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1
Wu, Donggao. "The Joint Development Management System and Legal System of China and the DPRK on the Rason Economic and Trade District". Korea Association Of Real Estate Law 23, n.º 3 (30 de novembro de 2019): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32989/rel.2019.23.3.143.
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Hermawan, M. Ozha Putra, e Etha Pasan. "KERJASAMA INFRASTRUKTUR CINA-PAKISTAN MELALUI CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR TAHUN 2013-2020". Spektrum 21, n.º 1 (12 de janeiro de 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/spektrum.v21i1.9956.
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Cina berkeinginan untuk melakukan percepatan kegiatan ekonomi dan memperluas jalur sutra melalui pembangunan infrastruktur. Untuk mencapai keinginan tersebut Cina melakukan hubungan kerjasama dengan negara tetangga, yaitu Pakistan. Kerjasama ini tertuang dalam China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Cina menginvestasikan sebesar US$ 46 Million untuk pembangunan infrastruktur di Pakistan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerjasama antara Cina-Pakistan merupakan kerjasama bilateral yang bersifat teknik melalui pembangunan infrastruktur meliputi jalan raya, rel kereta api, dan pelabuhan di Pakistan dengan tujuan memperpendek waktu dan jarak tempuh jalur perdagangan Cina.
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Jiang, Xiaoli, Lingyu Wang, Xiaofeng Su, Weipeng Zeng, Anxin Xu, Qiujin Zheng e Wenxing Xu. "Spatial heterogeneity in and distributional characteristics of rural ecological livability in China——The case of Fujian Province". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 12 (29 de dezembro de 2020): e0244238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244238.
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With the outbreak of COVID-19, the importance of rural areas has been gradually highlighted, and the importance of rural ecological livability has been gradually recognized. A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of building a rural ecological livability (REL) system. It is urgent that we clarify the status quo and spatial-temporal differences in and distributional characteristics of rural ecological livability and that we carry out targeted and differentiated construction to promote rural ecological livability in post-epidemic China. This study proposes a conceptual model that incorporates various economic, social and environmental factors and develops a comprehensive multifactor (production-living-ecology) evaluation system. Using Fujian Province as an example, the entropy weight method is used to measure the REL level of 55 counties and cities, which are comprehensively evaluated from 2015 to 2019. Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* are used to analyze the spatial and distributional characteristics of the REL level in Fujian. The results show that the level of REL in Fujian Province has been relatively flat over the past five years, with a slight downward trend. The overall value of the rural ecological livability index in 2015 was 0.345, and its overall value in 2019 was 0.334, with an average value of 0.343. The REL of Fujian Province is spatially correlated, with high levels of livability in the southeast and low levels in the northeast. The autocorrelation in the level of ecological livability in Fujian's counties and cities continues to increase.
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Wirapratama, Andi. "ANALISIS MOTIF PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN REL KERETA API KUNMING-SINGAPURA (2015-2017)". Indonesian Journal of International Relations 5, n.º 1 (30 de agosto de 2020): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v5i1.128.
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ABSTRACT
China is popularizing the Belt Road Initiative or abbreviated as BRI, which is an ambitious development plan involving many regions throughout the world. One of BRI's projects is the construction of the Kunming-Singapore railroad track. BRI's motives are still confusing between the economy and geopolitics. Not to mention, there is a paradox in China's leadership statement regarding BRI as a political or economic foreign policy tool. As a result, the railroad project also has a mixed motive. This research attempts to uncover the motive of Kunming-Singapore Railroad construction project. This study tries to analyze this phenomenon with three concepts, offensive realism, commercial liberalism, and Giovanni Arrighi's capitalism mode. The results of this study show that the railroad project has economic and geopolitical factors behind it. Economic and geopolitical factors are both dominating and complementing China's decision to invest in this project due to changes in the structure of the domestic and international economy and to maximize wealth in order to become a Great Power.
Keywords:
ABSTRAK
Tiongkok sedang mempopulerkan Belt Road Initiative atau disingkat BRI, yang merupakan sebuah rencana pembangunan ambisius yang melibatkan banyak kawasan di seluruh dunia. Salah satu proyek BRI adalah pembangunan jalur rel kereta api Kunming-Singapura. Motif BRI saat ini masih simpang siur, antara ekonomi dan geopolitik. Belum lagi, ada paradoks dalam pernyataan kepemimpinan Tiongkok terkait BRI sebagai alat politik atau ekonomi. Walhasil, proyek jalur rel kereta api ini juga memiliki motif yang simpang siur. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengungkap proyek pembangunan Jalur Rel Kereta Api Kunming-Singapura. Penelitian ini mencoba menganalisis fenomena ini dengan tiga konsep, offensive realism, commercial liberalism, dan mode kapitalisme Giovanni Arrighi, Hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa proyek jalur kereta api ini memiliki faktor ekonomi dan geopolitik yang melatarbelakanginya. Faktor ekonomi maupun geopolitik sama-sama mendominasi dan saling melengkapi keputusan Tiongkok untuk berinvestasi dalam proyek ini disebabkan karena perubahan struktur ekonomi domestik dan internasional serta berupaya untuk memaksimalkan kekayaan agar dapat menjadi Great Power.
Kata kunci: BRI; RRC; Kunming; Singapura; rel kereta api.
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Zheng, Yingjie. "The Impact of Carbon-neutral Planning on China's Economy". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 35, n.º 1 (10 de novembro de 2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/35/20231724.
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After China put forward the development goal of carbon neutralization and peak carbon, new energy power such as wind power, hydroelectric power, and solar power are undergoing booming development. The plan of carbon neutrality not only has environmental values but also has great economic values for Chinas economy. This paper will study the topic from the following aspects: Literature review, carbon neutrality development in China, potential impacts of carbon neutrality on the Chinese economy, and the economic impact outlook. The transition to carbon neutrality brings great benefits for China despite its challenges. This study focuses especially on new energy resources by analyzing the real changes that took place in China in recent years on the way to achieve carbon neutrality. Given the fact that China is still in a critical stage of development, energy storage is of great importance to China. It is no doubt that Chinas transition to new energy resources is a huge driver for its economic growth and economic boom.
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Karlusov, V. "China and the Global Crisis". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 6 (20 de junho de 2009): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-6-125-136.
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Based on the case of China, the article addresses the challenges posed by the current global crisis for national economies including Russia. In this context, the author analyzes the anti-crisis measures and factors, the evolution of Chinas socio-economic strategy and modernization of the real and financial sectors of the Chinese economy. The article also focuses on retrospective comparative assessment of economic dynamics, periodization, growth rates and future growth prospects of Chinas GDP. The final general conclusions are significant and relevant for China as well as for other economies in transition, catch-up and growing market economies including Russia.
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CHIFU, Iulian. "European China Policies: Aligning with the Red Lines of Global Economic Competition". Romanian Military Thinking 2023, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2023): 78–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.3.04.
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European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s speech at the meeting organised by the Mercator Institute for China Studies and the European Policy Centre revealed a comprehensive and realistic European strategy on China, adjusted to the latest developments (European Commission). These foreshadow the EU’s future Economic Security Strategy. The major outstanding European issues in the relationship with China remain on the table: the EU between China and the USA, in the context of the debate about Beijing’s usefulness in dealing with Russia and possible arms deliveries; the possibility of concomitant EU decoupling from Russia and China; but above all, the need for real war preparedness of European industries. The refusal to see the competition of democracies with China going to war leads to the rejection of the instrument of real deterrence of Beijing’s march towards a new global war. All this while French ambitions and obsession with strategic autonomy (Taylor, 2022) undermine EU unity, and Germany has been forced by Macron’s post-Beijing tirades to restore clarity to the European position and red lines on China.
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Iskanderova, Amina. "TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA-USA RELATIONS". Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 03, n.º 01 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-03-01-01.
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The U.S.-China relationship is the most complex bilateral relationship for the United States. Over the last 30 years, Sino-American relations have undergone an impressive transformation from animosity and conflict to candid dialogue and constructive cooperation. These two vast and complicated countries have found common ground on issues of trade, investment and, more recently, security. But key issues remain unresolved, and the potential for troubling divergence is real as China becomes an economic powerhouse, a military force in Asia, and a potential rival to U.S. hegemony. In this article described the transformation of China-USA relations from the period of post-World War II. The U.S.-China relationship is the most complex bilateral relationship for the United States. Over the last 30 years, Sino-American relations have undergone an impressive transformation from animosity and conflict to candid dialogue and constructive cooperation. These two vast and complicated countries have found common ground on issues of trade, investment and, more recently, security. But key issues remain unresolved, and the potential for troubling divergence is real as China becomes an economic powerhouse, a military force in Asia, and a potential rival to U.S. hegemony.
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Zhu, Fengyi. "The Impact of Financial Risk Factors on Chinas Real Economy". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 77, n.º 1 (18 de abril de 2024): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/77/20241716.
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As the worlds second largest economy, China has accounted for around one-third of global GDP growth over the last decade while, at the same time, Chinas economy faces a dramatic increase of economic uncertainty and financial risks in the recent years, preventing financial risk has been made a top economic priority for the next years of Chinas government work.This study employs dynamic factor model with time-varying coefficients to build three factors associated with financial risk derived from extensive financial and macroeconomic data in China. Subsequently, this paper investigate the non-linear impacts of these financial risk factors on China's real economy. Our findings reveal that financial risk shocks have the potential to transmit to the real economy, inducing a contractionary effect on both output and inflation rates. Notably, these spillover effects are significantly magnified during periods of economic recession. The most important policy implication of this paper is that: other than monitoring and preventing the financial risks in financial system, Chinas government should also reduce its policy uncertainties to better promote financial stability.
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Khadim, Zunaira, Irem Batool e Muhammad Bilal Lodhi. "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, Logistics Developments and Economic Growth in Pakistan". Logistics 5, n.º 2 (7 de junho de 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics5020035.
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The study aims to analyze the impact of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) logistics-related developments on economic growth in Pakistan. The study defined a Cobb–Douglas type of research framework in which the country’s real income level relates to four factor inputs, e.g., employed labor force, logistics development, financial development, and energy consumption in an economy. The study utilized the time series data set for the period 1972–2018. To estimate the long run relationship and short run adjustment mechanism, the study used Johansen’s method of co-integration and error correction model. Estimated results showed that the country’s logistics developments have a significant positive impact on economic growth in both the long run and the short run. It implies that China–Pakistan collaborative efforts for logistics developments will have a strong positive impact on economic growth in Pakistan.
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Ritchie, John. "Arguing Chinese Economic Miracle Claims". Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 7, n.º 4 (outubro de 1996): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9600700403.
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Once the Chinese economy drew little inspiration. For long its true prospects did not greatly excite. Some like Max Weber considered China too backwardly custom-bound instead. Others could scarcely imagine any real economic breakthrough. Subsequent Chinese economic claims hardly dispelled these doubts. But now China stands reinvented all that might finally change. Today’s rising Chinese economic miracle claims surpass them all. Many envisage China being transformed into some global factory-cum-marketplace challenger ahead. Yet for all that certain doubts remain. Accordingly this paper deliberately reconstitutes these claims themselves. In so doing it finds the three particular modal arguments they employ are more than just accessories to rising economic facts. They rather forestructure whatever these facts are taken or supposed to be. Consequently only when such argumentation itself appears better recognised will any true basis for Chinese economic miracle claims finally become clear.
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Shenkar, Oded. "China, Economics, and FDI Reflections on Selling China". Management and Organization Review 1, n.º 02 (julho de 2005): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2005.00015.x.
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Yasheng Huang presents a detailed and meticulous analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China during the reform period. The author should be commended for collecting and analysing descriptive information on China-based FDI that is useful to practitioners as much as to researchers, and for arguing a seemingly intriguing thesis about China's economic ascent. He also presents a number of industry cases, some of which, like that on the Chinese handicraft industry, are particularly captivating. Yet, at the end of the day, what this book does best in my mind is illustrate the confines of traditional academic paradigms when faced with real-life phenomena that are too broad and complex to be captured by a single lens. This is, it itself, an important service.
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Lau, Lawrence J. "The China–US Trade War and Future Economic Relations". China and the World 02, n.º 02 (junho de 2019): 1950012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729319500123.
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The immediate and the real impacts of the China–US trade war on the Chinese and US economies are assessed. It is shown that while the impacts are negative and significant, they are smaller in both absolute terms and relative to GDP for the US than for China, but manageable by both economies. However, the economic and technological competition between the two economies is likely to continue even after the tariff war is settled. The Chinese economy will continue to grow at a faster real rate than the US economy and will likely surpass the US economy in terms of aggregate real GDP in the early 2030s. It will take longer for the overall Chinese technological level to catch up to that of the US. In terms of real GDP per capita, it will likely be the end of the twenty-first century before China catches up with the US.
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Chang, Huanyu, Bing Zhang, Jingyan Han, Yong Zhao, Yongqiang Cao, Jiaqi Yao e Linrui Shi. "Evaluation of the Coupling Coordination and Sustainable Development of Water–Energy–Land–Food System on a 40-Year Scale: A Case Study of Hebei, China". Land 13, n.º 7 (19 de julho de 2024): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13071089.
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Driven by economic expansion, urbanization, and population growth, the world is witnessing an escalating demand for water, energy, land, and food, posing substantial threats to the sustainable development of societies and economies. Given the intricate interdependencies inherent within the water–energy–land–food (WELF) system, it is imperative to conduct comprehensive assessments of the coupling coordination and sustainable development of the WELF system over long time scales and diverse characteristic dimensions. This study selects Hebei province, China, as the research region, constructing a comprehensive indicator system spanning from 1980 to 2020 using three dimensions: reliability (Rel), robustness (Rob), and equilibrium (Equ). The degree of coupling coordination (DCC) and sustainable development index (SDI) were developed using the comprehensive evaluation index and coupling coordination degree model. Additionally, the obstacle degree model and gray relational degree model were employed to assess the indicators that hinder or promote the SDI. The results indicate that: (1) The DCC (range of 0–1, bigger the better) of the WELF system increased from 0.65 to 0.75 between 1980 and 1998, then fluctuated between 0.75 and 0.69, stabilizing at a moderate level of coordinated development after 2015. (2) For the WELF system in Hebei, as Rel increased, Rob decreased, and Equ increased; similarly, as Rob increased, Equ also increased. (3) The SDI (range of 0–1, bigger the better) rose from 0.45 in 1980, initially increased, then decreased, and eventually stabilized. After 2014, it experienced rapid growth, reaching 0.54 by 2020, indicating an improvement in sustainable development capability. (4) Indicators related to the Equ dimension and the land subsystem were more critical limiting factors for SDI development, while indicators related to the Rel dimension and the food subsystem were more significant contributors to SDI development. These findings offer a scientific foundation and practical insights for Hebei and comparable regions, aiding in the resolution of resource conflicts, optimization of resource allocation, and enhancement of regional sustainable development.
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Shay, Shaul. "China and the Red Sea region". Security science journal 4, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2023): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37458/ssj.4.2.4.
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As the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden waters are projected to be one of the main geostrategic and geoeconomic flashpoints of the competition among great powers, China is expected to further bolster its profile as a commercial and military heavyweight in this critical saltwater artery connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. China is strategically leveraging its economic and military power to establish a significant presence in the Red Sea region, a critical maritime corridor. Through infrastructure investments, commercial partnerships, and naval deployments, Beijing navigates the delicate balance between economic expansion and military projection while managing the geopolitical implications of its growing influence, (Leonardo Jacopo, 2023). The article is based on my book: The Red Sea Region between War and Reconciliation, Liverpool University Press, 2019.
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Zhao, Bin. "The impact of COVID-19 on Farmers' Economic Income in Hubei Province of China". Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports 3, n.º 2 (17 de março de 2021): 01–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8794/060.
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This paper discusses the statistical measurement of the impact of COVID-19 major emergencies on farmers' economic income in Hubei Province. Hubei Province was selected as the object of analysis, and five data of total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and per capita disposable income of farmers in Hubei Province from the first quarter of 2013 to the second quarter of 2020 were collected by using the Internet. Since all the collected data were macroeconomic data, these data were taken the logarithm to meet the economic significance. The per capita disposable income of farmers was taken as the response variable, and the main factors affecting farmers' income were obtained by factor analysis. Livestock husbandry and fishery industries were the main industries in Hubei Province. Then the score of factor analysis were taken as explained variable to establish regression model composed of influencing factors. This paper use the multiple linear regression, support vector regression to fitting and forecasting data, ARIMA model of time series analysis, introduced at the same time, through the AIC model choice, with the first quarter of 2013 to 2019 in the second quarter fitting training, backward prediction two quarters, and three or four quarter of 2019 compared with the real data, through to the predicted results of the sequence diagram and evaluation index model to compare the mean square error (RMSE). Three models predict per capita disposable income of farmers in the first and second quarter of 2020. It has been found that performance better ARIMA model in the model compare is worse than before, and three kinds of predicted values are higher than the real value of the model, showed the outbreak to the influence of the agricultural economy in hubei province is serious. On this basis, taking into account the characteristics of geomorphic climate in Hubei province, the constructive suggestions are put forward.
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Cong, Lin William, Haoyu Gao, Jacopo Ponticelli e Xiaoguang Yang. "Credit Allocation Under Economic Stimulus: Evidence from China". Review of Financial Studies 32, n.º 9 (31 de janeiro de 2019): 3412–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz008.
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Abstract We study credit allocation across firms and its real effects during China’s economic stimulus plan of 2009–2010. We match confidential loan-level data from the nineteen largest Chinese banks with firm-level data on manufacturing firms. We document that the stimulus-driven credit expansion disproportionately favored state-owned firms and firms with a lower average product of capital, reversing the process of capital reallocation toward private firms that characterized China’s high growth before 2008. We argue that implicit government guarantees for state-connected firms become more prominent during recessions and can explain this reversal. Received August 23, 2017; editorial decision November 15, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan.
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Lu, Wanbo, Yifu Wang e Xingjian Zhang. "Which news topics drive economic prosperity in China?" PLOS ONE 18, n.º 10 (16 de outubro de 2023): e0291862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291862.
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Precise and real-time measurements of economic prosperity are vital to a country’s economic system. This study aims to identify news topics that promoted economic prosperity in China from 2011–2021. By extracting economic topics from news text data, we construct a news coincidence index with comprehensive information and strong timeliness and reveal the trend of topic contribution. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic model is applied to extract economic topics from the news. We use a mixed-frequency dynamic factor model to track rapid economic development without using high-frequency weekly and daily data. We identify the six most influential topics and investigate their evolution, which may serve as a reference for economic construction and regulation.
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Li, Zheyu, Muhammad Najib Razali, Hassan Gholipour Fereidouni e Yasmin Mohd. Adnan. "Macro-economic index effect on house prices in China". International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, n.º 3 (4 de junho de 2018): 453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2017-0025.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to estimate different data models on house prices using statistical models and the variables which are controlled by real estate policy.Design/methodology/approachThis study used several statistical techniques, such as Vector auto-regression (VAR), Johansen co-integration and variance decomposition, which aim to assess the significant effect of macroeconomic factors on Chinese house prices.FindingsThe results show that land supply and other variables have negative effects on house prices. The results also indicate that financial mortgages for real estate have positive effects on house prices and the area of vacant houses as well as the area of housing sold.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only covers three cities in China because of limitations of data for other cities.Originality/valueThis study proposes policy suggestions according to the empirical results obtained.
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Goodhart, C., e C. Xu. "The Rise of China as an Economic Power". National Institute Economic Review 155 (fevereiro de 1996): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019615500104.
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In the twenty years since the Cultural Revolution, China has maintained fast real growth. This occurred despite China having similar problems to other transitional economies, e.g. loss-making State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), eroding fiscal revenues and inflation, (Section 3).Although China initially adopted the Soviet central planning model, after the 1950s break Chinese planning changed towards a regionally-based system with local planning (Section 2). In contrast to the centrally-based, functionally-specialised (U-form or unitary structure) Soviet model, the Chinese economy is organised on a multi-layer-multi-regional (M-form) basis. This encour aged development of small size township and village enterprises (TVEs), the main engine of Chinese growth.Power and control remained with the Party and the State, but was diffused much more widely, regionally and locally. This allowed initiatives at lower (political) levels to establish institutions, both in agriculture (the ‘household responsibility system’) and industry (TVEs), without state protection. Even among regionally controlled SOEs, ‘tournament rivalry’ between regions, etc., and between SOEs and TVEs provided competition.
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ZHOU, An. "Digital infrastructure and economic growth—Evidence for China". Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 6, n.º 1 (7 de abril de 2022): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v6i1.1397.
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China’s economic structure has made subtle changes with the development of digital economy. Along with the marginal diminishing effect of Chinese monetary policies and the increase of the overall leverage ratio, the Chinese economic growth mode of relying on real estate, trade and infrastructure construction in the past will not be sustainable in the next decade. This paper makes a theoretical analysis on the reduction of the search cost in digital economy. Also, this paper used empirical methods to study the relationship between China’s economic growth and digital infrastructure construction. In conclusion, the digital economy has reduced the search cost for people, and big data will become a product factor participating in labor distribution. In addition, this paper proposes for the first time that digital economy can effectively restrain inflation. The Chinese government needs to attach importance to the issue that current internet enterprise oligarchs will probably monopolize the usage of big data in the development of digital economy in the future and become the obstacle to effective economic growth. In addition, close attention should be paid to the vulnerabilities of financial and taxation systems for digital economic entities to avoid continuous disguised tax subsidies to internet oligarchs, thus preventing industrial monopoly.
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Luo, Junyin. "An Intelligent Analysis Model in the Environment of Regional Economic Development and Regional Economic Differences in China Using Big Data Analysis Technology". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (31 de agosto de 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8935743.
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The current and long-term regional economic imbalance in China requires ongoing attention. To ensure the balanced development of China’s renewable energy, it is therefore important to examine the causes of the differences in China’s renewable energy from a variety of perspectives. The spatial distribution pattern and characteristics of China’s per capita GDP (gross domestic product) from 2012 to 2021 were examined in this study using the exploratory spatial data analysis tool. In addition, it conducts an empirical investigation into the spatial spillover effect of RED and the manufacturing agglomeration in China (regional economic development). The findings indicate that in the eastern region, the total backward link value of the feedback effect of 17 industrial sectors is 0.8524, and in the central region, the value is 0.8139. The real per capita GDP of neighboring provinces will increase by 0.118% for every 1% increase in manufacturing agglomeration level. According to the overall ranking, China’s RED level is very uneven due to a number of factors. We should direct and encourage the manufacturing industry to congregate in various regions, optimize the spatial pattern of manufacturing industry agglomeration, and fully exploit SSE in order to promote China’s RED and reduce the difference in RE.
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Klisiński, Janusz. "Threats to Contemporary Economic Order". Political Preferences, n.º 26 (2 de julho de 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/polpre.2020.26.69-76.
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The biggest threats to contemporary economic order were chronologically the bipolarity of the world after 1945, in which one of the poles despised money and the other based its prosperity on money. An attempt to create a unipolar world already dominated by the US dollar, practically was hardly acceptable. The US showed its strength when Japan in 1995 became a pretender to be No. 1 in the global economy. Also in 2008, American banks triggered a global financial crisis by creating bubbles of toxic real estate loans. The 2008 financial crisis also started a crisis of liberal democracy. China was much more powerful than Japan as the next pretender to become No. 1 in the global economy. About it can be seen as the beginning of a global conflict between the United States and China. In addition, the coronavirus pandemic has stopped globalization and is causing a global crisis.
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Dapeng, Zhu. "Regional Economic Cooperation in North-East Asia: Prospects for the Expansion of the Participation of the Northeast China". Regionalistica 8, n.º 5 (2021): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.5.57.
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It is shown that foreign trade remains the main form of foreign economic cooperation in North-East Asia, but integration agreements between the countries of the subregion create new opportunities for coordinated regional economic development. Prospective directions of expanding the foreign economic interaction of the northeastern provinces of China with the countries of North-East Asia are identified
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Xu, Yunle, Xinqi Yang e Sishan Zhang. "Analysis of the Causes of Inflation in China and Policy Solutions". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 62, n.º 1 (28 de dezembro de 2023): 260–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/62/20231356.
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This paper recollects Minister Zhu Rongjis successful implementation of an impermeable economic system in China, leveraging the power of the market economy. However, the recent evidence and data presented in the articles indicate a significant dependence on income derived from the real estate industry and state-owned enterprises within the Chinese government. This heavy reliance, paired with mounting debts and the prominence of powerful corporations, paints a potentially troublesome picture. Consequently, the writer expresses a preference for the exploration of novel solutions to maintain Chinas economic prosperity, encouraging a shift away from reliance on these sectors. In conclusion, the identified factors surrounding inflation in China necessitate careful consideration and proactive measures to avert potential repercussions on both the domestic economy and the broader global stage. The writer emphasizes the importance of addressing these concerns with deliberate attention and a forward-thinking approach to safeguard Chinas prosperity and contribute positively to the overall stability of the world economy.
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Nie, Yongyou, e V. A. Kartavtsev. ""CHINESE MIRACLE" AND PROBLEMS OF ACCELERATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". Economics Profession Business, n.º 4 (10 de dezembro de 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201943.
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This article is devoted to the study of the results of rapid economic growth on the example of the People's Republic of China. Forty years have passed since the beginning of the openness reforms in China. They are characterized by the rapid growth of China's economic power, the improvement of the well-being of the inhabitants of that country, as well as the strengthening of the state's place in the international arena. With the support of foreign investment in the early stages, China itself becomes an investor. Techno-intensive industries hold an important share of China's exports. Despite the rapid growth of economic indicators, China is facing new challenges for developing countries. The accelerated development of the state has serious environmental, political and economic consequences, from pollution to corruption and the lag of certain regions from the overall pace of the country's development. These problems are expected to be addressed through a number of measures taken by the Government in the coming decades: investment market reforms, reorientation of international trade to developing countries, green economies, market reform real estate, addition to the legislative framework, the creation of new controls and reform of existing ones and so on. The reform process is inevitable and is the key to the successful development of the People's Republic of China.
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Popovic, Slobodan, e Ljiljana Stevic. "GOING BLUE FROM RED – CHINESE ENGAGEMENT IN THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS". Politička revija 69, n.º 3/2021 (8 de novembro de 2021): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/pr.6932021.8.
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This paper shall explore the reasons that triggered China to boost its security and economic influence within the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO) as a tool for embracing international challenges. By doing so, China is not just sharing the burden of providing international stability and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but exerting its influence in the process. Analysing the proposed subject, it will be demonstrated that China faces numerous obstacles whilst trying to insert the “Chinese characteristics” within the geopolitical order, geo-economics distribution of wealth and international security architecture. Instead of being perceived as a responsible stakeholder, China`s ambitious initiatives can, additionally, stir the China Threat Theory in the international community. This paper shall be consisted of two parts. The first part will tackle China`s growing footprint within the UNPKO from the end of the Cold War onward. The second part will explore the reasons that triggered China to swift its role within the UNPKO. Both global and domestic reasons will be analysed too.
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CHIFU, Iulian. "Politici europene privitoare la China: alinierea cu liniile roșii ale competiției economice globale". Gândirea Militară Românească 2023, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2023): 88–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/gmr.2023.3.04.
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European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen’s speech at the meeting organised by the Mercator Institute for China Studies and the European Policy Centre revealed a comprehensive and realistic European strategy on China, adjusted to the latest developments (European Commission). These foreshadow the EU’s future Economic Security Strategy. The major outstanding European issues in the relationship with China remain on the table: the EU between China and the USA, in the context of the debate about Beijing’s usefulness in dealing with Russia and possible arms deliveries; the possibility of concomitant EU decoupling from Russia and China; but above all, the need for real war preparedness of European industries. The refusal to see the competition of democracies with China going to war leads to the rejection of the instrument of real deterrence of Beijing’s march towards a new global war. All this while French ambitions and obsession with strategic autonomy (Taylor, 2022) undermine EU unity, and Germany has been forced by Macron’s post-Beijing tirades to restore clarity to the European position and red lines on China.
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Keiko Hubbansyah, Aulia, e Wurdaningsih. "Dampak Pertumbuhan Ekonomi China Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia". JRB-Jurnal Riset Bisnis 2, n.º 2 (27 de junho de 2019): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35592/jrb.v2i2.404.
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This study aims to analyze the impact of China’s economic growth on the Indonesian economy. In this analysis, the study adapted SVAR with block exogeneity consisting of blocks global variable (China’s economic growth and non-fuel global commodity prices growth) and domestic variable blocks (economic growth, inflation, real interest rates and Indonesia’s exchange rates). Using the data over the period from 1993q1-2017q2, this study found that the shock if China’s economic growth had a major impact on non-fuel global commodity price movements. Additionally, it is also acknowledged that China’s economic growth shock of 1.9 percent causes the Indonesian economy to grow by 0.85 percent. This was due to the appreciation of Rupiah exchange rate againt US Dollar by 1.6 percent, make inflation under control, while inflation in term of rising price index was insignficant
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Borokh, Olga. "Nankai school: The experience of adapting economics to Chinese conditions in the 1920s–1930s". St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 40, n.º 1 (2024): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2024.106.
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Using the example of the activities of the Nankai Institute of Economics in the second quarter of the twentieth century, the article analyses the problem of adapting Western economic theories to the study of the Chinese economy. At the heart of the program of sinicization of economic research and education proposed by the Nankai school was the work of collecting and systematising reliable information on the Chinese economy. In the second half of the 1920s, Nankai University became a leader in China in conducting socio-economic surveys, compiling index numbers of prices, studying selected industries and rural regions. The founders of the Nankai school. He Lian and Fang Xianting were educated in economics in the United States; up until the late 1940s, the Nankai Institute of Economics was highly dependent on American grant support. This did not prevent them from setting the objectives of “knowing China” and “serving China” by combining foreign theories and methods with an understanding of the real economic situation based on reliable quantitative data. The task of “localization” of economics stimulated writing of pioneering university textbooks that explained general theoretical concepts through Chinese examples. Focus on solving China’s problems led the economists to abandon copying ready-made foreign prescriptions. During the two decades of activity in the Republican period the Nankai school made major achievements in collecting factual material on Chinese economy and adapting courses, its legacy has become an important starting point of the contemporary policy of sinicization of economics in the PRC.
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Mikheev, V., S. Lukonin e I. Vakhrushin. "China: Is Common Prosperity Possible?" World Economy and International Relations 67, n.º 11 (2023): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-11-89-98.
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Against the background of the aggravation of the US-Chinese rivalry, as well as the increasing level of criticality of internal socio-economic problems, Beijing is trying to accelerate the implementation of national development strategies, the main of which are the general “Great revival of the Chinese nation” and more focused “Common prosperity” and “Double circulation”. In general, these programs are interrelated and interdependent, and without the implementation of one of them it is impossible to implement the rest. They are designed to reduce the criticality of socio-economic imbalances formed in China during economic reforms and especially after 2008, as well as lay the foundation for the future socio-economic development of the PRC based on the dominance of domestic final consumption of households in order to avoid Beijing’s dependence on external economic and political conditions. This article considers, first of all, the “Common prosperity” program, the implementation of which in the medium term should level the social situation in China, as well as expand demand from the middle class. In addition, “Common prosperity” also has a pronounced ideological character, since it is a relatively new idea of the CPC General Secretary and, ultimately, the reputation of both Xi Jinping himself and the Communist Party of China as a whole depends on the success of its implementation. In an economic sense, “Common prosperity” is one of the stages of achieving the “Second centennial goal”, according to which Beijing plans to become in 2049, if not the first power, then the “second” first power at the level of the United States. That is, victory or at least parity in strategic rivalry with the United States depends on “Common prosperity”. At the same time, despite the importance of “Common prosperity” the final clear plan still doesn’t exist. The main question remains: where, in the context of a decrease in the effectiveness of traditional growth factors of the Chinese economy, to take resources for its implementation. If you increase the taxation of the Chinese middle class, which is already not rich by world average standards, then you can reduce the demand on its part and hit the “double circulation”. If you introduce taxes on real estate, you can hit the Chinese real estate market on the income from which provincial budgets depend a lot. If rely on tertiary distribution, that is, to form a tradition of charity, it is not clear whether this will be sustainable. In a difficult economic environment, Beijing will have to look for mutually satisfying and balanced solutions to very difficult tasks.
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Sharypova, Olga, Natalya Galtseva e Oksana Favstritskaya. "Foreign Experience of Structural Transformation of Economic Systems". Regionalistica 9, n.º 6 (2022): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2022.6.109.
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The article considers the most successful experience of structural transformations of the economic systems of the old industrial regions of the world, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (China, the Republic of Korea), the northern Scandinavian countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden), as well as the Arctic territories of Canada and the United States. The purpose of the study was to study, first of all, the most successful practices for use in the structural transformations of the economic systems of the Far North-East of Russia. On the basis of the studied experience, a typology of structural transformation of the economy by the nature of the causes of occurrence (natural / spontaneous, program-target / forced) and the object of impact (industrial, sectoral, spatial, technological, institutional, reproducible) is proposed
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Ghosh, Sajal. "Petroleum consumption and economic growth: evidence from China and some South Asian countries". Journal of Resources, Energy and Development 6, n.º 1 (2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/red-120055.
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Kehoe, Timothy J., e Kim J. Ruhl. "Why Have Economic Reforms in Mexico Not Generated Growth?" Journal of Economic Literature 48, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2010): 1005–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.4.1005.
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Following its opening to trade and foreign investment in the mid-1980s, Mexico's economic growth has been modest at best, particularly in comparison with that of China. Comparing these countries and reviewing the literature, we conclude that the relation between openness and growth is not a simple one. Using standard trade theory, we find that Mexico has gained from trade, and by some measures, more so than China. We sketch out a theory in which developing countries can grow faster than the United States by reforming. As a country becomes richer, this sort of catch-up becomes more difficult. Absent continuing reforms, Chinese growth is likely to slow down sharply, perhaps leaving China at a level less than Mexico's real GDP per working-age person. (JEL E23, E65, F14, O10, O20, O47)
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Shi, Minjun, Guoxia Ma e Yong Shi. "How much real cost has China paid for its economic growth?" Sustainability Science 6, n.º 2 (11 de junho de 2011): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-011-0133-5.
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Xiong, Yunjun, e Sanmang Wu. "Real economic benefits and environmental costs accounting of China-US trade". Journal of Environmental Management 279 (fevereiro de 2021): 111390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111390.
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Wu, Shuqin. "Counter-cyclical adjustment of monetary policies and development of the real economy post the Covid-19 pandemic". E3S Web of Conferences 235 (2021): 01065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123501065.
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With the coronavirus kept in check, China sees an economic rebound and robust economic growth. From the angle of economics, this paper interprets China’s orientation in monetary policies post the pandemic, and the prudent monetary policies are prospective, targeted policies that meet the requirements for countercyclical adjustments. The financial service providers improved in quality and efficiency, the monetary transmission efficiency was enhanced, and multiple financial service providers have jointly promoted the sustainable development of the real economy.
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Izotov, Dmitry. "Russia and RCEP: Dynamics of Trade and Economic Rapprochement". Regionalistica 10, n.º 5 (2023): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2023.5.5.
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The article assesses the long-term dynamics of trade and economic barriers in Russia’s interaction with the countries of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), as well as other important factors affecting Russian foreign trade. The analysis showed that RCEP countries accounted for more than a quarter of Russia’s foreign trade in 2022, mainly due to increased trade with China and a reduction in mutual tariff barriers. The estimates of the border effect obtained within the framework of the gravity model showed that trade barriers of the Russian economy with the RCEP countries had a long-term downward trend in the conditions of active geographical diversification of foreign economic relations of Russian business. Based on the discovered long-term trend of reducing barriers between countries, the author argues that, other things being equal, the isolation of the Russian economy in the Asia-Pacific region is unlikely. It is shown that restrictions on entering the Russian market for imports remain noticeable, while large-scale sanctions against Russia by Western countries limit the possibilities of intensifying Russian foreign trade by reducing bilateral barriers. In accordance with the estimates obtained, geopolitical factors restrained Russia’s trade with foreign countries, which was to some extent offset by the geographic diversification of foreign trade relations of Russian business in favor of «friendly» countries. It is shown that, despite significant progress in increasing Russia’s trade with the RCEP, the orientation of the Russian economy towards this group of countries is characterized by certain limitations: Russia does not have a significant positive trade balance with this group of countries; restrictions related to the possibility of expanding economic sanctions, including secondary ones, create significant obstacles to trade and economic interactions with the Russian market for most RCEP countries; the orientation of foreign trade towards China creates risks of negative effects from monopsony for Russia
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Fu, Yizheng, Zhifang Su e Qianqian Guo. "The Impact of Financial Hoarding on Economic Growth in China". Sustainability 13, n.º 15 (28 de julho de 2021): 8434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158434.
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In recent years, more and more funds circulate internally in the financial field, which is called “financial hoarding”. After calculations, the scale of China’s financial hoarding was 242,178 billion yuan in the first quarter of 2003 and jumped to 1,801,706 billion yuan in the fourth quarter of 2016, which increased by nearly 7.4 times in the past 14 years and accelerated after 2014. The phenomenon that large amounts of money deviate from the real economy to virtual economy is called “shift from real economy to virtual economy”. The large scale of financial hoarding will inevitably influence the economic growth in China. Does financial hoarding promote or inhibit the economy? Does the relationship change with the economic growth rate? To address this issue, this paper first provided theoretical analysis of the relationship between financial hoarding and economic growth. Then, it used the data of the first quarter of 2003 through the fourth quarter of 2016 in China for empirical analysis. The results revealed two facts. Firstly, the simultaneous equations model showed that financial hoarding and economic growth promote each other in the long run and financial hoarding can be conducive to economic growth. Secondly, the MS-VAR model showed that the relationship between financial hoarding and economic growth changed with the economic growth rate. In addition, financial hoarding had a positive effect on the economic growth under both medium and high economic growth regimes, but to a greater extent in high economic growth regimes.
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Gries, Peter Hays. "“Red China” and the “Yellow Peril”: How Ideology Divides Americans over China". Journal of East Asian Studies 14, n.º 3 (dezembro de 2014): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800005518.
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Based on a 2011 national survey, I argue that while US conservatives feel somewhat cooler toward the East Asian democracies than US liberals do, they feel much cooler toward China. Greater average conservative than liberal prejudice lingers, cooling attitudes toward the “Yellow Peril” of all Asian countries, but communism is a larger source of ideological differences over China. For cultural, social, economic, and political reasons, conservatives feel substantially cooler than liberals toward both communist countries in general and “Red China” in particular. I conclude by suggesting that with gerrymandering and ongoing ideological sorting, these ideological differences over China on Main Street may come to play a greater role in the making of US China policy.
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Songling, Yang, Muhammad Ishtiaq e Bui Thi Thanh. "Tourism Industry and Economic Growth Nexus in Beijing, China". Economies 7, n.º 1 (25 de março de 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7010025.
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In the developing economy, tourism is the most visible and steadiest growing facade. Tourism is considered one of the rapidly increasing elements for economic development from the last two decades. Therefore, the proposed study used vector autoregression (VAR) model, error correction model (ECM), and the Granger causality to check the relationship between the tourism industry and economic growth based on the data of the Beijing municipal bureau of statistics from 1994 to 2015. Gross domestic product (GDP) is used as a replacement variable for the economic growth index, while internal tourism revenue is used as a tourism industry indicator. The study supports the tourism-led growth hypothesis proposed in the existing literature in a different survey of tourism and economic development. The results show that there is a strong relationship in the tourism industry and economic growth in the context of Beijing, and at the same time, tourism creates a more significant increase in long run local real economic accomplishments. The results of the VAR model confirm that in the long run, Beijing’s economic growth is affected by domestic tourism, while the ECM model shows unidirectional results in the short term. Similarly, there is a one-way causal relationship between the tourism industry and economic growth in Beijing, China. The empirical results are in strong support of the concept that tourism causes growth.
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Sun, Li Jun. "Imbalanced Financial Credit and the Macro Economic Risk of China". Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (fevereiro de 2011): 569–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.569.
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China's economic and financial imbalances become increasingly prominent. The imbalances of financial credit are showed as follows: urban-rural imbalance, regional imbalance, state-owned and private business imbalance, virtual-real economy imbalance, and internal-external economic imbalance. The imbalanced financial credit has increased the risk of China's macro-economy, reducing the effectiveness of monetary policy control. Therefore, we should promote the balanced development of financial credit, and so as to promote the balanced economic growth.
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Lin, Xing. "Research on the Influence of Housing Prices on the Economic Performance of Chinese Real Enterprises". Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research 3 (25 de dezembro de 2023): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/vol3pp39-45.
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According to the Report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, with importance of developing China’s real economy has become increasingly prominent, the economic development should focus on the real economy. Moreover, the various impacts brought by housing price changes in recent years are also intertwined with the sustained and superior economic development in China. With this context in mind, this paper uses panel data of housing prices and real enterprise performance in 30 major Chinese provinces and cities from 2005 to 2020—aside from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Xizang—to empirically test the relationship between housing prices and the economic performance of real enterprises in China. The findings indicate that there is a nonlinear link between housing prices and real firms' economic performance and that excessively high housing prices are detrimental to real companies' ability to function economically. Further investigation employing heterogeneity analysis reveals that the limitation of exorbitant housing prices has a greater impact on entity companies in China's west and center.
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Lan, Yuheng. "U.S.-China Real Estate Markets in Times of COVID-19". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 10, n.º 1 (13 de setembro de 2023): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/10/20230439.
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In 2020, the world experienced the COVID-19 pandemic. This has had an extremely serious impact on the global economy. All industries have been greatly affected by such a severe economic situation. This paper assumes that the real estate market, as a part of the economic market, was also greatly affected. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects that the real estate markets in China and the United States have suffered under this pandemic and to analyze the specific reasons and motivations behind these effects. Using statistical data from 2017 to 2022, this paper compares housing prices and transaction volumes in six major cities in China and the United States. The results of the study show a result contrary to the hypothesis that the real estate markets in China and the United States recovered after a period of recession and were able to reach higher levels than before the epidemic. Based on this result, the paper analyzes the causes of the impact on the real estate markets in China and the United States. There is evidence that the main causes affecting the Chinese real estate market are real estate policies and cultural phenomena, while the factors behind the impact on the U.S. real estate market are economic policies and epidemic management strategies.
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Shyaujian, Zhi, e M. A. Sarsembayev. "Solving of organizational and legal problems of Kazakh-Chinese trade-economic cooperation". Bulletin of the Karaganda University “Law Series” 11329, n.º 1 (27 de março de 2024): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2024l1/6-13.
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China, along with Russia, is the largest trading partner of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's trade andeconomic relations are based on a solid international legal framework of bilateral trade and economic treatiesand agreements. Nevertheless, the parties are striving to further accelerate these relations, which could quicklybring more substantial dividends. In this regard, the parties, based on such interest, show interest in theproblems that have arisen and are emerging in the process of Kazakh-Chinese bilateral trade, which need tobe resolved at an accelerated pace. This article is largely devoted to the formulation of recommendations andproposals, the implementation of which will bring much more success in this important area of cooperationbetween Kazakhstan and China. In the light of the problems in the Red Sea and global trade shipping, includingwith regard to China, Kazakhstan proposes to use its territory and the territories of other countries to themaximum as a trade transit of goods from China to Europe. This will benefit China (saving time in the deliveryof goods), Kazakhstan and other countries - transit dividends, European countries - prompt delivery ofgoods, affordable prices for these goods.
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Azu, Nnanna P., e Eche Abu-obe. "Economic Determinants of Nigeria’s Trade with China: A Cointegration Approach". International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, n.º 3 (26 de fevereiro de 2016): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n3p214.
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The China-Nigeria trade volume has been increasing over the years with no signs of slowing down any time soon. This work examined the long-and-short run economic catalysts that stimulate this trade relation with focus on Nigeria’s economic factors as well as the Third Country’s Factors. Japan’s REER was adopted as a Third Country’s Factor and Johansen and Juselius cointegration technique was used to determine the result. The outcome revealed that GDP, trade openness and FDI inflow possess significant positive influence on China-Nigeria trade relations while bilateral exchange rate and Third Country’s Factor are negative determinants, suggesting that improvement in domestic prices and increased real exchange rates of Japan could undermine China-Nigeria bilateral trade, howbeit, in the long-run. So, both countries should gear towards improving domestic prices, efficiency and competitiveness relative to the Third Country’s Effect to curtail its excessive influence on bilateral trade and particularly, Nigeria should focus on redefining its business environment politically and otherwise to attract further FDI and ameliorate its trading sector.
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Zhang, Xiaotong, e Colin Flint. "Why and Whither the US-China Trade War?: Not Realist ‘Traps’ but Political Geography ‘Capture’ as Explanation". Journal of World Trade 55, Issue 2 (1 de abril de 2021): 335–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2021013.
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This article attempts to understand the profound political-economic, geographic, and historical force behind the Trump trade policy ‘revolution’ from the perspective of world-systems analysis. The trade war launched by the United States against China is essentially motivated by a profound political-economic and geographic logic: the US and China are competing to ‘capture’ core processes in the world-economy. The real imminent challenge facing the US-China relations and the rest of the world is actually not the so-called ‘Thucydides Trap’ (China challenges American global power), or ‘the Kindleberger Trap’ (America gives up global economic leadership while China is not ready to take over American role). The underlying economic driver of the trade war is the emergence of new core processes in the capitalist world-economy and the attempts by governments to ‘capture’ those processes within cities within their country. As the paired Kondratieff cycle and hegemonic cycle model tells us, economic depression accelerates hegemonic decline, and ushers in a period of restructuring and transition. Therefore, our forecast is that the US-China ‘trade war’ will not stop, and will be an ongoing component of the restructuring of the global geopolitical order in the coming years. trade war, US-China relations, ‘Thucydides Trap’, ‘Kindleberger Trap’, Political- Geography Capture, core processes, Capitalist World-Economy, Kondratieff Cycle, hegemonic cycle, global geopolitical order
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Daza‐Clark, Ana Maria. "Enforcing transboundary water obligations through investment treaty arbitration: China, Laos and the Mekong River". Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 29, n.º 3 (outubro de 2020): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/reel.12365.
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AbstractThe study of the intersection between international investment law and international water law is not new. However, this intersection may be better understood through the analysis of specific case studies, regions and/or economic sectors. This article observes the relationship between China and Laos in connection to the construction of dams in the Lancang/Mekong River. In so doing, it addresses China’s attitudes towards the negotiation and conclusion of economic integration and transboundary water agreements, observing a sharp contrast between the two. Against this background, the article examines some of the most important agreements between China and Laos regarding both the protection of foreign investment and the management of shared waters. The article argues that investor‐State dispute settlement may lend some ‘teeth’ to the enforcement of transboundary obligations with regard to the Mekong River.
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Zhang, Chong. "Analysis of Coupling Relationship between E-Commerce and Regional Economic De-velopment of China". IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, n.º 4 (216) (28 de dezembro de 2022): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2022-4-91-97.
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The study uses the entropy method and coupling coordination model to analyze the relationship between e-commerce level and regional economic development. Based on this, the real data on the E-commerce level and regional economic development in China in 2016-2020 are used for empirical analysis. The results show that the comprehensive development index of China's e-commerce and regional economic system is increasing year by year. They have demonstrated a very high coupling degree, and the coupling co-ordination degree is increasing year by year. At present, two analyzed indicators have entered the primary coupling coordinated stage, and will soon step into the moderate coupling coordinated stage. Therefore, developing e-commerce is of great significance to promoting regional economic development in China.
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Han, Wei, e Yushi Jiang. "Economic validity analysis of housing reverse mortgages in China". China Finance Review International 9, n.º 4 (18 de novembro de 2019): 498–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-07-2018-0111.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the investment and pension functions of housing reverse mortgages (HRM) with redemption option and raise the participation initiative of the Chinese elderly for the HRM model and enhance their cognition of this financial product. Design/methodology/approach Based on the perspective of the financial decisions of the elderly, this study designs an analysis model of the economic validity of HRM, and takes Shanghai (a pilot city for HRM loans in China) as an example, using data from the Shanghai real-estate index and market interest rates from January 1998 to December 2018, as well as the contract data of HRM, for empirical analysis. Findings The results show that the HRM with redemption option has the characteristics of European call option and can obtain the value of implicit option from the perspective of the elderly. Considering the present value of the accumulated pension income, the present value of the redemption option and the present value of the final housing value, the elderly can obtain investment income from HRM with redemption option. Therefore, for Chinese seniors, the HRM with redemption option has economic validity. Research limitations/implications From the perspective of the demand of the elderly, participation in the HRM with redemption option can increase the life expectancy annuity for various pension expenditures and improve economic status while meeting the demand of inheritance motivation. Practical implications This study helps to clarify the financial decision-making process for elderly people who participate in HRM. On the one hand, it helps policy makers to optimize the implementation mode of HRM and promote the healthy and rapid development of HRM; on the other hand, it is conducive to raising the awareness of Chinese elderly people on this financial products and enhancing their enthusiasm for participating in HRM. Originality/value Few studies have directly analyzed the financial decision process of the HRM model from the perspective of the demand of the elderly. This study enriches the research viewpoint and method of HRM and accumulates data about the Chinese experience with HRM.