Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Efficiences d'utilisation des ressources"
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Veja os 25 melhores trabalhos (teses / dissertações) para estudos sobre o assunto "Efficiences d'utilisation des ressources".
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Toillon, Julien. "Variabilité génétique et plasticité de l'efficience d'utilisation des ressources (eau et azote) chez les salicaceae cultivées en taillis à courte et à très courte rotation". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0096/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work aimed (1) at characterizing the impact of planting density (PD) and pedoclimatic conditions (sites) on the physiology of poplar and willow dedicated to biomass production, (2) at evaluating the genetic variability of productivity-related traits, water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in a perspective of plant breeding, and (3) at assessing the relationships among these traits. Four experimental plantations were established in northern France. Our results show that PD affects biomass production and WUE depending on sites. Under most favorable growth conditions, trees grown at higher density displayed taller stems, lower stem circumference, and lower WUE, than trees grown at lower density indicating that increased tree density mainly accentuated competition for light. Under less favorable conditions, an increase of PD involved higher WUE and lower stem circumference, likely because of an increased competition for water. Positive links between biomass production and WUE were detected for poplar and willow under environmental conditions where competition for resources was reduced. A large canopy is associated to potentially more important transpiration water losses at plant level. This could be compensated at leaf level through a better stomatal regulation. The absence of antagonism between biomass production, WUE, and NUE suggests the possibility to select genotypes for these three traits independently. Moreover, the Genotype x Site interactions indicated the difficulty to identify good genotypes for a large set of site conditions suggesting that the selection has to be realized depending on the site conditions
Thomas, Anaïs. "Interactions entre espèces en plantations mélangées forestières et agroforestières". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0079.
Texto completo da fontePlantations of fast-growing species (e.g. poplars, willows, eucalyptus) are widely used for biomass supply. However, these plantations are often monospecific systems and are generally very resource demanding. This is particularly the case for plantations of species belonging to the Populus genus, which can be grown under intensive cultivation conditions, and which use large quantities of water and nitrogen to produce large volumes of biomass. In this context, mixed forest or agroforestry plantations appear as an interesting alternative to monocultures. Indeed, they can produce more by using more efficiently the resources necessary for the growth of the different components of the mixture by playing on the complementarity between the species. The introduction of nitrogen-fixing species in these mixtures can also be an additional asset to reduce the need for synthetic nitrogen inputs.In any plantation, forest or agroforestry, intraspecific interactions (individuals of the same species) or interspecific interactions (between individuals of two different species) can be negative, positive, or neutral. To date, the interactions between species that determine whether a given mixture will be more productive than the corresponding monocultures are still poorly understood and studies of their impact on resource-use efficiency are scarce. The overall objective of the PhD work was to evaluate the impact of several species mixtures, both forest and agroforestry, on tree growth performance through effects on functional (resource-use efficiencies), structural (crown architecture) and phenological (spring and fall bud and leaf phenology) determinants. The main hypothesis was that thanks to symbiotic nitrogen fixation and complementarity between species, trees in mixtures would be more productive and use resources more efficiently than in monoculture.This objective was pursued on an instrumented plantation on the La Bouzule site (54), installed in spring 2014, composed of mixtures of woody (poplars and alders) and herbaceous (legumes, graminoids) species, as well as their respective monocultures. The functioning of three types of mixtures including nitrogen-fixing species (poplars/alfalfa - clover succession; poplars/alders; alders/cereal - temporary grassland succession) was compared with monocultures of the two woody species. The originality of the work lies on the combination of the study of processes occurring at the organ and tree scales to describe the interaction processes between species and the overall performance of the different types of mixtures, compared to their respective monocultures.Species interactions in a plantation are not static but change as the stand develops. The nature of the interactions between poplars and legumes in the agroforestry plot evolved from a predominant competition at the beginning of the plantation to facilitation through soil nitrogen enrichment. The growth performances of the poplars were increased compared to the monoculture, associated with a higher water-use efficiency than in monoculture and a reduction of competition between the canopies allowing a better interception of light in agroforestry. In contrast, higher water-use efficiency of poplars associated with alder than in monoculture was not associated with better growth performances of both species compared to their respective monocultures. Overall, alder was only slightly affected by the mixtures
Alceu, Amoroso Lima Marcelo. "Qualité d'utilisation des ressources dans l'émergence technologique : recherche-experimentation, diagnostic et propositions de solutions". Lyon 2, 1991. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/1991/alceuamorosolima_m.
Texto completo da fonteThe main contributions of this thesis are : (a) the adaptation of a method of experimental research in management, based on the socio-economic intervention developped by the "institut de socio-économie des entreprises et des organisations" at Lyon, France (named research-experimentation) that allowed us to obtain significant information from the actors of a complex, diffuse and often hidden organisational problematics ; (b) the proposition of a global model of comprehension of the technology emergency that articulates organisational phenomena, technological phenomena and competitive phenomena ; (c) the reconstitution of the disfunctions of the technological emergency, which allowed us to build an inventory of themes of disfunciton that is usefull in the diagnostics of a particular situation of technology emergency and also to make a description of the identified disfunctions; (d) the identification of the causes of disfunction in technology emergency and the proposition of solutions and concrete tools of management in order to solve them
Amoroso, Lima Marcelo Savall Henri. "Qualité d'utilisation des ressources dans l'émergence technologique recherche-expérimentation, diagnostic et propositions de solutions /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1991. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/1991/alceuamorosolima_m.
Texto completo da fonteJeudi, de Grissac Bruno. "Ressources en eau souterraine de l'île de Port-Cros : étude quantitative et qualitative : perspectives d'utilisation". Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10466.
Texto completo da fonteShimi, Anouar. "Enjeux sociaux, économiques et politiques d'utilisation des ressources en eau dans le Nord-Ouest tunisien". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010681/document.
Texto completo da fonteKef is a region of Tunisia not so studied among researchers. Water availability, studied from the qualitative and quantitative point of view requires crossing obvious variables such as hydrogeology, climatology, but also socio-economic or cultural variables. This research took into account the importance of the working scale, replacing Kef context in Tunisia national context before focusing on the specifics of this governorate. It shows the importance of water resources in the socio-economic development of Tunisia and Kef in particular. Water resources in Kef are important and of good qualities: well used, they should speed up the development of agriculture and industry. Moreover, the interesting potential of thermal and mineral water provides another economical alternative which could allow development of environmental friendly mountain and thermal tourism
Grissac, Bruno de. "Ressources en eau souterraine de l'île de Port-Cros : étude quantitative et qualitative : perspectives d'utilisation". Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10643.
Texto completo da fonteSalamolard, Marc. "Stratégie d'utilisation des ressources chez une espèce de rapace semi-colonial, le busard cendré (Circus pygargus)". Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR4025.
Texto completo da fonteCharbonnier, Fabien. "Mesure et modélisation des bilans de lumière, d'eau, de carbone et de productivité primaire nette dans un système agroforestier à base de caféier au Costa Rica". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0218/document.
Texto completo da fonteCompared to monocultures, agroforestry systems (AFS) are expected to provide enhanced resource-use efficiency and larger ecosystem services. However, due to the complexity of the interactions occurring in AFS, it is challenging to quantify and decompose the effects of shade trees on the main crop net primary productivity (NPP). Few process-based models are able to analyze the interactions between crop and shade trees for carbon and water. Interactions for light, water and energy occurring between tree and crops might have counterintuitive effects on photosynthesis, light use efficiency (LUE), transpiration efficiency and microclimate. We showed that a 3D process-based model, MAESPA, was able to quantitatively describe the spatial variability of those processes from the plant to the plot, and from hourly to yearly timescales. MAESPA simulated satisfactorily light interception in a 2-layer heterogeneous coffee AFS. It was used to produce powerful explanatory variables in AFS experiments and to analyze the determinants of coffee plant NPP. LUE displayed a 2-fold increase for shaded coffee plants totally compensating the expected decrease of local irradiance interception, and coffee plant ANPP was the same below shade trees or in the open. MAESPA also simulated satisfactorily carbon exchange at whole plant and plot scales, when compared to gas exchange records in a whole-plant chamber, or with eddy-covariance records above the canopy. We used MAESPA to simulate the spatial variability of photosynthesis and LUE. Overall, MAESPA proved to be a relevant model to quantify spatial interactions. The next very relevant development would be to couple it to a model of carbon allocation among organs in the coffee plants
Assy, Coralie. "L'intensité d'utilisation des ressources pour les hospitalisations suite à un traumatisme cranio-cérébral : étude de cohorte multicentrique". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35010.
Texto completo da fonteWithin universal health systems, the lack of information regarding resource utilisation for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) care impedes efforts to improve the quality and efficiency of care in this patient population. To address this knowledge gap, a multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in the province of Quebec. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the inter-hospital variation in resource use for TBI admissions, identify patient-level determinants of resource use intensity and evaluate the association between hospital resource use and clinical outcomes for TBI admissions. We included all patients aged 16 and over hospitalized following a TBI in any of 57 the adult trauma centers in Quebec between 2013 and 2016. Overall, the inter-hospital variation in resource use was statically significant. However, when we stratified by activity centers, the operating room and para-clinical services had the highest inter-hospital variations. Inter-hospital variation was greater for patients under 65 years of age and those with severe TBI. Comorbidities, anatomical injury severity, and a transfer to long-term center care following hospital discharge were identified as determinants of high resource use intensity. On a hospital level, high resource use was associated with a low incidence of mortality but a high incidence of complications. This study advances knowledge on resource use in TBI populations. However, further studies should be conducted to determine the factors responsible for inter-hospital variations in resource use including process of care, physician characteristics and trauma center structure.
Parés, Andréa. "Pratiques d'exploitation et d'utilisation des ressources végétales dans un village du Néolithique précéramique chypriote : l'étude carpologique de Khirokitia". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010686.
Texto completo da fonteThe present study continues the development of archaeobotanical research begin by the French archaeological Mission in 1976 on the pre-ceramic Neolithic site of Khirokitia, southeast Cyprus. It aims to perform the first intra-site analysis of the exploitation and use of plant resources from both published and novel archaeobotanical data, covering the entire sequence of the site of nearly one millennium (6800-5500 BC). The products of the agriculture form the majority of macro remains, in particular hulled wheat, the primary food resource. The spatial analysis of the samples inside and outside of the village shows that activities linked to hulled wheat occupy an important place in the domestic activities of the community. The data on harvesting combined with the analysis of charcoal remains indicates the use of local, available resources. Changes in plants ratio during time, either of climatic or anthropological origin, underlines the existence of an opportunistic exploitation of plant resource, which one are changeable, fragile and maybe subject to little control. The study has also made use of current research in archaeobotany such as the determination of hulled wheat types in the Neolithic and questions on trades between the continent and Cyprus during the early pre-ceramic Neolithic (7000-5500 BC), a key period of the original development of “Culture of Khirokitia”
Martineau, Elsa. "Rôle joué par le potassium dans la réponse au déficit hydrique du maïs (Zea mays L.) : des mécanismes physiologiques au fonctionnement intégré du peuplement". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0286/document.
Texto completo da fontePotassium (K) is a major nutrient known to help plants resist drought. In the context of climate change,quantifying the role of K on maize physiological acclimation to reduced precipitations is essential to betterpredict future productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under controlled or field conditions weresubmitted to different K and water levels. Plant growth (shoot and root biomass, grain yield) as well as plantwater status (transpiration, stomatal conductance, water potential) and ecophysiological mechanisms of Carbonmetabolism (photosynthesis, sugar transport) were studied. Regardless of the water regime and experimentalconditions, K nutrition increased growth and whole-plant development and improved grain yield. The effect ofwater stress on stomatal regulation was not straightforward and depended on the level of K fertilization. Theeffects of water or K deficit tend to decrease photosynthesis. Drought or K nutrition affected more leafphotosynthesis in old than in young leaves, and sugar transport did not seem to be a growth limiting factor. Ourresults demonstrated a strong effect of K on biomass production and a higher water use efficiency with less of animpact on leaf-level physiology. This better water use was mainly the consequence of the positive effect of leafarea on yield, and not due to a reduce water use
Rosoux, René. "Etude des modalités d'occupation de l'espace et d'utilisation des ressources trophiques chez la loutre d'Europe (Lutra lutra)dans le Marais poitevin". Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN10173.
Texto completo da fonteBenouniche, Maya. "Une innovation technique en train de se faire. Le goutte à goutte en pratique au Maroc : acteurs, bricolages et efficiences". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20176/document.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract Promoted as the most efficient irrigation technology, able to contribute to solving the major current water crises, drip irrigation spreads quickly throughout the world. The perspective of an idealized technology with a theoretical efficiency studied in experimental stations without users struck us immediately. Rejecting a normative view of drip irrigation (what it should be/do), we studied it in practice, interacting with a multitude of actors focusing on what it does and for whom. Our objective is to analyse how the practice of this technical innovation has changed the technology and the socio-professional pathways of different actors involved in drip irrigation, and analyse the impact on actual irrigation efficiencies. We show how local actors took control of the innovation taking responsibility in spheres once thought reserved for engineers in the production, use and dissemination of innovation. These local initiatives crossed and strengthened state development programs promoting drip irrigation. The technology attracted a large number of non-conventional actors who changed the technology, but also changed themselves. The successful diffusion of drip irrigation ensures their socio-professional promotion, and they in turn will attract more users to the world of drip irrigation. This constitutes the strength of drip irrigation, which is a technical object around which powerful socio-technical networks were built. Bricolage helped design systems better suited to local conditions, but was also a learning process to incorporate change. From an imported technology accessible to a minority of large farmers, a plurality of drip systems is now accessible for a wide diversity of farmers. Finally, the performance of irrigation systems is heterogeneous, some farmers irrigating 3-4 times the volume necessary for crop water requirements. This performance can be explained by irrigation practices favouring a water comfort to crops, reflecting the logic of the actors. Today, "water saving" is an unattainable goal, as it is not a priority for any of the actors, including the state. We conclude that it would be interesting to engage non-conventional actors as allies in order to promote the concept of water saving on the field with users
Benali, Anis. "Conditions d'émergence d'un service RH numérisé : les déterminants d'intention d'utilisation d'informations RH dématérialisées". Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR1008.
Texto completo da fonteThis research focuses on the determinants of the intention to use the digital HR information of employees. Based on the approval theories and technology's adoption, we chose the TAM as the core of our model. Thus, our study contributes to the understanding or the reject of the the digital HR information in a professional environment and to find out the explanatory facts of this approval and the intention of using it by potential users. To give an answer to this problematic, the model developed and implemented, is inspired by the theories and theoretical models that treated the behavior of acceptance and use of information systems (TAM TAM2, UTAUT, UTAUT2 .. ) and the results of two exploratory studies. The proposed posture in our search highlights the adoption of digital RH information. Our study also conducted us to well understand the main reasons of the adoption of the e-HRM service by employees. As well as our research puts in obviousness the important role that the RH function plays in the use of the digital RH service along and after its muse en place. The results obtained after the evolution of this framework model and the hypothesis test using the PLS approach suggest that there are hints of the way of proceeding to foster of the settling of the dematerialization of the RH project and the digital transformation of the RH function
AYADI, HABIB. "Contribution a l'etude d'un lac eutrophe du massif central francais : le lac d'aydat : sucession saisonniere du plancton, strategies d'utilisation des ressources, organisation de la communaute zooplanctonique". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF2S835.
Texto completo da fonteAyadi, Habib. "Contribution à l'étude d'un lac eutrophe du Massif central français, le lac d'Aydat succession saisonnière du plancton, stratégies d'utilisation des ressources et organisation de la communauté zooplanctonique". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37595608p.
Texto completo da fonteLecerf, Rémi Hubert-Moy Laurence Dubreuil Vincent. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)". Rennes : Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099/fr.
Texto completo da fonteCarpentier, Alexandre. "Réponse numérique et fonctionnelle d'un prédateur aux contraintes spatio-temporelles d'utilisation de la ressource alimentaire : le cas du Grand Cormoran et du peuplment ichtyologique du lac de Grand-Lieu". Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10135.
Texto completo da fonteLe, Provost Gaëtane. "Effets des changements d'utilisation des terres sur la biodiversité fonctionnelle des prairies en paysage agricole". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROS033.
Texto completo da fonteUnderstanding how grassland biodiversity responds to land use intensification is crucial for both biodiversity conservation and the management of key ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. My PhD aims at (i) identifying and generalising the effects of land use intensification operating at different spatial and temporal scales across multiple taxonomic groups and trophic levels (plants, herbivores, pollinators, predators and top-predators) ; (ii) investigating the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity response, and particularly the role of trophic interactions. We used multiple functional traits related to resource acquisition, the size of the organisms and their mobility. We tested how multitrophic functional trait diversity responded to landscape history, composition and heterogeneity. Considering multiple taxonomic groups simultaneously, our study brings out a clear response of overall biodiversity to land use intensification. We found that legacy effects of land use intensification operating at the landscape scale are major drivers of present-day multitrophic functional trait diversity in agricultural landscapes. By considering a core set of organismal traits reflecting similar functions across trophic levels, our approach reveals multiple dimensions by which land use intensification filters out biodiversity over time and allows us to generalise its effect across multiple trophic levels and trait-spectrum. Finally, trait-based approach allowed us to assess the importance of trophic interactions and their contribution in shaping animal communities in agricultural landscapes
Bruandet, Amélie. "Facteurs pronostiques de patients atteints de démence suivis en Centre mémoire de ressources et de recherche : exemple d'utilisation de bases de données médicales à des fins de recherche clinique". Lille 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336252/fr/.
Texto completo da fonteBruandet, Amélie Amouyel Philippe. "Facteurs pronostiques de patients atteints de démence suivis en Centre mémoire de ressources et de recherche exemple d'utilisation de bases de données médicales à des fins de recherche clinique /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336252/fr.
Texto completo da fonteLecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Texto completo da fonteDiop, Mamadou. "Évaluation du niveau de contamination chimique et de la qualité des ressources vivantes aquatiques". Thesis, Littoral, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DUNK0435/document.
Texto completo da fonteMuch appreciated by consumers for its nutritional qualities, seafood plays an important role in human diet. Consumer confidence in the quality of these foodstuffs is nevertheless affected by concerns about risks associated with exposure to chemical contaminants and the freshness of these products. If the first of these is the result of pollution resulting from increasing human activities along coastlines, the second is linked to the highly perishable nature of these products. An evaluation of the levels of chemical contaminants in seafood and of its freshness is therefore a necessity. It is within this context that the work presented in this thesis was carried out. Two principal objectives were targeted in the present study. The first objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial and seasonal variability of seafood contamination by elements (including metals) and organic pollutants (PAHs and PCBs) along the Senegalese coast. We studied 7 marine species representative of different trophic level (a green macro algae, a bivalve mollusc, a crustacean and 4 species of fish) sampling them along the coastline at 5 sites representing different human activity pressur. The result of this study showed that contamination levels varied with species, underlining the importance of a multi-species approach to study contamination in the marine environment. Variations between sites were also observed. Sites with the greatest human activity, such as Soumbédioune and Rufisque, were also those where the highest levels of contaminants in seafood were found. The levels of contamination measured along the Senegalese coast, of both elements and organic pollutants, were inferior or of the same order of magnitude as those reported from other West African sites or from other regions of the globe. The risks associated with eating theseseafood products were low, with contaminant levels generally below the admissible limits (EU) for human consumption. Only a few samples of certain species (mussels, sardines) exceeded these limits at Soumbédioune and Rufisque. The second objective of this study was to develop methods to evaluate the freshness of fish fillets, and to distinguish fresh fillets from previously frozen ones. The methods developed were based upon a measure of cellular permeability within the fish muscle tissue. The conservation of fish fillets ar 4°C results in increased permeability of cells over time, measurable by studying the liberation of intra-cytoplasmic enzymes or the increasing permeability of cells to fluorescent colouring agents. The measurements of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is doubly interesting in this contex : on the one hand it enables a measure of cell lysis, and so the level of alteration of the fillets over time, to be established. It also, thanks to its sensitivity to freezing, to better distinguish fresh fillets from those that have been frozen then thawed
Liu, Kun. "Procédures et acteurs de l'utilisation du foncier chinois dans un contexte de mutations socio-économiques : le cas de Beijing, Shangai et Xi'an". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00557956.
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