Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Effet stark quantique"

Evidence on the effect of extending the school day is decidedly mixed because of the stark differences in how schools use additional time. In this paper, I focus narrowly on the effect of additional time used for individualized tutorials. In 2005, MATCH Charter Public High School integrated two hours of tutorials throughout an extended day. The unanticipated implementation of this initiative and the school's admissions lottery allow me to use two complementary quasi-experimental methods to estimate program effects. I find that providing students with daily tutorials that are integrated into the school day and taught by full-time, recent college graduates increased achievement on tenth-grade English language arts exams by 0.15–0.25 standard deviations per year. I find no average effect in mathematics beyond the large gains students were already achieving, although quantile regression estimates suggest the tutorials raised the lowest end of the achievement distribution in mathematics.

Existing studies on the linkage between government subsidies and firm financial performance often use a mean regression approach and focus mainly on developed countries. To fill the gap, this study, for the first time, considers the impact of government support activities on the profitability of manufacturing SMEs in a developing country, Vietnam. Using an unbalanced panel dataset covering the period 2009–2015, government financial supports show an insignificant linkage with firm profitability when using OLS. However, a fixed‑effect quantile approach reveals that government financial support is negatively related for firms with low profit but is positively related for firms in the high profitability percentile. Our findings also suggest that policymakers should focus on helping start‑ups instead of ineffective, informal firms.

This study aims to investigate the effect of hotel characteristics, particularly their locations, on room pricing strategy for hotels in the Bogor Area, Indonesia. The author applies the quantile hedonic regression model on a dataset of Bogor Hotels collected through a travel agent’s website. A total of 194 hotels were collected and used as data samples. Our findings suggest that locations near tourist attractions are a significant factor in explaining hotel room prices in the Bogor area, while in contrast, the city center location is not. In addition, we also find that hotel room size and stars-awarded have significant positive effects on room rates. The outcomes of this study advocate for the continuation of fine-tuning the existing pricing strategy adopted by hoteliers to optimize revenue.

Refugees affect the hosting countries both politically and economically, but the size of impact differs among these societies. While this effect emerges mostly in the form of cultural cohesion, security, and racist discourses in developed societies, it mostly stands out with its economic dimension such as unemployment, growth, and inflation in developing countries. Although different reflections exist in different societies, the reaction is expected to be higher if it affects social welfare negatively. Accordingly, one of the parameters that should be addressed is the effect of refugees on income distribution since the socio-economic impact is multifaceted. In this study, the effect of refugees on income inequality is analyzed by using quantile regression with fixed effects and Driscoll–Kraay Fixed Effect (FE)/Random Effect (RE) methods for the period of 1991 to 2020 in the 25 largest refugee-hosting developing countries. According to the findings of the study, the functional form of the relationship between refugees and income inequality in the countries is N-shaped. Accordingly, refugees first increase income inequality, decrease it after reaching a certain level, and then start increasing it, albeit at a low level.

Until recently, the output-unemployment relationship (Okun’s coefficient) was believed to follow two regimes, implying a uniform effect of expansionary fiscal policy on unemployment during economic booms and declines. However, research by Oh (2018) and Donayre (2022) introduced a three-regime approach, suggesting this relationship varies over different economic phases. Building on this, we propose a multinomial Okun’s coefficient model using a gap model and quantile regression to estimate the coefficient at various unemployment levels. Our findings reveal that Okun's coefficient is significantly higher during severe recessions and lower at the onset of economic decline compared to the two-regime model. This indicates that the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy in reducing unemployment is limited when implemented at the start of a recession and is more effective during severe recessions, suggesting a need to re-evaluate the timing of such policies.

We developed a rainfall threshold model with the objective of limiting the effects of uncertainties typically associated with them, such as a lack of robust landslide database, the selection of the contributing rain gauge, seasonal variations in rainfall patterns, and the effect of extreme rainfall conditions. With the aid of gauge-corrected satellite precipitation data and a landslide database compiled from various sources, separate rainfall thresholds were developed for two waves of the monsoon season in the Western Ghats, India. The daily vs. antecedent rainfall distributions for different scenarios of antecedent rainfall were analyzed for landslide occurrence. The different scenarios considered included 1, 2, 3, 5, 10-, 20-, 30- and 40-day antecedent rainfalls along with the monsoon antecedent defined as the cumulative rainfall from the start of the monsoon to the day prior to landslide occurrence, and the event antecedent defined as the cumulative rainfall from the start of a rainfall event to the day prior to landslide occurrence. A statistically defined critical value was used to define the thresholds for extreme rainfall conditions, while ordinary least squares and quantile regression models were compared to identify the best-fit model for the non-extreme rainfall threshold. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on all these models and the best model was chosen based on the efficiency values. The daily vs. monsoon antecedent threshold was the best model for the first monsoon wave, and the daily vs. event antecedent model was the best model for the second monsoon wave. A separate rainfall threshold was defined for the entire monsoon without subdivision into separate waves, and corresponding ROC statistics were compared with the former approach to analyze the efficacy of intra-seasonal variations in rainfall threshold development. The results suggest that cumulative rainfall makes a significant contribution towards landslide initiation and that intra-seasonal variations should be necessarily considered in rainfall threshold modeling.

The scope of the study is to examine the impact of various factors on the growth of Greek industrial firms, in order to identify those that can contribute to a gradual recovery of Industry in the coming years. In this context, we estimate a firm growth model with the Quantile Regression econometric method, using an unbalanced panel dataset of 18,143 companies that were active in Greek Industry over the period 2005-2018. The explanatory variables used are firm-, sectorand macroeconomic environment-specific. Further, we estimate the effects on firm growth from the structural reforms related to business environment and from the sector’s participation in global value chains within or beyond the EU. The estimations highlight the positive effect on firm growth from exports and the reduction in the time and cost required to export, the availability of funding from the banking sector and the stock market, as well as from the reduction in the cost and procedures to start a business. Positive effects also stem from the participation of the faster-growing Greek industrial companies in value chains mainly outside the EU. By contrast, high corporate debt to banks, adverse macroeconomic conditions, energy costs and the participation of businesses other than the faster-growing ones in value chains in EU countries have a negative impact on firm growth. The latter effect is possibly due to the strong competition that these businesses face in the European markets. Some differences appear when estimates are made for the subsamples of high and low performance industrial sectors in terms of economic activity, financial efficiency, innovativeness and extroversion. The study includes policy recommendations based on the results of the estimations, to support growth in Industry. These concern the reduction of energy costs, the change in the depreciation method for investments in machinery and equipment, as well as the financing of the sector.

Patients with type 2 diabetes who have HbA1c values ≥ 10% have different previous glycemic trends, including new diagnosis of diabetes. We aimed to assess the efficacy of 3 months of intensive and facilitated antihyperglycemic treatment in patients with different glycemic backgrounds. In this observational study, patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control (indicated by an HbA1c level of > = 10%) were divided into groups based on their previous HbA1c levels (group 1; newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics, group 2; patients with previously controlled but now deteriorated HbA1c levels, group 3; patients whose HbA1c was not previously in the target range but was now above 10%, and group 4; patients whose HbA1c was above 10% from the start). Patients received intensive diabetes management with close monitoring and facilitated hospital visits. For further analysis, patients who were known to have previously had good metabolic control (either did not have diabetes or had previously had an HbA1c value < =7) and patients who had prior poor metabolic control were analyzed separately. Of the 195 participants [female, n = 84 (43.1%)], the median age was 54 years (inter-quantile range [IQR] = 15, min = 29, max = 80) and the median baseline HbA1c was 11.8% (IQR = 2.6%, min = 10%, max = 18.3%). The median duration of diabetes was 10 years (IQR = 9, min = 1, max = 35) when newly diagnosed patients were excluded. The ≥ 20% reduction in HbA1c at month 3 was observed in groups 1 to 4 in 97%, 88.1%, 69.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. The percentage of patients who achieved an HbA1c level of 7% or less was 60.6%, 38.1%, 16.4%, and 6.2% in the groups, respectively. The rate of those who achieved an HbA1c of 7% or less was nearly 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had previously had good metabolic control, whereas successful control was achieved in only 1 in 10 patients with persistently high HbA1c levels. Patients’ glycemic history played an important role in determining their HbA1c levels at 3 months, suggesting that previous glycemic management patterns may indicate future success in diabetes control.

Background and Purpose: Previous studies from local settings have reported that women with acute ischemic stroke have a lower chance of receiving reperfusion therapy treatment, including intravenous thrombolysis and thrombectomy, than men, but the underlying mechanisms of this disparity have not been identified. We aimed to examine sex differences in the utilization of reperfusion therapy focusing on all the phases of pre- and in-hospital time delay in a nationwide population-based cohort. Methods: This study was based on data from nationwide public registries. The study population included patients aged at least 18 years admitted with acute ischemic stroke using emergency medical services in Denmark dispatched after an emergency call in the period 2016 to 2017. Study outcomes included time delays from symptom onset to start of reperfusion therapy and use of reperfusion therapy. Data were analyzed using multivariable quantile regression and logistic regression. Results: A total of 5356 stroke events fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Women (26.6%) were less likely to receive intravenous thrombolysis than men (30.2 %), corresponding to an unadjusted odds ratio of 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74–0.95). In addition, women experienced a 20 minutes longer median time delay from stroke symptom onset to stroke unit arrival than men. Adjusting for onset-to-door time only appeared to have a limited effect on the sex differences in use of intravenous thrombolysis, whereas the odds ratio was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.93–1.21) when adjusting for age at stroke, stroke severity, and cohabitation status. No sex difference was observed for the use of thrombectomy. Conclusions: Women received less reperfusion therapy than men and had a longer time delay from symptom onset to stroke unit arrival, primarily due to a longer delay from symptom onset to emergency medical services call. These differences appeared to be due to the higher age and the higher proportion of women living alone at the time of the stroke.

Abstract. Knowledge on the response of sediment export to recent climate change in glacierized areas in the European Alps is limited, primarily because long-term records of suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) are scarce. Here we tested the estimation of sediment export of the past five decades using quantile regression forest (QRF), a nonparametric, multivariate regression based on random forest. The regression builds on short-term records of SSCs and long records of the most important hydroclimatic drivers (discharge, precipitation and air temperature – QPT). We trained independent models for two nested and partially glacier-covered catchments, Vent (98 km2) and Vernagt (11.4 km2), in the upper Ötztal in Tyrol, Austria (1891 to 3772 m a.s.l.), where available QPT records start in 1967 and 1975. To assess temporal extrapolation ability, we used two 2-year SSC datasets at gauge Vernagt, which are almost 20 years apart, for a validation. For Vent, we performed a five-fold cross-validation on the 15 years of SSC measurements. Further, we quantified the number of days where predictors exceeded the range represented in the training dataset, as the inability to extrapolate beyond this range is a known limitation of QRF. Finally, we compared QRF performance to sediment rating curves (SRCs). We analyzed the modeled sediment export time series, the predictors and glacier mass balance data for trends (Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator) and step-like changes (using the widely applied Pettitt test and a complementary Bayesian approach). Our validation at gauge Vernagt demonstrated that QRF performs well in estimating past daily sediment export (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.73) and satisfactorily for SSCs (NSE of 0.51), despite the small training dataset. The temporal extrapolation ability of QRF was superior to SRCs, especially in periods with high-SSC events, which demonstrated the ability of QRF to model threshold effects. Days with high SSCs tended to be underestimated, but the effect on annual yields was small. Days with predictor exceedances were rare, indicating a good representativity of the training dataset. Finally, the QRF reconstruction models outperformed SRCs by about 20 percent points of the explained variance. Significant positive trends in the reconstructed annual suspended sediment yields were found at both gauges, with distinct step-like increases around 1981. This was linked to increased glacier melt, which became apparent through step-like increases in discharge at both gauges as well as change points in mass balances of the two largest glaciers in the Vent catchment. We identified exceptionally high July temperatures in 1982 and 1983 as a likely cause. In contrast, we did not find coinciding change points in precipitation. Opposing trends at the two gauges after 1981 suggest different timings of “peak sediment”. We conclude that, given large-enough training datasets, the presented QRF approach is a promising tool with the ability to deepen our understanding of the response of high-alpine areas to decadal climate change.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the level of income inequality in member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OC). The research period used was from 2012 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) analysis tool. The variables used consist of the Gini ratio (proxy of income inequality), economic growth, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inflation, the average length of schooling (human capital proxy), and corruption perception index (sharia proxy). The results showed that sharia, human, and inflation variables had a negative effect, while economic growth and FDI had a positive and significant effect on income inequality in OIC countries. These results show that in addition to economic factors and human capital, sharia elements cannot be released in overcoming income inequality in OIC countries. Sharia is a driving factor in a more even distribution of income. Keywords: Income Inequality, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM), Sharia ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di negara anggota Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Periode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dari tahun 2012 sampai dengan tahun 2021, dengan menggunakan alat analisis System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Variabel yang digunakan terdiri dari rasio gini (proksi ketimpangan pendapatan), pertumbuhan ekonomi, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inflasi, rata-rata lama sekolah (proksi human capital), dan indeks persepsi korupsi (proksi syariah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel syariah, human, dan inflasi berpengaruh negatif, sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan FDI berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di negara-negara OIC. 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Abstract This paper provides a review of methodological advancements in the evaluation of heterogeneous treatment effect models based on instrumental variable (IV) methods. We focus on models that achieve identification by assuming monotonicity of the treatment in the IV and analyze local average and quantile treatment effects for the subpopulation of compliers. We start with a comprehensive discussion of the binary treatment and binary IV case as for instance relevant in randomized experiments with imperfect compliance. We then review extensions to identification and estimation with covariates, multi-valued and multiple treatments and instruments, outcome attrition and measurement error, and the identification of direct and indirect treatment effects, among others. We also discuss testable implications and possible relaxations of the IV assumptions, approaches to extrapolate from local to global treatment effects, and the relationship to other IV approaches.

Abstract Background The Healthy Start programme is a statutory benefit-in-kind in the United Kingdom (UK) which aims to enable low-income families to purchase fruit, vegetables, cow's milk and infant formula through the provision of vouchers. The scheme was introduced in 2006, however, the effect on food purchasing in participating households has not been evaluated within an eligible population. This study aimed to determine whether participation in the Healthy Start (HS) scheme is associated with differences in food purchasing in a representative sample of households in the United Kingdom. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of the Living Costs and Food Survey dataset (2010-2017). All households with a child (0-3 years) or pregnant woman were included in the analysis (n = 4,869). Multivariable quantile regression was used to compare the expenditure and quantity of fruit and vegetable, infant formula and total food purchases between Healthy Start participating, eligible non-participating, nearly-eligible and ineligible households. Results 54% (n = 475) of eligible households participated in Healthy Start. After accounting for covariates, no significant difference was found in the quantity or expenditure of fruit and vegetable purchases between Healthy Start participating and non-participating households. Fruit and vegetable expenditure (£/week) was found to be higher in nearly eligible (β1.60; 95% CI 0.79, 2.41) and ineligible households (β2.56; 95% CI 1.77, 3.35) compared to Healthy Start eligible households. Conclusions The present study did not demonstrate significant differences in the fruit and vegetable expenditure of HS participating and non-participating households. The analysis demonstrates that inequalities in fruit and vegetable purchasing persists in the UK. Improved participation and increased voucher value may be needed to promote well-being and counteract the harmful effect of poverty on fruit and vegetables purchasing. Key messages The study found no evidence of different food purchases between Healthy Start participating and non-participating households. Increased voucher value may be needed to counteract food-price inflation. The paper reflected persistent socioeconomic inequalities in the UK, indicating the Healthy Start scheme does not sufficiently counteract the harmful effects of poverty on food purchasing.

AbstractIdentifying cardiovascular-related measures that track from early childhood into later ages may help inform early prevention targets for cardiovascular disease. In this study, the tracking of triglycerides (TG), high-density cholesterol (HDL-c), atherogenic coefficient (AC), waist circumference to height ratio (WC/Height), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was examined in the INMA-Asturias cohort between 4 and 8 years of age. The analysis was conducted in 307 children who participated in the INMA-Asturias cohort (Spain) at 4 and at 8 years of age. Quantile regression models were used to evaluate tracking between measures at both ages, with each measure at 8 years as the dependent variable and the rank transformation of the same measure at 4 years as the independent variable. We found a positive association between HDL-c rank at 4 years and higher quantiles of the HDL-c distribution at 8 years, with an increase of 2.93 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.98, 3.87) per decile in the 0.9 quantile. A positive association was also found for WC/Height, with an increase of 0.008 (95% CI: 0.004, 0.012) per decile in the 0.9 quantile. We observed that tracking for AC increased in the higher quantiles of the distribution at 8 years, with an increase of 0.11 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.14) in the 0.6 quantile compared to an effect of 0.15 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.21) in the 0.9 quantile. Conclusions: Adult markers of dyslipidemia and central obesity tracked between ages 4 and 8 years. For AC, tracking increased in the higher quantiles of the distribution. What is Known:• Atherosclerosis begins in early life, so preventive efforts that start in childhood may delay progression to clinical disease. Determine what cardiovascular risk factors track into time since childhood bring the opportunity to identified those subjects at risk for later cardiovascular disease.• The study of risk factors in health populations and, particularly in children, copes with not clear and/or controversial thresholds definition. This makes it challenging to study tracking in pediatric ages. What is New:• Quantile regression is a useful tool for assessing the tracking of risk factors for which there are no clinically meaningful thresholds. The increasing trend observed in the tracking of dyslipidemia suggests the possible difficulty that children with abnormal values at 4 years of age might have in normalizing them in future years.• The findings of this article may help to determine which cardiovascular-related measures could be screened and followed-up in children.

We examine treatment effect heterogeneity using data from the Head Start CARES study, in which a sample of preschool centers was randomly assigned to either one of three curricula interventions targeting socio-emotional (SE) skills (i.e., emotional knowledge, problem-solving skills, and executive functions) or to continue using their “business-as-usual” curriculum. Most existing research estimates only mean differences between treatment and control groups, and uses simple subgroup analyses to assess treatment heterogeneity, which may overlook important variation in treatment effects across the ex post outcome distribution. We use quantile treatment effects analyses to understand the impacts of these curricular interventions at various parts of the outcome distribution, from the 1st percentile to the 99th percentile, to understand who benefits most from SE curricula interventions. Results show positive impacts of the curricula interventions on emotional knowledge and problem-solving skills, but not equally across the full skill distribution. Children in the upper half of the emotional knowledge distribution and at the higher end of the problem-solving skills distribution gain more from the curricula. As in the study’s original mean-comparison analyses, we find no impacts on children’s executive function skills at any point in the skills distribution. Our findings add to the growing literature on the differential effects of curricula interventions for preschool programs operating at scale. Importantly, it provides the first evidence for the effects of SE curricula interventions on SE outcomes across children’s outcome skill levels. We discuss implications for early education programs for children with different school readiness skills.

AbstractLithium-ion batteries are important energy storage materials, and the prediction of their remaining useful life has practical importance. Since traditional feature extraction methods depend on parameter settings and have poor adaptability, singular value decomposition was used to extract 15 health indicators from the degradation data of lithium-ion batteries. To eliminate redundancy among the extracted health indicators, Spearman correlation analysis was subsequently used to determine the most appropriate health indicators. On this basis, the selected health indicators were processed by the denoising stack autoencoder, and a fusion health indicator was obtained. Finally, the support vector quantile regression model was used to predict the battery capacity interval by the fusion health indicator. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration battery dataset and Massachusetts Institute of Technology battery dataset were used to verify the validity and generalizability of our proposed model, and our proposed model was compared with the existing four classical prediction models. The experimental results showed that our proposed prediction model had higher prediction accuracy and better robustness than the other models and could effectively improve the prediction effect of the remaining useful life of batteries. The mean value of the root mean square error of the predicted results using our proposed model remained within 1.3%, and the mean value of the coefficient of determination was above 0.97.

Introduction: The role of mobile stroke units (MSU) in earlier provision of thrombolysis (tPA) is well described, but the effect on endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is less clear. Despite the theoretical advantages of improved triage and prehospital activation of EVT services, only a small effect on hospital arrival to EVT start has so far been described. We aimed to analyze the clinical benefit of EVT and tPA from operation of the Melbourne MSU in the first year. Methods: First ambulance dispatch to reperfusion treatment commencement (DTT) times between MSU patients receiving reperfusion therapy from November 2017-18 were compared to consecutive control cases during MSU operating hours presenting across metropolitan Melbourne for tPA, and direct and metropolitan transfer patients presenting to the Royal Melbourne Hospital for EVT. Median time difference between MSU and controls was regarded as the 50 th quantile using quantile regression analysis. Comparative disability avoidance was estimated for EVT and tPA using calculated time savings. Results: In the first calendar year, the MSU operated for 30.5 service (7-day) weeks. Prehospital tPA was administered to 52 patients, with median time differences for dispatch-to-hospital/scene-arrival of -30 minutes (p<0.0001) and arrival-to-tPA of -17 minutes (p=0.001), resulting in overall DTT time saving of 47 minutes compared to controls. In the same timeframe, 26 patients received EVT with median time difference of -51 minutes (p<0.0001) compared to controls. Prehospital notification resulted in median time difference of -17 minutes (p=0.001) for EVT center-arrival to groin puncture. Using published estimates of disability avoidance per minute of time saved for each reperfusion therapy, the clinical impact of the EVT time saving for the 26 MSU patients is equivalent to the clinical impact of 67 tPA patients treated on the MSU. Conclusion: The clinical impact of Melbourne MSU operation on earlier provision of EVT was greater than that of tPA in the first year of operation, reflecting facilitated triage to EVT centers and early prehospital notification. In locales where EVT capability is limited or unevenly distributed such as Melbourne, facilitation of EVT is likely to be a central driver of MSU operation.

AbstractThe objective of this research is to probe the moderating role of Big Four auditors (a representative of corporate governance) on the market performance of firms during the pandemic period, with specific focus on Fintech and non-Fintech firms. Design/Methodology: Employing data from 48 Fintech and 140 non-Fintech firms spanning 2010 to 2021, the study utilizes ordinary least squares, quantile regression, and dynamic Generalised Moments Method (GMM) regression to assess the implications of engaging with a Big Four auditor on firms' market performance during the pandemic. The study reveals that Fintech firms, compared to their non-Fintech counterparts, displayed a significantly poorer market performance by 110.4% during the pandemic. Additionally, Fintech firms audited by a Big Four auditor experienced a decline in market performance by 101.9%, indicating a potential negative impact of Big Four auditors' engagement for Fintech firms in crisis periods. The outcomes of this research underscore the importance of corporate governance during financial crises, and its influence on shareholder perception, especially in the context of Fintech firms. As such, it provides meaningful insights for governments, policymakers, and various practitioners including firm shareholders and start-up entrepreneurs. This study introduces a novel examination of the moderating effect of Big Four auditors on firms' market performance during a pandemic, especially in the context of Fintech firms. By shedding light on the relationship between corporate governance and market performance during crises, it fills a significant gap in the existing literature.

Although previous studies have suggested that hemoglobin is related to the health status of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) (PLWHA), the role of anemia in mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively quantify the effect of anemia on the mortality risk of PLWHA. In this retrospective cohort study, we thoroughly estimated the effect of anemia on PLWHA mortality, using data collected from January 2005 to June 2022 in the Huzhou area, in 450 subjects extracted from the database of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and matched them using a propensity score matching approach to balance potential confounding bias. The potential exposure–response relationship between anemia, hemoglobin concentration, and the mortality of PLWHA was also carefully estimated. A series of subgroup analyses, including interaction analysis, was further conducted to validate the robustness of the effect of anemia on PLWHA death risk. Anemia was significantly associated with an elevated death risk in PLWHA, with an increase of 74% (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]: 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.93; p = 0.038) in those with anemia after adjusting for potential confounders. PLWHA with moderate or severe anemia had a higher risk of death, with an 86% increase (AHR = 1.86; 95% CI: 1.01–3.42; p = 0.045). Meanwhile, the AHR tended to increase by 85% on average (AHR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.37–2.50; p &lt; 0.001) with a per standard deviation (SD) decrease in plasma hemoglobin. Consistent relationships between plasma hemoglobin and the risk of death were further observed in the results from multiple quantile regression models, restricted cubic spline regression models, and a series of subgroup analyses. Anemia is an independent risk factor for HIV/AIDS-related mortality. Our findings may provide new insights into the relevance of PLWHA administration to public health policy, which demonstrate that this low-cost and routinely measured marker (hemoglobin) can be a marker of poor prognosis even before the start of HAART.

Abstract Background Dystonia is a rare movement disorder, in which patients suffer from involuntary twisting movements or abnormal posturing. Next to these motor symptoms, patients have a high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity, suggesting a role for serotonin in its pathophysiology. This study investigates the percentage of DNA methylation of the gene encoding for the serotonin reuptake transporter (SLC6A4) in dystonia patients and the associations between methylation levels and presence and severity of psychiatric symptoms. Methods Patients with cervical dystonia (n = 49), myoclonus dystonia (n = 41) and dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) (n = 27) and a group of healthy controls (n = 56) were included. Psychiatric comorbidity was evaluated with validated questionnaires. Methylation levels of 20 CpG sites situated 69 to 213 base pairs upstream of the start codon of SLC6A4 were investigated. Methylation in dystonia patients was compared to healthy controls, correcting for age, and correlated with psychiatric comorbidity. Results Bootstrapped quantile regression analysis showed that being a dystonia patient compared to a healthy control significantly explains the methylation level at two CpG sites (CpG 24: pseudo-R2 = 0.05, p = 0.04, CpG 32: pseudo-R2 = 0.14, p = 0.03). Subgroup analysis revealed that being a DRD patient significantly explained a part of the variance of methylation levels at two CpG sites (CpG 21: pseudo-R2 = 0.03, p = 0.00, CpG 24: pseudo-R2 = 0.06, p = 0.03). Regression analysis showed that methylation level at CpG 38 significantly explained a small proportion of the variance of severity score for anxiety (R2 = 0.07, p = 0.04) and having a diagnosis of depression (Nagelkerke R2: 0.11, p = 0.00). Genotype of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism had no additional effect on these associations. Conclusions This study showed an association between percentage of methylation at several specific sites of the promoter region of SLCA64 and (dopa-responsive) dystonia patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, methylation levels were associated with severity of anxiety and presence of a depressive disorder in the dystonia group. This study suggests alterations in the serotonergic metabolism in dystonia patients, and its relation with the non-motor symptoms.

Abstract Background Poor development of young children is a common issue in developing countries and it is well established that iron deficiency anemia is one of the risk factors. Research has shown that iron deficiency is a common micronutrient deficiency among children in rural China and can result in anemia. A previous paper using data from the same trial as those used in the current study, but conducted when sample children were younger, found that after 6 months of providing caregivers of children 6–11 months of age free access to iron-rich micronutrient powder (MNP) increased the hemoglobin concentrations (Hb) of their children. However, no effects were found 12 and 18 months after the intervention. The current study followed up the children four years after the start of the original intervention (when the children were 4–5 years old) and aims to assess the medium-term impacts of the MNP program on the nutritional status of the sample pre-school-aged children, including their levels of Hb, the prevalence of anemia, and the dietary diversity of the diets of the children. Methods At baseline, this study sampled 1,802 children aged 6–11 months in rural Western China. The intervention lasted 18 months. In this medium-term follow-up study that successfully followed 81% (n = 1,464) of children (aged 49–65 months) from the original study population 4 years after the start of the intervention, we used both intention-to-treat (ITT) effect and average treatment on the treated effect (ATT) analyses to assess the medium-term impacts of the MNP distribution program on the nutritional status of sample children. Results The ITT analysis shows that the MNP intervention decreased the prevalence of anemia of young children in the medium run by 8% (4 percentage points, p < 0.1). The ATT analysis shows that consuming 100 (out of 540) MNP sachets during the initial intervention led to a decrease in anemia of 4% (2 percentage points, p < 0.1). Among children with moderate anemia at baseline (Hb < 100 g/L), the intervention reduced the probability of anemia by 45% (9 percentage points, p < 0.1), and, for those families that complied by consuming 100 (out of 540) sachets, a 25% (5 percentage points, p < 0.05) reduction in the anemia rate was found. The MNP intervention also led to a persistent increase in dietary diversity among children that were moderately anemic at baseline. The results from the quantile treatment effect analysis demonstrated that children with lower Hb levels at baseline benefited relatively more from the MNP intervention. Conclusions The findings of the current study reveal that the MNP intervention has medium-term effects on the nutritional status of children in rural China. The impacts of the MNP program were relatively higher for children that initially had more severe anemia levels. Hence, the implications of this study are that programs that aim to increase caregiver knowledge of nutrition and improve their feeding practices should be encouraged across rural China. Families, policymakers, and China’s society overall need to continue to pay more attention to problems of childhood anemia in rural areas. This is particularly crucial for families with moderately anemic children at an early age as it can significantly contribute to improving the anemia status of children across rural areas of China. Trial registration ISRCTN44149146 (15/04/2013).