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Peterson, Ted, e Zachary Bair. "United States Tax Rates and Economic Growth". SAGE Open 12, n.º 3 (julho de 2022): 215824402211143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221114324.
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American politicians aim to create economic activity that will expand the economy and provide opportunities for citizens. Today (in 2022), President Joseph Biden presents an ambitious tax plan to grow the economy and provide for more equal opportunities. With Biden’s aim for a tax increase, this research examines the impacts of tax and other economic variables on economic wellbeing. In turn, this research provides a timely update on contributing factors to economic growth. Previous academic research shows the impacts of tax rates and common economic variables related to U.S. economic growth. We gather data from 1960 to 2020 to explore U.S. real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Through a series of multiple regression models, we find that increases in the highest statutory corporate and personal income tax rates reduce real GDP per capita. Growth in net exports of goods and services, M2 money supply, multifactor productivity and cost, collectively increase real GDP per capita, while, the personal savings rate, and the market value of gross federal debt decrease real GDP per capita. We recommend that if Congress elects to raise tax rates, it should start with the personal income tax rate.
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HIBBING, JOHN R. "On the Issues Surrounding Economic Voting". Comparative Political Studies 20, n.º 1 (abril de 1987): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414087020001001.
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This is an analysis of the effects of economic factors on voting behavior in the United Kingdom. Aggregate- and individual-level data are used. When the results are compared to findings generated by the United States case, some intriguing differences appear. To mention just two examples, unemployment and inflation seem to be much more important in the United Kingdom than in the United States, and changes in real per capita income are positively related to election results in the United States and negatively related in the United Kingdom. More generally, while the aggregate results are strong and the individual-level results weak in the United States, in the United Kingdom the situation is practically reversed.
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Zhou, Zhiru. "The Current Situation and Differences of the Real Estate Bubble between China and the United States". SHS Web of Conferences 154 (2023): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315401023.
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With the continuous expansion of real estate bubbles in China and the United States, the two countries' governments have introduced various policies according to their respective national conditions to prevent the bursting of the real estate bubbles. This article describes how the real estate bubbles in China and the United States formed, the status quo, and the differences between the real estate bubbles in China and the United States. Because the economic systems and management methods of China and the United States are very different, studying the differences in real estate bubbles between China and the United States has excellent enlightenment and significance for China.
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Anton Braun, R. "Tax disturbances and real economic activity in the postwar United States". Journal of Monetary Economics 33, n.º 3 (junho de 1994): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(94)90039-6.
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Lan, Yuheng. "U.S.-China Real Estate Markets in Times of COVID-19". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 10, n.º 1 (13 de setembro de 2023): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/10/20230439.
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In 2020, the world experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. This has had an extremely serious impact on the global economy. All industries have been greatly affected by such a severe economic situation. This paper assumes that the real estate market, as a part of the economic market, was also greatly affected. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects that the real estate markets in China and the United States have suffered under this pandemic and to analyze the specific reasons and motivations behind these effects. Using statistical data from 2017 to 2022, this paper compares housing prices and transaction volumes in six major cities in China and the United States. The results of the study show a result contrary to the hypothesis that the real estate markets in China and the United States recovered after a period of recession and were able to reach higher levels than before the epidemic. Based on this result, the paper analyzes the causes of the impact on the real estate markets in China and the United States. There is evidence that the main causes affecting the Chinese real estate market are real estate policies and cultural phenomena, while the factors behind the impact on the U.S. real estate market are economic policies and epidemic management strategies.
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Bush, Christopher. "The Ethnicity of Things in America's Lacquered Age". Representations 99, n.º 1 (2007): 74–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2007.99.1.74.
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This essay analyzes the cultural meaning of the enormous popularity of, and significance attributed to, Japanese objects in the United States during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. By locating this significance at the intersection of the United States' racial, economic, and material imaginaries, the essay argues for an interpretation of the Japanese object as an "ethnic thing" that suggests new ways of understanding of the relationship between objectification and racialization.
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Aratuo, David N., Xiaoli L. Etienne, Tesfa Gebremedhin e David M. Fryson. "Revisiting the tourism-economic growth nexus: evidence from the United States". International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 31, n.º 9 (9 de setembro de 2019): 3779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-08-2018-0627.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the causal linkages between tourism and economic growth in the USA and determine how they respond to shocks in the system. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a variety of time series procedures, including the bounds test, Granger causality test, impulse response functions and generalized variance decomposition to analyze the relationship between monthly tourist arrivals (TA) to the USA, real gross domestic product (GDP) and real effective exchange rates. Findings Results suggest that GDP Granger causes TA in the USA in the long run, indicating the economy-driven tourism growth hypothesis. Additionally, a shock to GDP generates a positive and significant effect on TA that persists in the long-run, while exchange rate shocks only have a significant effect in the first six months. Research limitations/implications Different tourism sectors may exert different degrees of influence on the economy. The use of aggregate data on TA in the analysis assumes homogeneity in the industry, thus, only represents the average relationship between tourism and GDP. Practical implications This study provides insight that shapes the investment, marketing, sustainability decisions of the public and private sectors aim at increasing tourist flows to drive economic development at the national, state and local levels. Originality/value Though several studies have examined the factors influencing the international tourist demand of the USA, this is the first to investigate the causal relationships between tourism, GDP and exchange rates for the USA. It is also the first in the US tourism literature to account for the nature of interactions between the three variables because of innovations in the system.
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Kuzmina, Violetta M., e Mariya A. Parkhomchuk. "Comparative Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators of the EU and the USA". Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics, Sociology and Management 12, n.º 1 (2022): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2022-12-1-23-36.
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Relevance. At the beginning of the second decade of the XXI century. economic relations between the United States and the European Union continue to largely determine the development trends of the global economy and the world financial system. The stable dynamics of the transatlantic flows of goods, services and capital reflects the traditional proximity of the models of economic development of the United States and Western Europe, the stability of the existing ties, and the high effective demand of both regions for modern goods and services. The purpose is to carry out a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of the development of the EU countries and the USA. Objectives: consider the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators of the EU and the US from 2015 to 2020; to study and visualize the dynamics of GDP growth, GDP in PPP per capita, inflation in the EU member states for 2016–2020; investigate the dynamics of the total US government debt for 2015-2020. Methods. The method of statistical analysis of data from official government websites (European Parliament) and world agencies - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Global-finances. The method of comparative analysis was used to compare real GDP, nominal GDP, GDP per capita, dynamics of changes in GDP EU countries and the USA in relation to previous years. Results. If we compare the development of the EU and the United States in terms of the main macroeconomic indicators, we can conclude that the countries have experienced periods of recession and stagnation in economic development to the same extent, including those associated with a lockdown and economic crises against the backdrop of a pandemic. However, in 2020, the countries showed a positive trend towards a reduction in negative GDP, including GDP in PPP per capita. The situation is more complicated in the United States, in terms of the size of the national debt. Conclusions. In modern conditions, the United States and the EU are still not only the main economic partners, but also the main competitors at the global level. The United States plays a leading role in international economic relations, but the United States has the largest trade deficit with China and the EU countries, therefore, in recent years, the idea of creating a free trade zone between the United States and the EU has been most actively supported (among business structures).
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Kil, Hye Min, e Young Hee Ro. "A Study on the Development of Pre-emptive Senior Residential Complex:Focusing on the 50 Plus (+) Community". Korea Association Of Real Estate Law 27, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2023): 121–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32989/rel.2023.27.3.121.
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This study is to find ways to respond to Korea’s low-growth and aging issues with suggesting a future residential complex model through advanced domestic and international cases. The 50+ community shows a new vision for building a preemptive housing system, spreading private-led service supply, and further creating an “Aging In Place” environment.
Active seniors in their 50s and 60s are the generations not only with relatively large assets, but also with poor economic and residential conditions due to divorce, business failure, and unemployment. It is also necessary to develop community-based social support service system to support housing, stable income and leisure activities, and create premium housing services to fulfill their unmet needs and trendy lifestyles especially for active seniors with high income.
In the United States, the senior housing business is expanding centering on large private construction companies’ franchises. In addition, various service infrastructures, such as 50+ community, independent living, assisted living, nursing home, and dementia care home, are built together in a huge complex according to the consumer’s requirements. In Europe, senior citizens live in flat, apartments, condos, share homes, or houses and use community-based social welfare service and programs. The famous European retirement communities are usually surrounded by the beautiful natural environment with luxurious resort facilities.
The 50 plus community is a preemptive model that can contribute to the creation of the “Aging In Place” environment in Korea. It is also necessary to develop a new ageing-friendly residential complex model for encouraging investments of the private sectors. A private-led 50+ community model is to be differentiated from the public-centered model which mainly focus on supporting daily living services for super-aged, low-income, and disabled seniors. The preemptive new model may be triggering a new senior housing business and solve the social problems in this super-aged society.
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Eberharter, Veronika V. "Capability Deprivation, and the Intergenerational Transmission of Social Disadvantages—Empirical Evidence from Selected Countries". Social Sciences 7, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120253.
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Based on longitudinal data from the Cross-National Equivalent File 1980–2016 (CNEF 1980–2016) the paper analyzes the extent of income inequality and capability deprivation and the driving forces of the intergenerational transmission of social and economic status of two birth cohorts in Germany, and the United States. In both the countries the empirical results show increasing inequality of the real equivalent household income, and younger cohorts experience a higher persistence of social and economic status. In the United States income inequality is more expressed than in Germany, which is in accordance with lower intergenerational income mobility. The contribution of individual and family background characteristics and capability deprivation indicators to intergenerational income mobility is more pronounced in the United States than in Germany. The significant impact of capability deprivation in childhood on the intergenerational transmission of economic chances emphasizes the importance of economic and social policy designated to guarantee the equality of opportunity.
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Ahmadi, Navid, e Mohsen Shahandashti. "Comparative empirical analysis of temporal relationships between construction investment and economic growth in the United States". Construction Economics and Building 17, n.º 3 (21 de setembro de 2017): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v17i3.5482.
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The majority of policymakers believe that investments in construction infrastructure would boost the economy of the United States (U.S.). They also assume that construction investment in infrastructure has similar impact on the economies of different U.S. states. In contrast, there have been studies showing the negative impact of construction activities on the economy. However, there has not been any research attempt to empirically test the temporal relationships between construction investment and economic growth in the U.S. states, to determine the longitudinal impact of construction investment on the economy of each state. The objective of this study is to investigate whether Construction Value Added (CVA) is the leading (or lagging) indicator of real Gross Domestic Product (real GDP) for every individual state of the U.S. using empirical time series tests. The results of Granger causality tests showed that CVA is a leading indicator of state real GDP in 18 states and the District of Columbia; real GDP is a leading indicator of CVA in 10 states and the District of Columbia. There is a bidirectional relationship between CVA and real GDP in 5 states and the District of Columbia. In 8 states and the District of Columbia, not only do CVA and real GDP have leading/lagging relationships, but they are also cointegrated. These results highlight the important role of the construction industry in these states. The results also show that leading (or lagging) lengths vary for different states. The results of the comparative empirical analysis reject the hypothesis that CVA is a leading indicator of real GDP in the states with the highest shares of construction in the real GDP. The findings of this research contribute to the state of knowledge by quantifying the temporal relationships between construction investment and economic growth in the U.S. states. It is expected that the results help policymakers better understand the impact of construction investment on the economic growth in various U.S. states.
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Abuza, Zachary. "Learning by Doing: Al Qaeda's Allies in Southeast Asia". Current History 103, n.º 672 (1 de abril de 2004): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2004.103.672.171.
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Al Qaeda and its affiliates will continue to attack soft economic targets, primarily in moderate Muslim states, whose secular regimes, closely allied with the United States, are Al Qaeda's real focus.
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Lădaru, Georgiana Raluca, Carol Cristina Gombos, Carmen Spiridon e Victor Adrian Troaca. "Analysis of real estate market in United Kingdom". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2022): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0033.
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Abstract Most people make very few real estate transactions on life transactions, and these, in addition to the fact that the most important financial transaction in which they are involved, also have a high degree of complexity from a legal and financial point of view. This finding is valid in all countries with market-based economic systems, regardless of their degree of development. The three elements that are common to real estate transactions in these states are: meeting demand with supply, transfer of property rights, and mortgage financing. Over time, each of these elements has been in the attention of the world’s competition authorities in general and the Competition Council in particular. Activity in the UK real estate market has always been at European economic events, and its action is very important, manifesting itself both as an international trigger - a conclusive example would be the “subprime” residential crisis in the United States. and an important transmission mechanism to the real economy, which affects the transactions carried out, influencing mortgages, etc. or the effective application of competition rules. However, these measures require the construction of a consistent argument that address both the causes of these anti - competitive restrictions and their effects on consumers. It is also necessary to quantify the possible effects that they can have reforms in this area, as well as a comparison of the results obtained with empirical evidence from the states in which these reforms were undertaken.
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Durand-Morat, Alvaro, e Lawton Lanier Nalley. "Economic Benefits of Controlling Red Rice: A Case Study of the United States". Agronomy 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080422.
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Red rice (O. sativa) is one the most prevalent and damaging weed problems in direct seeding rice systems worldwide and can cause significant losses in rice productivity and quality. Red rice has been a problem in the United States for decades, and it is a growing problem in Asia, where 90 percent of the global rice production occurs. Unlike for other crops, where genetically engineered (GE) herbicide tolerant varieties are available, to date, Clearfield (CL) and Provisia rice are the only technologies available to selectively control red rice using chemical herbicides in commercial rice fields. We develop a counterfactual scenario without CL rice and ascertain the yield and quality losses due to red rice infestation in the Mid-South of the United States. Our findings suggest that even with the higher costs of CL rice, relative to non-CL rice, that the returns are $0.15, $0.36, and $0.54 more for every dollar invested than non-CL rice with a light, moderate, and heavy initial red rice infestation rate, respectively. These results imply that the higher upfront costs for CL rice are offset by more than proportional higher profits relative to their non-CL rice counterparts.
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Crespo, Pablo, e Marco Faytong-Haro. "Impact of the 2007–2008 United States Economic Crisis on Pet Ownership". Animals 12, n.º 21 (2 de novembro de 2022): 3010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12213010.
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Limited literature explores the relationship between economic impacts and pet ownership. Do people have more pets as a result of economic crises? In the current study, we answer this question by looking at the time series of pet ownership and children present in U.S. households from 2003 to 2018. We utilize a causal inference technique to compare the estimated real trend of pet ownership in American households against the scenario in which the 2007–08 financial crisis would not have occurred. Our findings suggest that the financial crisis triggered households to own more pets, specifically dogs and cats.
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Baker, Dean. "The fiscal cliff crisis and the real economic crisis in the United States". Intereconomics 48, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2013): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10272-013-0446-y.
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Leonard, Thomas M. "Search for Security: The United States and Central America in the Twentieth Century". Americas 47, n.º 4 (abril de 1991): 477–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006686.
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The fall of Nicaraguan strongman Anastasio Somoza in July 1979 contributed to the publication of an abundance of literature on United States-Central American relations and, like the literature before it, focused largely upon the crisis at hand. Two historical surveys appeared. Walter LaFeber's Inevitable Revolutions: The United States and Central America represented a revisionist approach, charging that United States economic imperialism is responsible for the present crisis. John Finding's Close Neighbors, Distant Friends: United States-Central American Relations is a straightforward account describing Washington's response to various crisis. Still an analysis of the literature is absent. In an effort to address that issue, this article examines the literature on United States-Central American relations in the twentieth century and concludes that the United States acted on behalf of its own security interests, whether or not the threat of foreign intervention had been real or imagined. In effect, the United States maintained the status quo and failed to deal with the structural problems responsible for the contemporary crisis.
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Fullerton, Thomas M., e Adam G. Walke. "Cross-Border Shopping and Employment Patterns in the Southwestern United States". Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 10, n.º 03 (outubro de 2019): 1950015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993319500157.
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Price differentials, among other factors, persuade many residents of Northern Mexico to shop in the Southwestern United States border region. Employment patterns in the latter region are studied using a set of control variables and two indicators that are likely to influence cross-border shopping patterns. The first is a real exchange rate index, which captures changes in relative prices in the United States and Mexico. The second is real per capita gross state product in Mexican states adjacent to the international boundary. Both of these variables are found to impact retail and restaurant employment in the United States border zone, confirming that cross-border shopping influences labor market conditions in that region. Furthermore, the estimated elasticities vary across retail sub-sectors in ways that are generally consistent with prior research. Overall, the results suggest that economic setbacks in Northern Mexico and real peso depreciations are likely to have adverse consequences for important sectors of border economies in the United States.
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Viphindrartin, Sebastiana, Duwi yunitasari e Regina Niken Wilantari. "Analysis of United States Quantitative Easing Policy on Real Output in Indonesia". Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 9, n.º 2 (2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2021.009.02.7.
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This study discusses analysis of United States quantitative easing policy on real output in Indonesia. QE policy not only affects US economy but also influences the economic indicators of other countries, especially Indonesia countries with increasingly integrated market conditions. At present the Indonesia economy has been very open, so that policies originating from abroad can affect the country's economic conditions. The possibility of global spillover against non-conventional monetary policies such as QE. It is using the Vector Autoreggresion (VAR) methods to see the effect of QE policy. The data is time series for the 1999Q1- 2016Q4. This study will analyze the impact of macroeconomic variables such as interest rates, money supply and inflation on GDP. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the QE policy has an impact on the rate of GDP growth in each country of Indonesia
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Moseley, Fred. "The rate of profit and economic stagnation in the United States economy". Historical Materialism 1, n.º 1 (1997): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920697100414168.
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AbstractIn the first thirty years after World War II, the US economy performed very well. The rate of growth averaged 4—5%, the rate of unemployment was seldom above 5%, inflation was almost non-existent (1—2%), and the living standards of workers improved steadily. These were the ‘good old days'. However, this long period of expansion and prosperity ended in the 1970s. Since then, both the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation have been much higher than before, and the average real wages of workers (i.e. the purchasing power of wages) have declined some 20%. Productivity growth has also slowed down and the debt burden of both capitalist enterprises and the Federal government has increased dramatically. It is in this sense that we may refer to the ‘economic crisis’ of the US economy over the last two decades. This crisis has certainly not been as severe as the Great Depression of the 1930s, but the economic performance has been significantly worse than in the early post-war period.
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Viphindrartin, Sebastiana, Duwi Yunitasari e Regina Niken Wilantari. "Analysis of United States Quantitative Easing Policy on Real Output in Indonesia". Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics 9, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.009.02.7.
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This study discusses analysis of United States quantitative easing policy on real output in Indonesia. QE policy not only affects US economy but also influences the economic indicators of other countries, especially Indonesia countries with increasingly integrated market conditions. At present the Indonesia economy has been very open, so that policies originating from abroad can affect the country's economic conditions. The possibility of global spillover against non-conventional monetary policies such as QE. It is using the Vector Autoreggresion (VAR) methods to see the effect of QE policy. The data is time series for the 1999Q1-2016Q4. This study will analyze the impact of macroeconomic variables such as interest rates, money supply and inflation on GDP. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the QE policy has an impact on the rate of GDP growth in each country of  Indonesia.
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Hopkins, A. G. "The United States, 1783–1861: Britain's Honorary Dominion?" Britain and the World 4, n.º 2 (setembro de 2011): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2011.0024.
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This essay reinterprets the evolution of the United States between 1783 and 1861 from the perspective of imperial history. The established literature on this period focuses on the national story, and particularly on the struggle to achieve liberty and democracy. Historians of empire, however, routinely distinguish between formal and effective independence and evaluate the often halting progress of ex-colonial states in achieving a substantive transfer of power. Considered from this angle, the dominant themes of the period were the search for viability and development rather than for liberty and democracy. The article illustrates this proposition by re-evaluating the political, economic, and cultural themes that are central to the history of the period. The argument in each case is that the United States remained dependent on Great Britain to an extent that greatly limited her effective independence. The standard controversies of domestic political history, notably the battle between Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian visions of the state, are recast as differing strategies for achieving real and permanent independence. Strategies for achieving economic development made practical politics of competing arguments for protection and free trade, but failed to release the economy from its dependence on the British market and British capital. Attempts to create an independent national identity were compromised by the continuing influence of British culture and by the related notion of Anglo-Saxonism, on which prevailing policies of assimilation relied. In all these respects, the United States was an unexceptional ex-colonial state, and indeed closely followed the trajectory of other colonies of white settlement that were classified as dominions within the British Empire. The United States, however, was a dependent state that failed in 1861, and its struggle for independence had to be renewed after the Civil War.
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Bagge, Carl E. "Canada's Project Lazarus: Resurrecting US Nuclear Power?" Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, n.º 2-3 (maio de 1986): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400212.
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The North American coal market is healthy. It will grow in the United States because electricity use will grow; and coal is America's only real option. The Canadian coal industry will grow as well. The only competition for coal in the United States is the non-coal power of Canada. We will compete and establish a natural economic frontier along our border in the east.
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Choi, Youngna. "Economic Stimulus and Financial Instability: Recent Case of the U.S. Household". Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, n.º 6 (11 de junho de 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15060266.
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The effectiveness of government policies and economic stimuli during the 2007 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic are compared in this study. While the 2007 financial crisis started in the real estate market and spread through the contagion effect to other sectors, the pandemic halted the all sectors of the global economy simultaneously. In the United States, where the social safety net is not as strong as other advanced economies, the unemployment rate skyrocketed and many families lost income. The federal government countered with various relief packages, which have been, unlike the rounds of quantitative easing prevalent after the 2007 financial crisis, direct payments to households and businesses. The Agent Instability Indicator and default elasticity coefficient are used to quantitatively assess the financial instability and default risk of subgroups of United States households classified by percentile of income and net worth. It turns out that the financial instability level of the United States household during the pandemic has not been as high as that during the 2007 crisis and the Great Recession. It is concluded that the direct handout of cash—so called helicopter money—is more effective at preventing financial collapse and stabilizing the economy than quantitative easing through asset purchase.
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Dynkin, A., E. Telegina e G. Khalova. "Prospects and Challenges to International Economic and Power Production Cooperation after the Covid-19 Pandemic". World Economy and International Relations 65, n.º 3 (2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-5-10.
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The article examines the trends that hinder the development of international energy and economic cooperation in 2018–2020. These trends have been particularly exacerbated by the COVID‑19 pandemic and the resulting global economic and energy crisis. Falling demand for oil has affected the decline in world commodity prices. Competition between oil exporters has intensified amid falling demand. As a result, international energy cooperation mechanisms in the energy sector have come under serious pressure. The dynamics of relations between the world’s largest economic centers: China, the United States, the European Union, and the Eurasian space have become another aspect of the aggravation of imbalances and confrontational trends in the global economy. The strengthening of trade contradictions between the United States and China in 2018–2019 negatively affected global economic growth and the dynamics of major manufacturing indices. In turn, the events of 2020 clearly confirmed that the contradictions between China and the United States are of a deep structural nature. These contradictions exacerbate the polarization of the global economic system and cannot be overcome by concessions and agreements exclusively in the field of investment and trade. Against this background, the real effectiveness of measures taken in the EU to deal with the economic consequences of both the pandemic and Brexit is questionable, and can only be reliably assessed after a sufficiently long time. The authors show that in contrast to the situation in the EU, the EAEU has tendencies to further strengthen economic, political and energy cooperation. Despite the COVID‑19 pandemic, the global economic crisis and external challenges, the Eurasian Economic Union not only stands up to them, but also continues to actively work to unite the Union’s countries, as well as improve their energy and economic security. The authors offer their vision of further development of international economic and energy cooperation in the post-pandemic period, taking into account the positive trends in the development of the Eurasian space.
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Zhdanov, Vladislav L. "MONITORING OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-TECH INDUSTRIES". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 5/6, n.º 146 (2024): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.05.06.015.
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The United States ranks first in terms of the number of space launches. This breakthrough was caused by the launch of numerous remote sensing satellites. Comparing the global space economy of states, it is noted that the United States spends more money on this than other countries. Russia spends significantly less money. The United States continues to be the world’s largest investor in space programs, followed by China, Russia, the EU and Japan. Monitoring 2020–2022 It shows that the results of economic activity in the space industry, taking into account macroeconomic conditions, are their practical implementation in the production processes of high-tech industries of the space industry. They specifically reflect the real economic state of the space industry, which is based on the reasonable attraction of a significant amount of private investment invested in space scientific and technical PPP projects, which makes it possible to dynamically develop the space industry
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Fernhout, Roel. "‘The United States of Europe Have Commenced’, but for Whom?" Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, n.º 3 (setembro de 1993): 249–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100302.
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The author begins this article with a short description of the early history of the United States of America and makes a comparison with the genesis of the European Community. It is also possible to draw comparisons with the early history of the USA in the area of the free movement of people and immigration. In the European Community, just as in the United States, immigration is treated principally as an economic matter. However, unlike the United States, the free movement of nationals of the member states within the territory of the Community was, at first, also viewed from a purely economic perspective. This exclusive link with economic activities and services was only dropped very recently. The author also looks at the significance of the Union Treaty for the position of nationals of non-member states, who are already settled, living and working in the Community. According to the author, established immigrants should be treated in accordance with the regulations governing the free movement of workers which apply to EC-nationals. A norm of 4 years legal residence could be a reasonable norm for granting free movement within the internal market. The author is convinced that the vague public debate within the Community about equal treatment for the nationals of non-member states will only be dealt with seriously when the concrete problems are put on the table via the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice. That is why the authority of the Court is a necessary prerequisite for the real equal rights to be finally achieved.
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Myasnikova, L. "From Global Crisis to Crash of World System". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 2 (2011): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-2-100-108.
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The financial crisis of 2008 turned into a global crisis of trans-capitalism that had formed in the last quarter of the XXth century in three dimensions: economic, energy security and climate (environmental). The measures undertaken today by the United States and other countries that form the core of the global financial system are focused on preservation of it and do not affect the major institutional sources of the crisis. The emphasis is made on the fire-fighting methods that are based on the monetary dogmas prescribing fast and unsecured issuance of US the dollars. This creates highly dangerous imbalances in the global economy. The United States is turning from a generator of controlled chaos in the world into a generator of unmanaged chaos. In 2006-2007, China overtook the United States in terms of the real GDP. This means a change of the world's economic leader, and the current global crisis is a consequence of this fact. Still, despite the decline of its power, the United States remains an undisputed project, information, scientific and technological and military-political leader of the modern world.
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Juned, Mansur, Siti Maryam, Syahrul Salam e Rahmadini Agung Ayu Utami. "TikTok's Conflict of Interest with the US Government: Between Big Data Security and Economics (2017-2023)". European Journal of Communication and Media Studies 2, n.º 4 (4 de setembro de 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmedia.2023.2.4.23.
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State capabilities in securing cyberspace will determine national security in the real world because cyber data is related to conventional information. This condition makes cybersecurity a complex domain because of its virtual nature, but it can impact aspects in real space. This complexity is also because all parties can access cyber, causing conflicts such as competition for big data interests. This study aims to determine the dispute between TikTok and the United States government over the security of its users' data, especially users from the United States. The United States accuses TikTok of misusing US user data for Chinese intelligence. However, TikTok has denied the allegations. The qualitative method used in this research is based on data collection techniques through a literature study with secondary data support. As a result, TikTok requires user data for product and service development purposes. While the United States is more than that, big data users are a national asset determining their global economic position. There is no hard evidence to suggest that TikTok provided the Chinese government with the data of users from the United States. This paper also views the US government's interest as an extension of the local private sector. This view is based on the finding that TikTok's profits and popularity are far above their all-American competitors.
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Gómez, Mario, e Lisset Cándano. "Economic growth, tourism, and economic policy uncertainty in the main tourist destinations (1998-2018)". econoquantum 21, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18381/eq.v21i1.7315.
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Objective: to study the relationship among tourism demand and economic growth, real exchange rate, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Australia, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Methodology: cross-section dependence, unit root, and cointegration tests were applied. The long-term model was estimated according to the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS), and Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). Results: the results show a positive relationship between economic growth and the real exchange rate concerning tourism demand. In the long term, the causality relationship is from uncertainty, exchange rate, and GDP to tourism. The feedback hypothesis is validated. Limitations: availability of data.Originality: it studies the joint influence of economic growth and the EPU on demand for tourism in the countries of the world’s leading destinations for international tourism according to international tourist income. Conclusions: tourism will drive general economic growth and, correspondingly, investment in other sectors of the economy will also influence an increase in tourism.
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Prof Rashmi Shahu. "Effect of Global Economic Slowdown". Prabhandan - Journal of Business Administration 1, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2010): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.58716/pjbagitmba.v1i1.2.
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A recession is a decline in a country's gross domestic product (GDP), or negative real economic growth, for two or more successive quarters of a year. The United States-based National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) defines economic recession as: "a significant decline in the economic activity spread across the country, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDPgrowth, real personal income, employment (non-farm payrolls), industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. The paper tries to find out the various ways and factors that have affected the employees due to the Economic Slowdown. The performance could be improved or decreased due to fear of lay off and retrenchment policies followed in some companies.
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Lee, Woojung, Victoria Dayer, Boshen Jiao, Josh J. Carlson, Beth Devine e David L. Veenstra. "Use of real-world evidence in economic assessments of pharmaceuticals in the United States". Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 27, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.1.005.
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Yudina, Tamara N., e Lindun Yao. "The Emergence of China as a Cyber Superpower". Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2024): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131281224020094.
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The article is devoted to the emergence of China as a cybernetic superpower and its foundations in the context of the characteristics of Chinese digitalization, the digital economy (“digital economy”), as well as the stages of its development. This process covers the period from 2014, when Xi Jinping announced the emergence of China as a cyber power, to the present. The process of the formation of China as a cyber superpower goes in parallel with the emergence of the PRC as an economic superpower. This means that the digital economy as an economy of a new technological order (or a new technological generation) can only develop effectively with the parallel effective development of the real sector of the economy, producing real and not virtual goods (goods and services), based on a new innovative model of economic management. This fundamental conclusion is the main result of our study. The cybernetic revolution, as well as economic globalization and global digitalization, as two parallel megatrends that give a cumulative effect, resulted in a post-industrial economy in the world, as well as initially the United States as a technological power. At the new stage of economic globalization and global digitalization, as well as the post-industrial economy, there is technological competition between the United States and China and even a technological war unleashed by the United States for technological leadership. Special attention in the article is paid to tectonic changes in the global digital economy, when the so-called. “artificial intelligence” is becoming a meaningful technology, the main way to achieve the country’s competitiveness. It is “artificial intelligence” that becomes the criterion for determining which country will become a de facto cyber leader, a superpower. The authors of the article consider the second result of their research to be scientific proof that China has sufficient potential to become a cyber superpower.
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Sharypova, Olga, Natalya Galtseva e Oksana Favstritskaya. "Foreign Experience of Structural Transformation of Economic Systems". Regionalistica 9, n.º 6 (2022): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2022.6.109.
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The article considers the most successful experience of structural transformations of the economic systems of the old industrial regions of the world, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (China, the Republic of Korea), the northern Scandinavian countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden), as well as the Arctic territories of Canada and the United States. The purpose of the study was to study, first of all, the most successful practices for use in the structural transformations of the economic systems of the Far North-East of Russia. On the basis of the studied experience, a typology of structural transformation of the economy by the nature of the causes of occurrence (natural / spontaneous, program-target / forced) and the object of impact (industrial, sectoral, spatial, technological, institutional, reproducible) is proposed
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Borzova, M. A., e А. S. Kolbin. "Applying real-world data to support regulatory decision — making in the United States". Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika = Good Clinical Practice 20, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2021): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/2588-0519-2021-1-64-69.
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The article describes the legal basis for the application of real-world data to support regulatory decision-making in the United States, as well as the possibility of implementing the relevant approaches in the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Shachmurove, Yochanan. "A historical overview of financial crises in the United States". Economics and Business Review 11, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2011): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2011.1.864.
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One of the few constants since the United States declared its independence is the presence of frequent financial crises with similar causes. In the nineteenth century, these panics were frequent with eight occurring over the century. However, following the Second World War there was a period of relative calm, which may have led to complacency. The Savings and Loans and the current financial crises have shown that these events remain a very real threat to economic stability. I have greatly benefitted from research assistance by Zach Winston from Pennsylvania State University and Gregory Kauffman from the University of Pennsylvania. (original abstract)
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Vlaskin, Pavel G., e Ivan M. Tenyakov. "The impact of financialization on economic growth (the example of the USA and Russia)". USA & Canada Economics – Politics – Culture, n.º 11 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s268667302311010x.
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The article reveals the contradictory impact of financialization on modern economic growth. The approaches of foreign and Russian researchers to the content of the phenomenon of financialization and the consequences of its spread for the economic growth of the national economy are systematized. The positive impact of moderate financialization (stimulating investment, including in knowledge-intensive sectors) and the negative consequences of high financialization for economic growth are highlighted. Econometric models have been constructed that assess the impact of financialization on the dynamics of real GDP in the United States and Russia. The conclusion about the negative relationship between financialization and economic growth in these countries is confirmed. It is noted that in Russia the impact of financialization on economic growth rates is more pronounced, although the indicators of financialization (the share of the financial sector in GDP) are lower than in the United States.
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Kolbin, A. S., e D. Yu Belousov. "A brief report of real-world evidence development (RWD/RWE) in 2021: United States, Russia, and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)". Real-World Data & Evidence 2, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-6.
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The article provides a brief overview of the main trends in the development of real-world data and real-world evidence (RWD/RWE) paradigm in the United States, Russia, and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in 2021. The review is compiled in calendar sequence. First, events in the United States are presented, sourced from the information resource, "The Evidence Base". Following this, data for the Russian Federation and the EAEU are collected and stored on the "myRWD — Real Clinical Practice" Facebook page, and in the journal "Real-World Data & Evidence". The information is summarized and a complete picture of the development of real clinical practice and its evidence in the indicated countries is given.
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Hummel, Daniel, e Blake Goud. "An esham-ijara structure in the United States?" Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 8, n.º 4 (4 de setembro de 2017): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2015-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore Islamic borrowing at the local level in redevelopment authorities in the USA through an ijara and esham framework. Design/methodology/approach A hypothetical example is approached with a real redevelopment authority in the City of Pompano Beach, Florida. Actual data from past borrowing in a tax increment financing district are compared to an Islamic financing approach to test for competitiveness to a conventional approach. Findings It was found that when incorporating a crowdsourced option along with an ijara and esham approach, the returns on investment are higher than for a conventional approach. The risk is higher, but the returns are also higher which possibly increases the incentive to invest in these options. Research limitations This scenario is only hypothetical and based on many assumptions. A real-world application of the approach would have to be attempted to confidently determine its viability. Practical implications The potential competitiveness of this financing approach as well as its higher sustainability makes this a favorable approach for local redevelopment authorities to implement for needed money for infrastructure projects in blighted areas of the city. It is also of interest to Muslim countries that are devolving authority to their local governments. Originality/value This paper considers an alternative approach to tax increment financing which relies on a revenue sharing arrangement called an esham–ijara and esham–sukuk risk-sharing structure in Islamic financing terminology. There is currently very little discussion of esham in Islamic finance and no discussion of the application of Islamic finance to local economic development enterprises.
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Kinoshita, Eizo. "Proposition of Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 31 (30 de novembro de 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n31p1.
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In this paper, the author proposes a developed version of “Thetical and Antithetical Economics” (12)(14), a theory proposed earlier by himself. In doing so, he first defines the nature of “inflationary gap” and “deflationary gap,” respectively, followed by an in-depth analysis of “Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line,” by examining real-life examples in Japan, the United States and Germany during the first half of the 20th century. In the subsequent discussion of “Thetical and Antithetical Economic Line,” he clarifies how an “antithetical bubble” has been created. In the end, he goes on to give a thorough description of the true identity of “deflationary gap.”
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Mao, Rui, e Yang Yao. "Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes, Real Undervaluation, and Economic Growth". Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 07, n.º 02 (4 de maio de 2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993316500083.
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Using data on sectoral value added and purchasing power parity converter, we are able to estimate the home country’s industrial-service (quasi-) relative-relative total factor productivity (TFP) against the United States. Applying those estimates, our econometric exercises provide robust results showing that the fixed exchange rate regime (FERR) dampens the Balassa–Samuelson effect, and the real undervaluation thus created promotes growth. We also explore the channels of undervaluation to promote growth. Lastly, we compare industrial countries and developing countries and find that the FERR has more significant effects in developing countries than in industrial countries.
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Peek, Joe, e Eric S. Rosengren. "Collateral Damage: Effects of the Japanese Bank Crisis on Real Activity in the United States". American Economic Review 90, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2000): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.90.1.30.
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The Japanese banking crisis provides a natural experiment to test whether a loan supply shock can affect real economic activity. Because the shock was external to U.S. credit markets, yet connected through the Japanese bank penetration of U.S. markets, this event allows us to identify an exogenous loan supply shock and ultimately link that shock to construction activity in U.S. commercial real estate markets. We exploit the variation across geographically distinct commercial real estate markets to establish conclusively that loan supply shocks emanating from Japan had real effects on economic activity in the United States. (JEL E44, F36)
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Chen, Weihong. "A Comparative Study of Employment Pressure Between American and Chinese College Students". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 27 (5 de março de 2024): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/7356rp21.
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With the increase of global economic uncertainty, geopolitical conflicts and the increasingly fierce competition between China and the United States, the world economy is slowly falling into a recession, and one of the serious problems caused by it is the employment of college students. According to relevant statistics, for China, the current unemployment rate of college students has reached a record high, in the United States, due to the large number of prestigious schools, but the U.S. domestic real economy is not so strong employment absorption capacity, so the United States graduating college students face the same employment pressure should not be underestimated. This paper analyzes the employment pressure of college students in China and the United States through a combination of qualitative analysis and case study method, and forms targeted policy recommendations on the basis of the analysis. The research in this paper can provide some support to the current research on college students' employment.
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Morozov, Yuri V., e Natalia Y. Panchenko. "Climate Agenda in Bilateral Relations between China and the United States". Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2024): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0131281224020025.
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The relevance of the article is due to the ongoing climate changes on the planet, the negative consequences of which threaten the international community. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis: the efforts of the United Nations, China and the United States in combating climate change on the planet; the evolution of relations on the climate agenda between China and the United States; and the prospects for the development of climate policy by Beijing and Washington. To achieve these goals, the authors used the following research methods: observations, generalizations, abstractions, induction and deduction, formalization and concretization, structural deductive and comparative analyses of published materials on the topic of the article. These research methods allowed the authors of the article to come to the following conclusions. China and the United States have established a comprehensive regulatory framework to combat the negative effects of climate change, which constantly improved. Thanks to its economic power of the United States, as well as its initiatives in the IMF, the Arctic Council and the G-20 and G-7 aimed at the use of clean energy by economically developed countries in various fields of their application, Washington is an informal leader among developed powers. Beijing actively cooperates with developing countries, which it helps to neutralize the threats associated with climate change. Therefore, he informally heads them. In the field of cooperation between China and the United States on the climate agenda its cooperation constant difficulties, mainly related to the violation of the "red lines" in the political and economic areas of its rivalry in the international arena. However, the governments of both States still finding a common platform to maintain cooperation on climate change issues. At the same time, the Chinese side links cooperation in this area with the improvement of general relations between Washington and Beijing.
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Alekhin, B. I. "Real money and economic growth in Russia and the United States in the 21st century". Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n.º 7 (27 de julho de 2023): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2307-02.
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The aim of this paper is to test empirically the point of view that economic growth is a function of only one variable — money supply. According to Russian economist S.N. Blinov, to achieve 5 % annual growth rate of GDP within three months it is sufficient to increase real money supply by 26 % annually. For empirical verifi cation Granger causality test and other instruments of econometrics of time series were used on data ranging from the 1st quarter of 2000 to the 4th of 2022 (92 quarterly observations). The null hypothesis that causality runs from real M2 to real GDP, but not in the opposite direction was rejected in favor of by-directional causality. Lagged GDP systematically contributes much more to economic grows than real M2 and contributes much more in Russia than in the United States. In addition, the author comes to the conclusion that in the USA the influence of real money on the economy is much stronger and faster than in Russia, and the role of the central bank is much more signifi cant. Since 1977, when the US Congress gave the Fed a «double mandate», i.e. assigned it responsibility for economic growth, the Fed’s monetary policy is designed to ensure maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates in the US economy. Employment and inflation targets as a rule, they are complimentary. Working in a completely different economy, the Bank of Russia successfully disavows this responsibility.
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Minat, Valerij N. "FACTOR OF ETHNO-CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES". Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 478, n.º 8 (18 de outubro de 2023): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2023-478-8-50-62.
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The regional development of one of the largest federations in the world — the United States of America, which is distinguished by the extreme diversity of the population and human potential of various territories and the uneven development of the economy — is historically influenced by the factor of ethnocultural diversity. In recent decades, American federalism has been characterized by a qualitatively “new” trend associated with the regionalization of social and economic relations in the context of regional systems. Based on a theoretical and methodological review of existing studies on the relationship between economic development, ethno-demographic heterogeneity and cultural evolution in the United States, using the necessary econometric methodological support, both theoretical and a number of empirical regression models were constructed. The specifi cation and analysis of the modeling results made it possible to put forward and reasonably confirm hypotheses that refl ect the differentiation of the factor of ethnocultural diversity in the regional development of the United States depending on the mutual influence of concomitant factors, the increasing role of the cultural component and the need to determine the optimal level of ethnocultural diversity for the regions of the country that have retained or are gradually changing their socio-economic genotype. It has been established that the program regulation of regional development in order to equalize the incomes of the population of various ethnic groups, carried out within the framework of the state regional policy of the United States, is largely selective in nature and is generally successful in the retrospective period.
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Folbre, Nancy, e Barnet Wagman. "Counting Housework: New Estimates of Real Product in the United States, 1800–1860". Journal of Economic History 53, n.º 2 (junho de 1993): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700012912.
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Women engaged primarily in the provision of domestic services for family members make important contributions to total output. This article provides estimates of the size and sectoral allocation of the nonmarket household work force in the United States between 1800 and 1860. Those estimates are then used as a basis for several alternative imputations of the value of these women's work, which modify the historical picture of economic growth over this period.
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Shamseddine, N., A. Bozas, H. Yang, S. Zhang, D. Ye, S. Seshasayee, J. Chen, S. Kumar e KV Kowdley. "EE79 Real-World Clinical and Economic Burden of Primary Biliary Cholangitis in the United States". Value in Health 27, n.º 6 (junho de 2024): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2024.03.379.
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Chen, Haiwei. "International Real Estate Review". International Real Estate Review 20, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2017): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100241.
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Both parametric and nonparametric tests show that housing price volatility is lower in states that impose a real estate transfer tax on transaction values than those that impose no such tax in the United States. However, regression analyses show no difference in price volatility between the two tax regimes, after controlling for known economic and demographic factors, such as income, population growth, mortgage rates, property taxes, and jobless rates. Such a conclusion is robust because the fixed effect and the two-way clustering models are used to account for irregularities in the error structures.
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Jeon, Hwayoung, Brad Hartman, Harvey Cutler, Rebecca Hill, Yuchen Hu, Tao Lu, Martin Shields e David D. Turner. "Estimating the economic impacts of improved wind speed forecasts in the United States electricity sector". Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 14, n.º 3 (maio de 2022): 036101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0081905.
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Each year the U.S. government makes significant investments in improving weather forecast models. In this paper, we use a multidisciplinary approach to examine how utilities can benefit from improved wind-speed forecasts to more efficiently use wind-generated electricity and subsequently increase economic activity. Specifically, we examine how improvements to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's high-resolution rapid refresh model (HRRR) wind forecasts can provide (1) cost savings for utilities and (2) increase in real household income. To do so, we compare 12-h-ahead wind forecasts with real-time observations for two HRRR model transitions (i.e., when one model is operational, the other is being tested). We compare estimates of actual and predicted wind power under the publicly available and developmental models, with reduced forecast errors allowing for better utility decision-making and lower production costs. We then translate potential cost savings into electricity price changes, which are entered as exogenous shocks to eight regional computable general equilibrium models constructed for the U.S. Overall, we find that households would have seen a potential $60 million increase in real income for our sample (13% of all contiguous U.S. land-based turbine capacity), which had the updated HRRR models been in place during the two transition periods; applying our estimated savings for the sample of turbines to the entire array of turbines shows a potential real household income increase in approximately $384 million during these time frames.