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Marsh, P. J. "The effect of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic on Ulster". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534584.
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Chen, Hao Hang Rachel. "The effect of pandemic influenza H1N1 viral infection on house dust mite sensitized mice". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58438.
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A disproportionately large number of asthmatics experienced morbidity and mortality during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. To date, there is little information on the mechanisms behind this epidemiological and clinical observation. Using a murine asthma model, we sought to determine the effects of airway inflammation on host responses to pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) infection. We hypothesized that mice with an allergic airway phenotype would have a greater viral susceptibility to pH1N1 infection and a dysregulated host response that prevents effective viral clearance and leads to increased burden of pulmonary inflammation, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. We established a murine allergic airway model using house dust mite (HDM) extract. We intranasally instilled male BALB/c mice with HDM or sham PBS daily for two weeks; after which we introduced a single intranasal dose of pH1N1 virus or control vehicle fluid (CAF). HDM or PBS instillation continued daily post-viral infection (pi) forming four groups: 1) sham-sensitized + CAF, 2) HDM-sensitized + CAF, 3) sham-sensitized + pH1N1, and 4) HDM-sensitized + pH1N1. Mice were weighed daily. Virus-infected animals were euthanized at 1-hr pi and on Day 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 pi and non-infected animals were euthanized on Day 0 and 8 pi. Viral titre, interferon-β (IFN β), and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression patterns were determined by qPCR on RNA extracted from homogenized lung tissue. IFN β protein levels were evaluated by ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage. Pulmonary inflammation was quantified using H&E stain on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung tissue. HDM-sensitized animals exhibited significantly greater weight loss than sham-sensitized animals following infection. Also, HDM-sensitized mice had significantly higher viral titres on Day 8 pi as compared to sham-sensitized mice. Downstream ISG inductions were dampened in HDM-sensitized, virus-infected animals despite comparable initial IFN β response in HDM- and sham-sensitized mice. We also observed mixed-type pulmonary inflammation in HDM-sensitized mice following pH1N1 infection. Our data suggest dysregulated host ISG responses, combined with the overwhelming burden of pulmonary inflammation, contribute to impaired viral clearance and weight loss indicative of detrimental health outcomes in animals sensitized with HDM following pH1N1 infection.Medicine, Faculty of
Experimental Medicine, Division of
Medicine, Department of
Graduate
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Lin, Biqiong. "Stockpiling Behavior Impacted by Social Media Use Among Middle-aged Women Consumers in Sweden Amid Coronavirus Pandemic Outbreak". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42502.
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The research paper presents qualitative research and aims to examine the impact of social media on consumers’ stockpiling behavior under the situation of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Sweden since week 11, 2020. Data is collected by interviewing five middle-aged women in Sweden who are either native Swedes or permanent immigrants and who had experienced stockpiling behavior. The interpretation of collected data is discussed based on the two-step flow theory, risk communication and the theory of planned behavior, and the social contagion theory. The qualitative content analysis is used to analyze the data with the results of three themes: being inclined to reach information, realizing why and when to hoard things, and behavior changes and showing confidence. The five women interviewed all use various social media ways to get information about COVID-19. There is a significant correlation between social media use, risk perception formulation, and stockpiling behavior. Participants have their judgment to look into the authenticity and reliability of related news. They trust the official social media reports, underwent the influence of social media reports, two-way online interaction, and other stockpiling consumers. They also experience the decreasing level of risk perception and thus changes in stockpiling behavior.
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Wong, Dik-yan Diana, e 黃廸欣. "Effect of the H275Y neuraminidase mutation on viral fitness of oseltamivir-resistant pandemic 2009 and seasonal H1N1 influenza Aviruses". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617552.
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Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are one of two classes of antiviral compounds available for the control of influenza infections. The H275Y NA mutation confers resistance to the NA inhibitor oseltamivir carboxylate among the N1 influenza subtype and has been identified from resistant variants with distinct epidemiological outcomes in human. Specifically, dominance of oseltamivir-resistant variant of the A/Brisbane/59/2007-like viruses was reported during the 2008 to 2009 influenza season, until it was replaced by the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus [A(H1N1)pdm09]. Since the emergence of the 2009 pandemic, the fitness and transmission potential of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 variants carrying the H275Y mutation has been a concern. This project aims to systematically evaluate the fitness of viruses carrying the H275Y mutation for A(H1N1)pdm09 and seasonal H1N1 viruses. A panel of recombinant viruses with their NA gene derived from the A(H1N1)pdm09 A/California/04/09 (CA04), seasonal H1N1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (NewCal) or A/Brisbane/59/2007 (Brisbane) was generated in the genetic background of CA04. The H275Y mutation in all three viruses led to a reduced affinity for 3’-sialylactose (3’SL) or 6’-sialylactose (6’SL). Similarly, lowered enzyme activity was observed across H275Y-carrying viruses in 3’SL and 6’SL, with the exception of RG-CA04NA-H275Y at catalyzing 3’SL. Differential 3’SL and 6’SL substrate usage was observed between the NA of seasonal H1N1 and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Reduced infectivity was also observed for recombinant CA04 viruses carrying the H275Y mutation with decreased infectivity in mucin-secreting primary human airway epithelial cells when compared to their oseltamivir-sensitive counterparts. In the ferret model, the pathogenicity of RG-CA04NA-H275Y and RG-CA04BrisbaneNA-H275Y viruses was attenuated albeit the transmissibility was minimally affected when compared to RG-CA04 wild-type virus. In parallel, recombinant seasonal H1N1 viruses encoding the surface glycoproteins of NewCal and Brisbane were tested in ferrets. Results indicated that NewCal and Brisbane viruses carrying the H275Y mutation displayed comparable transmission efficiencies to the wild-type NewCal virus via direct-contact and respiratory-droplet settings. These results suggest that the H275Y NA mutation only leads to a minor reduction in viral fitness, with its transmission potential being minimally affected in the naïve ferret model.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Zaiika, K., Оксана Михайлівна Замора, Оксана Михайловна Замора, Oksana Mykhailivna Zamora, Ірина Іванівна Д`яконова, Ирина Ивановна Дьяконова e Iryna Ivanivna Diakonova. "International economic trends during pandemics: from plague to coronavirus". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80959.
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Матеріал присвячено питанням розвитку суспільства та аналізу міжнародних економічних тенденцій під час пандемій.Материал посвящен вопросам развития общества и анализу международных экономических тенденций при пандемий.
The material is devoted to the development of society and analysis of international economic trends during pandemics.
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Hedström, Philip, e Munoz Mario Gonzalez. "Remote Work’s Effect on Motivation : A study of how remote work during the covid-19 pandemic has affected employee motivation". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301642.
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The current pandemic infused by the covid-19 virus has changed the world we once knew. To prevent the spread of the disease, many countries have implemented restrictions involving social distancing, which has resulted in millions of employees that have started to work remotely from their homes. Previous studies highlight mainly the positive consequences of remote work due to the rising popularity of remote work before the virus hit. However, the pandemic has forced companies and employees to apply these new working methods, creating unfamiliar conditions. Therefore, it is of great interest to analyze how these changes have affected employees, mainly their motivation. This study aims to evaluate how working remotely, as a consequence of the pandemic, have affected the motivation among the employees of a Swedish company within the power industry. The authors did it by conducting a literature review to understand the definition of motivation and how certain needs affect motivation. By interviewing ten employees, the authors of this study were given insights regarding how the employees have experienced remote work during the pandemic, how it has affected their personal needs, and if it has had any implications on their motivation. The results show that the interviewees share several of the advantages mentioned in the literature, such as flexibility and autonomy, and disadvantages, such as fewer social interactions and relatedness. However, most interviewees had not experienced that their motivation has changed, which is partly due to increased autonomy—those who do experience a loss in motivation attribute it to lacking relatedness and fewer opportunities for self-development.Rådande pandemi och covid-19 har förändrat den värld som vi en gång kände till. För att minska smittspridningen har länder infört restriktioner gällande social distansering, vilket orsakat att flera miljoner anställda börjat jobba på distans. Tidigare studier betonar de positiva aspekterna med distansarbete på grund av dess ökade popularitet innan pandemin slog till. Pandemin har tvingat företag och anställda att börja jobba på distans, vilket skapar främmande förutsättningar. Därför är det av stort intresse att undersöka hur dessa förutsättningar har påverkat anställda, framförallt deras motivation. Syftet med denna studie är att evaluera hur distansarbete som en konsekvens av pandemin har påverkat motivationen bland anställda inom ett svenskt företag som verkar inom elindustrin. Detta genomfördes genom en litteraturstudie för att förstå hur motivation definieras och hur mänskliga behov påverkar motivation. Genom att intervjua 10 anställda har författarna av denna studie fått insikter gällande de anställdas upplevelse av distansarbete, hur det har påverkat deras behov samt om det har haft någon inverkan på deras motivation. Reslutaten visar att intervjuobjekten delar flera av de fördelar som nämnts i tidigare studier så som flexibilet och autonmi, men också nackdelar så som avsaknade av sociala interaktioner samt tillhörighet. Majoriteten av intervjuobjeketen upplever inte att deras motivation har försämrats, vilket delvis beror på ökad autonomi. De som upplever att deras motivation minskat antyder att det beror på försämrad samhörighet samt mindre möjligheter för självutveckling.
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Brulin, Emma. "Consequences and preparedness of pandemic influenza, a national consern : A study of the effect of the Asian Flu on the Swedish military". Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-8353.
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In 1918, the Spanish flu pandemic killed an estimate number of between 50 and 100 million people worldwide. 40 years later a new influenza pandemic, the Asian flu spread throughout the world. The Asian flu hit a large proportion of the world’s population but the case-fatality rate was lower and an estimated number of 2 to 4 million people died in the pandemic. In order for today’s governments to formulate good preparedness plan for future influenza pandemics, studying previous pandemics can give better understanding of how the community might be affected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Asian flu pandemic on the Swedish military forces. By seeing if the regiment was affected by the Asian flu one can then assume that the whole society was affected. Data from Swedish regiments has been collected from the Defence Medical Administration Service at the National Archives and processed trough SPSS. The findings show that there where an increase of the amount of sick as well as the number of sick leaves during 1957 compared to previous and later years. Because of the increase in sick leaves one can draw the conclusion that the society has a great risk of being influenced. Hence, a preparedness plan will be even more important. Conclusion: The community is affected by influenza pandemic in both an economical and a societal level. The effects are short in time since infected recover quite quick. However, there are effects which could be better handled if the government is prepared and has conducted a plan for when the next pandemic influenza strikes.
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Palmqvist, Söderman Linnéa, e Erica Johansson. "Personlighet och självbetjänande attributionsfel, prediktorer för risk- och smittförebyggande beteenden vid covid-19". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49215.
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Covid-19 pandemin har orsakat ett stort antal sjukdom- och dödsfall i Sverige. Människors beteende är avgörande för smittspridningens utveckling och blir därför värdefullt att undersöka. Aktuell studie testade huruvida Femfaktormodellens personlighetsdimensioner respektive självbetjänande attributionsfelen, bättre-än-medel-effekten och orealistisk optimism, samvarierar med och predicerar smittförebyggande beteenden vid covid-19 pandemin. En enkät besvarades av 126 högskolestudenter från Mellansverige. Resultatet visade inget signifikant samband mellan någon personlighetsdimension och smittförebyggande beteenden. Personlighet kan inte predicera risk- respektive smittförebyggande beteenden. Samtliga mätningar av bättre-än-medel-effekter och orealistisk optimism visade positiva samband med smittförebyggande beteenden varav enbart bättre-än-medel-effekten vad gäller den egna förmågan att skydda sig mot smitta kunde förklara variation i smittförebyggande beteenden. Intressant för framtida studier är att undersöka vad som ligger till grund för dessa resultat samt vidare undersöka vad annat som kan förklara människors beteenden vid pandemiska kriser.
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Hesse, Mario, Christian Bender e Christoph Mengs. "Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf den Freistaat Sachsen: Zwischenstand nach einem Jahr Pandemie". Universität Leipzig, 2021. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A75647.
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Auch nach über einem Jahr Corona-Pandemie sind die sozio-ökonomischen Auswirkungen der Krise nach wie vor noch nicht vollständig absehbar. Durch die lockdown bedingten starken ökonomischen Verwerfungen wirkt die Krise bis heute auf Bund, Länder und Kommunen stark ein. Dies hat nicht zuletzt Folgen für die Haushaltsführung der unterschiedlichen fiskalischen Ebenen. Dabei haben sich Bund und Länder auf teils gemeinsame, teils eigene fiskalische Hilfen für Kommunen und die Privatwirtschaft verständigt, die bei der Bewältigung der Krise unterstützend wirken sollen. Hierzu waren Bund und Länder jedoch genötigt, die Ausnahmeklausel der Bundes- und Landesschuldenbremsen aufgrund der außergewöhnlichen Notsituation in Kraft zu setzen. Für die Länder ergab sich somit das bizarre Bild, dass die Länderschuldenbremsen 2020 just in jenem Jahr außer Kraft gesetzt worden sind, in welchem sie zum ersten Mal fiskalisch wirken sollten. Hiermit verbunden sind Tilgungsbelastungen, die sich auf Ebene der Länder unterschiedlich stark ausdifferenzieren, was nicht zuletzt auch damit zu tun hat, dass die Tilgungszeiträume heterogen gesetzt worden sind. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die zukünftigen fiskalischen Belastungen und somit auch der fiskalische Handlungsspielraum der Länder unterschiedlich verteilt ist. Welche Auswirkungen dies hat, zeigt die kommunale Krisenpolitik im Freistaat Sachsen exemplarisch auf und knüpft an den KOMKIS Report 07 vom vergangenen Jahr an.
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Santana, Reynoso Alfredo. "Decision Aid Models for Resource Sharing Strategies During Global Influenza Pandemics". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3331.
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Pandemic influenza outbreaks have historically entailed significant societal and economic disruptions. Today, our quality of life is threatened by our inadequate preparedness for the imminent pandemic. The key challenges we are facing stem from a significant uncertainty in virus epidemiology, limited response resources, inadequate international collaboration, and the lack of appropriate science-based decision support tools. The existing literature falls short of comprehensive models for global pandemic spread and mitigation which incorporate the heterogeneity of the world regions and realistic travel networks. In addition, there exist virtually no studies which quantify the impact of resource sharing strategies among multiple countries. This dissertation presents three related models that contribute to filling the existing vacuum. The first model develops optimal capacity management strategies for multi-region pandemic surveillance. The second model estimates the pandemic propagation time from the onset to a likely pandemic export region, such as a major transportation hub. The model builds on a large-scale agent-based simulation and geographic information systems (GIS). The model is tested on a hypothetical outbreak in Mexico involving 155 regions and over 100 million people. The third model develops an empirical relationship to quantify the impact of various U.S. - Mexico antiviral sharing strategies under several pandemic detection and response scenarios.
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Ahmed, Wasim. "Using Twitter data to provide qualitative insights into pandemics and epidemics". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20367/.
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Background: One area of public health research specialises in examining public views and opinions surrounding infectious disease outbreaks. Although interviews and surveys are valid sources of this information, views and opinions are necessarily generated by the context, rather than spontaneous. As such, social media has increasingly been viewed as legitimate source of pragmatic, unfiltered public opinion. Objectives: This research attempts to better understand how users converse about infectious disease outbreaks on the social media platform Twitter. The study was undertaken in order to address a gap in knowledge because previous empirical studies that have analysed infectious disease outbreaks on Twitter have focused on employing quantitative methods as the primary form of data analysis. After analysing individual cases on Ebola, Zika, and swine flu, the study performs an important comparison in the types of discussions taking place on Twitter and is the first empirical study to do so. Methods: A number of pilot studies were initially designed and conducted in order to help inform the main study. The study then manually labels tweets on infectious disease outbreaks assisted by the qualitative analysis programme NVivo, and performs an analysis using the Health Belief Model, concepts around information theory, and a number of sociological principles. The data were purposively sampled according to when Google Trends Data showed a heightened interest in the respective outbreaks, and a case study approach was utilised. Results: A substantial number of themes were uncovered which were not reported in previous literature, demonstrating the potential of qualitative methodologies for extracting greater insight into public health opinions from Twitter data. The study noted several limitations of Twitter data for use in qualitative research. However, results demonstrated the potential of Twitter to identify discussions around infectious diseases that might not emerge in an interview and/or which might not be included in a survey.
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O’Malley, Geoffrey. "The Unequal Health and Economic Burden of Pandemics on the Poor:". Thesis, Boston College, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:109154.
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Thesis advisor: Joseph QuinnThe ease of spread of COVID-19 has posed a great challenge for governments, public health officials, and healthcare workers around the world. Leaders and officials need to make decisions that protect the health and well-being of their citizens, while balancing their rights as citizens and the stability of their economies. This study conducts a review of literature on COVID-19, the Spanish Flu, and the Swine Flu in an effort to understand the economic and health impacts of pandemics. Results show a clear trend suggesting the poor bear a greater burden of the impact of pandemics in regards to economic and health impacts. Further analysis suggests that these inequities are not limited to the United States healthcare system and remain apparent in national single-payer healthcare systems, like in the United Kingdom. To prevent similar disparities in future pandemics, governments should attempt to decrease inequality present in baseline health and economic measures
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Department Honors and Scholar of the College
Discipline: Economics
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Radaciova, Romana, e Alexandra Klacanova. "To try on or send back? Shopping in post-pandemic times : Exploratory study of pandemic effects on consumer behaviour". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184366.
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As the pandemic of COVID-19 is still affecting peoples’ lives in various ways, it is not surprising that it affects consumer behaviour as well. This paper focuses on the changes in consumer behaviour, more specifically on the changes in consumer shopping channel preferences due to the pandemic. Furthermore, it was of interest whether these changes are likely to be long-term, and influence consumer shopping behaviour in the corona-free future. To answer the research question: “How did the pandemic affect consumers’ preferred shopping channels, and are those changes long-term?” a qualitative study was conducted. The study consisted of ten interviews, five of which were with consumers who spent most of the pandemic in Sweden, and five with respondents who spent most of the pandemic in Slovakia. This way, the study compares the responses and thus changes in consumer shopping behaviour and channel preferences of consumers who have experienced different levels of restrictions and recommendations as a response to the pandemic. Indeed, Slovakia’s response to the corona pandemic was much more severe and included much more, longer-lasting, restrictions affecting/restricting consumer shopping. The study showed that despite the countries adopting very different responses to the pandemic, the consumers changed their shopping behaviour in a rather similar way. Most of the respondents stated that they started shopping less due to the pandemic and that they shopped more online. The main reasons for these developments were (1) reduced need for new clothing during the corona pandemic, (2) stores being closed, and/or (3) consumers trying to reduce their contact with others and keep their distance. However, when asked whether these changes in their behaviour are going to persist into the far future, the responses differed. A portion of respondents stated they will continue to shop online more than prior to the pandemic, while still shopping in traditional, offline, stores as well. Some other respondents, however, stated that they will return to in-store shopping as soon as possible. From these findings, it is clear that shopping for clothes via offline channels will still be important and preferred by many, despite the rise of technologies and online shopping possibilities. The study contributes to the literature on the corona pandemic and its effects on consumer behaviour, the field of consumer behaviour in general, consumer shopping channel preferences, channel switching intentions, omnichannel literature, and the online shopping literature.
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Voghera, Siri, e Özlem Tepe. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and its Effects on Swedish Mortality". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446239.
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This thesis analyses the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects on Swedish mortality during 2020 by investigating whether it has resulted in excess mortality. This is done using a stochastic mortality projection model from the Lee-Carter framework and by assuming the number of deaths follows a Poisson distribution. Due to the few confirmed COVID-19 deaths at younger ages, the decision is made to only include 50-to-100-year-olds in the analysis. Models in the Lee-Carter framework are fitted on historical data from 1993–2019 collected from Human Mortality Database and Statistiska Centralbyrån. After evaluating the models, inter alia using residual analysis and backtesting, we ascertain that the classical Lee-Carter model accomplishes a wanted level of fit and forecast accuracy. During the morality projection with the Lee-Carter model, three different sources of uncertainty are accounted for by constructing prediction intervals using bootstrap. The results show that the large age group 67–94-year-olds have suffered from statistically significant excess mortality during 2020. The level of excess mortality differs between ages, with the ages 70–90-year-olds having the highest number of excess deaths. Comparing the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths to our forecasted number of excess deaths indicates the COVID-19 virus likely caused the surge in deaths.
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Zug, Roman. "The Wolbachia pandemic among arthropods: interspecies transmission and mutualistic effects". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18866.
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Wolbachien sind weitverbreitete bakterielle Symbionten von Arthropoden. Sie werden überwiegend durch maternale Vererbung übertragen, können aber auch horizontal von Art zu Art übertragen werden. Wolbachien sind berüchtigt dafür, die Wirtsreproduktion zu manipulieren, können aber auch Mutualismen mit ihren Wirten evolvieren. In dieser Arbeit untersuche ich, welche Rolle horizontale Transmission und mutualistische Effekte bei der Wolbachien-Pandemie unter Arthropoden spielen. Zunächst schätze ich, dass Millionen Arthropodenarten mit Wolbachien infiziert sind. Um diese erstaunliche Verbreitung zu verstehen, entwickele ich ein Modell zur horizontalen zwischenartlichen Transmission von Wolbachien, das auf epidemiologischer und Netzwerk-Theorie aufbaut. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf die Bedeutung von horizontaler Transmission über große phylogenetische Distanzen hin. Da eine erfolgreiche Transmission wahrscheinlich durch symbionteninduzierte Wirtsvorteile begünstigt wird, betrachte ich dann umfassend und kritisch Wolbachien-Arthropoden-Mutualismen und finde diese in vielfältigen Kontexten, aber nur begrenzt Hinweise auf Wolbachien-induzierten Wirtsschutz. Mithilfe eines populationsgenetischen Modells untersuche ich dann den Einfluss von Wirtsvorteilen auf die Infektionsdynamik von Wolbachien. Erstmalig leite ich Invasionsbedingungen und Gleichgewichtsfrequenzen für Wolbachien-Doppelinfektionen her. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass Wirtsvorteile die Invasion von Wolbachien in neue Wirte erheblich erleichtern. Schließlich untersuche ich die Wechselwirkungen zwischen einer Wolbachien-Infektion und dem Immunsystem des Wirtes, wobei ein Schwerpunkt auf reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies liegt. Ich schlage eine Hypothese vor, die unterschiedliche Immunantworten in neuen und ko-evolvierten Assoziationen erklärt. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit für einen wesentlichen Anteil von horizontaler Transmission und mutualistischen Effekten an der Wolbachien-Pandemie in Arthropoden.Wolbachia are widespread bacterial symbionts of arthropods. They are transmitted predominantly via maternal inheritance, but are also able to move between different species (horizontal transmission). Wolbachia are notorious for selfishly interfering with host reproduction, but they can also evolve mutualistic associations with their hosts. In this thesis, we analyze the role of horizontal transmission and mutualistic effects in the Wolbachia pandemic among arthropods. First, we derive an estimate of the number of Wolbachia-infected arthropod species and find that millions of species are infected. In order to explain this striking distribution, we develop a model of Wolbachia horizontal transmission between species, building on epidemiological theory and network theory. Our findings point to the importance of transmission over large phylogenetic distances. Given that successful horizontal transmission is likely to be facilitated by symbiont-induced host benefits, we then perform a comprehensive review of Wolbachia-arthropod mutualisms and find that these occur in diverse contexts, although the evidence of Wolbachia-induced host protection in nature is limited so far. By means of a population genetic model, we then analyze the influence of host benefits on the infection dynamics of Wolbachia. For the first time, we derive invasion conditions and equilibrium frequencies for Wolbachia double infections. Our results corroborate that host benefits substantially facilitate invasion of Wolbachia into novel hosts. Finally, we examine the interactions between Wolbachia infection and the host immune system, with a focus on reactive oxygen species. We propose a hypothesis that explains differential immune responses in novel and coevolved associations. Taken together, the findings presented in this thesis argue for a significant involvement of horizontal transmission and mutualistic effects in the Wolbachia pandemic among arthropods.
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Azawi, Athil, e Pegah Hassani. "Crisis Consultants & the Vastly Changing Environment : A deductive study of the crisis consultant's perceptions & the effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447375.
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As the risk society has evolved, crisis management has become significant in order to survive a crisis. Crisis consultants have an important role in the risk society and organizations expects a whole lot from the profession. There is a gap in the research about the perceptions of crisis consultant’s role and expectancies in the risk society. Additionally, there is no research connected to the impact of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic on the profession of crisis consulting. The study aims to explore the crisis consultants view of and their role in the risk society. It also seeks to investigate how the crisis consultants have adapted to the Covid-19 pandemic. The study has been conducted through a qualitative case study consisting of various crisis consultants from diverse consultancies. The primary data consisted of eight semi-structured in- depth interviews. Crises in the risk society has become more complex due to the developing technology which has had an effect on the dispersion of information and personal exposures. Crisis consultants are expected to act as change agents who provides an outside perspective and pushes the client forward during crises. The Covid-19 pandemic has had no effect on the types of crisis and neither on the processes used by the crisis consultants. The shift lies within tools and certain procedures where social distancing and digitalization has become the new standard. Although the alterations have been challenging in some situations, the crisis consultants have still managed to fulfill their tasks and increase their workload.
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Cinelli, Ester. "Syndemic : A design prototype of a dashboard to understand pandemics beyond epidemiology". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43624.
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This study wants to investigate how Interaction Design techniques can contribute to giving meaning to data visualization in a syndemic dashboard and to gain understanding from it. I am going to present to you a Syndemic Dashboard that has the goal of helping researchers to find trends, patterns and make predictions of the spread of Covid-19 in the Swedish context, collaborating with K3, IUR, DVMT, and the University of Oxford. In order to do this, I will first give an overview of what a dashboard is, dashboarding practices and interaction techniques, cognitive aspects involved to generate meaning, and relevant theories to gain understanding from Big Data. Consequently, I will explain the process and the methodologies applied to achieve the final result. The thesis ends with a discussion about the final result and proposes future investigations.
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Hansson, Felix. "Granskning av en pandemis effekt på företag som outsourcar sin logistik". Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-41599.
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Hur har företagen som outsourcar sin logistik i Sverige påverkats av pandeminår 2020? Detta är en fråga som flera företag i Sverige står inför som de gärnavill ha ett svar på. Vilket har varit projektets mål att ta reda på. Genom attutföra en enkätundersökning och analysera data från enkäten mot bakgrundav befintlig teori som har identifierat fördelar och nackdelar med outsourcing,har frågan blivit besvarad. Enkätundersökningen fick 31 respondenter, vilketansågs vara en tillräckligt stor andel respondenter för att kunna dra rimligaslutsatser. Fördelarna som valdes ut var kostnadsminskning och relationenmellan företagen. Nackdelarna som valdes ut var dolda kostnader ochrelationen mellan företagen. Resultatet av studien visar att varkenkostnadsminskning eller relationen har påverkats av pandemin, samt även hardet inte uppstått några dolda kostnader för företagen heller, vilket betyder attäven dolda kostnader har inte påverkats av pandemin.How has companies that outsource their logistics in Sweden been affected bythe 2020 pandemic? That is a question that a lot of companies in Swedenhave on their mind, and would like to get an answer to that question. Whichhas been this project's goal to find out, by using a survey and analysing thedata from the survey against the background of existing theory that hasidentified pros and cons with outsourcing, the question has been answered.The survey got 31 respondents, which was seen as enough respondents tomake conclusions from. The pros of outsourcing that was chosen were costreduction and relation between the companies. The cons of outsourcing thatwas chosen were hidden costs and the relation between the companies. Theresults of the study shows that neither cost reduction or the relation betweenthe companies were affected, as well as no hidden costs occurred, whichmeans that also the hidden costs weren't affected by the pandemic.
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Carlson, Jesper, e Julia Lundmark. "RIPPLE EFFECTS OF A PANDEMIC : Consequences for an organization’s work arrangement". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185668.
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The pandemic has had significant effects on our society overall. This has meant organizations have been forced to rethink their structure and work arrangement. Our object of study is the imposed and fast changes to work arrangement, our case has been a municipal organization. Employees have been interviewed to give us insight into their experiences of working during these conditions and how they anticipate working in the future. Our results show that the organization has successfully adapted to these changes and become more of a distributed organization that relies heavily on Teams to perform its communication and collaboration tasks. The work arrangement has had positive effects on efficiency; however, this has affected their sociality and their groups have become smaller. The anticipated future seems to be more of a hybrid organization, which allows for both remote work and co-located work. These findings are relevant for organizations going through a similar transformation in order to get insight from our findings to help them in their process.
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Evans, Marshall Keith. "“Fake News” in a Pandemic: A community-based study of how public health crises affect perceptions of online news media". Capital University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2022. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=caphonors1619609636172198.
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Kamoga, Seguya. "Investigating the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in Swedish Physical Education". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94469.
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The emergence of the new corona virus (Covid-19) in the world has shaken many parts and aspects of our society. Sources have shown that due to the fear and panic caused by the outbreak of Covid-19, many countries have implemented lockdown measures. Schools in several countries have been closed as a result of Covid-19. In Sweden, however, the situation has been handled differently. Primary schools and lower secondary schools have stayed open, while some upper secondary schools stayed open for some time before they turned to online teaching. This investigation examines the effects the Covid-19 pandemic has had on Physical Education (PE). Specifically, the purpose of this study is to investigate how the teaching of PE in Sweden has been affected by Covid-19. Data were generated through online interviews. Seven primary and lower secondary school PE teachers took part in this study. The Deleuze-Guattarian concept of ‘becoming’ along with the concept of ‘precarity’ have been used to analyze and interpret the data in this study. The results indicate that there have been major changes in the context and content of the PE subject. PE lessons have been moved outdoors and important activities, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and swimming, have been postponed as a consequence of Covid-19. Hygiene routines, such as changing clothes and showering before and after PE, have also been removed in the subject. The duties of PE teachers today also involve cleaning equipment in order to control the spread of the virus. The results also revealed how some PE teachers have moved away from using physical contact in their lessons.
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Martinsson, Jonas. "Consequences of distance learning : Effects of the Corona pandemic on students’ grades". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104599.
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The Corona pandemic and Covid-19 has affected the entire globe where we had to adapt to a new way of living and a new standard of doing things. For the universities in Sweden and around the world this generally meant that the universities had to switch to online teaching and digital examinations to the largest extent possible. Even though we have lived in this new kind of every day we know barely anything about how this has affected the grades of the students, and what we can learn about it to do things more effectively in the future. In this paper, I examine the possible effects on grades for students at the university level by using newly collected data from Linnaeus University’s department of economics and statistics. Results show that the grades after the decision to switch to online teaching and digital exams in March of 2020, overall became higher for both males and females but no significant difference between the genders were found.
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Ng, Sophia, e 吳鈺陪. "The role of antivirals and vaccines in the control of influenza epidemics and pandemics". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B49617849.
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Influenza vaccination is the best preventive measure against influenza virus infection, and antivirals including oseltamivir are effective treatments. From a public health point of view, it is important to evaluate whether vaccination and antiviral treatment reduces transmission of the virus. I analyzed data from a community-based study of influenza virus transmission in households, and identified effectiveness of antiviral treatment in reducing duration of illness and some evidence that treatment reduced transmission to household contacts. I also analyzed data from a community-based placebo-controlled trial of influenza vaccination and confirmed efficacy of vaccination against seasonal influenza but differential efficacy against pandemic influenza possibly because of timing and mediation of seasonal influenza epidemics. In further analyses I found that antibody titers of 1:40 correlated with 50% protection against infection, and repeated vaccination with the same strains tended to be associated with reduced responses to those strains although there was no evidence of reduced efficacy. In the study, one child in each household was randomly allocated to receive vaccine or placebo and I did not identify any evidence of indirect benefits to the household members of vaccinated children. I reviewed vaccine target groups in different countries, and noted that some countries now include school-age children in their target groups based mainly on the principle of herd immunity. My findings did not support the inclusion of school-age children as a target group for vaccination in Hong Kong. Further studies should examine the indirect as well as direct benefits of vaccination in different settings in order to guide optimal influenza vaccination policies.published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ruis, Christopher. "The evolution of GII.4 norovirus and the sources and drivers of norovirus pandemics". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041054/.
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The norovirus genotype GII.4 is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide and has caused six pandemics since the mid-1990s. In this thesis, we use phylogenetic analyses to investigate the evolutionary history of the GII.4 genotype and the sources and drivers of norovirus pandemics. We first examine the early history of GII.4 and suggest that the increased prevalence of GII.4 concomitant with the first pandemic was a `perfect storm' where a virus capable of accommodating a high level of amino acid change with a high mutation rate enabling efficient transmission acquired a highly stable viral capsid and/or an increased susceptible population size by expanding its receptor-binding repertoire. We next reconstruct the temporal history of GII.4 and demonstrate that each pandemic strain circulated undetected within poorly sampled reservoir populations for years prior to pandemic emergence. Over several years prior to pandemic emergence, the strain diversifies into a large number of lineages and spatiotemporal reconstruction suggests the strain undergoes low-level worldwide circulation. This indicates that the viral genetic changes important for pandemic emergence are acquired years prior to the pandemic and are therefore not the proximal driver of pandemic spread; we hypothesise that genetic changes pre-adapt the strain for future emergence by shifting the virus to a new region of antigenic space. We demonstrate significant amino acid diversity within pandemic strains, with highly diverse sites within a strain often coinciding with immune epitopes and/or receptor-binding regions. This diversity begins to be accumulated prior to pandemic emergence. We hypothesise that increasing host population immunity curtails circulation of the preceding pandemic strain and results in a new pandemic by opening a niche into which many closely related but subtly different viral lineages can emerge. Finally, we examine two newly emerging norovirus strains and demonstrate that they share polymerase substitutions that may enable increased transmission.
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Swayne, Holly Lynne. "Star Power, Pandemics, and Politics: The Role of Cultural Elites in Global Health Security". Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7581.
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Celebrities have historically served a variety of roles in society ranging from the inspirational to the cautionary, utilizing their platforms of visibility to promote themselves, their work, as well as their social and political causes. This study focuses on celebrities as activists engaging with global health issues, with particular attention to the form this engagement takes, the publicity it receives in the mass media, and the types of global health issues that receive the most celebrity attention. An interdisciplinary approach drawing from theories of power, social movement theory, agenda-setting, and cultural studies is used to achieve greater understanding of underlying components of the framework within which this activism exists.
Guiding this research is the primary question, “How do cultural elites prominent in U.S. media impact global health security?”, where the specific subset of cultural elites examined are the most influential Hollywood celebrity actors in film. A series of secondary research questions provide insight on the multiple dimensions of celebrity influence and impact in the context of global health security. Specifically, how does celebrity activism affect global health security discourses? What “truths” are created by celebrity activism in global health? Finally, are the issues these celebrities are advocating for, the most pressing global health concerns?
Utilizing a mixed-methods approach (quantitative-qualitative-quantitative), I demonstrate the most frequent forms of celebrity engagement with their affiliated global health organizations, as well as the media attention devoted to this engagement in the most prominent U.S. newspapers. Furthermore, I offer empirical evidence of how global health engagement of the most influential celebrities compares to the most pressing global health concerns, as expressed through an analysis of the global health issues that claim the most lives globally. Results demonstrate the most effective application of celebrity resources, and determine whether celebrities can be differently situated for greater impact in global health security overall.
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Orso, Eleonora <1996>. "Can Cities Fix the Political Trilemma of the World Economy? Evidence from the Pandemics". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21524.
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Nel 2008 l'economista Dani Rodrik ha descritto il “Globalisation Paradox” delineando un fondamentale Trilemma politico dell'economia mondiale volto a bilanciare il potere statale con l'integrazione economica e la democrazia. È formulato come segue: "Non possiamo avere l'iperglobalizzazione, la democrazia e l'autodeterminazione nazionale tutte insieme. Ma manca all'analisi di Rodrik un'altra dimensione importante: i tanti livelli di governance che esistono nel mondo di oggi che, dal basso e dall'alto, esercitano pressioni sull'ordine internazionale. In particolare, al di sotto dello stato-nazione ci sono città e regioni che possono avere le proprie strutture e reti di governo. Come si inseriranno questi vari livelli di governo nel Trilemma? Dopo aver analizzato lo sviluppo del rapporto tra globalizzazione e stato-nazione, che sta ridefinendo i concetti cruciali di territorio e sovranità, la tesi si concentra sul ruolo delle Città in questa governance globale in continua evoluzione. In base alla testimonianza di come le Città gestiscono situazioni di emergenza - nel particolare caso della pandemia da Covid-19 - si sostiene che esse siano i luoghi in cui possono coesistere democrazia locale, sovranità e globalizzazione, risolvendo il Trilemma dell'economia mondiale.
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Persson, Susanna. "The Butterfly Effect- Changes in a Time of Chaos. A Study of the Intersection between Women´s Rights and Animal Rights During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-429517.
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Marklund, Pontus, e andreas Nilsson. "Does One Crisis Overshadow the Other? : An exploratory study on the effect the Covid19-pandemic has had on environmental strategies in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185218.
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The Covid19-pandemic may have impacted the environmental strategies of firms as it has had a major impact on the world economy and businesses. In particular Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) as during prolonged economic downturns they suffer disproportionately which could be due to lack of key resources which bigger firms naturally have more of, such as access to bank loans, technological, managerial, and human resources. Nevertheless, the Covid19-pandemic does not make the current environmental crises any less important therefore it is imperative to explore how firms’ environmental strategies have adapted during this time. The purpose of this study was to examine what happens to environmental strategies when firms experience harsher financial conditions. This have led us to construct the following research question:“How do SMEs adjust their environmental strategies during crises?”In this paper we answer the research question by analyzing the effect Covid19 has had on the environmental strategies of Swedish SMEs’ environmental strategies during Covid19. In order to achieve the purpose of this study we performed a qualitative study with an exploratory approach by interviewing seven different Swedish SMEs within the construction industry. The key findings this our study produced was that the firms’ environmental strategies remained resilient as no firm decreased their focus on environmental strategy nor did they view this aspect less important. Rather some firms intensified their environmental strategies suggesting that this might be a viable strategy to survive a crisis.
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Foconi, Jacob. "Pandemins påverkan på stadskärnan : Vilken effekt har Covid-19 haft på Umeå stadskärnan". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185274.
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The purpose of this study is to understand the short- and long term implications of the Covid-19 virus on the city center and what is done to revitalize it to a more attractive and available place. This case study is done on Umeå city center, where the municipality is going through a massive transformation and plans to increase its population size from 130 000 to 200 000 by 2050. That is a 50% population increase over a 30-year period, this also entails doubling the amount of constructing on a yearly basis. With the municipality focusing on densification of its cities, with a particular focus on the city center since they want to build a dense and vibrant city where everything is within a 5 km distance radius. The case study is done with a qualitative method using semi structural interviews. The observations made from the interview are compared to previous scientific studies, documents and theories made by urban planners and culture geographers. They include Jane Jacobs, Richard Florida and previous work on the correlation between urbanization and spread of infection as well as studies on people’s preferences on where to live, either being in or outside the city perimeter. To gather empirical information a selection of people in suitable positions were interviewed. The results from the interviews and document shows that the city center has not been affected by the Covid-19 virus on a macro level. There has however been a wide impact on the microgeographic level, where stores and restaurant have been highly affected by the restrictions imposed. People have also seen their daily lives affected which has changed their routines and behavior in consumption and movement. There has been little change in the planning process or vision for the city center expect that there has been a greater emphasis on cooperation between businesses and the municipality.
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Shi, Pengyi. "Stochastic modeling and decision making in two healthcare applications: inpatient flow management and influenza pandemics". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50367.
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Delivering health care services in an efficient and effective way has become a great challenge for many countries due to the aging population worldwide, rising health expenses, and increasingly complex healthcare delivery systems. It is widely recognized that models and analytical tools can aid decision-making at various levels of the healthcare delivery process, especially when decisions have to be made under uncertainty. This thesis employs stochastic models to improve decision-making under uncertainty in two specific healthcare settings: inpatient flow management and infectious disease modeling.
In Part I of this thesis, we study patient flow from the emergency department (ED) to hospital inpatient wards. This line of research aims to develop insights into effective inpatient flow management to reduce the waiting time for admission to inpatient wards from the ED. Delayed admission to inpatient wards, also known as ED boarding, has been identified as a key contributor to ED overcrowding and is a big challenge for many hospitals. Part I consists of three main chapters. In Chapter 2 we present an extensive empirical study of the inpatient department at our collaborating hospital. Motivated by this empirical study, in Chapter 3 we develop a high fidelity stochastic processing network model to capture inpatient flow with a focus on the transfer process from the ED to the wards. In Chapter 4 we devise a new analytical framework, two-time-scale analysis, to predict time-dependent performance measures for some simplified versions of our proposed model. We explore both exact Markov chain analysis and diffusion approximations.
Part I of the thesis makes contributions in three dimensions. First, we identify several novel features that need to be built into our proposed stochastic network model. With these features, our model is able to capture inpatient flow dynamics at hourly resolution and reproduce the empirical time-dependent performance measures, whereas traditional time-varying queueing models fail to do so. These features include unconventional non-i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed) service times, an overflow mechanism, and allocation delays. Second, our two-time-scale framework overcomes a number of challenges faced by existing analytical methods in analyzing models with these novel features. These challenges include time-varying arrivals and extremely long service times. Third, analyzing the developed stochastic network model generates a set of useful managerial insights, which allow hospital managers to (i) identify strategies to reduce the waiting time and (ii) evaluate the trade-off between the benefit of reducing ED congestion and the cost from implementing certain policies. In particular, we identify early discharge policies that can eliminate the excessively long waiting times for patients requesting beds in the morning.
In Part II of the thesis, we model the spread of influenza pandemics with a focus on identifying factors that may lead to multiple waves of outbreak. This line of research aims to provide insights and guidelines to public health officials in pandemic preparedness and response. In Chapter 6 we evaluate the impact of seasonality and viral mutation on the course of an influenza pandemic. In Chapter 7 we evaluate the impact of changes in social mixing patterns, particularly mass gatherings and holiday traveling, on the disease spread.
In Chapters 6 and 7 we develop agent-based simulation models to capture disease spread across both time and space, where each agent represents an individual with certain socio-demographic characteristics and mixing patterns. The important contribution of our models is that the viral transmission characteristics and social contact patterns, which determine the scale and velocity of the disease spread, are no longer static. Simulating the developed models, we study the effect of the starting season of a pandemic, timing and degree of viral mutation, and duration and scale of mass gatherings and holiday traveling on the disease spread. We identify possible scenarios under which multiple outbreaks can occur during an influenza pandemic. Our study can help public health officials and other decision-makers predict the entire course of an influenza pandemic based on emerging viral characteristics at the initial stage, determine what data to collect, foresee potential multiple waves of attack, and better prepare response plans and intervention strategies, such as postponing or cancelling public gathering events.
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Boaro, Caterina <1997>. "The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the behavioral consumption of ice-cream". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/19865.
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The outbreak caused by Covid-19 changed the Italian behavioral consumption of all types of food with no exclusion. The focus of this analysis is to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on the gelato industry. To this purpose, the thesis presents the results of the research project Consumption of Gelato and the Effect of the Covid-19 Pandemic carried out within the AgriFood Management and Innovation Lab at Ca’Foscari University. The project started with the administration of a questionnaire during the summer of 2020, immediately after the Italian national lockdown. Based on the answers of a sample of 2511 Italian respondents, the study identifies the factors that influenced the consumer behavior of gelato lovers the most, allowing a comparison between past and current trends. The data collected allowed the development of both a bivariate analysis, that combined the factors with the demographic variables, and a cluster analysis, that grouped respondents’ characteristics according to their personal preferences. The sample was questioned on another related issue – the delivery services. Due to the enforced restrictions, businesses in the sector were forced to find new ways to sell their products directly to consumers’ homes. The research explains the reaction of consumers to the raise in availability of the home delivery services.
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Klinga, Maja. "Disease knows no borders : an online ethnographic case study during the Covid-19 pandemic". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170578.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the reactions and expressions towards the governmental regulations amongst Swedes in Spain during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative online ethnographic case study where a online forum is analysed through a content analysis. The data has been understood through intersectionality theory, biopolitics as outlined by Michel Foucault and Sara Ahmed’s work on the cultural politics of emotions. The analysis identified various themes and as well as emotions circulating around these. Swedes in Spain are expressing their frustration and critique towards illogical and counterproductive regulations as well as showing irritation directed to their freedom of movement being taken away. Frustration and uncertainty are circulating in the discussions. Sociocultural categories such as class, nationality, gender and age as well as how they intensifie each other appear. The Covid-19 pandemic is affecting people in various ways, and the intersectional lens makes it possible to analyse how people depending on their privileges (or lack of) are able to cope with the regulations. This research shows on the importance of an feminist intersectional lens when evaluating the effects of the regulations during the Covid-19 pandemic in each country.
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Hyder, Ayaz. "Validation and integration in spread models of influenza: scientific insights and policy implications during influenza epidemics/pandemics". Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110462.
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Influenza presents many challenges to society, leading to severe impacts in terms of social, economic and health-care costs. To minimize these impacts, models for the spatial spread of influenza help us prepare and plan for epidemic/pandemic events. These models also increase our scientific understanding about the epidemic process and identify optimal mitigation strategies during such events. Given the human experience with past pandemics and severe seasonal epidemics, modeling studies will continue to be a useful tool for policy-makers in reducing the burden of influenza on society. I highlight two avenues of research which may enhance our understanding of the epidemic process and improve the use of models for setting and implementing policy.Validation remains limited and predictive validation is almost non-existent in complex simulation models of influenza spread. This is a serious concern because policy-makers use predictions from such models as inputs for making important decisions. Current models of influenza spread are coming under increased scrutiny for their lack of predictive ability, but it seems that no one has actually evaluated their predictive ability in the first place. To fill this gap in knowledge, I demonstrate the process of predictive validation by generalizing an individual-based model for the spread of influenza to the urban area of Montreal, Canada. Using this model and extensive data on several past epidemics, I show that the reliability and timing of several epidemic metrics depends on two important factors: the method of forecasting and the type of the epidemic metric which we want to forecast.Predictors of health disparities are not included in current models of influenza spread. This is despite an extensive literature showing that these predictors are related to burden of influenza in vulnerable subpopulations of society. Through formulating two different integrated models, I illustrate novel approaches to address this limitation. In the first model, I integrate social deprivation within an individual-based model for the spread of influenza. Using this model, I examine hypotheses about the relationship between social deprivation and influenza burden. In the second model, I integrate socioeconomic information in a metapopulation model. I develop a novel social-attributes gravity model to describe local-scale contact processes. I perform a theoretical analysis of this model to show the consequences of local-scale heterogeneity, in contact and susceptibility, on large-scale epidemic patterns. For both models, I show their practical application through evaluating vaccination strategies which make use of never-before-available data within complex and dynamic models of influenza spread.L'influenza présente de nombreux défis pour la société, entre autres des conséquences sociales, économiques et sanitaires. Afin de minimiser les impacts de la propagation spatiale de l'influenza, certains modèles sont développés pour aider à préparer et planifier des épidémies et pandémies. Ces modèles augmentent aussi notre compréhension scientifique des processus d'épidémie et identifient les stratégies optimales d'atténuation de ces évènements. Étant donné l'expérience précédente des humains lors de pandémies et les dynamiques saisonnières de celles-ci, les études de modélisation continueront d'être un outil utile pour les politiciens afin de réduire le fardeau de l'influenza pour la société. Ici, je souligne deux axes de recherche qui peut améliorer notre compréhension du processus de l'épidémie et améliorer l'utilisation de modèles pour l'élaboration des politiques.La validation des modèles demeure limitée et la validation prévisible n'existe pas dans de modèles complexes de la propagation de l'influenza. Ce manque de validation est une grande préoccupation car les politiciens utilisent ces prévisions pour faire des décisions importantes. Les modèles actuels de la propagation de la grippe sont soumis à une surveillance accrue pour leur manque de capacité prédictive, mais il semble que personne ne sont effectivement évalué leur capacité prédictive en premier lieu. Pour combler cette lacune dans les connaissances. Je démontre le processus de validation prévisible en généralisant le modèle courant, basé sur l'individu dans la région urbaine de Montréal, Canada. J'utilise un grand jeu de données comportant plusieurs épidémies en plus de perturbations réelles pour démontrer que la méthode de prévision et la métrique du type d'épidémie peuvent avoir de grands enjeux sur le temps de détection et la fiabilité lorsque de telles estimées sont possibles.Les disparités de santé ne sont pas incluses dans les modèles courant de la répartition de l'influenza malgré le fait que la littérature démontre que les prédictions de celles-ci sont reliées au fardeau de l'influenza. Par la formulation de deux modèles intégraux différents, je démontre une nouvelle approche qui adresse cette limitation. Dans le premier modèle, j'intègre la privation sociale dans un modèle basé sur l'individu. En utilisant ce modèle, j'examine les hypothèses concernant le lien entre la privation sociale et le fardeau de l'influenza. Dans le deuxième modèle, j'intègre de l'information socioéconomique dans un modèle de métapopulations. Je développe un nouveau modèle gravitationnel d'attributs sociaux pour décrire l'état local des processus de contact. J'effectue une analyse théorique pour démontrer les conséquences de l'hétérogénéité à l'échelle locale, du contact et de la susceptibilité sur les patrons épidémiques à grande échelle. Pour les deux modèles, je démontre leur application pratique par rapport à l'évaluation des stratégies de vaccination. Ces stratégies utilisent des jeux de données complexes, jamais utilisés auparavant, et des modèles dynamiques de propagation de l'influenza.
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Svensson, Stina, e Khadiza Yasmeen. "The effect of risk communication to young adults in Sweden during COVID-19 : A qualitative study about how Swedish young adults decide to live concerning to the restrictions during the pandemic". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45101.
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The risks for Swedish citizens' health increased when the COVID-19 pandemic came to the country and the risk communication started. Risk communication entails attempts to change perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, feelings or behavior according to Breakwell (2014, p.144). Sweden has adopted a different strategy to deal with the pandemic in relation to other Nordic countries. In this thesis we have chosen to look at a vulnerable group, Swedish young adults in age 20 to 30 year olds because they are the one of the most active citizens during the pandemic. This thesis is conducted using a qualitative method and collects empirical data from semi-structured interviews of Swedish young adults. The theoretical concept is centred on risk communication, risk society and decisions-making. Based on research evidence, It is a mixed outcome how young adults choose to deal with the restrictions, some follow them closely and some of them still live a social life as before the pandemic. The study concluded that young adult’s behavioral changes played an important role in society
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Fernström, Lovisa, e Ellinor Vikstrand. "Tid är din vän, impuls din fiende : Coronapandemin ur ett börspsykologiskt perspektiv". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177955.
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Börsåret 2020 har varit ett unikt år som präglats av ett kraftigt börsras, men även en historiskt snabb återhämtning. Det unika händelseförloppet härrör ur en pandemi orsakad av ett coronavirus, vilket skapat nya underlag för studier av investerares beslutsfattande ur ett börspsykologiskt perspektiv. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga vilka börspsykologiska faktorer som indikerats hos investerare under pandemin. Intentionen var att undersöka huruvida det förelåg samband mellan börspsykologiska faktorer och investerares beslutsfattande. Studien har främst tillämpat en kvantitativ metod i form av en tvärsnittsdesign för att uppnå generaliserbarhet, men har även inslag av kvalitativ forskningsdesign för att erhålla en djupare förståelse. I syfte att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor har en statistisk analys i form av bivariata och multivariata linjära regressionsanalyser genomförts. Resultatet visar att samtliga undersökta börspsykologiska faktorer indikeras hos investerare och att det existerar ett flertal signifikanta samband mellan faktorerna och investerares beslutsfattande. Vidare har studien uppmärksammat en problematik i investerares självuppfattning och brister i de tillämpade testerna för börspsykologiska faktorer. Slutligen har en modell framtagits i syfte att bistå med underlag som kan öka förståelsen och medvetenheten inom ämnesområdet och således skapa bättre förutsättningar för rationella investeringsbeslut.The stock market during 2020 has been a remarkable year that has experienced a major marketcrash, but also a historical recovery. The unique course of events derives from a pandemic causedby a coronavirus, which has generated new data for research of investors’ decision making from abehavioral finance perspective. The purpose with the research was to map biases which havebeen indicated by investors during the pandemic. The intention was also to investigate whetherthere were relationships between biases and the decision making of investors. This thesis hasmainly applied a quantitative method in the form of a cross-sectional study to achievegeneralizability, but it also has elements of qualitative research to obtain a deeper understanding.In order to answer the research questions, a statistical analysis in the form of bivariate andmultivariate linear regression models has been applied. The result concludes that all theinvestigated biases were indicated, and several significant relationships between the biases andthe decision making of the investors. Furthermore, the research has shown two problematicaspects. The first is the self-perception of investors and the second is the weaknesses of theapplied tests for biases. Finally, a model has been developed with the aim to contribute withuseful research that can create better conditions for rational investment decisions through anincreased understanding and awareness in the area of behavioral finance.
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Vignali, Luca. "Intercultural, International and Local Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy and in the World". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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The first half of the year 2020 has been full of unique events. Starting from the potential declaration of World War III, to a global pandemic, to the SpaceX rocket launch and many more. However, while most of them, like the declarations of war, have been just online jokes or suppositions stemming from news and reports, the one event that deeply affected all of the world’s countries, directly or not, has been the COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic. This pandemic, which was first identified in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December 2019, has without a doubt changed the local and intercultural relationships around the globe for at least the foreseeable future, if not for more. In this essay, I am going to analyse some of these changes and repercussions, paying extra attention to those that occurred in Italy.
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Bilich, Richard Christian. "Climate Change and the Great Plague Pandemics of History: Causal Link between Global Climate Fluctuations and Yersinia Pestis Contagion?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/632.
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The two great bubonic plague outbreaks of history, Justinian's Plague and the Black Death were responsible for the deaths of over one hundred million individuals across Eurasia and Africa. Both occurrences of the plague coincided with climatic shifts that are well documented by both literary and physical evidence. This thesis explores the possibility that both Justinian's Plague and the Black Death were precipitated by climatic shifts preceding their respective eras and that these changes also contributed to disappearance of each pandemic. A scientific analysis investigating the climatic changes including the anomalous weather of 535-536 A.D., the Medieval Warm Period, and the Little Ice Age are correlated with literary evidence recording the transmission and dormancy sequence of the plague. Although distinct differences exist between the origins of climate change in the periods preceding each plague, the effects of such changes clearly resulted in conditions ideal for the resulting pandemics.
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Hesse, Mario, Christian Bender, Niklas Günther e Christoph Mengs. "Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf die kommunalen Haushalte und Infrastrukturen: Prognostizierte Effekte und Handlungsempfehlungen". Universität Leipzig, 2020. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72121.
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Die Folgen der Corona-Pandemie betreffen die Belange der sächsischen Wirtschaft und der kommunalen Haushalte erheblich. Während die Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen Daseins-vorsorge höchste Priorität genießt, ist ein massiver Einbruch der kommunalen Steuereinnahmen zu erwarten. Hinzu kommen mögliche negative Folgewirkungen über den Wirkungsweg der Landeszuweisungen (kommunaler Finanzausgleich und Förderprogramme).
Bisher lag der Fokus der Hilfen des Bundes und der Länder auf der Unterstützung der ge-werblichen Wirtschaft und der Vermeidung von Arbeitslosigkeit. Die Sicherung der kommunalen Haushalte ist nun der nächste Schritt in der Bewältigung der Coronakrise.
Mit diesem KOMKIS-Report werden die Auswirkungen auf die kommunalen Finanzen nach ak-tuellem Kenntnisstand skizziert. Als Grundlage dafür dient eine kurze Analyse der wirtschaft-lichen Ausgangssituation. Weiterhin umfasst der Report mögliche Handlungsempfehlungen, die auch den Aspekt einschließen, wie die Aufrechterhaltung der kommunalen Infrastruktur in Krisenzeiten unterstützt werden kann.
Insgesamt sind die fiskalischen Konsequenzen für die Kommunen durch massive Effekte auf die Gewerbesteuer und moderate Effekte auf die gemeindlichen Einkommensteuereinnah-men geprägt. Die Landeszuweisungen wirken derzeit noch stabilisierend. Gleichwohl besteht das Risiko, dass bei einer unveränderten Durchführung des Gleichmäßigkeitsgrundsatzes weitere Mindereinnahmen auf die Kommunen zukommen. Mehrausgaben sind zunächst lediglich im Bereich akuter Maßnahmen sowie im Bereich der Sozialen Sicherung absehbar.
Kurzfristig sind die Handlungsfähigkeit und die Liquidität der Kommunen zu sichern. Dabei ist ggf. die kurzfristige Nutzung von Kassenkrediten in bisher nicht gekanntem Ausmaß er-forderlich. Landesmittel können bereits frühzeitig Unterstützung liefern, vor allem über eine Stärkung der Schlüsselzuweisungen. Sparen in der Krise ist zu vermeiden.
Mittelfristig ist ohne Zweifel eine Unterstützung der Kommunen durch die Länder und den Bund erforderlich. Dabei kommt dem kommunalen Finanzausgleich und vor allem dem Schlüsselzuweisungssystem eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Die unterjährige Aktualisierung der Steuerkraftmesszahl im Jahr 2020 kann die finanziellen Auswirkungen noch im laufenden Haushaltsjahr glätten. Eine Infrastrukturpauschale kann den Prozess zusätzlich stützen. Ungedeckte kommunale Infrastrukturbedarfe sind vorhanden und ihre Behebung ist konjunkturpolitisch sinnvoll.
Die langfristig zu erwartenden Tilgungsanforderungen sollten moderat formuliert werden. Um die zukünftige Resilienz der Kommunen zu stärken, sollten Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Schwankungen bei der Gewerbesteuer ergriffen und Reserveplanungen für die kommunale Infrastruktur ermöglicht werden.
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Rauch, Rena (Rena Petronella). "Harmful sexual practices and gender conceptions in Kwazulu-Natal and their effects on the HIV/AIDS pandemic". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53446.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper looks critically at particularly two harmful sexual practices most prevalent among the Zulu people in Kwazulu-Natal; virginity testing for girls, and the practice 'dry sex.' It is mostly the ripple effects of these practices, regarding the spread of mV/AIDS that is most alarming to medical science, leaving them no option other than to condemn this behaviour. This treatise however endeavours throughout to proffer understanding for the needs of a culture as diverse and unique as the Zulu people. Further, this paper often looks from an overarching African perspective, since despite African peoples' differences in terms of linguistics, geography, religiosity and general differences in daily run of the mill activities, there is a dominant socioreligious philosophy shared by all Africans. The, a, band c of virginity testing, and the resulting moral issues revolving around this practice are addressed. The main issues regarding the repercussions of virginity testing are discussed as well as the medical controversy involved in these issues. This will prove the limited effectiveness of this practice and the potential, yet serious and harmful ramifications it has for girls who are tested. In stark contrast to these girls, stands the girl who starts at a very tender age with the practice of 'dry sex', often encouraged and taught to her by female elders in order 'to please men'. This practice serves as a very powerful tool for commercial sex workers, venturing the streets and the truck driver stops, as it lures men into making her the preferred choice. So desperate are her socio-economic and cultural circumstances that she risks infection, and ultimate death, in order to comply with his need for unprotected and 'dry sex.' Numerous studies alert us to the fact that the drying agents used lead to lacerations of the vaginal walls, causing SID's, which in tum, exacerbate the spread of the disease. Zulu traditions and customs regarding sexuality and sexual relationships proffer essential insight into the Zulu people's sexual behaviour. In order to strike a balance between two diverse cultural groups, the West and African, a critical assessment of the West's own sexual history guides us to understand the West's 'sober' practice of monogamy is no less 'permissive' and 'promiscuous' than the African's practice of polygamy. The paper also investigates the corresponding differences in relation to indigenous knowledge systems versus science. African people discern the body's physiology and anatomy metaphorically and symbolically. We cannot simply gloss over these perceptions, enforcing scientific-based knowledge in our educational programmes, without consideration and accommodation for a very unique way of interpreting one's daily experiences and one's unique self. It is not only our biased discernment of indigenous knowledge that complicates the Aids pandemic considerably, but it is also enhanced by the burden of stereotyped gender-roles. Not only is a paradigm shift regarding the imbalance of power very much needed, we also need to understand that the inculcated anger some men in the Zulu culture fosters is a force to be reckoned with, as it displays psychological underpinnings of damage, signalling very clearly the need for therapeutic measures of healing. Conversely, the female in the Zulu culture has started to empower herself, but not always in terms of a beneficial end in itself. Similarly, it must alert us to the fine line separating the virgin-whore dichotomy, fuelled by her poverty-stricken and maledominated existence. It would appear that what we are fighting for is more than the preservation of life whilst engulfed by AIDS's scourge, but a global vision where the individual, or a whole community, with regard to mVIAIDS, is "self-reproducing, pragmatically selfsustainable and logically self-contained." (Bauman 1994: 188)
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Zoeloe kultuur figureer daar veral twee tradisionele seksuele gedragspraktyke wat kommer wek by sommige Westerlinge, hier ter plaatse sowel as in die buiteland. Alhoewel hierdie praktyke as natuurlik, eksklusief en algemeen beskou word, is daar huidiglik stemme van protes wat waarsku dat die twee praktyke potentiele gevaar inhou vir die mens se gesondheid en geesteswelsyn. Die praktyke behels dat jong en weerlose meisies vanaf die ouderdom van ses jaar gereeld onderwerp word aan 'n vaginale toets om vas te stelofhulle nog 'n maagd is, en, die voorkeur van sommige mans om omgang te he met 'n vrou wat haar vagina op 'n 'onnatuurlike' wyse droog, hard en styf hou met die oog op 'n meer bevredigende seksuele ervaring vir die man. Baie vroue geniet ook hierdie ervaring. Die mediese wetenskap is veral bekommerd oor die moontlike verband tussen die nadelige repurkussies van die twee praktyke en die vinnige verspreiding van MIVMGS en pleit derhalwe dat daarmee weggedoen word. Die praktiseerders van eersgenoemde praktyk word byvoorbeeld gewaarsku dat dit mag lei tot gevalle van verkragting, anale seks asook kindermishandeling, terwyl laasgenoemde praktyk veral twee hoe risiko-groepe ten opsigte van die VIGSpandemie ten prooi val; die kommersiele sekswerkers in Kwazulu-Natal wat die praktyk gebruik as wapentoerusting, en die land se vragmotorbestuurders wat hierdeur verlei en aangemoedig word. Hierdie vorm van seksuele omgang ondermyn egter nie net kondoomgebruik nie. Studies het bewys dat die gebruik van 'n vaginale uitdrogingsmiddel daartoe kan lei dat die wande van die vagina mag skeur. Beide groepe loop derhalwe nie alleenlik die risiko om 'n seksueeloordraagbare siekte op te doen nie, maar om ook 'n VIGS-slagoffer te word. Terwyl die beperkte effektiwiteit van die twee praktyke deurkam word, poog die verhandeling om deurgaans 'n duidelike ingeboude begrip te handhaaf vir die unieke en eiesoortige karakter van die Zoeloe kultuur. Dit redeneer dat beide groepe, Afrikaboorlinge en Westerlinge, moet probeer verhoed om te polariseer en illustreer dat diverse kultuurgroepe almal, vanuit 'n kultuurhistories perspektief, meerdere of mindere tekens van promiskuiteit en permissiwiteit ten opsigte van seksualiteit toon. Dit spreek vanself dat die twee praktyke ondersoek moet word teen die agtergrond van die Zoeloe's se inheemse kennis met inbegrip van die wyse waarop die menslike fisiologie en anatomie metafories en simbolies verklaar word. Die digotomie wat bestaan tussen inheemse kennis en wetenskap vra dat ons boodskappe gekommunikeer moet word op 'n wyse wat beide gesigspunte konsolideer. Uiteraard kompliseer die stereotipering van geslagsrolle in die Zoeloe bevolking die VIGS-pandemie aansienlik. Dit dra in 'n groot mate daartoe by dat die VIGSpandemie nie suiwer as 'n biomediese probleem manifesteer nie, maar dat ander psigo-sosiale faktore in berekening gebring moet word. Dit werk byvoorbeeld 'n ongebalanseerde magsposisie in die hand wat sommige Zoeloe mans se sielkundige worsteling met hul diepgewortelde, polities geinspireerde woede belig en dui op sommige kontemporere Zoeloe vrouens se toenemende geneigdheid om seks aan te bied in ruil vir geld. Sy doen dit om sodoende haarself van die juk van die Zoeloe man se mag oor haar en haar neerdrukkende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede te bevry. Die verhandeling beweeg dikwels buite sy grense en fokus nie net bloot op die gedrag van die Zoeloe bevolking nie, maar boorlinge van Afrika in die algemeen. Hierdie oorhoofse Afrika-perspektief vind regverdigingsgronde in die lig van die feit dat boorlinge van Afrika saamgesnoer word deur 'n oorheersende sosio-religieuse filosofie, desnieteenstaande die feit dat daar merkbare verskille voorkom ten opsigte van linguistiek, geografie, religieusheid en ander wat betref hul daaglikse gebruike en omgang.
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Bernardini, Davide. "Three essays on econometrics: Network estimators with applications and assessment of the effects of Covid-19 pandemic". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/360001.
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This thesis is a collection of the three research papers that I developed during my PhD. The first part, which includes the first two of them, aims to develop estimators of network structures from observations of a random vector whose components represent the variables of interest and are the nodes in a network. The goal is to reconstruct a (weighted) graph when we are not able to directly observe connections among variables. The first paper focuses on random vectors with multivariate Gaussian distribution. In this specific case, a graph embedding the conditional dependencies can be obtained from the precision matrix, which is the inverse of the covariance matrix. Furthermore, by a proper re-scaling of this matrix, it is possible to derive a weighted network of partial correlations. Three estimators are proposed and their performances are compared using simulations by looking at two performance measures, F1-score and Frobenius distance. They use elastic net penalty to shrink, possibly to 0, the parameters that must be estimated, which are the elements in the precision matrix, thus allowing to obtain a sparse graph. Simulations results suggest that the best estimator may depend on the sample size and on the underlying network structure. Furthermore, elastic net penalty seems to have some advantage with respect to LASSO, another well-known penalty, in highly correlated scenarios. Finally, one of the three estimators is used to reconstruct the set of relations among economic sectors in United States using market data, which is then studied using network analysis tools. In the second paper, the multivariate Gaussian assumption is relaxed considering instead the multivariate t-Student distribution as the joint distribution with heavier tails. A new estimator of a partial correlations network is introduced as a combination of a well-known estimator in the literature and one of the three estimators based on elastic penalty studied in the first paper. Using again a simulation approach, several estimators are compared testing both different underlying distributions of data and several underlying network structures. Results show that the proposed estimator has relatively good performance and it is robust to various distributional misspecifications. Then, it is used to reconstruct the network among a set of large European banks using stock prices. Possibly, this network has an important role for better understanding systemic risk in the banking sector, and more broadly, in the financial system. The second part focuses on the assessment of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic in Trentino using electricity consumption data. Two methods are proposed: the first one models the trend and seasonality and looks at the deviations during pandemic periods, while the second one employs a difference-in-difference approach to estimate the variations with respect to a non-pandemic scenario. The impact is analyzed both at the aggregated and at macro-sectoral level. Results suggest heterogeneous effects both in terms of magnitude and in terms of dynamic response to the pandemic by the different macro-sectors, with the majority of statistically significant effects being negative.
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Kerekes, Daniel, e Emma Adamsson. "Trade wars, Brexit and Pandemics – A strategy for survival in a turbulent world : A case study on a global FMCG company". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-414672.
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During the last decades, the world has become increasingly globalized, leading to an increased interdependence between nations. This development has given rise to an increased vulnerability to turbulence created by external events and made it even harder to find the right strategic fit while managing the trade-offs between global integration and local responsiveness. The purpose of this thesis is, therefore, to understand how external events, namely Trade wars, Brexit and Pandemic affect an MNC's international strategy and how an MNC can adapt its strategy and structure to respond to the turbulent environment. Consequently, this thesis follows a case study-based design which helps to provide an in-depth company view and a strong foundation for the analysis of the strategic considerations made by the case company. The findings show that external events affect the company's capacity to produce, reduces trade opportunities, and prevents the continuous supply. Further, a direct response to the turbulent environment is to adapt the strategy and structure towards an adjusted Regional Strategy, with a focus on interdependence within geographical market clusters. This will create more opportunities to find the integral trade-off between global integration and local responsiveness and consequently respond to the arising regional complexities.
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Zug, Roman [Verfasser], Peter [Gutachter] Hammerstein, Gregory [Gutachter] Hurst e John [Gutachter] Werren. "The Wolbachia pandemic among arthropods: interspecies transmission and mutualistic effects / Roman Zug ; Gutachter: Peter Hammerstein, Gregory Hurst, John Werren". Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1185495576/34.
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Alver, Melis, e Haris Kurtisi. "Online consumer behaviour during a pandemic: : A study on the effects of Covid-19 on online consumers in Sweden". Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53207.
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From an online consumers' point of view, explore the online shopping behavioural changes in Sweden that could be caused by covid-19 and investigate through Theory of Planned Behaviour if the changes would affect consumers' online shopping intention in Sweden after the pandemic.
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Hanser, Anna, e David Bereilh. "The psychology behind stockpiling behaviour during critical situations : A study of the change in consumer behaviour with special regards to the phenomenon stockpiling among Swedish residents during the Covid-19 outbreak". Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-51763.
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Background: The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) spread globally from its outbreak in China in the beginning of 2020, causing numerous deaths and strained on the health care systems all over the world. Most countries gave answer to this pandemic by implementing national lockdowns, which often evoked panic among citizens and therefore lead to stockpiling or sometimes panic buying behaviours. However, Sweden decided to take another approach in handling the crisis and refrained from implementing a forced lockdown and mainly focused on the responsibility of individuals. Given the lack of research in the field of stockpiling behaviour among Swedish residents and the magnitude of difference in the “Swedish approach”, compared to other countries, this situation provides the perfect ground to research stockpiling behaviour in Sweden. Purpose: This research aims to identify patterns and drivers within stockpiling behaviour among Swedish residents during the Covid-19 outbreak. Method: The paper is based on a qualitative study. A frame of reference to support findings and provide important links to existing literature regarding the psychology behind consumer behaviour, in particular stockpiling during critical situations, has been presented. To create in-depth insight into the reasonings behind stockpiling behaviour in Sweden during the Covid-19 outbreak, six semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Conclusion: Two patterns, rational stockpiling and the absence of irrational stockpiling, along with five drivers, namely, governmental restrictions and recommendations, fear from the disease or transmission, risk mitigation, convenience, and level of trust in the government, have been observed.
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Steininger, Marina Gabriele [Verfasser], e Lisandra [Akademischer Betreuer] Flach. "Essays in international economics: the role of trade liberalization, protectionism and pandemics in a globalized world / Marina Gabriele Steininger ; Betreuer: Lisandra Flach". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1230754482/34.
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Jones, Rodney Sinelair. "Hospital Preparedness: Effects of Designated Preparedness Coordinators on Hospital Preparedness for Special Hazard Classes". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2550.
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Since 9/11, little statistical rigor has been placed on identifying the correlates of hospital preparedness. This quantitative study explores the research question: Is there a correlation between the employment of a designated hospital preparedness coordinator and the reported level of preparedness for: (a) general preparedness; (b) chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) events; (c) pandemic disease outbreaks; (d) mass casualty events; and (e) internal infrastructure failure, as assessed by an online survey. Alternative analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between access to resources and the 5 dependent variables. Using complexity theory as the theoretical framework, point biserial correlation and Pearson's method were used to assess the relations between the dependent and independent variables. Initially, no statistically significant correlative relationship was found using point biserial analysis. However, further analysis found that the correlation between full-time employment of a preparedness coordinator and pandemic preparedness reached significance. Point biserial analysis of the alternative research questions found statistically significant correlations between access to preparedness resources, CBRN, pandemic, and infrastructure failure preparedness. Pearson analysis found a statistically significant correlation between single facility coordinator responsibilities and pandemic preparedness. This identifies at least 2 significant correlates of hospital preparedness. Positive social change can be achieved by identifying strategies that leverage these assets in a fiscally sustainable constructs that maximize hospitals' ability to effectively serve the community in disasters but that do not so heavily rely on government funding and grants in a world of ever-changing priorities.
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Telleborn, Tobias. "Förändrade rörelsemönstren i samhället under Covid-19-pandemin : Och vilka miljömässiga vinster det innebär". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104229.
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Detta arbete har tagit upp ämnen som rörelsemönster, resvanor samt olika reserutiner och hur de har, eller inte har, förändrats under pandemin och det har även diskuterats huruvida detta potentiellt har inneburit några lättnader i miljöpåverkan från denna sektor. Genom insamlad data som delgivits av kommunen och lokaltrafiken, samt en genomförd enkät, har det visat sig att det har skett omfattande förändringar i rörelsemönstren. Det handlar bland annat om att fordonstrafiken och användningen av kollektivtrafiken minskade kraftigt och andelen cyklister ökade, samt att den genomsnittliga körsträckan per vecka per person nästintill halverades och likaså sågs en påtaglig skillnad i antalet flygresor genomförda under pandemin. Slutligen diskuteras framtiden efter Covid-19 när restriktioner och liknande tagits bort, och även om det är svårt, om inte omöjligt, att sia och diskutera framtiden baserat på data har pandemin troligen haft en mer bestående påverkan hos flera personer än hos andra, där det snarare istället finns en hunger och nästan ingen rädsla alls förknippad med att gå tillbaka till ”gamla vanor”. Vidare studier behövs för att kunna dra några slutsatser om långtidseffekter.This project addresses subjects such as movement- and travel patterns, routines in travel and traveling behavior, with the aim of investigating and determining whether or not there has been a change in these during the pandemic due to restrictions and also if this may or may not have meant any reliefs in environmental impact. Through collected data given in a collaboration by the local municipality offices and local public transport company, and also by performing a survey, it has been shown that there have been comprehensive changes in peoples movement- and travel patterns and ways of traveling. It includes among other things that the vehicle traffic amount has reduced, and the use of public transport has been considerably reduced followed by an increase in traveling by bike. In total the average travel distance by car per person and week reduced by almost 50 percent and also air travel saw a heavily decrease in use during the pandemic. Lastly the future after the Covid-19-pandemic when restrictions and such are going to be removed where discussed and also issued in the survey. Even if it is hard, almost impossible, to prophesy or predict the future based of collected data it has been shown through the respondent’s answers and motivations in the matter that the pandemic most likely has affected people with a more lasting impact that will partly carry on for some time after the pandemics end. That does not imply on all people, some are very eager and express a hunger to go back to “old routines” and travel more. Further research has to be done to conclude any longtime affects.
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Diedrichs, Haglund Amanda, e Marie Sundin. "The image of Sweden in times of crisis : A qualitative text analysis of the Anglo-Saxon media reporting of Swedenduring the Covid-19 pandemic". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37658.
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Covid-19 has been the focus on international, national, local and individual level during thelast 1,5 years, and it has been a constant subject in international media reporting. This studyaims to investigate how Anglo-Saxon media has described Sweden during this time of crisis.We have chosen to investigate specific features of Swedish exceptionalism which are thewelfare state, public administration and economy, and how these have been framed by themedia. This is done through investigating Anglo-Saxon articles in relation to Sweden and thepandemic, where we have selected articles related to our predefined features, which will bethe foundation for the analysis. Since we are investigating material consisting of text, wehave used a qualitative text analysis in order to expose and examine how Sweden has beenframed internationally. Based on the empirical section, as well as the theoretical framework,we conclude that media reporting has used features of Swedish exceptionalism to describeSweden have been frequently occuring in our material. Public administration has been themost prominent aspect in the material, followed by the economic feature, and thereafter thewelfare state. The tonality has varied, but a majority of the article expressed a positivetonality.
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Teles, Gabriela Oliveira e. "Impactos da pandemia por Covid-19 nos migrantes brasileiros em Portugal". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20986.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalO presente trabalho final de Mestrado como objetivo avaliar os impactos da COVID-19 nos migrantes brasileiros em Portugal a partir de pesquisa por inquérito realizada no período de maio a julho de 2020, durante o início do desconfinamento no país. As principais bases empíricas são os dados do inquérito e a observação participante da autora. Apesar da pesquisa ser exploratória, a partir da qual não é possível inferir sobre a população total dos brasileiros em Portugal, o presente trabalho concluiu que a maioria dos migrantes chegou após 2016, e portanto pertencem a uma 4º onda migratória de brasileiros no país, com perfis muito característicos e diversos daqueles já delineados por outros autores. Também se verifica que, apesar das dificuldades enfrentadas na crise serem agravadas para os imigrantes, o Governo português adotou medidas importantes que protegeram essa população. Observou-se uma não confiança nas instituições formais, e um desejo de não retornar ao Brasil mesmo que não estejam trabalhando e com os desafios da crise. Em razão da extensão da pandemia e seus efeitos, se fazem necessárias mais pesquisas sobre a situação dos migrantes brasileiros nos momentos atual e posteriores.
This final Master's work aims to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on brazilian migrants in Portugal from a survey conducted in the period from May to July of 2020, during the ending of the lockdown in the country. The main empirical bases are the survey data and the author's participant observation. Although the research is exploratory, from which it is not possible to infer about the total population of Brazilians in Portugal, the present study concluded that the majority of migrants arrived after 2016, and therefore belong to a 4th migratory wave of Brazilians in the country, with very characteristic profiles and different from those already outlined by other authors. It also appears that, despite the difficulties faced in the crisis being made worse for immigrants, the Portuguese Government adopted important measures that protected this population. There was a lack of confidence in formal institutions, and a desire to not return to Brazil even if they are not working and besides the challenges of the crisis. Due to the extent of the pandemic and its effects, more research is needed on the situation of Brazilian migrants at the present and subsequent times.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Hemmenbach, Annkatrin. "Covid-19-pandemin och ohälsa i gruppen äldre : Konsekvenser av ensamhet och isolering". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19980.
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Introduktion: Den alarmerande spridningen av coronaviruset (COVID-19) utgör ett allvarligt hot mot nationer och samhällen runt om i världen (WHO, 2020). Risken för att bli svårt sjuk i covid-19 ökar med ålder. Viruset som orsakar covid-19 klassas som en infektionssjukdom och smittan sprids genom små droppar som skapas när en infekterad person hostar, nyser eller andas ut. Den påminner ofta om förkylning eller influensa med feber och hosta. Flera länder svarar genom restriktioner av icke-väsentliga aktiviteter och genom så kallade lockdowns eller rekommendationer samt med åtgärder som ska förhindra virusets framfart vilket varit ett viktigt verktyg tillsammans med smittspårning. Det har inneburit stora kostnader och negativ påverkanför både samhälle , den enskilde individen och i synnerhet de äldre. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka isoleringen och ensamhet påverkan på äldre individer under Covid-19 och dess konsekvenser för hälsa och välbefinnande. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie som inkluderade 11 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade 2020–2021 som söktes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Resultatet uppvisar gruppens heterogenitet men även belyser det faktum att flertalet äldre rapporterar ökad ensamhet och oro som konsekvenser av rekommendationer och åtgärder under covid-19 pandemin. Slutsats: Det finns en ökad ohälsa bland äldre individer. Många har klarat sig positivt och anpassat sig, medan andra har upplevt försämrade känslor av ensamhet och med oförmåga att anta ny teknik för att underlätta social interaktion. Att identifiera äldre individer som upplever ihållande ensamhet under pandemin kan vara avgörande för att förbättra deras allmänna välbefinnande och minska risken för ytterligare ohälsa.Introduction: The alarming spread of the coronavirus leading to COVID-19 posed a serious threat to nations and societies around the world (WHO, 2020). The risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 increases with age. The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is spread through small drops created when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. It is reminiscent of a cold or flu with fever, cough, and many other symptoms. Several countries responded by imposing restrictions on non-essential activities, lockdowns, and social distancingrecommendations, as well as others measures to prevent the virus's spread. These have been important tools along with infection tracing. However, this also has entailedhigh costs and a negative impact at the level of society, the individual and especially the elderly. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on isolation and loneliness among elderly and consequences for health and well-being. Method: A systematic literature study using the databases, PubMed and CINAHL, included 11 peer-reviewed articles published between 2020–2021. Results: The results showed that the impact of COVID-19 washeterogeneous among elderly and highlighted that most elderly people reported increased loneliness and anxiety as a consequence of national and global health recommendations and measures, such as mandated quarantine and social distancing, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: COVID-19 increased ill mental health among older individuals. Many have coped positively and adapted, while others have experienced worsening feelings of loneliness,especially due to an inability to adopt technologies to facilitate social interaction. Identifying elderly individuals who experience persistent loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic iscrucial to improve their overall well-being and reduce the risk of further ill mental and physical health.