order for tax law to be competition-neutral. Accordingly, tax distorsions of competition are a question of tax criteria; this legal dimension begs the question of whether such distorsions are characterized and regulated by statute and /or case law.A first observation would be that competition increasingly applies to tax law, marginally via competition law (which is a paradox), but more profoundly and widely as the defining influence behind a number of provisions and principles that govern tax law. That competition is accordingly instrumental for these norms would tend to make of competition a substantive norm for tax law. The French principle of equality before tax increasingly factors full-fledged competition analyses in the tax and constitutional courts’ appreciation of the competitive effects of tax provisions, but its scope is curtailed by an overly abstract conception of equality and, overall, a reluctance to challenge the legislator’s policy decisions. This influence, characterized in French law and conducive to tax being affected by the objective of free competition, also entails the instrumentalization of tax law in the field of economic law, which imposes on tax law its own competitive objectives. Indeed, EU law provides a wider and more explicit use of competition analysis in its appreciation of the lawfulness of tax law, by precluding provisions which, through discrimination on the grounds of nationality or unfair tax competition, conflict with the European economic integration. Specifically, tax provisions are tested for anticompetitive object and / or effects, with their fiscal objectives or methods being mostly disregarded in this respect, to the extent that anticompetitive effects can be viewed as the ultimate governing principle for tax law. This is conducive to the instrumentalization of tax law by competition, with far-reaching implications for tax policies and their underlying criteria. Ultimately, tax law is instrumentalized by competition in the case-law that warrants taxation on the grounds of the distortions of competition that would arise from its absence, effectively making competition a source of taxation
Mansouri, Yassine Gilles Philippe Boismery Hervé. "La localisation des activités productives Les tentions entre forces centrifuges et forces centripètes /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326119/fr.
Texto completo da fonteOstojski, Laurent. "Les conditions de vente à l'épreuve du droit des contrats et du droit de la concurrence". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS015S.
Texto completo da fonte“Root of any commercial negotiation”, Conditions of Sale (i. E. General conditions of sale, specific conditions of sale and retailing global contracts) are essential for business. Yet, subject to the combined influence of two opposing rights: contract law and competition law, they raise many questions in practice. Is market transparency compatible with freedom of contract? If so, will this freedom emphasize the existing economic imbalances? Can the law-maker admit negotiability without abandoning the idea of effective controls? Although they exist, all these obstacles do not seem insurmountable. As long as their roles are clearly redefined, contract and competition laws can be reconciled. Thanks to a fixed and transparent basis as well as limitations, the parties would be allowed to tailor their agreement to their needs without any risk of imbalance. Formalized, such contract would also make the legislator sure that it doesn’t contain competition distorting clauses
Sefiane, Hanane. "L’opposabilité et l’action en concurrence déloyale". Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0072.
Texto completo da fonteLaw rules relations between individuals. From an economic angle, it defines an activity range for each operator. Our research work aims at studying the french concept of “opposabilité” in a competitive background. The question is about analysing the effects of a contract or an exclusive right regarding third competitors; and the reconciliation proceeding that is the action on unfair competition. We will attempt to draw a criterion from unfair behaviour that enables a better analysis of the effect of competitive action on a market and therefore on this market's own operators, to adapt the “opposabilié” degree to allow protection of some and preservation of freedom for others
Theodore, Rachel. "L'inégalité des conditions et le mythe des élites. Réflexion sur les imaginaires sociaux du Chili contemporain". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH172.
Texto completo da fonteThis study is a reflection on the social imaginaries which characterize modern societies. Beginning with the principal ideals which generated European and North American societies, we will then analyze the Latin American case, particularly in respect to Chile. We will explore the concept of De Tocqueville’s “equality of condition” proposed as the main and structuring social imaginary of Northern Hemisphere societies. Reflecting on this concept, we show that Latin America’s structuring principle is, on the contrary, an imaginary of “inequality of conditions.” This imaginary is derived from a fundamental inequality of consideration among men and women, generating and reproducing unequal social practices and institutions, all of which originated mainly due to racial factors. By analyzing these social imaginaries empirically, we can reconstitute these two imaginaries in contemporary Chilean society. This study shows that the imaginary of inequality has produced two fundamental elements: classism and the “myth of the elite”, an idea shared by all social classes concerning the elite’s superiority. Currently however, this central imaginary is contested by the emergence of another peripheral imaginary, the egalitarian-individualist, which questions the hierarchical and vertical structures in microsocial interactions, social relations and central institutions
Odoni, Miriam. "Concurrence et classement : la sélection par les concours dans la carrière des musiciens". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0146.
Texto completo da fonteThe objective of this research was to study the different ways in which musicians are selected for careers in the world of professional music, using international music competitions as our particular frame of reference. In this study, the focus was set on analyzing the careers of musicians who had entered international music competitions in the hopes of launching an international career. The goal pursued was to assess how their careers were affected, both in the short term and long-term, by winning. We found the world of professional music possesses specific features, notably high competition between the actors and different ways of functioning depending on how projects are organized. From this, we focused on how musicians manage to launch their careers in the music market and what resources they use to both spark and maintain success. By this we have strived to answer the following questions: What role does international music competition play in an open and competitive market place? And how does it influence the careers of musicians ? Our study was based on mixed methodologies including observations, as well as interviews with contestants, organizers, and prize-winners, in addition to a questionnaire for prize-winners. The collected data highlights three key functions pertaining to such competitions : learning and socialization, musician selection, and construction of reputation
Ayed, Amine. "Les marchés électroniques : structures, concurrence et conditions d’efficience : une application à la distribution des livres sur Internet". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL12009/document.
Texto completo da fontePrice levels and price dispersion on the Internet have attracted a lot of economic and managerial research. Contrary to initial predictions that the Internet would lead to the emergence of frictionless economy, empirical research shows price dispersion persist in electronic market. There have been a few studies comparing prices levels at online and offline retailers, but not much is known about how prices compare among two types of retailers, pure play and bricks-and-clicks retailers. We address this important issue in this thesis through an empirical analysis of price levels, price dispersion and menu cost in the book industry among the two types of retailers in electronic market. This thesis responds to this need by exploring how the Internet reduces the market friction common in physical commerce. Our objective is to address the question of online price and dispersion empirically and theoretically. We seek to determine whether the pricing policies of these two types of online retailers differ, possibly because of the different competitive environments in which each operates.Using data collected an 6 month period, we investigate our hypotheses using a data set of book prices for 70 titles sold by 6 retailers in electronic market. One common prediction is that the reduction in search costs on the Internet relative to the traditional market would cause both price and price dispersion to fall. We present evidence for the persistence of price dispersion in electronic market books. We show that prices do not converge to the “law of one price”. Price changes by both types of retailers do not change their price frequently despite the claim that menu cost might be negligible in electronic market. Our findings suggest the online markets are still inefficient and online price strategy is complex, offering opportunities for different types of retailers in electronic market to differentiate themselves from another
Khimich, Aleksandra. "Essays in competition policy". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU10008/document.
Texto completo da fonteCartels Damages to the Economy: An Assessment for Developing Countries (Joint with Marc IVALDI, Toulouse School of Economics and CEPR and Frédéric JENNY, ESSEC Business School, Paris) : The detection and sanction of cartels traditionally remains of a high importance for developed anti-trust authorities because of a clear understanding of their potential harm, and therefore of the potential benefits of their deterrence. Nevertheless, developing countries often struggle to create or reinforce their competition authority - running an antitrust division is costly and the supportive evidence concerning the potential benefits is still missing. Present study provides the missing quantitative evidence. It offers an assessment of the aggregate economic harm caused by cartels in developing countries measured in terms of sales affected by collusive practices as well as in terms of cartel excess profits arising from overcharging consumers. The results suggest that the aggregate economic damage estimated in terms of cartels’ excess profits can reach almost 1% when divided by the corresponding GDP. Furthermore, as the maximal annual probability of uncovering an already existing cartel is estimated to be around 24%, it is suggested that the actual economic harm exceeds our estimations at least fourfold. / Assessing the accuracy of merger guidelines’ screening tools (Joint with Marc Ivaldi, Toulouse School of Economics and Jérôme Foncel, EQUIPPE, University of Lille) : Present study offers a comprehensive assessment of the accuracy of two tools proposed by the most advanced merger guidelines - the traditional HHI test and a more recent UPP test- and attempts to define the economic conditions that favor misleading predictions. Monte-Carlo simulations are used to create economies that are further employed to measure the effects of mergers and to evaluate the performance of the chosen evaluation tools. Results suggest that the HHI test being applied to a market with differentiated products has a very weak performance. In its’ turn, the UPP test can also be quite misleading, even if one has perfect information on the main ingredients needed to compute it. It appears that some of type-I and type-II errors occur because the UPP-like tests by construction ignore the pricing pressure experienced by the merging partner. We demonstrate how this can be fixed by taking into account the corresponding cross pass-through rate. / The role of the cross pass-through effects in merger analysis : Present study demonstrates that the ignorance of the cross pass-through effect, and particularly of its sign, can lead to misleading conclusions in almost all stages of merger investigations, including the market definition procedure and the assessment of coordinated and unilateral effects. It offers an examination of the properties of the pass-through matrix in a sufficiently general framework that is convenient for horizontal merger analysis and derives the exact characteristics of both the demand and supply systems that affect the sign of the cross pass-through
Kotto, Dominique Nicole. "Le Japon dans la concurrence triadique, tour à tour menace concurrentielle, paradigme et "pays malade" de la mondialisation". Paris 13, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA131023.
Texto completo da fonteCarbonnaux, Camille. "Les figures juridiques de la concurrence en droit de l'union Européenne : étude autour de la notion de loyauté de la concurrence". Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL20013.
Texto completo da fonteThe existence of various rules regarding competition could lead to a lack of coherence andintelligibility of the European system of competition. As a matter of fact, the latter channels a part of the criticisms relating to the decline of law. However, the study of its numerous legal translations results in a very different conclusion. Behind an apparent disorder, the European approach to competition shows profound coherence. In each legal aspects of competition, a common objective officiates as a standard. It is the fair competition. The latter intervenes in all European competition regulations as a notion around which revolve a set of solutions coherent by their finality and content.Coherent by their finality, firstly, because all the legal translations of the competitive order address fair competition as a way to protect competition and, more generally, public interest.Coherent by their content, secondly, because each legal aspects of competition ensures faircompetition by preserving the equality of opportunity between competitors.De facto, the observation of the transversality and homogeneity of the treatment of fair competition reveals that the objective has been, until now, widely underestimated. This sidelining is regrettable because, on the grounds of its axiological neutrality, introducing it into the different debates relating to the European approach to competition offers real solutions in terms of the homogenization of the notion of competition and better integration of the legal aspects of competition
Jullien, Céline. "Intensité de la concurrence schumpeterienne : efficacité dynamique et croissance endogène : une approche expérimentale de la propriété intellectuelle des innovations". Grenoble 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE21036.
Texto completo da fonteProulx, Isabelle. "Définitions, conditions et défis de l'alliance parent-intervenant en contexte d'aide contrainte : points de vue des parents et des professionnels en centre jeunesse". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6672.
Texto completo da fonteQuast, Oliver. "Les fondements des modèles successifs d'organisation de l'industrie gazière : analyse des conditions d'introduction de la concurrence dans une industrie de réseau". Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21027.
Texto completo da fonteThe dissertation analyses the organisational evolution of national gas industries, where a "competition model" succeeds a predecessor, the conventionally integrated industry model. A first theory relates various forms of vertical and horizontal integration with efficiency gains which can be gained from the gas supply chains stages' production properties. This theory has been amended with the apparition of the notion of contestable markets : free market entry can replace direct public regulation of natural monopolies. A second chain of thought referring to neo-institutional theory refers the choice between organisational models to the principle of minimisation of transaction costs. The combination of these two lines of thought deliver the foundations for a dynamic life cycle theory of organisation for network infrastructure industries. The arrival at industry maturity raises its market's contestability. A decrease of asset specificity indicates an orientation of industry organisation towards more competitive exchange structures. The dissertations second section aims at analysing optimal industry organisations in their respective phase of maturity. The case study of the german gas industry shows how the conventional model of organisation can be contested. The market entry strategy of basf-wintershall-gazprom shows that in a scarcely regulated and mature industry there are strong incentives to enter the market. The british experience gives an example of regulatory gas industry evolution. Successive organisational reforms caused the appearance of new types of transactions, and notably spot market exchanges. The example of the us gas industry is interpreted as exposing a "stabilised" model of industry organisation. Efficiency gains can be found in changing supply arrangements and in offering services associated with the industry's core activities. Risk and information management which is necessary to execute a variety of complementary transactions allows to decrease transaction costs. This result is mainly achieved by realising economies of speed through new information treatment and distribution technologies (it)
Sebnem, Cansun. "Démocratisation, égalité des sexes et implication des femmes en politique : le cas de deux partis politiques turcs, l'AKP et le CHP". Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENH025.
Texto completo da fonteIn Turkey, the problematic of gender equality and the feminisation of the governing bodies have drawn more attention than ever in the context of democratisation. This thesis aims at assessing to what extent two ideologically different political parties differ from each another in their outlook on gender politics and women politicians. The two leading parties of the country, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (the JDP, the Justice and Development Party) of the center right and Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (The RPP, the Republican People’s Party) of the center left form our research cases. The analysis is based on two ideologically different dailies, Yeni Şafak (The New Dawn) and Cumhuriyet (The Republic), on party publications, programs, and statutes and on about fifty interviews. The conclusion shows that both the JDP and the RPP defend women’s cause. The JDP leaders take women’s problems as a domain where they can prove that they have departed their Islamist background. Being in office, the JDP makes a great effort in favor of women’s cause. However, in the JDP, there are members who have not yet internalized gender equality. The party’s discourse contains very conservative statements, and the JDP strongly opposes gender quotas. In the RPP, gender equality is imprinted in the party’s political culture, and reinforced by the endorsement of a gender quota in its statutes. However, women politicians are not as frequently promoted as we would anticipate. This research shows that, despite some evidence of ideological differences, in Turkey, the center left and right are not very different one from another in the implementation of their approach to women’s problems and to the promotion of women as politicians
Boissieu, Corinne de. "Le genre scolaire : un effet aveugle de l'acculturation à l'école maternelle? : etude anthropo-didactique des conditions de son émergence". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR21680/document.
Texto completo da fonteGender equality is a central issue in current memoranda and education policies, and studies shows that the gap still prévails between schoolboys and schoolgirls (in terms of results, orientation, etc.). School gender, as a concept, should help contribute to the discussions on the topic. The study involved children in five pre-school classes (école maternelle) ; it investigates their verbal interactions. Analysing these interactions as well as the positions of children and teachers in the conversational space, these research provides évidence that school gender involves more than merely reproducing gender differences at school. It allows the scholl gender - as a construction - to be defined as a gender-based difference in the position of schoolboys and schoolgirls in the conversational space. It is a specific gender construction, which is achieved within the school culture and leads to distinguishing the categories of male pupils and female pupils. As it examines the aspects of family socialisation, sex, school integration and position whithin the interactive space, the dissertation opens up a new path to be looked into : school gender appears as a result of school integration, which, as it shapes the family habitus, would reinforce or help generating gendered habitus
Arar, Rania. "Étude de l'inégalité de genre dans les espaces publics urbains à travers l'approche des capacités : Une étude de cas de Ramallah, Palestine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALH018.
Texto completo da fonteUrban public spaces play a crucial role in enhancing human well-being through social interactions, cultural enrichment, and overall health. However, the challenges posed by rapid urbanization worldwide and limited access to these spaces disproportionately affect vulnerable groups and perpetuate inequalities, particularly in the developing world. Gender inequality in urban public spaces, deeply rooted in socio-cultural, political, and economic factors, poses a significant threat to human well-being, especially for women who, on one hand, face security challenges in public spaces and, on the other hand, encounter accessibility difficulties as they often serve as caregivers for children, older people, and individuals with disabilities. However, assessing human well-being requires addressing complex inequalities on different levels. The capability approach developed by Amartya Sen provides a comprehensive framework in this regard. To practically address gender inequality and evaluate women's well-being, the case study of Ramallah City in Palestine was chosen for its complex challenges, including geopolitical circumstances, patriarchal domination, economic difficulties, population growth, and rapid urbanization. Gender inequality in Ramallah’s public spaces is primarily manifested in the limited accessibility to public spaces due to the lack of available public infrastructure, the insufficient security for women from violence in public, and the failure to recognize the crucial role of women as primary caregivers in society, contributing to gender role inequalities. The field study revealed a general lack of accessible public spaces in the city, coupled with a severe lack of inclusiveness in public infrastructure, exacerbating the gender gap in Palestine. The research concludes with proposals and recommendations encompassing improvements in the existing urban public spaces' physical, social, and environmental dimensions. It also underscores the urgent need for inclusive public spaces in Ramallah by increasing awareness about their value and concretely establishing pocket parks in city neighborhoods. The study results confirm that promoting gender-inclusive public spaces is not just a strategic step but a human right essential for the overall well-being of Palestinian women. Finally, the study further highlights the responsibility of decision-makers and individuals alike to ensure that such inclusive spaces are guaranteed and to recognize their pivotal role in promoting gender equality and human well-being
Andriamizaka, Alain Lala. "Théorie de la concurrence en P. V. D. : de la réglementation à la régulation". Nice, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NICE0023.
Texto completo da fonteBecause of their traditions and way of life, LDC's have a non-competitive vision of the economy. That is the origin (not the consequence) of their interventionist policies. So deregulation would not be relevant to stabilize the market processes there. In fact, there is an evolution of economic from "lateral" competition to "frontal" competition (crowding-out aims), and law has to be adapted to each step. But even so, stabilisation policies know many functional failures in LDC's
Bruno, Miguel Antonio Pinho. "Croissance économique, changements structurels et distribution : les transformations du régime d'accumulation au Brésil : une analyse régulationniste". Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0130.
Texto completo da fonteThe Brazilian macroeconomic performance in the decades of 80 and 90 remained much below the historical average. Several explanations were proposed, most important being environment of high inflation, present until 1994, high external liability and the insufficiency of saving. They did not miss criticisms with the inefficiencies produced by the proper logic of the mode of development by substitution of imports. The principal objective of this analysis is to provide an alternative approach, by mobilizing the theoretical and methodological contributions of the French regulation theory, as a historical and institutional mocroeconomics. The thesis tries to show the characteristics of the modes of regulation and the regimes of accumulation which answer by the principal macroeconomic tendencies observed in the brazilian economy
Ayoglu, Damla. "Les relations économiques entre la Turquie et la France (1945-2000) : un panorama de la concurrence française sur le marché turc". Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010547.
Texto completo da fonteAbdalla, Farag. "Le principe d'égalité devant la loi en Egypte pharaonique : étude philosophique et historique". Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOD008.
Texto completo da fonteThe principle of equality in front of the law is a modern principle; but that does not prevent that ancient Egypt knew the meaning and the concept of this principle from a point of view suitable for it. The monuments and the inscriptions left by ancient Egyptian civilization seem to show that pharaonic Egypt knew this principle and applied it in the law, without forgetting that the concept of this principle varied according to the regime which reigned throughout the history of pharaonic Egypt of an individualistic regime to a feudal regime. This equality had an influence to three levels: the women, the slave, the foreigner
Coupaud, Marine. "Mondialisation, conditions de travail et santé". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0139/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis aims at exploring to what extent globalization, through its diversecomponents, impacts the health of European workers. In a first part, we expose the socio-economicconsequences of this multi-faceted phenomenon. In a second part, we show that internationalcompetition, one of the essential components of globalization, is a risk factor for non-skilledworkers. Nevertheless, individual and organizational factors are the most likely to explain mentaland physical disorders prevalence in the population as a whole. Globalization also implies newpractices linked to firms’ internationalization strategy, another component of globalization. Weunderline that workers must acquire the skills to stay attractive in a constantly changing worldand they do not find much support in their companies. In a third part, we show that globalizationenhances the surge of the service sector in industrialized countries. In addition, the leanmanagement is implemented in those sectors and competitive pressure increases. These changesimpact the way the work is performed. Within this context, the health of workers deterioratesbecause they are exposed to changing risk factors, among them: intense of work related tointerpersonal relationships. Finally, we find that the Corporate Social Responsibility comes as ananswer to improve workers’ health and as a consequence, firms’ social and financial performance
Lecat, Rémy. "Four essays on productivity, competition and labour relations". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0070.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis emphasises the role of individual firm data in explaining the dynamics of productivity through four chapters: 1) It contributes to the correct measurement of total factor productivity (TFP). In most estimates, TFP is procyclical, displaying increasing return to scale in the short run. Imperfect competition may be one explanation for this stylised fact. However, taking correctly into account factor utilisation, and in particular capital operating time, leads to estimating constant returns to scale. 2) Individual firm data allows to measure convergence of productivity among firms, which is an important component of productivity dynamics at the macroeconomic level, especially in France. A significant convergence is found, which however has slowed during the 2nd half of the 1990s : already highly-productive firms have benefitted the most from ICT and globalisation, while increasing competition fostered innovation in these firms. 3) The relationship between regulation, and more precisely barrieto entry, competition and productivity in the service sector is addressed. Indeed, regulation has a complex impact on productivity, which can run through different channels. Individual firm data allows isolating the impact of barriers to entry on competition, as reflected by mark-ups, and then of competition on productivity. 4) The role of labour relations has been emphasised mostly through case studies. Through an original firm-level survey, deteriorated labour relations are shown to have a negative impact on productivity, but only when they can rely on regulation. On the contrary, branch or firm agreements make it possible to overcome the constraints of regulation
Ménabé, Catherine. "Réflexions critiques sur la criminalité féminine". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0310.
Texto completo da fonteWomen account for 15 % of offenses' author, 10 % of sentenced persons and 3 % of prisoners. The female criminality is characterized as much by marginality as by atypicality. The women's criminal propensity would be tiny and limited to specific offenses. Despite the equality in criminal law between men and women, their criminalities don't merge. However, they are not completely separable since the criminogenic factors are similar regardless of the gender of the author is. If certain offenses are more specifically female and other offenses more specifically male, the nature of the criminality differs little. But this is not the case of the volume of criminality that differs significantly by gender. Unlike the criminal law illustrated by the indifference to the gender of the offenses' author, criminal response to criminality is not totally neutral. Women and men receive differential judicial andpenitentiary treatment. The sex of the offender is therefore not an indifferent variable for the penalist because sex has an influence on the transition to the crime and the criminal response to criminality
Fauveau, Aurélia. "L'intégration des inégalités de genre dans la politique des ONG humanitaires et des organisations internationales : étude de cas de deux ONG". Nice, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NICE0039.
Texto completo da fonteFighting the gender gap is one of the biggest international goals to eradicate poverty and attain development. Indeed, economical literature found significant links between the gender gap on the one hand, and growth and development goals on the other hand. Furthermore the UN made an international frame to promote women: gender equality became one of its first priorities. All this explains that International Organisations, and first of all the World Bank, redefine their international politics toward women since the mid nineties. Humanitarian NGOs which cannot be ignored on the international scene, participate in fighting poverty and inequalities too. Because they are especially efficient in their action, we question ourselves about their position in fighting the gender gap : -Did NGOs understand the impact of the gender gap on poverty and the importance of integrating women into development?-Do NGOs integrate the gender dimension into their actions in order to reduce the gender gap and then offer additional tools to development and growth?
Doumbia, Maéva Zeïnab. "Genre identitaire et revenu relatif au sein des ménages : étude du cas Canadien". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31864.
Texto completo da fonteCao, Xuan Dung. "Ouverture commerciale et inégalité de revenus : le cas du Vietnam". Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010082.
Texto completo da fonteSoltmann, Wladimir. "Association de la norme technique à l'innovation. Étude de droit de la propriété intellectuelle et de droit de la concurrence". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30055.
Texto completo da fonteTechnical standards may sometimes be associated to innovations covered by proprietary rights. In this case, intellectual property appears to embody a quite disturbing component within the partnership between standardization and innovation. We are thus led to analyse the association economy ; it must be construed as of the creation and the use of the standard rather than to insist on its sole technical aspects. In order to avoid the corruption of the standard by over-restrictive IP rights, standard-setting-organizations require that only "essential" proprietary rights can be associated to a technical standard. Economical and technical criterias of the mutual adherence of the technical standard and the owned innovation – structuring their association – justify in the name of its "social utility", a mutual adaptation of their legal regimes. Therefore, the technical standard’s "social utility" requires an adaptation of the IP rights legal regime. Symmetrically, the essential innovation, included in the standard, requires its fitting to the technical standards legal regime. This results in the rise of two regimes naturally interpenetrated, and structurally interdependent. On the one hand, IP rights "essential" to the standard, can be considered as "essential facilities", justifying a systematic erosion of their spectrum. As part of competition rules implementation, this erosion results from an ex post approach as well as an ex ante approach conceptualized by FRAND terms. On the other hand, the association is also evaluated through the private property perspective. It appears that the technical standard should be considered as a "common", assuming a free access and a free use. It contributes to create a right of use of the owned innovations integrated in technical standard
Blanc, François. "Les engagements dans le droit français des concentrations". Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020059.
Texto completo da fonteAt first sight, the mergers’s control illustrates the modern role played by the State in the economy: the aim is not to organize the markets anymore, but to control from time to time one or several particular operators. The liberal State submit the companies’s merging processes to prior authorization, so as to make sure they do not negatively affect the competition. Nevertheless, in the silence of the law, everything goes as if the administration was using mergers as drivers of the markets’s reorganization. This process is evenmore subtil because it implies closely the companies themselves: everything depends on the commitments the companies offer to the administration, in order to prevent the non competitive effects of their project. These commitments are indeed undergoing a major legal change: once issued, they become a measure of economic restriction, embedded in the administration’s authorization. This process, that has been developed from the time of planned economy, suggests a certain permanency of the French law, despite the economic goals’s variation. Yet, these commitments constrain the parties about to merge: on the one hand regarding their actions towards other operators on the market, and on the other hand, regarding their relation with the administration : at the same time they direct the merger according to the stakeholders, and extend the administrative control. In short, when embedding the commitments in its act, the administration first changes the relations between the parties and the stakeholders, then follows up the relations’s execution. Thus, its intervention swifts ratione temporis, -from the merger in progress to the merger achieved, ratione personae, from the parties to the stakeholders’ operations, and ratione materia, from the merger to the market. Time has gone when the administration used to build the market directly ; now it uses to this end the companies that have to require her authorization
Obambi-Itoua, Alphonse. "Système congolais de transport et intégration économique en Afrique Centrale". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENPC9331.
Texto completo da fonteMansouri, Yassine. "La localisation des activités productives : les tensions entre forces centrifuges et forces centripètes". Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00326119.
Texto completo da fonteOzcakal, Akile. "Les représentations sociales d'étudiantes feministes en Turquie vis-à-vis de la domination masculine et de l' égalité des sexes : entre laïcité, tradition et religion". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG017.
Texto completo da fonteIn our research, we aim at understanding the reasons of male dominance and gender inequality; a conflictive topic within Turkish society. This dominance imposes the women to obey firstly to their father and then to their husband, as well as all the men around her. Feminist students that also define themselves as secular and “Kemalist” consider that this dominance find their roots in the Quran, which would encourage female submission. As to the Islamic feminist students, they point out that tradition and various interpretations of the Quran may explain this male dominance. Moreover, secularism is also a cause of tension between Kemalist and Islamic students. The Kemalist students are afraid that the principle of neutrality that is a part of secularism will disappear, at the expense of a more religious Turkey. On the other side, Islamic students criticize secularism, as the origin of women segregation and responsible of the inequalities between genders. Indeed, both feminist students groups have distinct experiences that influence their social perceptions and behaviours, which will be analysed through this research work
Bouchard-Sylvain, Naelie. "Évolution des discours de l'État québécois en matière de condition féminine". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31863.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis explores the change of perspective of the Quebec government concerning the status of women, in connection with the transition from a welfare state to a neoliberal state. First of all, a brief historical portrait of the creation of the Ministry of the Status of Women (ministère de la Condition feminine) (1979) as well as the successive governments in Quebec is drawn. This illustrates the transformations that have taken place in the conduct of the affairs of the Quebec State. Indeed, this ministry was set up by René Lévesque’s Parti Québécois (1976), which was largely inspired by the welfare state model and later on, particularly under the government of Lucien Bouchard (1996), a shift was made towards a state inspired by neoliberal rationality. Using the method of critical discourse analysis, this thesis then identifies the manifestations of neoliberal rationality in the set of government action plans dealing with equality between the women and men produced by the ministry associated with the Status of Women from 1979 to 2016. The analysis is based on a conceptual framework at the core of which is neoliberalism and more specifically, the two dimensions of individual responsibility and entrepreneurial self. The results of the analysis show how the welfare state, interventionist, addresses inequalities between the women and the men as arising from a structural fact while the neoliberal, non-interventionist, state deals with the status of women as well as gender inequalities in an individualizing manner.
Pan, Sophearith. "Le contrôle européen des aides d'État en faveur des ports maritimes de commerce". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Brest, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BRES0027.
Texto completo da fonteNational support measures granted to investments in infrastructure and the operation of seaports is a quasi-systematic under the control of the European Commission. However, the port sector is particular because of its contribution to satisfying the general interest. Contributing to safeguarding the security of supplies of Member States and ensuring the port facility security and safety, in return, they benefit from the national support measures. In this regard, this thesis inquires into the consideration of the EU State Aid Control of the dual economic and general interest missions carried by the seaports. Identifying an exhaustive inventory of ail Commission decisions and European case-law, this thesis analyzes the assessment of lawfulness of national support measures (existence of State aid and incompatible State aid) and the assessment of their compatibility with the internai market. Therefore, this thesis questions the impact of State aid control on the financial and institutional regime of seaports. This research study reveals that if the EU State Aid Control marginally takes into consideration the particularity of seaports (Part I), the fact remains that this control contributes to clarifying the legal regime applicable to ail ports activities and governs the organization of European seaports (Part II)
Archambeaud, Gait. "L'Afghanistan et le langage de l'égalité : une approche poïétique du contrat social sur une zone de fracture du système-monde". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984980.
Texto completo da fonteLormières, Laetitia. "Les prix bas en droit économique". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10054/document.
Texto completo da fonteLow prices have caused much controversy. Although the need of regulation is actually not an issue in economic analysis of law, the freedom to practise competition based on prices is linked to the freedom of trade. Consequently, low prices appear to be lawful as a rule. Prohibiting to resell at a loss is quite exceptional since it requires from the law-maker to fix a minimum price. Linking the prohibition to the principle of non-discrimination has allowed to get round such a problem for a long time. Nevertheless, it regularly challenged the law-maker to associate the effectiveness of the penalty with the possibility for the retailers to really negociate the suppliers' sales conditions. Removing the principle of non-discrimination challenges the law-maker to link the effectiveness of the penalty with the freedom of contracts, since everything is deductible, everything must be easily justified and controlled
Rikabi, Mouaz. "Les droits de la propriété intellectuelle et l'intérêt général : approche en droit d’auteur et en droit des brevets". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0019.
Texto completo da fonteThe evolution of the industrial economy towards the economy of knowledge has propelled intellectual property to the forefront. Intellectual property has become integrated in all the domains of the modern life. As a result, it has become a necessity to protect it effectively through appropriate legal rules that encourage creators to continue to provide new creations. However, the specificity of the nature of the work protected by intellectual property requires the consideration of multiple conflicting interests. As such, the legislator has sought, in the name of the general interest, to create a fair internal balance between the main interests present within the system of intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, the exercise of the prerogatives granted by the intellectual property system, carried out by the owner of intellectual property, has caused an important expansion of the interests of this owner, to the detriment of other concurrent interests. This has consequently caused a break in the internal balance of the system, instigated by the legislator. Nonetheless, the general interest can play a key role in restoring balance through the application of external rules to the intellectual property regime. In this perspective, the judge can, by using his creative power of jurisprudence, use the general interest as a guideline to restore balance in the intellectual property system. The general interest justifies thus, as well as the intrinsic limits to intellectual property rights, the extrinsic limits to these rights
Samb, Seynabou. "Le droit de la commande publique en Afrique noire francophone : contribution à l'étude des mutations du droit des contrats administratifs au Sénégal, au Burkina Faso, en Côte d'Ivoire et au Cameroun". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0326/document.
Texto completo da fonteCaught between the new reality of legal globalization, community integrationrequirements and the political, economic and social constraints of each state, the regulation ofadministrative contracts in French-speaking African countries has changed. The sources of suchregulation have been expanded. Its conceptual and material foundations have changed. A newsystem of public procurement has emerged. Trying to renew principles of transparency, as wellas freedom of acces to public procurement and equality, the new public procurement regulationprovides a body of common rules for public procurement, public service delegation contractsand public-private partnership contracts.First, in order to achieve this, it relies on a new interpretation of the notions on whichAdministrative Contracts Law is based. Second, the new public procurement regulationrepresents a recasting of award procedures, control mechanisms and dispute resolutionmeasures. The emergence of these new regulations follows reforms of Administrative ContractsLaw in the respective countries.The objective of this study is to analyze the actual contribution of provisions flowing from thesereforms, in order to see if they are contributing to ensuring that competitive ideology isincreasingly effective
Ouguenoune, Hind. "La politique de promotion et d'attraction de l'investissement en Algérie". Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030033/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe attractiveness of the country is now an important component of economic policy; it is the center of political promotion, planning and development. With the globalization of the economy where cost reduction of transport and telecommunications annihilated distance, firms wishing to establish themselves abroad are upping the ante on their selection and choice of location , the country found in competition and make every effort not only to attract investment but also to retain them. And states become promoters of their own territories to attract multinational firms in the context of escalation as investment projects are limited and that the list of candidates to their home territories continues to grow. By the signing of the Association Agreement with the European Union and negotiations for its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO ), Algeria aims to liberalize its economy and its roots in the international economy. Involved in the liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI). The interest of Algeria in both managerial benefits, economic and social impact on its economy. To do this, Algeria has provided a number of texts and laws governing foundations of its investment policy that guarantees and advantages to investors.It is around the elements of the problem mentioned above that will focus our research in attempting to answer the following key questions : What determines the choice of multinational firms in the location of their investment, in other words what are the ex ante determinants of FDI ? What are the main instruments of economic and financial policy or the means used by governments to encourage and attract foreign investment ? What are the effects of these policies on FDI flows ?What about Algeria and its policy of promoting investment ? What are the effects of this policy, including the legal framework set up on FDI in Algeria? This device is sufficient to attract foreign investors?In its transition from a centralized to a market economy triggered the end of the 1988 economy , the Algerian government has imposed a policy of structural reforms that helped restore macroeconomic balances , liberalization economy, its modern infrastructure and staffing reduction of country risk . These reforms have increased FDI flows to Algeria. However, these results remain below the investment potential of the country: Algeria does not attract enough foreign firms compared to neighboring countries. Although Algeria has recorded positive results in certain sectors such as hydrocarbons , telecommunications, steel and pharmacy reforms introduced since the 90s have proved insufficient . And policy promotion and attraction of FDI led has not achieved the desired objectives. Similarly, revenues from hydrocarbon exports have failed to create a competitive industrial structure and allow for productive investment to play a more important role in the economy. Most of the private productive effort is directed toward the speculative economy at the expense of a productive economy . FDI that the opening of the Algerian economy and its great potential would attract, remain weak. However, the legal framework set up in Algeria provides some benefits and guarantees to foreign investors
Booth, Sylvia Maria. "Le genre, le pouvoir et les idéologies : la construction de la citoyenneté des femmes leader à Pinotepa National et le projet Generosidad (Banque Mondiale/INMUJERES) au Mexique". Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030204.
Texto completo da fonteThis study aims to contribute to the debate surrounding the institutional feminist strategy of integrating gender into the development field. This strategy advocates the transformation of development discourse and practice through the integration of gender equality concerns. In this work, we examine the effectiveness and validity of this strategy as a means to achieve greater equality between men and women. Thus, we have analyzed the construction, the appropriation and the effects at the local level of a World Bank “gender” project. Institutional feminists involved in planning and implementing the Generosidad project had some flexibility in constructing the project's gender perspective discourse; and were thus able to make sure its programs followed feminist objectives, such as the democratization of gender relations in public and private spheres. The reactions of leaders at the local level who participated in a gender equality and leadership awareness-raising workshop in the city of Pinotepa Nacional show that –even in a context fraught with machismo, violence and well-defined gender roles –local men and women leaders appropriated certain ideas in order to democratize the balance of power between the genders. In so doing, they became actors in the construction of the project's gender perspective, and in reinforcing women's citizenship. We therefore concluded that the institutional feminist strategy is valid, useful and necessary, if not sufficient due to the fact that resistances encountered locally blocked the leaders' efforts for collective action
Tavakoli, Aram. "L' image de la femme dans les nouvelles de Paul Morand". Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030022.
Texto completo da fonteLemay, Louise. "Conditions et conséquences des pratiques d'empowerment : une études interdisciplinaire et intersystémique des rapports de pouvoir professionnels <-> clients". Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14386.
Texto completo da fonteCastonguay-Payant, Justine. "Le choix de l’école secondaire par des parents dans le marché scolaire montréalais. Une étude compréhensive des conditions, stratégies et effets sociaux de l'exercice d'un devoir parental". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25519.
Texto completo da fonteThe Quebec education system is based on a democratization principle and rapidly became a lever for the economic and social development of a society “lagging behind” the rest of the country (Proulx & Charland, 2009). However, according to Lessard (2019), while being above average compared to the rest of OECD countries regarding performance, the Quebec school system does much worse with regards to equity: it is the least equitable of the Canadian systems. Since the Quiet Revolution, the Quebec Education Act (Loi sur l'instruction publique) regulates the rights and obligations of students and institutions, and also recognizes certain rights to the parents. School choice, for elementary or high school, is among the individual rights of parents recognized by the Education Act. Throughout the world, many global political and economic trends (New Public Management or NPM, accountability, etc.) as well as provincial and local policies (the Education Act in Quebec and various municipal and urban policies, etc.) stimulate the growth of choice practices, and the situation in Quebec, especially in Montreal, is no different. Researchers have yet to meaningfully address school-choice processes, but international studies have shown tangible links between the high school-choice processes of middle- and upper-class parents and increased inequality through social segregation (Felouzis et coll., 2013; van Zanten, 2009a). This dissertation aims to clarify the current debates on school choice in Montreal and highlights parental perceptions related to the singular feelings, experiences, and trajectories entailed in the choice of high schools. This research is essentially based on previous work by Felouzis et coll. (2013) and Karpik (2007) on judging quality of a public service. It also borrows conceptual notions from the sociology of the contemporary family (Singly, 2010) as well as studies by Déchaux (2009) and Valois (2009). Furthermore, following Bourdieu (1979) and Bourdieu and Passeron (2012), it illuminates the importance of cultural, economic, and social capital in the judgment and decision-making process of parents when they attempt to choose the right high school for their child. Finally, it feeds off of the interactionist sociology of van Zanten (2009) on school-choice decisions. The study first examined the decision-making processes of twenty-seven Montreal parents whose child is transitioning from elementary to high school. It then studied the educational supply in the five Montreal boroughs in which these parents reside: Ahuntsic-Cartierville, Côte-des-Neiges-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Montréal-Nord, and Rosemont-La-Petite-Patrie. This thesis also embraces comprehensive and interpretive sociology and is based on semi-structured interviews (Kaufmann, 2011; Boutin, 1997). The inductive data analysis revealed great variability in parents’ school-choice processes following their differentiated conditions and resources. Only some parents could actually consider enrolling their child in the school of their choice. The limitations observed came down to places available in the institutions, the successful completion of a qualifying examination, the payment of relatively high school fees, the limited geographical access to certain schools or their child’s handicaps, social maladjustments or learning difficulties. Finally, the results extracted from the analysis highlight that the subjective perceptions and objective constraints that come into play in the school-choice process are also strongly conditioned by the supply of educational services in the families’ area of residence where there is indeed a differentiated access to education services. It shows that families living in these areas do not all have access to the same provision, to the same “quality” of education services and that the possibility of choosing a school or relocating to a given area of residence is tied to family income.