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Publicado: 27 de julho de 2024

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1

Kryvetskyi, V. V., D. V. Proniaiev, T. V. Protsak, B. Y. Banul, N. R. Yemelianenko e V. L. Voloshyn. "History of the development of the lymphatic system (part one)". Bukovinian Medical Herald 26, n.º 3 (103) (27 de outubro de 2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xxvi.3.103.2022.12.

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The history of lymphatic system research goes back to ancient times. Lymph nodes were likely first mentioned in the hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt. Hippocrates (5th century BC) in the 5th century BC was one of the first to mention the lymphatic system. One of the first descriptions of what can be attributed to lymphatic vessels can be found in Aristotle. The Byzantine physician Pavlo Aeginsky was a famous surgeon who illustrated the tonsils and performed the first tonsillectomy, which allowed him to identify and describe infected cervical lymph nodes. Indian and Islamic medicine, especially Avicenna, gave interesting descriptions of lymphedema (elephant disease) due to frequent parasitic infections which are more common in eastern regions. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, discovered the axillary, inguinal, and mesenteric lymph nodes, as well as the thymus, in the 1st-2nd century AD. The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in the 3rd century BC by Herophilus, a Greek anatomist who lived in Alexandria. The Alexandrian school made significant contributions to the study of the lymphatic system stemming from the works of Galen. However, whether the structures described were lymphatic vessels is still debated. Erasistratus, during the dissection of a dairy lamb, showed that the abdominal arteries are filled with milk. Very likely, this is the first misinterpreted study of mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Based on the first observations made by the medieval Arab anatomist ibn Al-Nafis, the Spanish scientist and theologian Miguel Servetus, and the Italian anatomist Realdo Colombo, who described pulmonary circulation, and Andrea Cesalpino, who first introduced the term "circulation" in relation to the cardiovascular system, it was established basic regularities of the structure of the lymphatic system. In the middle of the 16th century, Gabriele Fallopio (researcher of fallopian tubes) described the vessels now known as "mammary glands". Based on all these discoveries, the Italian surgeon and anatomist Giovanni Guglielmo Riva was the first to present a graphic representation of the lymphatic system in two of his four oil paintings, which are now kept in the Academy of History "Arte Sanitaria" in Rome.

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Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L., Colin Rowe e Leon Satkowski. "Italian Architecture of the 16th Century". Sixteenth Century Journal 35, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2004): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477014.

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Konstam, R. A. "16th century naval tactics and gunnery". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1988): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1988.tb00619.x.

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Kulbaka, Jacek. "From the history of disabilities (16th-19th century)". Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, n.º 38 (11 de outubro de 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.2.

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The article presents various circumstances (social, legal, philosophical and scientific) connected with the care, upbringing and education of people with disabilities from the early modern era to the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention was to the history of people with disabilities in the Polish lands. The author tried to recall the activity of leading educational activists, pedagogues and scientists – animators of special education in Poland, Europe and the world. The text also contains information related to the activities of educational and upbringing institutions (institutional, organisational, methodological and other aspects).

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Waddell, Peter J. A. "The disassembly of a 16th century galleon". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15, n.º 2 (maio de 1986): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1986.tb00562.x.

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Truong, Anh Thuan, e Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, n.º 1 (2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109.

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Dehqan, Mustafa, e Vural Genç. "The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609". Oriente Moderno 99, n.º 3 (7 de outubro de 2019): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340222.

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Abstract The Brādōst Kurdish emirate, ruling over Rawāndiz and adjoining areas including parts of Urmīya, is one of the numerous Kurdish ruling families of Kurdistan, which succumbed to the conquering Ottoman and Safavid arms in the 16th-century. While Ardalān, Ḥakkārī, Chamīšgazak, and many other Kurdish emirates were yielded to the several recent studies, Brādōst remained a neglected Kurdish emirate. By analyzing written documents produced during the 16th-century — from both Ottoman and Safavid sources — a better understanding can be had of what political interactions were possible at this emirate in Ottoman-Safavid frontier history. This paper critically contributes to scholarly discussions of 16th-century political history of Brādōst and Ottoman-Safavid borderlands.

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Noonkester, Myron C., e Boris Ford. "The Cambridge Cultural History, Volume 3: 16th Century Britain." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, n.º 3 (1993): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542161.

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Bach-Szczawińska, Cecylia. "On the history of Krynki in the 16th century". Studia Podlaskie, n.º 20 (2012): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2012.20.01.

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Maxwell-Irving, Alastair M. T. "Hoddom Castle: a reappraisal of its architecture and place in history". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 117 (30 de novembro de 1988): 183–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.117.183.217.

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Bołdyrew, Aleksander, e Karol Łopatecki. "Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century". Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, n.º 2 (30) (2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.201.

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The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.

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Variash, Irina. "“The Muslim Question” in 16th Century Spain". ISTORIYA 14, n.º 6 (128) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840027169-4.

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The article challenges the traditional perception of the negative image of the Muslim period in the mass consciousness of that time, based on the material from “Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II”. Neither the objects of “Moorish origin”, nor the “Moors” themselves, nor the “Moriscos” had any negative connotations in the perception of the Spanish people in the 16th century. Intellectuals took the lead in reevaluating the historical experiences of that time, which led to the development of national historiography and the emergence of the “Black Legend”, depicting the intense conflict between Muslims and Christians during the long Reconquista period. This reevaluation was driven more by the goals of state-building than by popular sentiments, as the scientific and political knowledge of that time was just beginning to comprehend the ideas of a unified kingdom, standardized laws, and a shared history.

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Butel, Paul, e François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France". Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, n.º 1 (março de 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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Dehqan, Mustafa, e Vural Genç. "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers". Der Islam 96, n.º 1 (9 de abril de 2019): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2019-0003.

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Abstract Sharaf Khān, author of the Sharaf-nāma, is the most energetic early modern champion of Kurdish history. One problem with the standard account of Sharaf Khān is that it organizes Kurdish history according to the author’s own classifications, rather than according to the administrative entities of the overlord empires, the Ottomans and Safavids; and that Sharaf Khān had access only to certain sources which are specific to the principalities. This indicates that one must be careful to use all claims of Sharaf Khān about particular Kurdish emirs, because not all that pertains to the understanding of 16th-century Kurdish emirs is included in the Sharaf-nāma. One way of resolving this inconsistency is to refer to the Ottoman archives. What we want to emphasize in this paper is the importance of the ruus registers for Kurdish history, which, we think, is less widely recognized. In what follows, we shall deal with the Kurdish materials given in the ruus registers.

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Galtsin, Dmitrii D. "Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, n.º 2 (2022): 578–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.216.

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The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.

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Cram, David, e Ruth Campbell. "A 16th-century case of acquired Dysgraphia". Historiographia Linguistica 19, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.1.04cra.

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Summary The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the earliest historical reports, to the authors’ knowledge, of a specific acquired agraphia: the first-hand account of a man who lost his ability to use letters in writing as a result of a battle injury in 1536. The description occurs as an interpolation in Thomas Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique (1553), in the course of a discussion of the localisation of the memory in the head. The case is described in sufficient detail to allow a tentative identification of the sort of disorder that was involved.

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Kadir, Hatib Abdul. "History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity". Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1871.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have created unequal relations between the state and society

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Lehmann, L. Th. "Underwater archaeology in 15th and 16th-century Italy". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1991): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00290.x.

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Stagl, Justin. "The methodising of travel in the 16th century". History and Anthropology 4, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1990): 303–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1990.9960802.

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Metan, Saskia. "Editorische Verflechtungen". Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, n.º 4 (30 de outubro de 2019): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0029.

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Summary Among the various descriptions of „Sarmatia“ which have been printed in the 16th century, the works of Maciej z Miechowa, Marcin Kromer and Alessandro Guagnini possessed the largest distribution: Published between 1517 and 1578, their works – containing information about the geography, history and population of the eastern part of the European continent – were reprinted and translated several times at several places until the middle of the 17th century. With a focus on paratexts and metatextual comments, the present article considers the entangled history of their editions in the 16th and 17th century and deduces receptions of these texts.

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Nurlan A., Atygayev. "Qazaq-Qalmaq Relations in the 16th Century". Qazaq Historical Review 1, n.º 4 (27 de dezembro de 2023): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.69567/3007-0236.2023.4.446.457.

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The article deals with the Qazaq-Qalmaq relations in the 16th century and is based on the data of medieval Muslim sources. The author concludes that the history of relations between these two big nomadic peoples of the late medieval Central Asia began in the 1520s, and during the next eighty years, until the end of the 16th century, the character of these relations was complicated. Mostly the relations were hostile, but sometimes several Qalmaq groups would make alliances with Qazaqs and opposed the outer powers together. Sometimes this or that part of Qalmaqs was not only a political ally of the Qazaqs but also was a subject of the rulers of the Qazaq state, particularly Tauekel Khan

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GOSZCZYŃSKI, Artur. "The Magnates of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 16th-18th century: towards Sejmiks. Ciechanowiec May 24-27, 2022". Historia i Świat 11 (10 de setembro de 2022): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.25.

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Essary, Kirk. "Passions, Affections, or Emotions? On the Ambiguity of 16th-Century Terminology". Emotion Review 9, n.º 4 (25 de maio de 2017): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916679007.

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The history of emotions is notably fraught with semantic anxiety, and a great deal of ink has been spilt in attempts to clarify emotion terminology, with respect to both historical and contemporary usage. Because the 16th century is both a momentous time of linguistic change for European languages (including Latin), and often for some reason neglected by historians of emotion trying to tell a longer story about emotion terminology, this article provides an overview of how 16th-century lexicons and prominent humanist authors handle the basic Latin emotion terms affectus and passio. It suggests further that 16th-century usage confounds Thomas Dixon’s assertion that “classical Christian” usage consists of a generally firm distinction between the two terms.

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Rasmussen, Knud. "Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 2 (abril de 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.2.

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Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.

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Rahman, Mushtaqur. "A History of Arab-Islamic Geography (9th-16th Century AD)". American Journal of Islam and Society 14, n.º 4 (1 de janeiro de 1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i4.2223.

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“Everything you ever wanted to know about the Arab-Islamic contribution togeography (but have had no time to learn up to now),” aptly describes SayyidMaqbool Ahmad‘s A History of Arab-Islamic Geography, which is a descriptionof the Arab-Islamic contribution to geography between the sixth and nineth centuries.To the uninitiated reader, the book may seem like a spider’s web; there isa guiding thread to follow, but that thread is hard to find and easy to lose.Barring language difficulty and the insipid organization of the text, the book ismonumental. It clarifies a number of misconceptions and provides authenticdetails about Arab-Islamic geography.The book is based on over 50 years of painstaking research of Arabicpalimpsests and chronicles and their translations into English and otherEuropean languages. It was the late Professor Hamilton Gibb of St. JohnsCollege (Oxford University), a shining light among Western Orientalists, whoasked Ahmad in 1945 for research on the subject. Following his mentor, Ahmadhas done a remarkable job of distilling much of the chaotic and contentious mattersrelating to Arab-Islamic geography. Never before has anyone attempted toprovide detailed “basic data” on Arab-Islamic geography. Contrary to whatmany Western Orientalists believe, the Arabs-in addition to being inheritorsand preservers of Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge-made significant contributionsto geography. It was partly the contribution of Nasir al-Din Tusi(astronomy), al-Battani (astronomy), Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi (mathematics),Ibn al-Haytham (optics), Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni (astronomy, physics),Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Jazari (mechanics), Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (geography), Al-Masudi (geography), Ibn al-Nafis (blood circulation), Ibn Majid (magnetic compass),and others to science and technology.that motivated the IndustrialRevolution of Europe.The book is organized into two parts and twenty-two chapters to present thevast literature by subject and chronological order. Part I of the book has threesections and nine chapters, which discuss the origins of scientific geography,astronomical and philosophical literature, reports of the explorers and Arabembassies, and regional discussions. These chapters are conclusive that Arab-Islamic scientific geography began with Al-Ma’mun (813-833 AD), who establishedthe first academy, known as Bayt al-Hikmu (the House of Wisdom). As aresult, in Baghdad after the middle of the ninth century, general and descriptivegeographical works began appearing. Included in this section are also chapterson the Iraqi and Balkhi school of geography. Chapters 10 through 15 discuss theimportant regional, philosophical, and astronomical geography works whichappeared in Baghdad. lbn Khurdadbih was the fit writer on the subject andhence can be called the father of Arab-Islamic geography. His Kirub ul-Musalikwu ul-Mumulik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms) is a classic.Two appendices, one concerning the Waqwaq Islands and the other concerningModification of Ptolemy’s Geography by Al-Idrisi, are the most revealingparts of the book because the location of the Waqwaq Islands and Al-Idrisi’smodification of Ptolemy’s map have long baffled Orientalists. Waqwaq Islands(ul-Juzur al-Wuqwuq) were fit mentioned in Ibn Khurdashbih’s Kitab ul-Musulik wu a1 -Mamulik. Appendix 2, Al-Idris’s modification of Ptolemy’s map, ...

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Belyakov, Andrey V. "On the status of the Nogai Horde in the system of post-Horde states". Golden Horde Review 11, n.º 2 (29 de junho de 2023): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.371-379.

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Research objectives: To establish the degree of equivalence for the status of the Nogai Horde in comparison with the Tatar khanates that arose after the collapse of the Golden Horde. Research materials: Russian-Nogai embassy books and documents about those living in Russia in the 16th–17th centuries, writings pertaining to noble people from the East. Results and scientific novelty of the study: The Nogai Horde, until the last third of the 16th century, retained the institution of nominal khans chosen from the numerous descendants of Chingis Khan. These latter figures were needed to proclaim the next biy as a beklerbek and issue a charter with a golden seal. That was the only way to legitimize power in the Horde in the eyes of the neighbors and, most crucially, the Nogai themselves. Thus, the Nogai Horde could not get rid of the idea of its subordinate position in relation to the states ruled by the Chingisids. However, from the middle of the 16th century. the traditional place of the Tatar tsars and princes begins to be occupied by the Russian tsar.

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Tremp, Kathrin Utz. "Preachers by Night. The Waldensian Barbes (15th–16th century)". Church History and Religious Culture 90, n.º 1 (2010): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124110x506554.

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Benfatto, Miriam. "The Work of Isaac Ben Abraham Troki (16th Century)". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 17, n.º 1-2 (15 de maio de 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455197-01701006.

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The Jewish anti-Christian polemical literature includes in its arguments the figure of Jesus of Nazareth, since one of its main goals is to discredit certain attributes of the Christian Messiah. This literature, however, has been so far almost completely overlooked in the Leben-Jesu-Forschung. The present paper draws attention to the figure of Jesus that can be seen in the famous text of Isaac ben Abraham Troki, the Sefer Hizzuq Emunah (end of the 16th century), whose controversial deconstruction of the Christological figure of Jesus allows us to discover a particular type of historical construction.

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Oertling, Thomas J. "A Suction Pump from an Early-16th-Century Shipwreck". Technology and Culture 30, n.º 3 (julho de 1989): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1989.0043.

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Akhmetgalin, Farid A. "The history of the khan’s capital of Kasimov before the seventeenth century (based on materials from archaeological research)". Golden Horde Review 11, n.º 2 (29 de junho de 2023): 429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.429-442.

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Research objectives: The aim of the study is to analyze the history of the city of Kasimov, show its development, and explore the issues of chronology and localization of individual urban areas. Research materials: Archaeological research data, written and cartographic sources, previously published works on this issue. Results and scientific novelty: This article deals with the history of the medieval city of Kasimov. This was the capital of the Kasimov Khanate from the middle of the 15th to the end of the 17th centuries. The study is based on the results of archaeological excavations and extensive historical data. It provides a detailed analysis of the development of a medieval city from the pre-Mongolian center on the Volga-Oka trade route to the capital of the Kasimov Khanate. The author highlighted the areas that arose at different times. The Kasimov archaeological complex is historically associated with the pre-Mongol period in the city’s history. At the end of the 13th century, the city was moved to the area of the Old Posad. In historical sources, it was called Gorodets Meshchersky (13th – the first half of the 16th centuries). Kasimov of the Khan’s time (middle of the 15th – middle of the 16th century) was located in the same place. In historical sources, it was known as Tsarevichev Gorodok. Settlement in the area of Tatarskaya Gora and Tatarskaya Sloboda began later than the middle of the 16th century. The Khan’s mosque bilding was also built at the same time. The territory of the modern city center with the Kasimov Kremlin was being developed at the end of the 16th – beginning of the 17th century. The author has traced the continuity of the development of medieval settlements from the Kasimov archaeological complex (the ancient settlement of Zemlyanoy Strug, the settlement of Dorofeevo Pole of the 9th – 13th centuries) to the Gorodets Meshchersky (13th – the first half of the 15th century) and to the capital of the Kasimov Khanate and the modern city. The article establishes the time of formation of the historical core of the medieval city and the stages of development of territories on the basis of archaeological research.

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Медведь, А. Н. "GIOVAN BATTISTA BELLUZZI AND HIS «TREATISE ON FORTIFICATIONS OF EARTH»". Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), n.º 264 (3 de dezembro de 2021): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.376-387.

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Статья посвящена «Трактату о земляных укреплениях» (1554 г.) итальянского фортификатора XVI в. Джамбаттисты Белуцци. Описываются разделы трактата, отмечаются особенности создания земляных укреплений в Италии XVI в. Высказывается гипотеза о связи технологий создания итальянских земляных укреплений и подобных крепостей в Московском великом княжестве. The article is devoted to the «Treatise on earth Fortifications» (1554) written by the military architect of the 16th century Giovan Battista Belluzzi. It describes sections of the treatise, and highlights distinctive features of earthwork fortifications in Italy in the 16th century. According to the hypothesis presented in the paper, there is a link between the technology of building Italian earth fortifications and that of similar fortresses in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

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Dibbets, Geert R. W. "Dutch philology in the 16th and 17th century". Historiographia Linguistica 15, n.º 1-2 (1 de janeiro de 1988): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.04dib.

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Summary Within a hundred years the first Dutch vernacular orthographies and grammars were published in the Netherlands, as contributions to the cultivation of the language. In a number of these books the authors assumed the independence of the several Dutch dialects; in other publications we find the tendency towards a cultivated language, or we see that the authors started from the existence of a Refined Standard Dutch. However that may be the orthographists and grammarians aimed at the cultivation of written and spoken Dutch. Generally the grammarians did not pay much attention to two traditional areas of the grammar: orthographia and prosodia, but the etymologia was stressed: the theory of the parts of speech, and – to a lesser degree – the syntaxis. The influence of Latin grammar on Dutch was enormous, but could not prevent particularly van Heule (1633) and Leupenius (1653) from following their own course, for the most part within the traditional framework. In doing so the grammarians based themselves on the language usage, in which the nature of the language was given a concrete form.

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Lyman, Marie, Amanda Stinchecum, Monica Bethe e Margot Paul. "Kosode: 16th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection." Monumenta Nipponica 40, n.º 4 (1985): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384842.

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Lowry, S. T. "Private Money and Public Currencies: The 16th Century Challenge". History of Political Economy 28, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1996): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-28-2-310.

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Vidmar, Tadej. "The Development and the Demise of Protestant Provincial Schools in Inner Austria". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, n.º 4 (2020): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.408.

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This paper analyzes and clarifies motivations and reasons for a short but intensive development of the secondary level of schooling followed by a sudden end, especially of the so-called Provincial schools, in three Inner Austrian lands (Carniola, Styria and Carinthia) in the 16th century. The situation regarding the organization of schooling in the 16th century was incomparable with the situation in the states headed by the Protestant rulers. Nevertheless, a type of Protestant gymnasium emerged here, which was called Provincial school (Landschaftsschule) and which also required some prior elementary knowledge for enrollment. For each of the three lands — Carniola, Carinthia and Styria — the establishment of the Provincial School was the first actual opportunity for the foundation of a central institution providing not only elementary knowledge, but also higher levels of education partly comparable to the curricula of the faculties of arts. Unfortunately, at the end of the 16th century, the development of the Provincial Schools was forcibly stopped. The article is based upon a thorough analysis and comparison of the relevant primary and secondary sources (in Latin, Slovene, German and English). The results show that all three school underwent similar phases of development and the same sudden termination, despite different inner circumstances, material foundations and time frame. In any case, the three Provincial Schools played an important part in the development of humanistic education on the territory of modern Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Austria.

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Santangelo, Paolo. "A Neo-Confucian Debate in 16Th Century Korea". T'oung Pao 76, n.º 4 (1990): 234–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853290x00083.

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WAGNER, Marek. "Brothers Berens. A contribution to the history of Polish Lutheranism in the 17th century". Historia i Świat 7 (30 de junho de 2018): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2018.07.13.

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The Lutheran family of Berens (Behrens) came from Denmark, probably had peasant or bourgeois roots, while in the 16th century its members lived in the area of Ducal Prussia. In the mid-17th century, four brothers were identified – Jan, Jakub, Jerzy, also Paweł, who served in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and who, thanks to their own abilities and royal protection, reached high military levels.

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Poortvliet, Marjolein. "The grammaticalization of Dutch klinken". Rise and Development of Evidential and Epistemic Markers 7, n.º 1-2 (23 de novembro de 2017): 190–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.7.1-2.08poo.

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Abstract This article demonstrates the diachronic development of present-day Dutch klinken as an evidential copular verb meaning ‘to seem, based on (auditory) evidence’ from the Middle Dutch intransitive verb klinken meaning ‘to give off a clear sound’. I identify four semantic stages in the history of klinken, which are divided by processes of semantic bleaching (14th–16th century, 16th–17th century) and subjectification and copularization (during the 16th century). I claim that the process of copularization is the trigger of both the evidential meaning and the subjective interpretation that copular constructions with klinken receive. Furthermore, I show that, unlike the development of eruitzien ‘look’ and voelen ‘feel’ from cognitive perception verbs, klinken has developed much like the Dutch copular verbs schijnen ‘seem’ and blijken ‘turn out’: from an intransitive verb with a sensory-related meaning.

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Jekele, Ilona. "Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources". Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 29, n.º 1 (2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.105.

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The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.

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Opaliński, Krzysztof, e Patrycja Potoniec. "KORPUS POLSZCZYZNY XVI WIEKU". Poradnik Językowy, n.º 8/2020(777) (28 de outubro de 2020): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2020.8.2.

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The original purpose of creating the corpus of the 16th Polish language was to preserve the material basis of Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku (Dictionary of the 16th-Century Polish Language) (SPXVI) comprising 272 texts transliterated in accordance with standardised principles, which is of great value. The project described here consists in creating an online base of the resources and using a part of it as a germ of a language corpus with texts designated with morphosyntactic markers. The works adopted XML encoding in the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) formalism, version P5, adjusted to a 16th-century text. Typographical elements as well as grammatical categories and forms of words were designated in the texts. The germ of the corpus of the 16th-century Polish language comprises 135 thousand segments and it will be expanded by another 100 thousand in the future to provide material for an automated form designation tool. Ultimately, integration with the Diachronic Corpus of Polish is planned. Keywords: lexicography – history of Polish – diachronic corpus of Polish

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Charles, J. Daryl. "Natural Law and Protestant Reform: Lessons from the Forgotten Reformer". Pro Ecclesia: A Journal of Catholic and Evangelical Theology 28, n.º 3 (13 de maio de 2019): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063851219846678.

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Despite Protestants’ suspicion of natural law ethics in their recent history, there are signs that in some Protestant circles a re-awakening to the importance of natural law is occurring. This is as it should be, given the fact that the magisterial reformers of the 16th century all affirmed without equivocation the natural law. Foremost among these champions was the forgotten reformer, Phillip Melanchthon, whose remarkable output and influence during the 16th century were unparalleled and whose emphasis on natural law reasoning was notable.

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REGEV, Shaul. "The Attitude towards theconversosin 15th-16th Century Thought". Revue des Études Juives 156, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 1997): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.156.1.519374.

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Spierenburg, Pieter. "H.C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in 16th-Century Germany". Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 4, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2000): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.838.

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Albert, D. M. "The History of Ophthalmology: The Middle Ages, 16th and 17th Century". Archives of Ophthalmology 104, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1986): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130037012.

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Kononov, Pavel I. "The Main Features of the Administrative Law of the Moscow State in the 16th Century (Part 2)". Administrative law and procedure 1 (18 de janeiro de 2024): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2071-1166-2024-1-61-65.

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The article gives general characteristics of tendencies in the development of the administrative law regulation of social relations in the Moscow State during the 16th century, classifies administrative law sources of that period, studies their content. The author states that the main administrative law sources in the first half of the 16th century were charters of the viceroy’s administration, and in the second half, provincial and zemstvo charters, the Codes of Laws of 1550 and 1589, some tsar’s charters of the administrative permissive and administrative protective (police) nature. The paper analyzes administrative law provisions contained in the mentioned laws and regulations.

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Taylor, Larissa Juliet, e A. Lynn Martin. "Plague? Jesuit Accounts of Epidemic Disease in the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, n.º 1 (1999): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544981.

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Krajíc, Rudolf, Zdeněk Měřínský e Pavel Vařeka. "Archaeology of the 16th–20th century in the Czech Republic". Archaeologia historica, n.º 2 (2017): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ah2017-2-1.

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Norman, Corrie, e Kenneth Stow. "Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century". Sixteenth Century Journal 33, n.º 3 (2002): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144103.

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Liseitsev, Dmitrii, e Richard Bland. "Reconstructing the Late 16th-and 17th-Century Muscovite State Budget". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 17, n.º 1 (2016): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2016.0015.

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Meskens, Ad. "Wine gauging in late 16th- and early 17th-century antwerp". Historia Mathematica 21, n.º 2 (maio de 1994): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hmat.1994.1013.

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