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Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View". Eng 4, n.º 1 (22 de fevereiro de 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.
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Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
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Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES". ASJ. 1, n.º 38 (14 de julho de 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.
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Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
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Van Dissen, R., M. McSaveney, D. Townsend, G. Hancox, T. A. Little, W. Ries, N. Perrin et al. "Landslides and liquefaction generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 46, n.º 4 (31 de dezembro de 2013): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.46.4.196-200.
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Following both the Cook Strait earthquake (Mw 6.6; 21 July, 2013) and the Lake Grassmere earthquake (Mw 6.6; 16 August, 2013) reconnaissance visits were made of the epicentral regions to document the general distribution and extend of landslides, liquefaction, and other ground damage effects generated by these earthquakes. The extent of landsliding generated in central New Zealand by these two earthquakes was at the lower end of the expected range for shallow earthquakes of these magnitudes. Liquefaction effects generated by the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes in central New Zealand were substantially less than those generated by the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in the Christchurch area, despite the fact that the Cook Strait and Lake Grassmere earthquakes were of comparable size and proximity, and impacted grossly similar geological settings. There is no evidence of primary ground-surface fault rupture during the Lake Grassmere earthquake.
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Shakirova, A. A. "SEISMIC EFFECTS AHEAD OF KARYMSKY VOLCANO (KAMCHATKA) EXPLOSIONS IN FEBRUARY 2019". BULLETIN OF KAMCHATKA REGIONAL ASSOCIATION «EDUCATIONAL-SCIENTIFIC CENTER». EARTH SCIENCES 1, n.º 53 (2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2022-1-53-12-23.
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After a short period of quiescence, in February 2019, Karymsky volcano (Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia) became active. During the month, a large number of moderate explosions were recorded, some of which were preceded with some periodicity by long-period earthquakes with a high degree of similarity of waveforms. The duration of the multiplet events that preceded the explosions ranged from 4 to 70 minutes. The period between earthquakes decreased as the multiplets developed. The amplitude of earthquake records either increased or remained at the same level. The multiplets with higher amplitude of earthquake records preceded the strongest eruptions. The decreasing period between earthquakes is most likely related to the acceleration of magma ascent and an increase in gas pressure in the volcanic channel. If this is true, the absence of long-period earthquakes after the eruption marks a complete release of gas pressure in the volcanic edifice.
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Ouyang, Xin-Yan, Yong-Fu Wang, Xue-Min Zhang, Ya-Lu Wang e Ying-Yan Wu. "A New Analysis Method for Magnetic Disturbances Possibly Related to Earthquakes Observed by Satellites". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 11 (5 de junho de 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112709.
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Studies on magnetic disturbances in ultralow frequency ranges related to earthquakes observed by satellites are still limited. Based on Swarm satellites, this paper proposes a new analysis method to investigate pre-earthquake magnetic disturbances by excluding some known non-earthquake magnetic effects that are not confined to those caused by intense geomagnetic activity. This method is demonstrated by two earthquake cases. One is an interplate earthquake, and the other is an intraplate earthquake. Magnetic disturbances around these two earthquakes are associated with solar wind and geomagnetic activity indices, electron density and field-aligned currents. Magnetic disturbances several days before earthquakes do not show clear relations with the already known magnetic effects. These nightside disturbances (LT~17/18, ~02), possibly related to earthquakes observed by Swarm satellites, oscillate in the transverse magnetic field below 2 Hz, propagate along the background magnetic field and are mostly linearly polarized.
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Shahbazi, Shahrokh, Iman Mansouri, Jong Wan Hu, Noura Sam Daliri e Armin Karami. "Seismic Response of Steel SMFs Subjected to Vertical Components of Far- and Near-Field Earthquakes with Forward Directivity Effects". Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (3 de abril de 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2647387.
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In the near-field earthquake, forward directivity effects cause long-period pulse with a short effective time and a large domain in the velocity time history. This issue increases the ductility needs of structures, and in recent decades, the destructive effects of these kinds of records have been evaluated in comparison with far-field earthquakes. This brings about the necessity to compare a structure’s behavior subjected to vertical components of near-field (NF) earthquakes, including forward directivity effects vs. the effects of vertical components of far-field (FF) earthquakes. The present study investigated 3-, 5-, 8-, and 20-story steel moment frames with special ductility (SMF) through which modeling effects of panel zone have been applied, subjected to vertical component of near-field (NF) earthquakes with forward directivity and the vertical component of far-field earthquakes. By investigating the results, it can be clearly seen that the average values of the maximum displacement, shear force of the stories, and the velocity of each story under the impact of the near-field earthquake are greater than the amount of that under the effect of a far-field earthquake. However, this comparison is not valid for the amount of acceleration, axial force, and moments in the columns of the structures accurately.
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Guo, Yufan, Xuemin Zhang, Jiang Liu, Muping Yang, Xing Yang, Xiaohui Du, Jian Lü e Jian Xiao. "Seismo-Ionospheric Effects Prior to Two Earthquakes in Taiwan Detected by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite". Atmosphere 13, n.º 9 (18 de setembro de 2022): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091523.
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In this paper, we focused on the characteristics of the seismo-ionospheric effects related to two successive earthquakes, namely, the earthquakes in 2022 in Taitung Sea, Taiwan, China, with magnitudes (M) of 6.7 and 6.3, at 23.45° N, 121.55° E and 23.39° N, 121.52° E and with the same focal depth of 20 km, which were detected by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES). By applying the sliding interquartile range method to electron density (Ne) data acquired by the Langmuir probe (LAP) onboard the CSES and the grid total electron content (TEC) data obtained from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), positive anomalies were found under quiet geomagnetic conditions on 2–3 March and 8–9 March 2022—that is, 19–20 and 13–14 d before the earthquakes, respectively, and the global ionospheric mapping (GIM) TEC data suggested that anomalies may also have been triggered in the magnetic conjugate area 13–14 d prior to the earthquakes occurrences. In addition, the CSES Ne data showed enhancements 3 and 5 d before the earthquakes occurred. Furthermore, 138 earthquakes with M ≥ 5.0 that occurred in Taiwan and the surrounding region during the period February 2019 to March 2022 were statistically analyzed using the CSES Ne data. The results show that most of the Ne anomalies were positive. Moreover, the greater the earthquake magnitude, the greater the frequency of the anomalies; however, the amplitude of the anomalies did not increase with the earthquake magnitude. The anomalies were concentrated during the period of 10 d before to 5 d after the earthquakes. No increase in the amplitude of anomalies was observed as the time of the earthquakes approached. Finally, based on evidence relating to earthquake precursor anomalies, we conclude that it is possible that earthquakes in Taiwan and the surrounding region affect the ionosphere through the geochemical, acoustic, and electromagnetic channels, as described by the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) model, and that the two studied earthquakes in Taiwan may have induced ionospheric effects through the geochemical channel.
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Silva, Pablo G., Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pascua, Jorge L. Giner Robles, Javier Élez, Raúl Pérez-López e M. Begoña Bautista Davila. "Catalogue of the Geological Effects of Earthquakes in Spain Based on the ESI-07 Macroseismic Scale: A New Database for Seismic Hazard Analysis". Geosciences 9, n.º 8 (29 de julho de 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080334.
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This paper summarizes the content and scope of the “Catalogue of Earthquake Geological Effects in Spain”. The catalogue has been published by the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) and constitutes the first official publication (in Spain) on seismic hazard containing geological information. The catalogue gathers the 51 stronger earthquakes that have occurred in Spain since the Neolithic period to the present and classifies earthquakes with geological or archaeological seismic records in paleoseismic, ancient, historical and instrumental earthquakes. The catalogue offers a variety of parametric information, quality indexes (Qe, Qi, Qg), and Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07) based description of environmental damage structured in individual “event files”. Sixteen of the 51 catalogued events present full information files (full event files), with individualized analyses of the geological and geoarchaeological data as well as graphic information with hybrid ESI-EMS intensity maps, ShakeMaps (seismic scenarios) and complementary kmz files (Google Earth) for each of the sixteen selected earthquakes; among which is the well-known AD 1755 Lisbon earthquake-tsunami. These selected earthquakes present individual environmental earthquake effects (EEE) or earthquake archaeoseismological effects (EAE) files for each catalogued effect containing specific site geo-information and graphic data (photos, graphs, maps, etc.). The second edition of the catalogue record 1027 EEEs and 187 EAEs, of which 322 effects have individual files.
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Kitzberger, Thomas, Thomas T. Veblen e Ricardo Villalba. "Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia, Argentina: the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 1995): 1684–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-182.
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In northern Patagonia, Argentina, we examined the influences of climatic variation and inter-site variation in substrate stability on the dendroecological effects of earthquakes. In association with the great earthquake in 1960 centered off the coast of nearby Valdivia, Chile, extensive tree mortality occurred in northern Patagonia in Nothofagusdombeyi–Austrocedruschilensis stands on unstable debris fans. To examine the effects of the 1960 and earlier earthquakes on tree growth, we developed tree-ring chronologies from samples of the surviving A. chilensis on unstable debris fan sites and at adjacent nonfan sites of more stable substrates. For controlling the effects of regional climatic variation, we also produced a tree-ring chronology from this species in a more distant and undisturbed stand. Strong variations in tree-growth patterns on fan sites were associated with the historically documented major seismic events of south central Chile that occurred in 1737, 1751, 1837, and 1960. Tree-ring chronologies from nonfan sites (i.e., sites of greater substrate stability) showed much less response to these earthquakes. On the fan sites, strong growth suppressions were associated with the former three earthquakes, whereas strong releases followed the 1960 earthquake. The difference in response is explained by the occurrence of the 1960 earthquake during a period of drought, which in combination with the violent shaking of the ground, resulted in extensive tree mortality followed by growth releases of the survivors. However, severe droughts in the absence of earthquakes also can produce tree mortality and subsequent release of the survivors. Consequently, the synergistic effects of climatic variation and earthquake events must be carefully considered in developing records of both climatic variation and earthquakes.
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Li, Q., e G. M. Xu. "Precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in six regions of China: the possible relation to the crustal heterogeneity". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, n.º 10 (18 de outubro de 2013): 2605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2605-2013.
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Abstract. We found the possible correlation between the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes and the crustal heterogeneities, which is of particular importance to the researchers in earthquake prediction and earthquake hazard prevention. We investigated the connection between the tidal variations and earthquake occurrence in the Liyang, Wunansha, Cangshan, Wenan, Luquan and Yaoan regions of China. Most of the regions show a higher correlation with tidal triggering in several years preceding the large or destructive earthquakes compared to other times, indicating that the tidal triggering may inherently relate to the nucleation of the destructive earthquakes during this time. In addition, the analysis results indicate that the Liyang, Cangshan and Luquan regions, with stronger heterogeneity, show statistically significant effects of tidal triggering preceding the large or destructive earthquakes, while the Wunansha, Wenan and Yaoan regions, with relatively weak heterogeneity, show statistically insignificant effects of it, signifying that the precursory pattern of tidal triggering of earthquakes in these six regions is possibly related to the heterogeneities of the crustal rocks. The above results suggest that when people try to find the potential earthquake hazardous areas or make middle–long-term earthquake forecasting by means of precursory pattern of the tidal triggering, the crustal heterogeneity in these areas has to be taken into consideration for the purpose of increasing the prediction efficiency. If they do not consider the influence of crustal heterogeneity on the tidal triggering of earthquakes, the prediction efficiency might greatly decrease.
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Turgay Yıldırım, Özge, Demet Laflı Tunay e Ayşegül Turgay. "The Impacts of The Earthquake on The Cardiovascular System". Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi 7, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2024): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36516/jocass.1270533.
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Introduction: Various physiological and psychological effects of earthquakes can be seen on the human body, even without a direct physical impact from the earthquake. Both the experience of the earthquake process and the earthquake-related subsequent life changes cause stress through the activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the body. This stress can affect various physiological processes, including the cardiovascular system. In this review, the effect of earthquakes on the cardiovascular system was aimed to be discussed in line with the available evidence. Discussion: There are studies showing that natural events such as earthquakes increase the incidence of adverse cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, and sudden cardiac death, or cause existing cardiac diseases to worsen during these periods. However, there are also some evidences with conflicting results. Therefore, the effect of earthquakes on cardiovascular diseases has not been clearly demonstrated yet. Conclusion: Even survivors of earthquakes without physical injury are exposed to stress secondary to both internal and external factors. Studies indicate that individuals who are involved in the earthquake process may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health in the short and long term. Therefore, it is important to take necessary precautions and create appropriate conditions, especially in people with cardiovascular disease.
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Hojeij, Moussa, Dalida El Khatib e Pascale Salameh. "Assessing the Effects of the 2023 Turkish Earthquakes on Mental Health in Lebanon: A Cross-sectional Study". International Journal of Clinical Research 4, n.º 1 (15 de junho de 2024): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.38179/ijcr.v4i1.319.
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Background: On the 6 of February 2023, an earthquake registering 7.8 on the Richter Scale hit the South and center of Turkey, as well as the North and West Syria. Subsequently, another seismic event with a magnitude of 7.5 ensued a few hours later. Two weeks later, a new earthquake of 6.4 magnitude shook both countries again. These two events left behind more than 50000 deaths and a lot of damage, both economically and psychologically, which affected the Lebanese population. Aim: This study evaluates the adverse effects of these earthquakes on the mental health of people in Lebanon. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted between 6 March, and 23 March 2023, using an online survey. The questionnaire was divided into 4 sections: demographics, the mental health of participants, anxiety before the earthquakes, and anxiety after the earthquakes using the Lebanese Anxiety Scale- to differentiate between healthy and anxious participants. Results: The study involves 670 Lebanese participants aged 18 or above. Anxiety proportion rose post-earthquakes. Pre-earthquakes, anxiety risk factors included female gender, younger age, Beirut residency, mental health issues, and medication use; these factors also significantly raised anxiety after earthquakes. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a remarkable escalation in anxiety proportion following the earthquakes. Pre-existing risk factors such as female gender, younger age, Beirut residency, mental health issues, and medication use for symptom relief exhibited a heightened association with anxiety after the tectonic events. These findings deepen the importance of targeted interventions to address the psychological impact of earthquakes on vulnerable populations.
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Hays, Walter W. "The 19 September 1985 Mexico Earthquake: Technical Problems". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, n.º 1-4 (1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030259.
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ABSTRACTThe September 19, 1985, Mexico earthquake reminded scientists and engineers of the importance of considering soil amplification effects in earthquake-resistant design. The Mexico earthquake illustrated the “worst case”—the ground response and the building response occurring at approximately the same period, 2 seconds. This resonance phenomenon was predictable on the basis of similar experiences in past earthquakes. A number of areas in the United States also exhibit significant predictable soil amplification effects. Special steps are needed in these areas to mitigate the potential damage and losses that could occur in future earthquakes.
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Polat, Esra, Engin Dondurmacı, Sedat Sakallı e Ökkeş Karaburan. "A case of ventricular tachycardia after an earthquake". Journal of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Surgery 1, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2023): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51271/jccvs-0009.
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Severe earthquakes are a natural disaster with high morbidity and mortality. Loss of limbs, acute abdominal surgeries, infectious diseases, kidney failure, psychological illnesses are well-known health problems. Earthquakes also have negative effects on the cardiovascular system. Here, we present a patient who was stable before the earthquake but had episodes of ventricular tachycardia after the earthquake.
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Hough, Susan E., e Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, n.º 2A (20 de janeiro de 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.
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Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
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Wetmiller, R. J., e S. G. Evans. "Analysis of the earthquakes associated with the 1965 Hope landslide and their effects on slope stability at the site". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 26, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1989): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t89-062.
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Two small earthquakes (M 3.2 and 3.1) associated with the Hope Slide of January 9, 1965, Canada's largest known historical landslide, have been reanalyzed using original seismograph records. The earthquakes were nearly identical events having similar epicentres, focal depths, magnitudes, and mechanisms and occurred no more than 30 km from the slide site. The revised epicentre calculated for both earthquakes was 49.36°N, 121.14°W with an uncertainty of about ±20 km. The new epicentre should be used in preference to the epicentres given for these events in the 1965 Canadian Earthquakes Catalogue and the 1965 International Seismological Centre Bulletin, which are both based on analysis of separate parts of the complete data set.The effect of the seismic accelerations on slope stability was considered and showed that a seismic trigger of the slide was feasible for either earthquake if it had a shallow focal depth and was located no more than about 10 km from the site, but the validity of a seismic trigger could not be confirmed because of the poor quality of the earthquake location. Local observations on the day of the slide show that the slide did not occur at the time of the first earthquake at 03:56 PST but that it may have occurred during the second earthquake at 06:58 PST. The slide mass was strongly shaken by other earthquakes in the region in 1872, 1946, and 1949 and must have had significantly more shear strength at those times than it did in 1965. The prime factor leading to the 1965 Hope Slide thus appears to have been a loss of shear strength in the slide mass sometime after 1949 putting the mass in a state of near-limiting equilibrium by January, 1965. Key words: earthquakes, landslides, seismic trigger.
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Jenkins, Alex, Alison Rust e Juliet Biggs. "relationship between large earthquakes and volcanic eruptions: A global statistical study". Volcanica 7, n.º 1 (22 de março de 2024): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.07.01.165179.
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It is now generally accepted that large earthquakes can promote eruptions at nearby volcanoes. However, the prevalence of “triggered” eruptions, as well as the distance and timescale over which triggering occurs, remain unclear. Here, we use modern global earthquake and eruption records to compare volcanic eruption rates before and after large earthquakes with the time- averaged background eruption rate. We quantify the significance of observed deviations from the average eruption rate using Monte Carlo simulations. To integrate our findings with previous eruption triggering studies, we systematically vary the earthquake magnitudes we consider, as well as the distances and timescales used to calculate eruption rates. We also investigate the effects of earthquake depth and slip orientation. Overall, we find that post-earthquake eruption rates are around 1.25 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and one year following Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes, with above-average post-earthquake eruption rates possibly lasting for two to four years. By contrast, pre-earthquake eruption rates are around 0.9 times the average eruption rate within 750 km and182 days before Mw ≥7 earthquakes. Furthermore, deep earthquakes (≥7 0km) appear to more strongly affect eruption rates than shallow earthquakes, while earthquake slip orientation is also important. Further study of the relationships reported here represents a good opportunity to improve our understanding of tectono-magmatic relationships.
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Penava, Davorin, Marin Valinčić, Ante Vrban, Lars Abrahamczyk, Ivica Guljaš e Ivan Kraus. "The Effects of Strong Earthquakes on Built Heritage: A Preliminary Case Study of Rector’s Palace in Dubrovnik’s Old City". Sustainability 15, n.º 20 (16 de outubro de 2023): 14926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152014926.
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The Old City of Dubrovnik’s historical urban heritage architecture, consisting of poorly to well-built irregular stone masonry construction, is at high risk of earthquakes. It was enlisted as a UNESCO World Heritage after the severely damaging 1979 Mw = 7.1 Montenegro earthquake. Retrofitting strategies to a certain degree of earthquake protection have been made to the monument heritage architecture after repeating destructive earthquakes for several centuries. The originally 13th-century Rector’s Palace underwent several major modifications throughout history after disastrous events: fire in 1435, a gunpowder explosion in 1463, and earthquakes in 1520, 1667, and 1979. The design and construction information were collected from historical records and studies performed by various researchers, including field measurements and laboratory tests. Based on the data gathered, the building’s resistance to destructive earthquakes in compliance with contemporary building codes was determined using simulations on a calibrated spatial structural model. The study revealed that the building’s critical parts are most susceptible to a certain degree of damage or even collapse. The presented case study is the basis for decision-making and implementing the building’s earthquake risk reduction measures. Additionally, it will serve as a guide for earthquake risk evaluation on similar buildings, even though they may differ in degree or detail.
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Shahbazi, Shahrokh, Armin Karami, Jong Wan Hu e Iman Mansouri. "Seismic Response of Steel Moment Frames (SMFs) Considering Simultaneous Excitations of Vertical and Horizontal Components, Including Fling-Step Ground Motions". Applied Sciences 9, n.º 10 (20 de maio de 2019): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102079.
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Near-field (NF) earthquakes have drawn considerable attention from earthquake and structural engineers. In the field of earthquake engineering, numerous studies have identified the devastating nature of such earthquakes, and examined the characteristics related to the response of engineering structures to these types of earthquakes. Herein, special steel moment frames (SMFs) of three-, five-, and eight-story buildings have been examined via a nonlinear time history analysis in OpenSees software. The behavioral seismic differences of these frames have been evaluated in two states: (1) under the simultaneous excitation of the horizontal and vertical constituents of near-field earthquakes that have Fling-steps in their records; and (2) under simultaneous excitation of the horizontal and vertical constituents of far-field (FF) earthquakes. In addition, during modeling, the effects of panel zones have been considered. Considering that the simultaneous effects of the horizontal and vertical constituents of near-field earthquakes were subjected to a fling-step resulting in an increased inter-story drift ratio, the horizontal displacement of stories, an axial force of columns, created the moment in columns, base shearing of the structure, and velocity and acceleration of the stories.
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Pura, Turgut, Peri Güneş, Ali Güneş e Ali Alaa Hameed. "Earthquake Prediction for the Düzce Province in the Marmara Region Using Artificial Intelligence". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 15 (27 de julho de 2023): 8642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158642.
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By definition, an earthquake is a naturally occurring event. This natural event may be a disaster that causes significant damage, loss of life, and other economic effects. The possibility of predicting a natural event such as an earthquake will minimize the negative effects mentioned above. In this study, data collection, processing, and data evaluation regarding earthquakes were carried out. Earthquake forecasting was performed using the RNN (recurrent neural network) method. This study was carried out using seismic data with a magnitude of 3.0 and above of the Düzce Province between 1990 and 2022. In order to increase the learning potential of the method, the b and d values of earthquakes were calculated. The detection of earthquakes within a specific time interval in the Marmara region of Turkey, the classification of earthquake-related seismic data using artificial neural networks, and the generation of predictions for the future highlight the importance of this study. Our results demonstrated that the prediction performance could be significantly improved by incorporating the b and d coefficients of earthquakes, as well as the data regarding the distance between the Moon and the Earth, along with the use of recurrent neural networks (RNNs).
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Ortega, Roberto, Dana Carciumaru, Alfredo Aguirre, Israel Santillan e Saúl Martínez. "Insights of the September 2007 Cerralvo Earthquake–Hurricane Henriette Crisis in La Paz, Mexico: Aftershocks Detection with Artificial Neural Networks". Seismological Research Letters 92, n.º 1 (9 de dezembro de 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200254.
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Abstract Disastrous earthquakes and hurricanes, in general, are not contemporaneous. Here, we report the 2007 Cerralvo earthquake that had stricken the Gulf of California (GoC) when Hurricane Henriette landed during the aftershock activity. The greatest aftershock struck almost at the same time with Hurricane Henriette inducing panic among the inhabitants of La Paz, Baja California, peninsula. After the earthquake’s main event, the disaster preparedness professionals’ effort focused more on hurricane protocols than on the effects that the earthquake’s aftershocks could have been produced. This decision was probably related to the fact that the southern region of the GoC did not experience an earthquake greater than Mw 6.0 since 1995. The Cerralvo earthquake was unusual for its high number of aftershocks. After a visual inspection of the 24 hr heliplots, we noticed that many aftershocks were missing when we used the short-term average/long-term average method. For this reason, we developed an artificial neural network to recognize earthquakes more efficiently. We could not count a precise number of aftershocks during the crisis, but we detected ∼800 earthquakes using standard techniques from September to December. Eventually, a total of 1475 aftershocks were detected with the artificial neural network, contrasting with the low number of aftershocks usually reported in the middle GoC, which on average is about a dozen. Accurate information about the development of the seismic and hurricane phenomena is the most critical issue for authorities and people in general during this unusual experience. We learned that a robust algorithm to detect a huge number of aftershocks and better communication between researchers and authorities is a successful key in these situations.
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Mavroulis, Spyridon, e Efthymis Lekkas. "Revisiting the Most Destructive Earthquake Sequence in the Recent History of Greece: Environmental Effects Induced by the 9, 11 and 12 August 1953 Ionian Sea Earthquakes". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 18 (11 de setembro de 2021): 8429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188429.
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The August 1953 seismic sequence comprised the most destructive events in the recent history of Greece. The mainshock on 12 August, and its foreshocks on 9 and 11 August, devastated the southern Ionian Islands. The existing literature emphasized the destructive effects of the earthquakes on buildings, as well as to the emergency response and recovery actions. This resulted in a large gap in capturing the full picture of the earthquake’s environmental effects. The present study aims to fill this gap by reconstructing the most complete picture possible of the primary and secondary effects on the environment of the southern Ionian Islands by the August 1953 earthquakes. This reconstruction is based on all available sources, comprising not only the existing scientific literature, but especially sources that have not been considered to date, including newspapers of local and national circulation. In total, 120 cases of the earthquake’s environmental effects were identified, comprised of 33 cases of primary and 87 cases of secondary effects. In descending order of occurrence, slope failures, co-seismic uplift, hydrological anomalies, ground cracks, tsunami, liquefaction, dust clouds, hydrocarbon-related phenomena, jumping stones and vegetation effects were distributed mainly in Cephalonia Island and secondarily in the Ithaki and Zakythos Islands. The primary effects were mainly detected in eastern Cephalonia, which presented uplift of up to 70 cm, while the majority of the secondary effects were triggered in specific zones with characteristics that made them susceptible to the occurrence of earthquake-related hazards.
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Cicekli Kandemir, Tugce, Cigdem Kuloglu e Filiz Aslan. "Effects of Earthquake on Children's Health and Responsibilities of Nurses". International Journal of Emerging Trends in Health Sciences 7, n.º 2 (6 de dezembro de 2023): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijeths.v7i2.9299.
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Abstract The earthquake, which is one of the natural disasters whose time cannot be determined and causes negative consequences such as the death of many living things, financial losses, and psychological problems, has great effects especially on children. Earthquake has many negative effects on children physically, socially and psychologically. Children have negative consequences such as sleep and eating problems due to fear and anxiety, lack of hygiene, deterioration in family earthquakes, disruption of squinting, drinking, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Apart from these, musculoskeletal system problems, respiratory problems, digestive system disorders are among the health problems that occur due to earthquakes. Every year, hundreds of children are affected by earthquakes in our country. Children are the future of a country and they are vulnerable to the events and people around them. Because they are vulnerable, their rights should be protected by adults. In order to maintain the sibling and family relations of the children affected by the earthquake, to continue their treatment and education; Professionals such as nurses, physicians, teachers, psychologists and physical therapists have great responsibilities. Nurses have important duties in the process of determining the physical, mental and social needs of children affected by the earthquake and meeting these needs. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compile the data on the effects of the earthquake on children's health and the responsibilities of nurses in reducing these effects, and to inform the interested reader about the situation of children being affected by the earthquake and the roles of nurses in reducing these effects. The fact that our country is an earthquake country and children are greatly affected by this situation has revealed the necessity of compiling this article. Keywords: Child health; child mental health; natural disaster; nursing
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Zhao, John X., Qingsong Yang, Kaiwei Su, Jiguan Liang, Jun Zhou, Heng Zhang e Xinge Yang. "Effects of Earthquake Source, Path, and Site Conditions on Damping Modification Factor for the Response Spectrum of the Horizontal Component from Subduction Earthquakes". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, n.º 6 (12 de novembro de 2019): 2594–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190105.
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Abstract Damping modification factors (DMFs) are important for estimating the response spectrum for the design of structures with different damping ratios. This study investigated the effects of earthquake source parameters (magnitude, source depth, and source categories), source distance (the closest distance from a site to a fault plane for large earthquakes and hypocentral distance for the other events), and site conditions on DMFs for the displacement and acceleration response spectra of the horizontal components of the records from Japan. This study used a total of 14,713 strong‐motion records from the KiK‐net and K‐NET to compare the DMFs from three earthquake category groups, namely shallow crustal and upper mantle, subduction interface, and subduction slab earthquakes. Statistical tests were carried out to determine whether the DMFs from these three types of earthquakes differ significantly from each other. The test results show that, between each pair of the three types of earthquakes, the DMFs for both displacement and acceleration response spectra differ significantly in terms of statistical tests and practically for engineering applications at many spectral periods, with the largest difference over 40%. The effects of earthquake category and site conditions for acceleration spectrum are similar to those of the displacement spectrum at short periods up to about 0.3 s but are much larger than those of the displacement spectrum at long spectral periods. The effects of magnitude and earthquake depth are also significant. Therefore, separate DMF models for the response spectrum of the horizontal component should be derived for each type of earthquake and should account for the effects of earthquake source and path parameters and site conditions.
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Stanko, Davor, Ivica Sović, Nikola Belić e Snježana Markušić. "Analysis of Local Site Effects in the Međimurje Region (North Croatia) and Its Consequences Related to Historical and Recent Earthquakes". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 19 (28 de setembro de 2022): 4831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194831.
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The Međimurje region (North Croatia), situated between the Drava and Mura rivers with a slightly elevated hilly area, can be generally characterized as a low-seismicity area. However, macroseismic observations from historical and recent earthquakes indicate that some localities in this region are more prone to damage than others. Significant damage and the observed higher intensities in the Međimurje region after the historical earthquakes of 1738 MLm5.1 (Međimurje) and 1880 ML6.3 (Zagreb), and events that occurred in the instrumental era, 1938 ML5.6 (Koprivnica), 1982 ML4.5 (Ivanec), and the most recent 2020 ML5.5 Zagreb and 2020 ML6.2 Petrinja earthquakes, point to the influence of local site effects. There is a reasonable indication that these earthquakes involved several localized site effects that could explain the increased intensity of half a degree or even up to one degree at certain localities compared to macroseismic modeling for rock condition. To better understand the influence of local site effects in the Međimurje region, the single-station microtremor Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method for subsurface characterization was used. Based on individual measurements, microzonation maps were derived for the Međimurje region to better understand the behavior of ground motion and the influence of local site conditions in comparison to macroseismic intensities and past damage observations. Several local site effects could be interpreted as a main contribution to site amplification and resonance effects due to variations in deep soft-deposit thicknesses overlayed on hard deposits and directional variations in topographical areas that could localize earthquake damage patterns. Correlations of microtremor analysis with intensity observations from historical earthquakes as well with recent earthquakes could help to distinguish local site zones prone to the possible occurrence of higher earthquake damage from nearby and distant earthquakes.
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Naik, Sambit Prasanajit, Klaus Reicherter, Miklos Kázmér, Jens Skapski, Asmita Mohanty e Young-Seog Kim. "Archeoseismic Study of Damage in Medieval Monuments around New Delhi, India: An Approach to Understanding Paleoseismicity in an Intraplate Region". GeoHazards 5, n.º 1 (14 de fevereiro de 2024): 142–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5010007.
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The seismic shaking observed around Delhi and the surrounding region due to near-field and far-field earthquakes is a matter of concern for the seismic safety of the national capital of India, as well as the historical monuments of the region. Historical seismicity indicates that the Delhi region has been affected by several damaging earthquakes originating from the Himalayan region as far-field events, as well as due to near-field earthquakes with epicenters close to Delhi. The historical records, along with recent archeoseismological studies, suggest that Qutab Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, was damaged by the earthquake of 1803 CE. This event represents the only evidence of seismic damage from the region, as there has been no detailed study of other historical monuments in the area or earthquakes that have caused damage. In this context, the earthquake damage to other monuments might have been overlooked to some extent around the Qutab Minar due to the lack of proper earthquake damage surveys and documentation in historical times. The main goal of this study is to identify evidence of earthquake archeological effects around the Qutab Minar and to shed new light on the occurrence and characteristics of ancient earthquakes while providing data to inform seismic risk assessment programs. With this aim, we describe different earthquake-related damage (EAE, earthquake archeological effects) at the Isa Khan Tomb and Humayun’s Tomb, built between 1548 CE and 1570 CE, respectively, as well as the older Tomb of Iltutmish (built in 1235 CE) along with the Qutab Minar, which was built between 1199 CE and 1220 CE. The damage was probably caused by seismic events with intensities between VIII and IX on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS). Based on the methodology of paleo ShakeMaps, it is most likely that the 1803 CE earthquake was the causative earthquake for the observed deformation in the Isa Khan Tomb, Tomb of Iltutmish, and Humayun’s Tomb. More detailed regional paleoseismological studies are required to identify the responsible fault. In conclusion, the impressive cultural heritage of Delhi city and the intraplate region is constantly under seismic threats from near-field earthquakes and far-field Himalayan earthquakes.
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Işık, Ercan, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Hüseyin Bilgin, Naida Ademović, Aydın Büyüksaraç, Ehsan Harirchian, Borko Bulajić, Hayri Baytan Özmen e Seyed Ehsan Aghakouchaki Hosseini. "A Comparative Study of the Effects of Earthquakes in Different Countries on Target Displacement in Mid-Rise Regular RC Structures". Applied Sciences 12, n.º 23 (6 de dezembro de 2022): 12495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122312495.
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Data from past earthquakes is an important tool to reveal the impact of future earthquakes on engineering structures, especially in earthquake-prone regions. These data are important indicators for revealing the seismic loading effects that structures will be exposed to in future earthquakes. Five different earthquakes from six countries with high seismic risk were selected and were within the scope of this study. The measured peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each earthquake was compared with the suggested PGA for the respective region. Structural analyzes were performed for a reinforced-concrete (RC) building model with four different variables, including the number of storeys, local soil types, building importance class and concrete class. Target displacements specified in the Eurocode-8 were obtained for both the suggested and measured PGA values for each earthquake. The main goal of this study is to reveal whether the proposed and measured PGA values are adequately represented in different countries. We tried to reveal whether the seismic risk was taken into account at a sufficient level. In addition, target displacements have been obtained separately in order to demonstrate whether the measured and suggested PGA values for these countries are adequately represented in structural analysis and evaluations. It was concluded that both seismic risk and target displacements were adequately represented for some earthquakes, while not adequately represented for others. Comments were made about the existing building stock of the countries considering the obtained results.
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MAVİ, Duran, e Gamze TUTİ. "The Reflections of Earthquakes on Education: Insights From School Managers". Sakarya University Journal of Education 13, n.º 4 (Disaster) (24 de dezembro de 2023): 701–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19126/suje.1380907.
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Earthquakes are natural disasters that can affect the performance of schools, educators, and student success. In light of the recent earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on February 6, 2023, efforts by both authorities and researchers are underway to assess the effects of the earthquake on the education, staff, and students. In this regard, the perspectives of school managers who remained in their positions following the earthquakes and diligently fulfilled crucial responsibilities hold significant value. A limited number of studies have narrowly examined past educational crises caused by earthquakes. However, the effects of these earthquakes, labeled by government officials as the disaster of the millennium, on education services in the zone have not been fully clarified. Consequently, the current study concentrates on the educational conditions, practices, and expectations within the earthquake-devastated zone. The study was conducted in Elbistan district of Kahramanmaraş, known to be one of the two epicenters of the earthquake. The methodology of phenomenological design was employed during the investigations. The views of 10 school managers (four principals and six vice principals) were obtained for the purpose of the study. The results unveiled insufficiencies in the educational environment within the earthquake zone, with limited and challenging educational practices prevalent. However, respondents highly appreciated the efforts made. Findings uncovered that the educational services in the earthquake zone were incapacitated due to physical problems and managerial inefficiencies. Participants had significant expectations regarding enhancing physical conditions, receiving psychological support services, and improving staff procedures (such as payments, transfers, and professional development). Based on the results, some recommendations were made for the researchers and authorities.
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Naik, Sambit Prasanajit, Ohsang Gwon, Sabina Porfido, Kiwoong Park, Kwangmin Jin, Young-Seog Kim e Jai-Bok Kyung. "Intensity Reassessment of the 2017 Pohang Earthquake Mw = 5.4 (South Korea) Using ESI-07 Scale". Geosciences 10, n.º 11 (20 de novembro de 2020): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110471.
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The earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the epicentral area of the Pohang earthquake (Mw-5.4) that occurred on 15 November 2017 have been collected and classified using the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI-07 scale) proposed by the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA) focus group. The shallow-focus 15 November Pohang earthquake did not produce any surface rupture, but caused extensive secondary environmental effects and damage to life-line structures. This earthquake was one of the most damaging earthquakes during the instrumental seismic era of the Korean Peninsula. The EEEs included extensive liquefaction, ground cracks, ground settlement, localized rockfall, and variation of the water table. The main objective of this paper was to carry forward a comparative assessment of the Pohang earthquake’s intensity based on traditional macroseismic scales and the ESI-07 scale. With that objective, this study will also make a substantial contribution to any future revision of the ESI-07 scale, which mostly comprises case studies from Europe and South America. The comparison of the ESI-07 scale with traditional intensity scales similar to the intensity scale used by the Korean Meteorological Administration for the epicentral areas showed 1–2-degree differences in intensity. Moreover, the ESI scale provided a clearer picture of the intensity around the epicentral area, which is mostly agricultural land with a lack of urban units or buildings. This study urges the integration of the traditional and ESI-07 scale for such small magnitude earthquakes in the Korean Peninsula as well as around the world in future. This will predict seismic intensity more precisely and hence provide a more-effective seismic hazard estimation, particularly in areas of low seismic activity. The present study will also provide a useful and reliable tool for the seismic hazard assessment of similar earthquakes around the study area and land-use planning at a local scale considering the secondary effects.
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Quigley, Mark, e Brendan Duffy. "Effects of Earthquakes on Flood Hazards: A Case Study From Christchurch, New Zealand". Geosciences 10, n.º 3 (23 de março de 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10030114.
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Earthquakes can influence flood hazards by altering the flux, volumes, and distributions of surface and/or subsurface waters and causing physical changes to natural and engineered environments (e.g., elevation, topographic relief, permeability) that affect surface and subsurface hydrologic regimes. This paper analyzes how earthquakes increased flood hazards in Christchurch, New Zealand, using empirical observations and seismological data. Between 4 September 2010 and 4 December 2017, this region hosted one moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 earthquake, 3 earthquakes with Mw ≥ 6, and 31 earthquakes with local magnitude (ML) ≥ 5. Flooding related to liquefaction-induced groundwater pore-water fluid pressure perturbations and groundwater expulsion occurred in at least six earthquakes. Flooding related to shaking-induced ground deformations (e.g., subsidence) occurred in at least four earthquakes. Flooding related to tectonic deformations of the land surface (fault surface rupture and/or folding) occurred in at least two earthquakes. At least eight earthquakes caused damage to surface (e.g., buildings, bridges, roads) and subsurface (e.g., pipelines) infrastructure in areas of liquefaction and/or flooding. Severe liquefaction and associated groundwater-expulsion flooding in vulnerable sediments occurred at peak ground accelerations as low as 0.15 to 0.18 g (proportion of gravity). Expected return times of liquefaction-induced flooding in vulnerable sediments were estimated to be 100 to 500 years using the Christchurch seismic hazard curve, which is consistent with emerging evidence from paleo-liquefaction studies. Liquefaction-induced subsidence of 100 to 250 mm was estimated for 100-year peak ground acceleration return periods in parts of Christchurch.
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Rathje, Ellen M., e Beverley J. Adams. "The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges". Earthquake Spectra 24, n.º 2 (maio de 2008): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923922.
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Earthquake science and engineering are experience-driven fields in which lessons are learned after each significant earthquake. Remote sensing represents a suite of technologies that can play a significant role in documenting the effects of earthquakes and lead to important developments in our understanding of earthquakes. This paper describes current remote sensing technologies and the experience to date in using them in earthquake studies. The most promising activities that may benefit from remote sensing data products are identified, as well as the challenges that may impede the widespread use of remote sensing in earthquake studies. A comprehensive review of the use of remote sensing to document the effects of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake is presented, and recommendations for future developments in remote sensing in the context of earthquake science and engineering are provided.
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Aydan, Ömer, Nasir Zia Nasiry, Yoshimi Ohta e Reşat Ulusay. "Effects of Earthquake Faulting on Civil Engineering Structures". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 12, n.º 04 (outubro de 2018): 1841007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431118410075.
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Ground motion characteristics, deformation and surface breaks of earthquakes depend upon the causative faults. Their effects on the seismic design of engineering structures are almost not considered in the present codes of design although there are attempts to include in some countries (i.e. USA, Japan, Taiwan, and Turkey). In this study, the authors first describe ground motions, crustal deformation and surface break observations caused by earthquakes having different faulting mechanism. Then some laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the motions during normal and thrust faulting and their effects on model structures. And then, the effects of surface ruptures and deformations due to earthquake faulting on the response and stability engineering structures through observations in recent great earthquakes are presented. Finally, some recommendations for the design of structures with the consideration of permanent ground deformation in addition to ground shaking, which may be used in the development of seismic codes incorporating the effect of permanent deformation on structures, are proposed.
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Liperovskaya, E. V., C. V. Meister, O. A. Pokhotelov, M. Parrot, V. V. Bogdanov e N. E. Vasil'eva. "On Es-spread effects in the ionosphere connected to earthquakes". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 6, n.º 5 (22 de agosto de 2006): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-6-741-2006.
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Abstract. In the present work, phenomena in the ionosphere are studied, which are connected with earthquakes (16 events) having a depth of less than 50 km and a magnitude M larger than 4. Analysed are night-time Es-spread effects using data of the vertical sounding station Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (φ=53.0°, λ=158.7°) from May 2004 until August 2004 registered every 15 min. It is found that the maximum distance of the earthquake from the sounding station, where pre-seismic phenomena are yet observable, depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. Further it is shown that 1–2 days before the earthquakes, in the pre-midnight hours, the appearance of Es-spread increases. With a probability of more than 0.95, this increase of Es-spread observations before midnight is not casual.
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Kaya, Basturk, e Caner Aladag. "Determining the Cognitive Structures of Geography Teacher Candidates on “Earthquake”". International Education Studies 10, n.º 1 (26 de dezembro de 2016): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v10n1p122.
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The objective of this study is to determine the cognitive structures of the students of geography teaching department by identifying their conceptual frameworks about the concept of earthquake. A case study design from qualitative research approaches was used in this research. Sample group of the study constitutes 155 students from the Department of Geography Teaching who took the course of natural disasters. Free Word Association Test was used to collect the data. The data were evaluated according to the content analysis, categories were formed according to the results of this evaluation and frequencies and percentages of the response words in each category were calculated. A total of 9 categories were created according to their semantic associations. Some of them are; “concepts about earthquake, damages of the earthquake, a category of defining earthquake, types and causes of earthquakes, landforms caused by earthquakes and other effects” and they form the dominant categories. The frequencies and percentages of some categories are low such as; “The things that earthquake makes feel, regions where earthquakes happened before or there is a possibility to happen, people, institutions and organizations about earthquakes, helping to the victims of the earthquakes, factors affecting the safety of life and property in the earthquake”. In addition, this study revealed that students have some alternative concepts about earthquake.
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Mullayarov, V. A., V. V. Argunov, L. M. Abzaletdinova e V. I. Kozlov. "Ionospheric effects of earthquakes in Japan in March 2011 obtained from observations of lightning electromagnetic radio signals". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, n.º 10 (23 de outubro de 2012): 3181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3181-2012.
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Abstract. Manifestations of disturbances in the lower ionosphere caused by a complex series of earthquakes (the strong earthquakes with M = 7.3 and M = 9 – known as M9 Tohoku EQ – and the subsequent aftershocks) that occurred near the Japanese island of Honshu have been considered with the use of monitoring measurements of the amplitude of lightning electromagnetic signals (atmospherics) received at Yakutsk. Some data of one-point lightning location systems have been compared with the data of the WWLLN network. The analysis of hourly values variation of the atmospheric amplitude passing over the earthquake epicenters shows that during the initial period (the strong earthquakes on 9 March and 11 March) a typical pattern of variations was observed. It was manifested in the increased amplitude after both earthquakes. There were also possible precursors in the form of the increase in amplitude 12–14 days before the events. Though the focuses of these earthquakes were very close to each other, the registration of both precursors may indicate that both of the lithospheric processes developed to a certain extent independently. During all the days of the atmospheric amplitude enhancement the quasi-periodic variation trains were recorded. Together with the delay of earthquake effects relative to the time of the events, they may testify in favor of transferring the energy of lithospheric processes into the lower ionosphere by means of atmospheric gravity waves.
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Reitherman, Robert. "Earthquakes that have initiated the development of earthquake engineering". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 39, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2006): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.39.3.145-157.
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The recent 75th anniversary of the 1931 Hawke’s Bay Earthquake reminds us that a particular earthquake can have a great effect on the development of engineering methods to contend with this natural hazard. Factors other than the occurrence of a single earthquake are also present before and after such a historically important event, and there are examples of countries that began on the path toward modern earthquake engineering in the absence of any particular earthquake playing an important causal role. An earthquake that was large in seismological (e.g. magnitude) or engineering (e.g. destructiveness) measures may have had little effect on engineering tools developed to contend with the earthquake problem. The history of earthquake engineering is not merely a set of events rigidly tied to a chronology of major earthquakes. Nonetheless, some significant earthquakes have been step function events on the graph of long-term progress in earthquake engineering. Only earthquakes that bring together several prerequisites have had such historic effects, creating in a country a beachhead for earthquake engineering that persisted in the following decades. In this brief historical review, the following seminal earthquakes are discussed: 1906 Northern California, United States; 1908 Reggio-Messina, Italy; 1923 Kanto, Japan; 1931 Mach and 1935 Quetta, India-Pakistan; 1931 Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand.
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Goswami, Nandona. "COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SHEAR WALL AND BRACING ON MULTISTORIED BUILDING". International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2022): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i02.020.
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High rise structures are susceptible to failure and collapse in case of earthquakes. Now a days, shear wall and steel bracings are most popular systems to resist lateral loads due to earthquakes. Both the systems have significant roles in reducing the damage caused due to lateral loads in case of an earthquake. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the performance of a G+9 story building with shear wall and bracing in seismic zone V and comparison has been made between the two systems to find the most suitable earthquake resistant structure. Response Spectrum Analysis has been performed in the software ETABS. The performance is evaluated on the basis of story displacement and story drift.
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Abercrombie, Rachel E. "Regional bias in estimates of earthquake MS due to surface-wave path effects". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 84, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1994): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840020377.
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Abstract Continental earthquakes have long been known to have anomalously high surface-wave magnitudes relative to their seismic moments. A recent global study of shallow earthquakes by Ekström and Dziewonski (1988) confirmed this and found other regional, systematic anomalies in the MS-M0 relationship. It is important to determine the source of these anomalies in order to understand the controls on earthquake-source radiation and to obtain accurate estimates of historical seismic strain rates. In this study the magnitudes of 82 earthquakes from eight different tectonic regions are recalculated using a simple surface-wave path correction to determine whether path effects are responsible for the observed anomalies. The magnitudes of continental earthquakes are reduced by an average of 0.2 magnitude units, an improvement in fit to the global average significant at the 98% level. Surface-wave path effects are clearly responsible for the high MS observed in continental areas. There is a small decrease in scatter in the other areas, but lateral refraction of the surface waves at plate boundaries prevents the simple correction from having a significant effect. There is no evidence in the observed anomalies, however, for any dependence of earthquake-source type on tectonic setting. It is clear that to obtain reliable, unbiased estimates of regional seismic strain rate and hazard, a local moment-magnitude relationship should be preferred to a global one.
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KORKMAZ, Burak Can. "The Position and Importance of Earthquake Education in the World". EDUCATIONE 2, n.º 2 (26 de setembro de 2023): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.58650/educatione.1330891.
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Earthquake education is significant for students to raise awareness and improve knowledge related to earthquakes. Literature on earthquakes emphasizes that people with high awareness and increased knowledge can effectively cope with the devastating effects. At this point, traditional teaching methods, such as drills and theoretical lessons, are inadequate, but innovative methods like virtual reality (VR) technology is more promising. However, there is no consensus on the ideal type of earthquake education. In the world, earthquake education significantly differs. Even though some countries are located in regions that are prone to earthquakes, they do not consider earthquake education in schools. On the other hand, several countries include earthquake education in school curricula. Existing literature demonstrates the insufficiency of current earthquake education in countries like Mexico and Israel. Students have deficiencies in knowledge related to the earthquake in spite of the implementation of earthquake education in schools. Reviewing different countries implementing earthquake education allows us to create an ideal type of earthquake education. Therefore, this review aims to investigate earthquake education in different countries.
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Albini, Paola. "Nine Major Earthquakes in the United States of the Ionian Islands, 1815–1864". Seismological Research Letters 91, n.º 6 (2 de setembro de 2020): 3595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200205.
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Abstract Nine major earthquakes that affected the islands of Corfu, Paxoi, Lefkada, Kephalonia, Ithaca, and Zakynthos in the Ionian Sea offshore western Greece at the time of British Protectorate of the United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) have been reappraised by means of a systematic investigation of contemporary, locally produced documents of diverse typologies. With an in-depth study of the earthquakes attested by multiple observations, this article complements and concludes the research focused on 50 yr of seismic records that was introduced by my recent companion article on the solitary records of earthquake effects throughout the Ionian Islands. Although some earthquakes discussed in this article had already been studied and interpreted in modern times, the exclusive use of carefully contextualized and independent records of earthquake effects allowed the author to overcome the imprecisions of preceding interpretations. Because of the exhaustive documentation, this study proposes a different vision of the characteristics of these nine major earthquakes from their dates of occurrence to newly assigned sets of intensity data.
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Ghaderi Garakani, Majid, Saeed Mahjoubi e Shervin Maleki. "Effects of Modeling Staircases on Seismic Responses of Concrete Frames". Advanced Engineering Forum 23 (julho de 2017): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.23.72.
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Staircases in reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures have suffered severe damages in past earthquakes, despite being regarded as the main means of egress during emergencies. To make sure that staircases perform as safe passages in strong earthquakes, the performance of RC stair structures should be scrutinized under major earthquakes. In this research at first, staircases were simulated as shell elements in RC frames and analyzed under gravity loads in order to find the maximum forces and moments. In the second step, the influence of staircases on the structural behavior of RC frame structures under seismic loads was studied. The results showed that stairs act as a K-type bracing system. Furthermore, a parametric study was carried out and relations for calculating force and moment in stairs slabs that had been determined under gravity loads, were modified. In addition, affected areas of structure interacting with the stairs in an earthquake were distinguished.
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Shibazaki, Bunichiro, e Hiroyuki Noda. "What Caused the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake? : Effects of Dynamic Weakening". Journal of Disaster Research 9, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 2014): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0252.
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Some observational studies have suggested that the 2011 great Tohoku-Oki earthquake (Mw9.0) released a large portion of the accumulated elastic strain on the plate interface owing to considerable weakening of the fault. Recent experimental and theoretical studies have shown that considerable dynamic weakening can occur at high slip velocities because of thermal pressurization or thermal weakening processes. This paper reviews severalmodels of the generation of megathrust earthquakes along the Japan Trench subduction zone, that considers thermal pressurization or a friction law that exhibits velocity weakening at high slip velocities, and it discusses the causes of megathrust earthquakes. To reproduce megathrust earthquakes with recurrence intervals of several hundreds of years, it will be necessary to consider the existence of a region at the shallow subduction plate boundary where significant dynamic weakening occurs due to thermal pressurization or other thermal weakening processes.
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Demirdag, Ismail, e Anang Widhi Nirwansyah. "Unravelling the Economic Impacts". Journal of Regional and City Planning 35, n.º 1 (26 de março de 2024): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2024.35.1.2.
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This study aimed to reveal the macroeconomic effects of the earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye in February 2023 on the country as a whole, the affected region (covering 11 provinces), and other provinces. Using secondary data obtained from data sets of various institutions, this research firstly attempted to estimate the negative effects of the February Earthquakes on the country’s GDP. The study presents a base scenario using the economic growth forecasts of international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank for 2023 and 2024 as well as three possible loss scenarios for Türkiye, taking into account the effects of earthquakes of similar magnitude on the GDP in Türkiye and other countries. Furthermore, this study tried to estimate the losses caused by earthquakes in terms of employment, GDP, agriculture, industry, services, and foreign trade at the regional and provincial levels. To do this, we created the Base Scenario, which assumes no earthquake, and Scenario 1, which shows the impact of the earthquake. The findings indicate that, in the worst-case scenario, the country will contract by approximately 2.75%, which means a loss of $8.8 billion. Moreover, the study results point out an average monthly loss of 242 thousand jobs, a loss of $5 billion in GDP, an export loss of $3.5 billion, and an import loss of $4.7 billion in the 11 earthquake-affected provinces. The research underlines the need for comprehensive measures to mitigate the economic consequences caused by earthquakes. This includes disaster prevention plans, effective management strategies and initiatives aimed at strengthening regional economic resilience. Ultimately, the article provides valuable information for policymakers to facilitate informed decisions and the implementation of measures to increase preparedness, risk mitigation, and sustainable recovery in earthquake-prone areas.
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Zardari, Muhammad Auchar, Hans Mattsson, Sven Knutsson, Muhammad Shehzad Khalid, Maria V. S. Ask e Björn Lund. "Numerical Analyses of Earthquake Induced Liquefaction and Deformation Behaviour of an Upstream Tailings Dam". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5389308.
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Much of the seismic activity of northern Sweden consists of micro-earthquakes occurring near postglacial faults. However, larger magnitude earthquakes do occur in Sweden, and earthquake statistics indicate that a magnitude 5 event is likely to occur once every century. This paper presents dynamic analyses of the effects of larger earthquakes on an upstream tailings dam at the Aitik copper mine in northern Sweden. The analyses were performed to evaluate the potential for liquefaction and to assess stability of the dam under two specific earthquakes: a commonly occurring magnitude 3.6 event and a more extreme earthquake of magnitude 5.8. The dynamic analyses were carried out with the finite element program PLAXIS using a recently implemented constitutive model called UBCSAND. The results indicate that the magnitude 5.8 earthquake would likely induce liquefaction in a limited zone located below the ground surface near the embankment dikes. It is interpreted that stability of the dam may not be affected due to the limited extent of the liquefied zone. Both types of earthquakes are predicted to induce tolerable magnitudes of displacements. The results of the postseismic slope stability analysis, performed for a state after a seismic event, suggest that the dam is stable during both the earthquakes.
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Hutchenson, K. D., e R. B. Herrmann. "Spectral Examination of the 16 June 1992 Earthquake and Quarry Blast Near Evansville, Indiana". Seismological Research Letters 64, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1993): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.64.2.169.
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Abstract On 16 June 1992, an mLg 2.3 earthquake occurred in southwestern Indiana, near Evansville. This area is part of the Illinois Basin coal belt, an area of active surface mines with numerous strip-mine blasts daily. The co-location of earthquakes and strip-mine blasts enable spectral comparisons without significant concern for differences due to path propagation effects. Discriminating between the two types of events can be done visually due to the distinctive appearance of the Rg phase in strip-mine blasts and high frequency coda of earthquakes. A strong Rg phase is indicative of shallow source depths. However, earthquakes previously located at shallow depths elsewhere within the Illinois Basin do not exhibit a distinctive Rg phase, indicating either poor control in focal depth determination or a fundamental difference in source mechanism. Visual and spectral examination shows that earthquakes are richer in energy at higher frequencies than strip-mine blasts. Earthquakes have significant energy at 20–30 Hz, while the significant energy content of blasts is closer to 10 Hz. The significant difference compared to previous earthquake-nuclear explosion discriminant studies is that the chemical explosion has reduced high frequency content compared to the earthquake.
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Majdi, Ali, e Radu Sorin Văcăreanu. "State of art regarding to quantify the consequences associated with building response to an earthquake shaking". E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 08010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198508010.
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Earthquake loss estimation (ELE) refers to the analysis and study of the possible effects of an earthquake in a region or population and quantifies the consequences of the earthquake. The objective of this study is to provide an insight into earthquake loss estimation for the most common approaches by seeking to survey the current methodologies for quantifying the earthquakes' negative effects. Naturally, peoples search about desirable approaches to estimate of earthquakes costs and losses which are not predetermined to subsist as usual. Other issues related to those approaches are endeavor to achieve the state of art to quantify the earthquakes consequences, the aspects of a building's response to earthquake. The aspects that will be characterized in this research are: 1) Input data like building information (Structure system, location, occupation, etc.), earthquake hazard; 2) Analysis methods; 3) Output data. ELE methods are categorized in different ways depending on one or more parameter. ELE approaches into two groups (1-a shocked building stock in a specific city or settlement, 2-specific building or structure). The varying and common use have been observed when selecting the approaches of this research. The methods and tools that used in the exploration include QLARM, SELENA, ELER, HAZUS, SLAT and FEMA P-58.
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Nizamani, Zafarullah, Seah Kay Seng, Akihiko Nakayama, Mohamad Shariff Bin Omar Khan e Haider Bilal. "Seismic Effects on a Horizontally Unsymmetrical Building using Response Spectrum Analysis". MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820306014.
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Most of the residential buildings in Malaysia are not designed to withstand the seismic forces, while the high-rise buildings. However, since the Sumatra 2004 earthquake, there had been increasing concerns about the structure vulnerability in our country to earthquakes. Several recent studies had also revealed that Malaysia had the possibility to be influenced by both local and far field earthquakes. This study is conducted to analyze the vulnerability of a high rise building to local and far field earthquakes using Scia Engineer. Modal Response Spectrum method of Scia Engineer is used. The model is a 12 story hotel building from Ipoh, Perak. The designing code is the Eurocode with Malaysia Annex. Different Peak Ground Accelerations (PGA) that represents the local and far field earthquakes is acted on the model to obtain the seismic performance. The deformation of the building by the seismic combinations is compared to the ASCE-7 design to evaluate the vulnerability. Research of seismic performance of the flat slab system is also conducted along with beam frame system. The result shows that the building is in a safe condition in terms of deformation and the seismic performance of the flat slab system is advantageous.
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Kopylova, G. N., e S. V. Boldina. "Seismohydrogeological Phenomena as an Earthquakes’ Trigger Impact on Groundwater (by the Example of the Wells of the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Test Site, Kamchatka Peninsula)". Физика земли 2023, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2023): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002333723030079.
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Based on the long-term observations of the wells on the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Test Site, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the paper analyzes manifestations of three main types of seismohydrogeological effects – hydrogeological precursors, coseismic pressure jumps and postseismic effects of the vibrational impact of seismic waves in measurements of the pressure and chemical composition of groundwater, depending on the earthquake parameters (magnitude, epicentre distance, intensity of seismic impact in the observation areas). The paper presents data on the earthquakes that were preceded by hydrogeological precursors in several (n = 2–4) wells. It is discussed whether it is possible to use hydrogeological precursors to predict strong earthquakes in Kamchatka. The authors also discuss the results of their experimental use in a real-time environment with weekly reports on the current observational data for the Kamchatka Branch of the Russian Expert Council. By the example of water level observations in YUZ-5 Well, the authors analyzed coseismic jumps in the groundwater pressure due to rupture formation in the sources of local Mw 6.0 earthquakes and four types of effects of the vibrational impact of seismic waves during local and distant Mw = 6.8–9.3 earthquakes at epicentral distances from 80 to 14 600 km; the study demonstrates that such effects depend on the earthquake parameters and the intensity of seismic impact in the well area.
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Thompson, Mika, Erin A. Wirth, Arthur D. Frankel, J. Renate Hartog e John E. Vidale. "Basin Amplification Effects in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from Strong-Motion Recordings and 3D Simulations". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, n.º 2 (11 de fevereiro de 2020): 534–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190211.
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ABSTRACT Sedimentary basins in the Puget Sound region, Washington State, increase ground-motion intensity and duration of shaking during local earthquakes. We analyze Pacific Northwest Seismic Network and U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion recordings of five local earthquakes (M 3.9–6.8), including the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, to characterize sedimentary basin effects within the Seattle and Tacoma basins. We observe basin-edge generated surface waves at sites within the Seattle basin for most ray paths that cross the Seattle fault zone. We also note previously undocumented basin-edge surface waves in the Tacoma basin during one of the local earthquakes. To place quantitative constraints on basin amplification, we determine amplification factors by computing the spectral ratios of inside-basin sites to outside-basin sites at 1, 2, 3, and 5 s periods. Ground shaking is amplified in the Seattle basin for all the earthquakes analyzed and for a subset of events in the Tacoma basin. We find that the largest amplification factors in the Seattle basin are produced by a shallow earthquake located to the southwest of the basin. Our observation suggests that future shallow crustal and megathrust earthquakes rupturing west of the Puget Lowland will produce greater amplification within the Seattle basin than has been seen for intraslab events. We also perform ground-motion simulations using a finite-difference method to validate a 3D Cascadia velocity model (CVM) by comparing properties of observed and synthetic waveforms up to a frequency of 1 Hz. Basin-edge effects are well reproduced in the Seattle basin, but are less well resolved in the Tacoma basin. Continued study of basin effects in the Tacoma basin would improve the CVM.
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Inoue, Yuta, Kazutomo Ohashi, Yuko Ohno, Takako Fujimaki, Anna Tsutsui, Ling Zha e Tomotaka Sobue. "Pregnant women’s migration patterns before childbirth after large-scale earthquakes and the added impact of concerns regarding radiation exposure in Fukushima and five prefectures". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2022): e0272285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272285.
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The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (within Fukushima, Iwate, and Miyagi prefectures) was a complex disaster; it caused a tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, resulting in radiation exposure. This study investigated the earthquake’s effects on the migration patterns of pregnant women and their concerns regarding radiation exposure. We also considered the following large-scale earthquakes without radiation exposure: Great Hanshin-Awaji (Hyogo prefecture), Niigata-Chuetsu, and Kumamoto. Pregnant women were categorized as outflow and inflow pregnant women. Data on the annual number of births three years before and after the earthquake were used as a denominator to calculate the outflow and inflow rates per 100 births. The odds ratios of annual outflow and inflow rates after the earthquake, using three years before the earthquake as the baseline, were calculated. The odds-ratio for outflow significantly increased for Hyogo, Fukushima, Miyagi, and Kumamoto prefectures after the earthquake, particularly for Fukushima, showing a significant increase until three years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: odds-ratio: 2.66 [95% confidence interval: 2.44–2.90], 1 year post: 1.37 [1.23–1.52], 2 years post: 1.13 [1.00–1.26], 3 years post: 1.18 [1.05–1.31]), while the remaining three prefectures reported limited increases post one year. The inflow decreased after the earthquake, particularly in Fukushima, showing a significant decrease until 2 years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: 0.58 [0.53–0.63], 1 year post: 0.76 [0.71–0.82], 2 years post: 0.83 [0.77–0.89]). Thus, pregnant women’s migration patterns changed after large-scale earthquakes, suggesting radiation exposure concerns possibly have a significant effects. These results suggested that plans for receiving assistance and support that considers the peculiarities of disaster related damage and pregnant women’s migration patterns are needed in both the affected and non-affected areas.