Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Dispute de propriété"
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Barros*, Marcelo. "Le sanctuaire de l’Amour au coeur du territoire. Le territoire et le sacré dans la tradition judéo-chrétienne1". Thème 16, n.º 1 (23 de outubro de 2008): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019183ar.
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Résumé La tradition biblique à propos de la terre est ici relue à partir des enjeux environnementaux et des luttes des paysans et des peuples autochtones pour l’accès à celle-ci vue, non plus comme simple propriété et objet de dispute socio-économique, mais d’abord comme don et « sacrement » de la maternité divine. Les cultures du Proche-Orient ancien liaient le rapport au territoire au culte du dieu séjournant dans le sanctuaire du lieu. L’auteur retrace alors l’itinéraire singulier du peuple hébreu : son habitation d’une terre qui reste toujours promise, et son rapport à Dieu impliquant l’instauration de la justice. Dans le Deuxième Testament, le Christ constitue l’héritage promis, non comme substitut de la terre, mais comme « porte » et « pasteur » vers le Royaume, vers « un ciel nouveau et une terre nouvelle où habitera la justice » (2 P 3, 13). La conclusion dégage, pour le contexte actuel, quelques implications libératrices d’un lien resserré autrement entre le territoire et le sacré.
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Tshibende, Louis-Daniel Muka. "Contract Law and Smart Contracts: Property and Security Rights Issues". European Review of Private Law 26, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2018059.
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Abstract: Considering that the internationality of a contract as well as its national character opens up opportunities for the contracting parties, particularly in the domains of dispute settlement mechanisms and applicable Law that they can eventually opt for, the present contribution analyses legal issues resulting from the fact that parties are nevertheless submitted to an obligation to comply with mandatory provisions and public policy rules depending on the location of some key elements of their agreement. This applies, even though it is about smart contracts and blockchain technologies. This article focuses on property and security rights issues (: defective title, informational defects and viruses … ) in the context of the Civil Law tradition. Résumé: Considérant que le caractère international d’un contrat, aussi bien que son caractère national, ouvrent des opportunités pour les parties contractantes, particulièrement dans les domaines de mécanismes de résolution des litiges et de loi applicable qu’elles peuvent éventuellement choisir, la présente contribution analyse les questions juridiques résultant du fait que des parties sont néanmoins tenues de respecter des dispositions obligatoires et de règles de politique d’intérêt général dépendant du lieu de certains éléments-clés de leur contrat. Ceci s’applique même s’il s’agit de contrats intelligents et de technologies de la blockchain. Le présent article se concentre sur des questions de droits de propriété et de sécurité (: défectuosité, défauts informationnels et virus … ) dans le contexte du droit civil traditionnel.
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Prunier, Delphine, e Andrés León Araya. "Agricultura, alimentación y disputas territoriales: reflexiones iniciales / Agriculture, alimentation et disputes territoriales : premières réflexions". Revista Trace, n.º 81 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22134/trace.81.2022.834.
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En los últimos años, distintos autores nos han empujado a pensar en la tierra como mucho más que un recurso de producción o una relación de propiedad. Por ejemplo, la geógrafa canadiense Tania Murray Li (2014) plantea que la respuesta a la pregunta «¿Qué es la tierra?» pasa por analizar la forma particular en que materia, relaciones, prácticas y discursos son ensamblados dentro de contextos concretos. Ensamblajes que, a su vez, cambian a través del tiempo como resultado de las disputas políticas entre distintos grupos. Así, la tierra no es, per se, un recurso, una propiedad, o un territorio, sino que es producida como tal. Unos de los contextos donde se nota de manera más clara este proceso de ensamblaje de la tierra son la comida y lo que conocemos como sistemas agroalimentarios.Depuis quelques années, différents auteurs et autrices nous encouragent à repenser la terre autrement qu’en termes de ressource ou de propriété. Ainsi, selon la géographe canadienne Tania Murray Li (2014), il faut, pour répondre à la question « qu’est-ce que la terre ? », en passer par une analyse des articulations particulières, dans un contexte donné, entre matière, relations sociales, pratiques et discours, sachant que ces mêmes assemblages évoluent à leur tour au fil du temps et en fonction des conflits et oppositions politiques entre parties prenantes. La terre n’est donc pas en elle-même une ressource, une propriété ou un territoire mais une production sociale. La production alimentaire et les systèmes dits agroalimentaires constituent l’un des contextes où ce processus d’assemblage est le plus visible.
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Fox, Hazel. "Commentary: The Advisory Opinion on the Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights: Who Has the Last Word on Judicial Independence?" Leiden Journal of International Law 12, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1999): 889–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215659900045x.
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A critical analysis, considering first, the legal competence and propriety of the Court in giving an opinion pursuant to the dispute settlement machinery of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of United Nations, whereby advisory jurisdiction over disputes of the UN is equated to contentious jurisdiction between consenting states; and second, the effect in municipal law of a state's obligation to respect the UN Secretary-General's certificate that a UN expert is entitled to immunity from legal process. The Court preserves resort to local courts but requires communication of the UN certificate and immunity to be dealt with expeditiously as a preliminary issue.
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Nasir, Muhammad, Hasan Basri e Ferdy Saputra. "CUSTOMARY APPROACH AND RULE OF LAW BY PANGLIMA LAOT IN RESOLVING FISHERMEN'S DISPUTE IN ACEH". Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 24, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2022): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v24i1.26758.
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This research aims to examine the effectiveness of Panglima Laot's institution authority in the maritim area to resolve sea disputes and to find an ideal dispute resolution model to be used. This research uses qualitative method by sociological juridical approach in the form of descriptive analytical. The Panglima laot's authority in an effort to assist the government in resolving maritime disputes is a formal authority granted by a law which is attributively regulated in Article 28 of Qanun Aceh Number 10 of 2008 concerning Customary Institutions. However, when dealing with certain cases between fishermen where the regulation is not very clear in the Qanun, Panglima Laot seeks to resolve cases by using traditional approaches, religious values, propriety, a sense of justice and human conscience. Therefore, Panglima Laot needs detailed and written instructions for carrying out tasks in the form of Government Regulations or Qanuns. Including dealing with refugees who come from abroad.
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Liu, Yang. "Study on the Injunction System of China's Standard Essential Patent Litigation". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 41, n.º 1 (14 de março de 2024): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/41/20240798.
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In the context of the digital age, disputes arising from standard-essential patent (SEP) licensing are becoming more frequent. At the same time, parallel litigations due to the SEP litigations are also increasing, and courts in various countries are now more inclined to adopt the injunction system to deal with this problem. In this paper, this article will review the origin, development, classification and role of injunction, analyse the implementation of the injunction of standard-essential patents in China, and point out the deficiencies of the current injunction system of standard-essential patents in China. At the same time, this article will put forward suggestions including improving the issuance requirements and procedural propriety of the injunction, as well as countermeasures in the face of foreign restrictions on China's jurisdiction, hoping that the injunction system will play a more effective and fair role in China's standard-essential patent litigation dispute resolution.
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Marchon, Olivier. "Rockall, un rocher de l’Atlantique Nord disputé entre Britanniques, Irlandais, Islandais et Danois". Revue Défense Nationale N° 868, n.º 3 (12 de março de 2024): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rdna.868.0068.
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Le rocher de Rockall dans l’Atlantique Nord est un récif inhabitable faisant à peine 5 m², mais il a fait l’objet de disputes quant à sa souveraineté. Propriété du Royaume-Uni, il a été revendiqué par le Danemark, l’Irlande et l’Islande, tous étant intéressés par les ressources halieutiques autour. Au point que le dossier est toujours ouvert.
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Pomson, Ori. "The Obligations concerning Negotiations Cases and the “Dispute” Requirement in the International Court of Justice". Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 16, n.º 3 (27 de fevereiro de 2017): 373–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341357.
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Abstract In the Obligations concerning Negotiations cases, the International Court of Justice (icj) ruled that it lacked jurisdiction to proceed to the merits since there was no dispute prior to the filing of the application by the Republic of the Marshall Islands (rmi) against the three respondent states – India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom – respectively. The present article considers more closely the basis of the requirement that a “dispute” exists for the icj to exercise its jurisdiction. It submits that the condition that a “dispute” exists relates to the essence of the Court’s judicial function. It then questions whether the respondent’s awareness of the applicant’s opposition to its views is a requirement for engaging the Court’s judicial function. After answering this question affirmatively, it questions whether reasons of judicial propriety dictate that a dispute must exist prior to the filing of an application. This question is also answered affirmatively.
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Wilbers, Erik. "Resolving cybersquatting disputes outside the courts through WIPO’S UDRP services". Pin Code N° 1, n.º 1 (28 de abril de 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pinc.001.0036.
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Le développement du système des noms de domaine et la mutation vers le commerce sur Internet ont donné lieu à la pratique du cybersquattage, par lequel des tiers enregistrent des noms de domaine contrefaisant des marques afin d’en tirer un profit illicite. Reconnaissant que de par sa nature un tel abus demande une solution mondiale, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OMPI) a élaboré les Principes directeurs régissant le règlement uniforme des litiges relatifs aux noms de domaine (Principes UDRP), constitués d’une procédure en ligne rapide et peu coûteuse permettant aux titulaires de marques de protéger leurs droits sans recourir aux tribunaux. Quarante-cinq mille cas UDRP à l’OMPI plus tard, cet article analyse l’objet et le fonctionnement de ce mécanisme d’application numérique des droits utilisé par des parties du monde entier.
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H. Ormsbee, Matthew. "Fair Enough?: Procedural Fairness When the ICAO Council Exercises Its Judicial Function". Air and Space Law 48, Issue 4 /5 (1 de setembro de 2023): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2023055.
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Since the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ’s) Qatar decision in 2020, practitioners have given significant attention to the attributes of the Council’s dispute resolution function. Detractors note that this duty of the Council is tantamount to a judicial function, so the Council must strictly observe safeguards for independence and impartiality on par with traditional judicial bodies. Others counter that the Council is a political body that sometimes operates in a quasijudicial capacity; thus, it is not transformed into a court of law with its attendant strictures. This article advances the post-Qatar discussion by digesting the ongoing dialogue among academics and practitioners over the Council’s judicial function. It fashions arguments for and against the Council’s independence and impartiality in the spirit of an adversarial dialogue before a judicial body, which is apropos for a discussion on dispute resolution. Arguments are thus put forward, leveraging political, policy, and legal concerns for decision-makers in the field. The article concludes that the Council’s dispute resolution framework raises concerns about fairness, with a possible ripple effect for other international bodies with a dispute-resolution function. Article 84 of the Chicago Convention, ICAO Council, Dispute Settlement, Judicial Function, Judicial Propriety
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Mallet-Bricout, Blandine. "Le fiduciaire, véritable pivot ou simple rouage de l’opération de fiducie ?" McGill Law Journal 58, n.º 4 (23 de outubro de 2013): 905–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1019049ar.
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L’objet de cet article est de s’interroger sur le rôle que tient le fiduciaire, spécialement dans la fiducie française issue de la Loi no 2007-211 du 19 février 2007 instituant la fiducie, mais aussi en comparaison d’autres systèmes juridiques civilistes ou de common law. Un double regard permet de montrer que le fiduciaire ne tient pas, du moins en droit français, le rôle de pivot de l’opération que l’on pourrait attendre de lui. En effet, la fiducie envisagée sous sa perspective contractuelle, révèle un contractant fiduciaire largement sous la dépendance du constituant, qui détermine non seulement sa mission, parfois très réduite, mais dispose également du pouvoir de le remplacer. La confrontation des pouvoirs du constituant et de ceux du bénéficiaire avec le statut du fiduciaire, propriétaire des biens mis en fiducie, interroge également le civiliste : la propriété fiduciaire semble en effet singulièrement s’éloigner des caractéristiques traditionnelles du droit de propriété (perpétuité, exclusivité). Et la tentative avortée, en 2009, d’un dédoublement de la propriété fiduciaire à l’image de la distinction anglo-américaine entre legal ownership et beneficial interests, n’a pas permis le rapprochement espéré par les praticiens entre la fiducie française et le trust, laissant le fiduciaire au rang d’un propriétaire diminué. Finalement, la prééminence de la relation contractuelle sur celle patrimoniale instaurée par l’opération de fiducie peut aboutir à vider de sa substance la fonction fiduciaire, envisagée dans sa double dimension de gestion et d’exercice d’un droit de propriété sur les biens mis en fiducie. Le fiduciaire apparaît ainsi moins comme un véritable pivot que comme un simple rouage multifonctions de l’opération de fiducie.
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Hanley, Gerard. "They ‘never dared say “boo” while the British were here’: the postal strike of 1922 and the Irish Civil War". Irish Historical Studies 46, n.º 169 (maio de 2022): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2022.6.
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AbstractThis article examines the causes and consequences of the 1922 postal strike which was the first nationwide strike to occur following the establishment of the Irish Free State. In the eyes of the government, the dispute was as much a threat to its authority as that posed by anti-Treatyies, and it was resolved to crush both. The significance of the postal dispute within the annals of Irish labour history has been obscured and overshadowed by the civil war. The strike was not only about a demand for a fair and reasonable wage: it also raised issues relating to workers’ rights, including the right to strike; government tactics, including the harassment and intimidation of workers by the military; victimisation; political propriety and probity; the abuse of government power; and the role and effectiveness of the labour movement. Furthermore, the historical collision of both the postal strike and the civil war produced strong emotions among all parties to this labour dispute – the postal workers, postal unions and the fledgling government. The coincidence of the dispute and the civil war determined the government's attitude towards labour unrest, labour affairs and labour relations until Fianna Fáil succeeded Cumann na nGaedheal in 1932.
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Skinner, Patricia. "Room for tension: urban life in Apulia in the eleventh and twelfth centuries". Papers of the British School at Rome 66 (novembro de 1998): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200004268.
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POSSIBILI TENSIONI: VITA URBANA IN PUGLIA NELL'UNDICESIMO E DODICESIMO SECOLOL'espansione economica della Puglia nel secolo undicesimo e succesivi produsse un corrispondente incremento nel numero di documenti che registrano transazioni urbane. Questo studio indaga l'evidenza fornita da tali documenti, concentrandosi in particolare su Bari e sui suoi residenti. Particolarmente utili per lo studio dei gruppi sociali urbani e delle relazioni familiari sono i documenti che registrano dispute e divisoni. È in genere considerato impossible rintracciare dinastie nei documenti pugliesi, tuttavia la famiglia e la sua proprietà rappresentano l'unità dominante dell'organizzazione, occupando spesso diverse case in congiunzione. Divisioni di proprietà erano generate dalla presenza di figli adulti o dalla morte del padre, con il conseguente stralcio della proprietà. Il ruolo delle donne sembra limitato a quello di equipaggiare e gestire la nuova casa e i loro testamenti spesso rivelano lasciti a domestici e schiavi. Tuttavia uno studio focalizzato verso la ricostruzione dell'organizzazione e assegnazione della proprietà delle donne e delle sequenze di nomi, un soggetto atipico nei documenti, può far luce su nuove relazioni tra e all'interno delle famiglie. Il caso della famiglia barese degli Alfaraniti viene utilizzato per mostrare come un cambiamento di prospettiva possa produrre una soluzione al problema della ricostruzione delle relazione familiari.
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Glennon, Michael J. "Foreign Affairs and the Political Question Doctrine". American Journal of International Law 83, n.º 4 (outubro de 1989): 814–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203370.
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The unevenness of congressional oversight, the proclivity of executive foreign affairs agencies for violating the law and the traditional responsibility of the courts as the last guardians of the Constitution—all point to the propriety of an active role for the judiciary in ensuring governmental compliance with the law. Specifically, courts should not decline to resolve foreign affairs disputes between Congress and the President because they present “political questions.” The recent case of Lowry v. Reagan illustrates the serious systemic damage wrought by judicial abstention in such disputes.
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Plunkett, James. "PRINCIPLE AND POLICY IN PRIVATE LAW REASONING". Cambridge Law Journal 75, n.º 2 (julho de 2016): 366–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197316000301.
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AbstractUnder the present law, policy-based reasoning plays a major role in the judicial determination of private law disputes. The propriety of this type of reasoning, however, has been the subject of much debate. Whilst many argue that there is nothing objectionable about using policy-based reasoning, others, particularly those who believe in a rights and/or corrective justice-based view of private law, argue that policy should play no role in the determination of private law disputes, and that courts should instead rely on what they call “principle”. This article will examine both sides of the debate, initially exploring what is actually meant by “principle” and “policy”, and then providing an overview of the primary arguments relied on in favour of both a policy- and principle-based approach to resolving private law disputes. Finally, a compromise between the two approaches, the so-called “pluralist” approach, will be examined.
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Risanto, Risanto, e Arief Hakim P. Lubis. "NOVUM AND UNREVEALED DATA IN TAX DISPUTES IN INDONESIA: A LEGAL CERTAINTY PERSPECTIVE". Journal of Tax Law and Policy 1, n.º 2 (12 de setembro de 2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56282/jtlp.v1i2.95.
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The previously novum and undisclosed data are still (potentially) a problem in tax administration in Indonesia, as the facts show that there are several court decisions regarding the issuance of additional tax underpayment assessment letters (SKPKBT). It is necessary to conduct a study expected to produce legal concepts from the novum and data that were not previously disclosed to provide legal certainty to taxpayers and the state. Based on the normative juridical method, two conclusions were drawn. First, the novum arrangement and/or data that are seriously disclosed in the Elucidation of Article 15 paragraph (1) of the KUP Law, PMK Number 145/PMK.03/2012 in conjunction with PMK Number 18/PMK.03/2021, and SE-33/PJ. 31/1990 is still unclear, biased, and contains multiple meanings or provides an opportunity to be interpreted differently. Second, there is a renewal of understanding and/or understanding of novum and/or data that were not previously disclosed, which should reach the principles of propriety to act or act and propriety not to work or not to act against taxpayers and tax authorities. It is recommended that the sentence structure, wording, and use of the term novum and/or previously undisclosed data, which will later be standardized in tax laws and regulations, refer to data, documents, evidence, and parts of data, documents, and evidence. - evidence that is not used as the basis for issuing a tax assessment letter following the provisions of the legislation in the field of taxation.
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Reichlin, Bruno, e Christophe Jouanlanne. "Méfions-nous du beau". Le Visiteur N° 22, n.º 1 (5 de março de 2017): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/visit.022.0085.
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Les notions de beau et de laid se heurtent à un obstacle épistémologique : elles laissent croire qu’on a affaire à des « choses » dont on jauge les qualités. Or la dimension esthétique est une propriété relationnelle et non pas une propriété d’objet et la relation esthétique est intentionnelle et spécifique dans le sens où l’on peut la distinguer d’autres activités représentationnelles. En effet, il n’existe pas d’objets esthétiques mais uniquement une conduite esthétique qui investit des objets quelconques. Il n’y a pas non plus de scission entre une « connaissance sensible », apanage d’instinctifs illuminés et une « connaissance cognitive » qui serait le lot des intellectuels besogneux. En résumant on retiendra que l’œuvre propose et l’observateur dispose : il comprend, il apprécie en fonction de sa culture, de ses compétences et de sa créativité herméneutique. Parce que la compréhension d’une œuvre d’art, disait Bertolt Brecht, est aussi une forme de travail. Tandis que pour ceux qui entrent en art comme d’autres en religion, le beau ne se discute pas, le beau a toujours raison ; pour le public, qu’il advienne ce que le beau, ce que l’art commande. Jean Dubuffet écrivait en mai 1968 (tiens donc !) dans le pamphlet Asphyxiante culture : « Beau vient en droite ligne du chant des anges, du buisson ardent dont le professeur Chastel, en robe étoilée, révèle à la Sorbonne, entouré de ses servants, le dogme inaltérable (avec la férule). » Le beau contre la science ?
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Tín, Nguyễn Thức Thành. "About the lexicographic statement of monolingual dictionary". Tạp chí Khoa học 14, n.º 8 (20 de setembro de 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54607/hcmue.js.14.8.272(2017).
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Les dictionnaires de langue apparaissent comme un outil incontournable de tout apprenant de langue étrangère. Parmi eux, le dictionnaire monolingue, rédigé dans la langue-cible, présente bien de caractéristiques énonciatives qui appellent à maintes réflexions. Remplissant plusieurs fonctions, ces ouvrages de genre didactique renferment des énoncés qui relèvent du discours pédagogique, lequel dispose des points de ressemblance et de divergence avec le discours scientifique. Avant d’analyser ces propriétés de l’énoncé lexicographique, l’article fait un détour sur les modalités d’intégration des termes dans la nomenclature ainsi que les types de définitions qu’emploie le dictionnaire, et termine enfin par le rôle du lexicographe
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Safnul, Dody. "Obligations Of The Parties In The Settlement Of Construction Services Contract Disputes Through Arbitration In A Legal Protection Approach". Legalpreneur Journal 1, n.º 2 (12 de abril de 2023): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46576/lpj.v1i2.3132.
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Business activities rife in Indonesia, one of which is the construction services business. The implementation of the construction services business is made by the parties with a construction services contract. In the implementation of construction service contracts, sometimes there are construction service disputes between the parties, both providers and users of construction services, which are decided through arbitration, but there are still many arbitration awards that are not in accordance with the principles of Justice, propriety and certainty so that the arbitration award is applied for cancellation of the decision to the court. Therefore, it needs to be studied in this study.
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Graziadei, Michele. "La proprietà fiduciaria, la proprietà nell’interesse altrui, e i trust. Un itinerario". gennaio-febbraio, n.º 1 (3 de fevereiro de 2022): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2022.47.
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TesiTanto nel mondo di common law, quanto nel mondo di civil law, è necessario disporre di regole robuste, quando si tratta di gestire la ricchezza delegando tale compito ad altri. Nel diritto italiano, il tentativo di mettere al bando ogni forma di proprietà eretta nell’interesse altrui non si è rivelata vincente, ed è da ripensare. Questo ripensamento è compatibile con le strutture fondamentali del diritto italiano, le quali devono riconoscere come fisiologico il potere di alienare i beni su cui verte il rapporto tra le parti. Tale potere, infatti, salvaguarda il valore capitale gestito. Qualunque sia l’origine del rapporto, è dunque un errore ritenere che si caratterizzi essenzialmente per il limitato potere di disposizione del gestore. The author’s view Both in the common law world and in civilian jurisdictions robust rules are necessary when it comes to managing wealth by delegating this function to others. Italy’s attempt to ban all forms of ownership established for the benefit of others has not proved successful, and needs to be reconsidered. The fundamental structures of Italian law are compatible with the regular recognition of the power to alienate assets entrusted to the manager. The power to dispose of such assets, safeguards the capital value of the managed wealth. Whatever the origin of the relationship, it is therefore a mistake to think this relationship it fundamentally characterized by the manager’s limited power of disposition.
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Bordin, Fernando Lusa. "Procedural Developments at the International Court of Justice". Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 13, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2014): 223–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341276.
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The present column covers procedural developments at the International Court of Justice in the period spanning from 1 February 2013 to 31 May 2014. These include: the Court’s discretion to join proceedings and the admissibility of counter-memorials in the Certain Activities/Construction of a Road cases; questions of judicial propriety arising in the Frontier Dispute case; interpretation of a reservation to a declaration made under the Optional Clause and intervention under Article 63 of the Statute in the Whaling case; assessment of the requirement of imminent risk when unilateral undertakings are given in provisional measures proceedings in the Certain Activities/Construction of a Road and Seizure and Detention cases; and the extent of the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 60 of the Statute in interpretation proceedings in the Temple case.
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RITCHIE, DANIEL. "ABOLITIONISM AND EVANGELICALISM: ISAAC NELSON, THE EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, AND THE TRANSATLANTIC DEBATE OVER CHRISTIAN FELLOWSHIP WITH SLAVEHOLDERS". Historical Journal 57, n.º 2 (8 de maio de 2014): 421–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000460.
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ABSTRACTThis article seeks to illuminate significantly our understanding of the link between abolitionism and evangelicalism by considering the debate at the formation of the Evangelical Alliance in 1846 surrounding the propriety of Christian fellowship with slaveholders. The leading critic of the pro-slavery faction was the Revd Isaac Nelson, an orthodox Presbyterian minister from Belfast, Ireland. Nelson's importance to anti-slavery was recognized by abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic at the time, but has not yet been adequately analysed by historians. Hence, this article will examine Nelson's role in the dispute with the defenders of the American slaveholders at the London meeting in 1846 and in further debates within the Alliance on the slavery question. The article will conclude by examining Nelson's claim that the Alliance was a failure owing to its alleged compromise on the slavery question.
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Boulay, Corentin, e Pascal Roman. "Le jeu de rôle : une médiation thérapeutique. Propositions conceptuelles sur les caractéristiques malléables du « JdR » en psychothérapie d’adolescents". Bulletin de psychologie Numéro 581, n.º 3 (28 de julho de 2023): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/bupsy.581.0197.
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Les psychothérapies d’enfants et d’adolescents, notamment les psychothérapies à médiations, recourent à la fois aux activités de jeu et créatrices pour favoriser l’émergence de la symbolisation. Le jeu de rôle est une forme de jeu inédite, au confluent des approches ludiques et narratives, relativement peu étudiées à l’heure actuelle dans le champ psychodynamique. Néanmoins, il dispose de propriétés créatrices singulières qui articulent le travail de créativité groupal, la formation de narratifs et de récits, l’interactivité avec le cadre fictionnel, narratif et ludique. Ainsi, un travail de conceptualisation, articulant théorie psychanalytique, approche ludologique et narratologique, peut permettre de circonscrire les caractéristiques médium-malléable du Jeu de rôle, favorisant son inscription dans une prespective thérapeutique.
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Putra, M. Taufan Perdana, e M. Alfaris. "Reality of Indonesian Marriage Law Concerning Post-Divorce Child Custody". Radiant 2, n.º 2 (4 de setembro de 2021): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52187/rdt.v2i2.50.
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This paper re-constructs how the reality of Indonesian marriage law is related to the decision on child rights disputes after divorce. Ideally, marriage wants the couple to be a happy and lasting family bond without ending in divorce. Legal events such as divorce, instead of being a solution to family problems, will actually cause new problems such as property or child disputes. The purpose of this study is to reveal how the reality of marriage law works, especially with regard to court decisions regarding child custody disputes. descriptive-analytical research method, an in-depth academic search related to this issue is certainly still a must, given the importance of this study as a means and recommendation to related parties in anticipating and reducing the reality of the high divorce rate in Indonesia. The panel of judges can break away from normative regulatory ties as long as it will bring justice and benefit to children. Child custody, for certain reasons such as the principle of appropriateness and propriety, even though juridically if before the child is 12 years old, custody of the child is in the power of the mother, it can fall to the father as long as the panel judges with sufficient evidence and testimony. However, this attitude still has a claim of legality from both theoretical sources and statutory regulations, and even becomes a reflection of the accommodation of the family relationship pattern entity that still upholds local cultural values.
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Thio, Li-ann. "Judges and Religious Questions: Adjudicating Claims to Wear Religious Dress in Public Schools". Religion & Human Rights 2, n.º 3 (2007): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187103107x251464.
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AbstractThis article examines how judges in different countries treat "religious questions", as opposed to "legal questions", through the lens of one particular type of dispute: the expression of religious identity by wearing religious dress in public schools, contrary to state educational policy with secular democracies. Like the 'political questions' doctrine, issues of institutional competence and propriety arise in relation to the extent to which courts should engage with religious laws and reference these in developing public law norms. Much turns upon understandings of what the principle of secularity requires in a particular jurisdiction and the particular type of religious question implicated. It argues that while it is inappropriate for judges to address normative religious question which engages some form of theological inquiry, judges may have competence to address positive religious questions relating to the content of religious doctrine or the centrality of a practice to a religious community through reliance on expert evidence. Nevertheless, prudential considerations may still urge judicial self-restraint when address religious questions.
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NICKLESON, PATRICK. "‘On which they (merely) held drones’: Fugitive Tapes from the Theatre of Eternal Music Archive, 1963–6". Journal of the Royal Musical Association 147, n.º 2 (novembro de 2022): 337–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2022.30.
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AbstractBetween 1963 and 1966, John Cale, Tony Conrad, La Monte Young, Marian Zazeela and a handful of other collaborators rehearsed together on a daily basis. Held since then in the archive at Young and Zazeela’s Church Street apartment in New York City, the tapes of the Theatre of Eternal Music have become obscure objects of fascination and mystery for experimental music fans. They have also been at the centre of disputes over the authorial propriety of the drones that they record. This paper offers a material history of those tapes as they circulate online. By tracking and organizing the available bootlegs, I trace the ensemble’s changing sonic self-conception as it moved from a composer-led ensemble supporting Young’s saxophone improvisations to an egalitarian collective constituted in its dedication to the daily practice of listening from ‘inside the sound’.
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Alev, J., e F. Dumas. "Rigidité des plongements des quotients primitifs minimaux de Ug(sl(2)) dans l’algebre quantique de Weyl-Hayashi". Nagoya Mathematical Journal 143 (setembro de 1996): 119–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002776300000595x.
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Ce travail est consacré aux groupes d’automorphismes de certaines algebres quantiques de dimension 2 ou 3. Dans la théorie classique des algebres enveloppantes, si désigne l’algèbre de Lie de Heisenberg de dimension 3, U() admet l’algèbre de Weyl A1 comme seul quotient primitif de dimension 2, avec les propriétés suivantes: d’ une part tout automorphisme de A1 se relève en un automor-phisme de U(), d’autre part U() admet des automorphismes non modérés (cf. [A1], [Di1], [ML]). On retrouve la même situation pour les quotients primitifs minimaux de U(sl(2)) paramétrés par C (cf. [Di2], [Jo]). En outre, dans ce cas, on dispose des plongements de Conze de ces quotients dans A1 (cf. [Di2], [Co], [Ro]); bien que les groupes d’automorphismes soient comparables, la restriction correspondant à un tel plongement est seulement définie sur le sous-groupe des automorphismes triangulaires de A1 (cf. annexe).
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Fowlkes, J. Brian. "From sonar to medical ultrasound—The impact of Paul Langevin". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, n.º 4 (outubro de 2022): A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015435.
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The technical developments and discoveries of Paul Langevin figuratively and literally powered an incredible spectrum of scientific achievement. The quartz transducer technology of his 1918 patent ( Procédé et appareils d'émission et de réception des ondes élastiques sous-marines à l'aide des propriétés piézo-électriques du quartz. – French Patent No. 505,703) enabled a level of acoustic output power generally unavailable at ultrasonic frequencies along with an increase in detection sensitivity. While there were disputes as to who should have been included on this patent, its effect on the field of ultrasonics is clear. The impetus for this work was largely high-power sonar for military application but his reported observations of effects on fish and even humans ushered in a new era of ultrasound bioeffects investigations including those of the famous Loomis Laboratory and numerous others. This is arguably the genesis of the rich tradition of research in ultrasound bioeffects and helped drive the pursuit of diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound including work by such famous researchers as the Fry Brothers. This presentation will review the evolution of bioeffects from the Langevin’s work and its impact on the field of medical ultrasound.
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Umam, Khotibul, e Muhammad Guntur Hamonangan Nasution Nasution. "PEMAKNAAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI PRINSIP EX AEQUO ET BONO DALAM PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARIAH MELALUI BASYARNAS". Veritas et Justitia 9, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2023): 456–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25123/vej.v9i2.7303.
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The dispute resolution mechanism in BASYARNAS, an Islamic economics arbitration institution, is based on the principle of ex aequo et bonowhich still raises questions regarding its interpretation and implementation. This research aims to comprehend the meaning, limitations, and implementation of the ex aequo et bono principle in the decisions of BASYARNAS. This study uses a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. The findings show that the interpretation of the ex aequo et bono principle correlates with Sharia principles in terms of rules and principles, prohibition of ultra petita, and arbitrator's capability. Meanwhile, the limitations of the application of ex aequo et bono are closely related to the consensual principle of the parties, primary petitum demands, Sharia principles, pacta sunt servanda, and the principle of good faith. These concepts will be taken into account in reviewing the nullity of a contract and its consequences thereafteer. In addition, the implementation, as seen in the Decision of BASYARNAS Case No. 01/Year 2010/BASYARNAS, shows that fair and propriety assessment of the panel does not solely arise from the phrase ex aequo et bono. The decision also negates the elements of the agreement and the good faith of the parties as a basis for continuing an existing contract.
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Koroied, S. O. "Transformation of the procedural powers of the court regarding the application of a proper and effective way of protecting civil rights". TRANSFORMATION LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE IN MODERN CONDITIONS DOCTRINAL APPROACHES AND MEASUREMENTS, n.º 14 (1 de setembro de 2023): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2023-14-157-164.
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The article focuses on the problem of rejection of the claim due to the plaintiff’s choice, although provided by law or contract (that is, proper), of an ineffective way of protecting the violated right in a specific legal relationship. The mentioned problem is considered in the context of the new draft law, which proposes to establish a ban on the refusal to satisfy the claim on the grounds of the plaintiff’s choice of an ineffective method of defense, if such a method is provided for by law or contract. The need to transform the procedural powers of the court regarding the application of a proper and effective way of protecting civil rights is substantiated. A scientific and practical analysis of specific judgments of the Supreme Court is carried out, in which a position is expressed regarding the proper and effective way to protect civil rights. The concept of ways to protect civil rights through the disclosure of their purpose is characterized. An understanding of the concept of an appropriate way of protecting rights is given. The ratio of features of propriety and efficiency, as well as the conditions of application of such methods of protection, is determined. The conclusion is argued, if the plaintiff has chosen a specific method of protecting his right and such a method is appropriate (that is, provided by law or a contract for disputed legal relations and corresponds to the nature of the delinquency), then due to the principle of dispositivity, the court has no grounds to refuse in granting the plaintiff of protection in the method chosen by him, since such a method must be recognized as effective under any conditions, because, given its consolidation in the norms of material law for specific disputed legal relations, it will necessarily lead to the material and legal consequences required by the plaintiff. At the same time, it is concluded that it is worth talking about effectiveness only in the aspect of the court’s application of a method of protection not provided for by law or contract. It is substantiated that since the task of civil proceedings is addressed specifically to the court, therefore, consideration and resolution of civil cases by the court should be carried out specifically for the purpose of effective protection of violated rights. Therefore, it is emphasized that it is the court that should be entrusted with full responsibility for the effective restoration of rights, and therefore the duty to choose the correct method of protecting the violated right, effective and adequate in the specific disputed legal relations of the parties, with consideration of the factual circumstances of the case established by the court. In this regard, it is justified that the method of defense specified by the plaintiff in the statement of claim should not be decisive for the court, if the court comes to the conclusion that, under the specific circumstances of the case, the method of defense chosen by the plaintiff is not appropriate, but to eliminate the legal dispute and protect the violated rights of the plaintiff will be possible only in another way, not provided for by law or contract (but which will be effective). At the end, it is stated that relevant legislative changes, which would provide grounds for the protection of civil rights (in particular, features of possible violations of civil rights), determine the purpose of protecting civil rights (because efficiency will be determined precisely by comparing the declared goal with the obtained result), as well as establishing the conditions for providing legal protection (taking into account the grounds for applying an appropriate and/or effective method of protecting civil rights). Key words: civil rights, violation, legal protection, method of civil law protection, proper method, effective method, plaintiff, court, civil process, provision of protection, effective protection of rights
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Sarr, Assan. "Fighting Over Rice Swamps: Conflict and Community across the Gambia River Basin, Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". Mande Studies 11, n.º 1 (2009): 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2009.a873523.
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Abstract: The importance of rice farming in the Gambia region is evident in the contestation over ownership of rice fields, a form of conflict that escalated greatly over the second half of the nineteenth century. This article analyzes several of these conflicts, places them in their historical context, and argues that they are the result of a breakdown of traditional methods of resolving conflict, a product itself of the enormous changes taking place in society at the time. These changes include the end of the slave trade, the growth of cash-crop farming, the rise of militant Islam, and the gradual increase in British control, climaxing in the colonial takeover by the 1890s. These broad social changes put in jeopardy long-held ways of settling disputes. L'importance de la culture du riz en Gambie se traduit par des conflits concernant la propriété des champs. Ces conflits s'accentuent pendant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Cet article analyse plusieurs de ces conflits et les replace dans leur contexte historique. L'auteur cherche à démontrer qu'ils sont le résultat de la disparition des méthodes utilisées traditionnellement pour résoudre les conflits. Cette évolution est elle-même liée aux changements importants dans la société à cette époque. Parmi ces changements, se trouvent la fin de la traite des esclaves, la croissance des cultures de rente, la montée en puissance de l'islam militant et l'affirmation de la mainmise britannique qui aboutit à la conquête coloniale des années 1890. Ces bouleversements sociaux menacent la façon même dont étaient réglés les conflits jusqu'alors.
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Barford, Megan. "D.176: Sextants, numbers, and the Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty". History of Science 55, n.º 4 (5 de julho de 2017): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275317712817.
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In the 1830s and 1840s, the Hydrographic Office of the British Admiralty developed and oversaw one of the major state-run surveying projects of the nineteenth century. This involved a range of instruments whose circulation was increasingly regulated. Using extant museum collections and the correspondence of those involved, this article explores how such objects can be used to discuss both bureaucratic organization at a time of expanding government and the complex issues of sociability involved in hydrographic surveying. Surveying officers worked in a context in which the propriety of property on public service was a pervasive question. Instruments might be given as gifts between officers, appropriated as recompense, absorbed as state property, and disputed between friends. The ownership, provision, and treatment of instruments in particular could be used to demonstrate an officer’s peculiar zeal or institutional neglect. To those outside the ship, what was understood as over-instrumentation became amusing spectacle. On board, their use was part of a deeply hierarchical order of work in regions of colonial and mercantile importance. In examining the relationships around these instruments of survey, the paper proposes a richer understanding of the material culture of hydrography in the early nineteenth century.
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MAHIET, DAMIEN. "Charles Burney; or, the Philosophical Misfortune of a Liberal Musician". Eighteenth Century Music 10, n.º 1 (6 de fevereiro de 2013): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570612000358.
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ABSTRACTThe moral and political propriety of musical pleasure constituted one of Charles Burney's continuous lines of thought from the 1770s to the 1790s. As a public figure, the music historian found himself called upon to state why music matters – in a preface, a dedication or an essay. Like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Burney read in musical performances symptoms of contemporary society and politics, but, unlike Rousseau, he perceived in modern music signs of civilization's progress. Musical excellence, according to Burney, required both freedom and affluence; thus while Burney rejected absolutist monarchy, he nevertheless praised the achievements of court culture. Indeed, his advocacy of music as an ‘innocent luxury’ reads as an addendum to eighteenth-century disputes on the morality and benefits of luxury. The social implications of this definition of music, however, are problematic: while Burney acknowledged the right of each individual to feel as they please, he also claimed for the music critic the exclusive authority to speak publicly about music. This essay explores these aspects of Burney's political philosophy of music in relation to the works of Rousseau, Montesquieu, Avison, Wollstonecraft and Hume.
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Berry, Sara. "Hegemony on a shoestring: indirect rule and access to agricultural land". Africa 62, n.º 3 (julho de 1992): 327–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159747.
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AbstractIn their efforts to govern African colonies through traditional rulers and customary law, British officials founded colonial administration on contested terrain. By committing themselves to uphold ‘native law and custom’ colonial officials linked the definition of Africans' legal rights with their social identities, which were, in turn, subject to conflicting interpretations. As agricultural growth and commercialisation intensified demand for land, competition for access to land and control over agricultural income gave rise to disputes over customary jurisdictions and structures of authority. Using evidence from colonial Nigeria, the Gold Coast, Kenya and Northern Rhodesia, this article argues that, under indirect rule, the commercialisation of transactions in rights to rural land was accompanied by, and served to promote, unresolved debate over their meaning.RésuméEn s'efforçcant de gouverner les colonies africaines à travers les dirigeants traditionnels et le droit en usage, les représentants ofnciels britanniques ont fondé l'administration coloniale sur un terrain contentieux. En choisissant de maintenir ‘le droit et la coutume indigènes’, les représentants coloniaux ont lié la définition des droits légaux des africains à leurs identités sociales, qui à leur tour, étaient sujettes à des interprétations contradictoires. Comme le développement de l'agriculture et de la commercialisation ont intensiné la demande d'acquisition de terres, la concurrence pour accéder a la propriété et contrôler le revenu agricole ont engendré des controverses sur les juridictions usuelles et les structures de l'autorité. En prenant les exemples des colonies du Nigéria, de la Côte-d'Or, du Kenya et de la Rhodésie du Nord, cet article soutient que sous une représentation indirecte, la commercialisation des opérations dans les droits fonciers ruraux a contribué à engendrer un débat non résolu sur leur sens.
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Veronese, Alexandre, e Marcelo Barros da Cunha. "A utilização das marcas alheias nos algoritmos de geração de palavras-chaves: uma análise sobre a jurisprudência do tribunal de justiça da união europeia para pensar sobre o caso brasileiro / l’utilisation de la marque d’autrui dans les générateurs de mots clés: une analyse des décisions de la cour de justice de l´union européenne pour reflechir sur le cas brésilien / The use of other parties trademarks in algorithms to generate keywords: an analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union to shed light over the Brazilian case". Revista Brasileira de Direito 13, n.º 2 (18 de agosto de 2017): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.18256/2238-0604/revistadedireito.v13n2p232-255.
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O objetivo do trabalho é expor considerações sobre a potencial violação do direito de marcas por motores de busca a partir de sistema de geração de palavras-chave por algoritmos. A introdução descreve o problema de pesquisa em termos gerais e expõe o acerto teórico utilizado para concluir que somente será possível pensar em soluções para estes conflitos jurídicos se houver a apreciação de um conceito de regulação em rede. Em síntese, é descrito o modelo de “comunitarismo de rede”, aperfeiçoado por Andrew D. Murray, a partir do qual se concluirá, com análise das disputas jurídicas no Brasil e na Europa, pela importância de estudar a novos modos de regulação cooperativa. A primeira seção do artigo descreve como a evolução tecnológica dos sistemas de navegação na Internet colocou os motores de busca em um papel central, em razão da necessidade de ordenar o grande volume de informação disponível. A segunda parte descreve as prescrições genéricas do direito internacional sobre propriedade intelectual e propriedade industrial, demonstrando a dificuldade de adaptação das normas tradicionais para o paradigma da Internet. Ainda, é indicado um dilema potencial relacionado aos algoritmos e base de dados – protegidos pelos direitos autorais – serem meios de perpetração de violações de direitos protegidos por normas de propriedade industrial. É detalhado o caso Louis Vuitton versus Google France SLC no qual o Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia houve por considerar não haver responsabilidade do motor de busca por violação de marca. A terceira seção analisa casos brasileiros, julgados por tribunais de apelação, para concluir que o resultado dos julgados é parecido com o paradigma da União Europeia, contudo com uma inovação: a exclusão de responsabilização com base na premissa técnica de que os algoritmos utilizados inviabilizariam o exame prévio das palavras-chave. A conclusão do artigo reside na importância de buscar soluções cooperativas de regulação, em razão da complexidade técnica envolvida, sendo possível intuir a fruição dos benefícios de ação conjunto dos agentes de comércio em prol de um ambiente de negócios saudável, que deriva das tradições do direito mercantil.AbstractThe paper exposes considerations over potential trademarks infringements by the keyword generation algorithms. The introduction describes the research problem in broad terms in order to show that an effective analysis should use a networked regulation theoretical framework. It is described the model named “network communitarism”, created by Andrew D. Murray from which it will be, after assessing the judicial disputes both in Brazil and in the European Union, of the importance of study of new cooperative regulation models. The first part of the article describes how the technological evolution of Internet browsing has granted the search engines a central role to deal with the necessity to organize the enormous volume of available information. The second section describes the general norms of the international intellectual property law to indicate the complex operation to adapt them to the Internet new paradigm. Therefore it is indicated a potential legal dilemma due to the fact that algorithms and databases are protected by copyright laws and are also means to violate industrial property rights. The final ruling of the European Court of Justice in the Louis Vuitton against Google France SLC case is detailed, and it is shown that it determined the absence of trademark infringement in the conduct of the search engine. The third section assesses some Brazilian appellate rulings and concludes that the panorama there is similar to the European case. Notwithstanding, the Brazilian courts utilize an additional argument: the technical premise that the algorithm system is unable to make a previous exam of the keywords contents – and potential violation. The conclusion of the article focuses on the importance to debate and find new cooperative regulatory solutions, as something possible to infer from both the technological complexity of the problem and the own enterprises need of a good business environment.KeywordsInternet – Industrial Property – Trademark Law – Rulings – European Court of Justice – Comparison.ResuméeL'objectif de l´article est de présenter des considérations au sujet de la violation potentielle du droit des marques par les moteurs de recherche à partir de mots-clés générés par des systèmes techniques et des algorithmes. L'introduction décrit le problème de la recherche en general, et, ensuite, elle décrit le cadre théorique utilisé pour conclure qu´il n´est pas possible de trouver une solution à ces conflits juridiques sans l'examen du concept de régulation en réseau. En bref, elle décrit le modèle de «communautarisme en réseau», mis au point par Andrew D. Murray, à partir duquel se fera l'analyse des litiges en Europe et au Brésil. Au fin, se concluira par l'importance d'étudier des nouveaux moyens de régulation coopérative. La première partie de l'article décrit comment l'évolution technologique des systèmes de navigation de la Toile a mis les moteurs de recherche dans un rôle central, en raison de la nécessité d´organiser un grand volume d'informations disponibles. La deuxième partie décrit les dispositions générales du droit international sur la propriété intellectuelle et la propriété industrielle, ce qui démontre la difficulté d'adapter les normes traditionnelles au paradigme de l'Internet. Pourtant, un dilemme potentiel lié à des algorithmes et à la base de données est qu´ils sont protégés par le droit d'auteur mais également ils sont um moyen de commettre des violations d´autres droits protégés par les règles de la propriété industrielle, comme le droit de marque. La section détaille de cas Louis Vuitton vs Google France dans la Cour de Justice de l'Union européenne qui n´engagait pas la responsabilité du moteur de recherche em ce qui concerne la violation de marque. La troisième section analyse les cas brésiliens de certaines cours d'appel dont l'issue des procès est similaire au paradigme de l'UE, mais avec une innovation: l'imputabilité de l'exclusion fondée sur l'hypothèse technique que les algorithmes utilisés rendraint impossible l´examen préalable des mots clés. La conclusion de l'article traite de l'importance de l´étude de solutions juridiques dans le paradigme de la régulation coopérative, en raison de la complexité technique en cause, et elle indique la possibilite de profiter de l´interêt de tous les agents commerciaux d´avoir un environnement d'affaires sain issu des traditions de droit commerciaux.Mots-cléInternet – Proprieté Industrielle – Droit de Marque – Arrêts – Cour de Justice de l´Union Européenne – Comparasion.
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Ku, Agnes S. "Negotiating the Space of Civil Autonomy in Hong Kong: Power, Discourses and Dramaturgical Representations". China Quarterly 179 (setembro de 2004): 647–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004000529.
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This article delineates the negotiated space of civil autonomy in post-handover Hong Kong through the contingent interplay of law, discourse, dramaturgy and politics. It takes the Public Order Ordinance dispute in 2000 as the first major test case of civil conflicts in the shadow of the right of abode struggle. As it unfolded, the event demonstrated both the power and limits of resistance by the people, and the government's increasing will, as well as the strategies it used, to rule within the “law and order” framework under continual challenges. In the event, civil autonomy had been a contested issue involving considerations of rule of law, rights, civic propriety, state legitimacy and the construction of particular identity (such as student-hood). Given the multiplicity of discourses and sub-discourses, citizenship practices and public criticisms opened up a contested space for resistance and negotiation. A campaign of civil disobedience was at first successfully mounted through an ensemble of political and symbolic mechanisms. A turning point was configured when, mediated by a meaning reconstruction process, the government made a series of political and performative acts to re-script the drama, which turned out to be an ironic success for itself that put state–society relations on an increasingly tenuous course. Ultimately ideological differences were at stake: respect for a rights-based discourse of rule of law versus the assertion of political and legal authoritarianism.
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Imam, Ibrahim. "Judicial Activism in Nigeria: Delineating the Extend of Legislative-Judicial Engagement in Law Making". International and Comparative Law Review 15, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2015): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iclr-2016-0030.
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Abstract Authoritarian governments are by their very nature unconstitutional. Such government thinks of themselves as above the law, and therefore sees no necessity for separation of powers or representative governance. Constitutional democracy on the other hand, is however based on the notion of people’s sovereignty, which is to be exercised in limited manner by a representative government. Accordingly, judicial activism in this paper is employed to establish the theory of popular participation of courts in the decision making processes through settlement of disputes, interpretation or construction of laws, determination of propriety of legislations, legislative and execution actions within the doctrine of separation of powers for the purpose of enforcement of the limitations in government on constitutional ground. This paper thus examines the concept of judicial activism, its legitimacy and as a mechanism for providing checks and balances in the Nigerian government. The paper demonstrates a game theory of judicial legislative interaction within their function and contends that the notion of judicial supremacy does not hold water because the legislature always has the second chance of invalidating the judgment of courts exercising the legitimate powers. The paper concludes that judicial activism in these countries is a veritable tool in advancing the compliance with the rule of laws on the ground of the Constitution.
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Chabot, Marie-France. "Le Tribunal Waitangi et les droits des autochtones". Les Cahiers de droit 32, n.º 1 (12 de abril de 2005): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043066ar.
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La question est de savoir si nous disposons actuellement d'institutions adéquates pour aboutir à une définition des droits des peuples autochtones du Canada qui satisfasse ces derniers et leur rende justice. Plus particulièrement, il faut se demander si le fait que nos tribunaux soient uniquement constitués de juges provenant de la société dominante, dont la culture juridique repose sur des bases différentes de celles des peuples autochtones, ne constitue pas une lacune fondamentale lorsqu'il s'agit d'interpréter des textes bilatéraux, dont les deux signataires ne participent ni de la même conception de la propriété foncière ni de la même philosophie des droits et du droit. Pour jeter un éclairage sur cette question complexe, l'auteure a jugé utile d'étudier une institution néo-zélandaise, le Tribunal Waitangi. Cette institution tout à fait originale est composée pour moitié de représentants des tribus Maoris et pour moitié de représentants de la culture dominante anglo-saxone blanche. Le tribunal a pour mandat de recevoir et de traiter toutes les plaintes et réclamations provenant des autochtones et fondées sur le Traité de Waitangi datant du début de la colonie. Il ne rend pas décision finale mais dispose de divers moyens d'action, de moyens procéduraux innovateurs et d'une assez grande crédibilité tant auprès des autochtones qu'auprès de la Couronne. Quoique datant seulement de 1975, cette institution a déjà reçu ses lettres de noblesse. Établissant donc un parallèle entre la problématique néo-zélandaise et canadienne en matière autochtone, l'auteure défend l'utilité de l'institution étudiée pour traiter de la situation des autochtones en Amérique du Nord et solutionner certaines impasses.
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Prajugo, Michael Saputra. "ANALISIS YURIDIS MENGENAI PENTINGNYA KLAUSULA PILIHAN HUKUM DAN/ATAU PILIHAN FORUM DALAM KONTRAK BISNIS INTERNASIONAL". Jurnal Magister Hukum ARGUMENTUM 7, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/argu.v7i1.3006.
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One sphere regulated by International Civil Law is international business contracts which contain foreign elements. The existence of foreign elements in international business contracts is followed by the emergence of the freedom of the parties to determine choice of law and/or choice of forum. Without the inclusion of choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses, problems will arise about which country’s law applies and which forum is authorized to resolve international business contract disputes. One important thing related to choice of law and/or choice of forum in international business contracts is the limitations toward them. The research question is what are the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of forum in international business contracts?. The research method used is juridical normative with statute approach and conceptual approach as problem approaches. The result of the research explicates in general, the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of the forum in international business contracts are the limitations determined in Article 1339 of the Civil Code namely not contrary to propriety, customs, laws, and applicable legal system in every country. The parties need to understand the limitations toward choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses in international business contracts and implement them when making choice of law and/or choice of forum clauses so these clauses are not null and void.
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Doe, Norman. "VI: Francis Mason (1566/7–1621)". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 26, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2024): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x23000492.
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During the reign of Elizabeth I the ecclesial and legal ‘revolution’ under Henry VIII, to establish in England a national church under the royal supremacy, was converted into a ‘settlement’. It steered a course between radical puritans and recusant Catholics. Clothed in legal propriety, this settlement was articulated both juristically and theologically by the great Richard Hooker (d. 1600). After the return to Rome under Mary, the Elizabethan Acts of Parliament re-established the English Church, revived legislation made under Henry VIII and Edward VI, and imposed uniformity in worship. The period also sees the use of ‘soft-law’, like Articles, Admonitions, and Advertisements. Parliament rejects the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum in 1571, but Canons were passed piecemeal in 1571, 1575, 1585, and 1598. The turn of the Welsh Tudors to rule ended in 1603. The Scottish Stuarts came next. The reign of James I (1603–1625) saw bitter dispute between the King and the common lawyers over the royal supremacy in matters ecclesiastical. But there was one lasting legal landmark: the Canons Ecclesiastical 1603/4. This new code was studied theologically by a contemporary cleric, Francis Mason. Whilst several notable civilians from that time have become well-known – such as John Cowell (d. 1611), Daniel Dun (d. 1617), Clement Colmore (d. 1619), and Thomas Ridley (d. 1629), Francis Mason is largely unknown. However, he is very worthy of inclusion in the canon of Anglican priest-jurists. What follows sketches the life and career of Mason, outlines his treatise on the Canons, and discusses that treatise in a wider context, including comparing it with a similar work by Bishop Edward Stillngfleet (d. 1699).
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Emmanuel, Yedonougbo Brou, Assue Yao Jean-Aimé e Koffi Brou Emile. "Dynamique Urbaine et Litiges Fonciers à Toumodi (Centre-Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire)". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 19, n.º 26 (30 de setembro de 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2023.v19n26p72.
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Depuis 2013, année de passage l'autoroute du Nord, la ville de Toumodi connaît une évolution remarquable, tant au niveau démographique que spatial. La ville s'étale sur tous les fronts, et phagocyte l’espace rural. Cette dynamique n'est pas sans conséquence sur l'occupation du sol. Cette étude vise à comprendre les effets de la dynamique urbaine sur le foncier. La methodologie s’appuie sur une observation de terrain, des entretiens semi-structurés réalisés auprès des autorités administratives, coutumières de la ville et sur une enquête par questionnaire. Les résultats révèlent que cette dynamique urbaine se manifeste par une croissance rapide de la population en traînant les besoins en logements. Aussi, Toumodi connaît-elle une croissance rapide induite par une croissance spatiale alimentée par la nécessité de répondre aux besoins en logements d’une population en perpétuelle croissance. La dynamique ainsi observée est perceptible à travers la tâche urbaine qui est passée, de 372 ha en 1989 à 1337,67 ha en 2020, soit un taux d’accroissement moyen annuel 2,7%. La course effrénée pour une propriété foncière en vue d’y bâtir un logement, rime ici avec une importante spéculation qui est souvent source de litiges fonciers. Ces litiges sont plus fréquents dans les quartiers périphériques qui enregistrent 70% des plaintes, contre 25% dans les quartiers péricentraux et 5% les quartiers centraux. Dans un contexte de cohésion sociale prônée par les autorités locales, des mesures idoines doivent être prises afin de règlementer la transaction foncière en milieu urbain.
Since 2013, the town of Toumodi has experienced remarkable development, both demographically and spatially. The city spreads in all directions, covering up the rural area. This dynamics has a significant impact on land occupation. This paper therefore focuses on understanding the effects of urban dynamics on land. The methodology is based on field observation, semi-structured interviews with administrative, customary authorities of the city, and a questionnaire survey. The outcome shows that this urban dynamics is manifested through rapid population growth by increasing housing needs. Toumodi is experiencing rapid growth due to spatial growth of housing needs of the growing population. The dynamic observed is perceptible through the urban task that has shifted from 372 ha in 1989 to 1337,67 ha in 2020, which is an annual average growth rate of 2.7 %. The frantic race for land ownership in order to build a house aligns with a significant speculation, which is often a source of many land disputes. These disputes are more frequent in peripheral districts which record 70% of complaints, compared to 25% in pericentral districts and 5% in central districts. In a context of social cohesion advocated by the local authorities, appropriate measures must be taken in order to regulate land transactions in urban area.
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Arienti, Leonardo, e Alessandro Accinni. "L’amministrazione di beni immobili con intestazione a società fiduciaria autorizzata". N° 2 (marzo-aprile), n.º 2 (4 de abril de 2024): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2024.529.
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Tesi L’incarico di amministrazione di beni conferito a società fiduciaria autorizzata ai sensi della L. n. 1966 del 1939 e del D.M. 16 gennaio 1995 comporta il trasferimento alla fiduciaria della sola titolarità del bene oggetto di amministrazione che rimane di proprietà del fiduciante, il quale dispone dello stesso mediante la società fiduciaria che opera in forza delle specifiche istruzioni così ricevute. Tra i beni oggetto di amministrazione fiduciaria rientrano anche i beni immobili. La recente evoluzione giurisprudenziale di legittimità e di merito in materia di trust, alla quale è seguito il cambio di indirizzo dell’Agenzia delle Entrate, conferma che, in applicazione del principio di capacità contributiva di cui all’art. 53 della Costituzione, vista l’assenza di un trasferimento di proprietà e di ricchezza, all’atto con il quale il fiduciante intesta il bene immobile alla società fiduciaria devono ritenersi applicabili (così come avviene per il trust) le imposte di registro, ipotecaria a catastale in termine fisso, con esclusione dell’applicabilità delle imposte di successione e donazione. The author’s view The fiduciary mandate assigned to a fiduciary company i.e. “società fiduciaria” pursuant to Law No. 1966 of November 23, 1939 and to Ministerial Decree 16 January 1995 causes the transfer to the fiduciary company of the mere title on the asset under administration. The principal i.e. “fiduciante” remains in the effective ownership of the asset and disposes of it through the fiduciary company that acts pursuant to the specific instructions received. Assets subject to fiduciary administration also include real properties. The recent Italian jurisprudential evolution about trusts, which was followed by the changing of the position by the Italian Revenue Agency, confirms that, in application of the ability-to-pay principle referred to in Article 53 of the Italian Constitution and given the absence of the transfer of ownership and of wealth, the deed by which the principal registers the real property in the name of the fiduciary company has to be subject (as for trust) to the registration, mortgage and cadastral taxes in fixed term, with the exclusion of the applicability of inheritance and gift taxes.
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Cremonini, Patrizia. "Dispute tra il monastero di Nonantola e le comunità rurali sulla proprietà e utilizzazione delle terre incolte [Le testimonianze relative al "nemus castri veteris" nella bassa pianura Bolognese (secolo XIII)]". Mélanges de l'Ecole française de Rome. Moyen-Age, Temps modernes 99, n.º 2 (1987): 585–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mefr.1987.2927.
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Alfitri. "Expanding a Formal Role for Islamic Law in the Indonesian Legal System: The Case of Mu’Amalat". Journal of Law and Religion 23, n.º 1 (2007): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0748081400002666.
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Contemporary conflicts over efforts to expand the role of Islamic law in the national legal system of Indonesia are so intense that they undermine reasoned public debate about this question. They are part of a long-standing polemic, not only about the role of Shariah in Indonesia generally but about the specific question of whether the Jakarta Charter, which references obligations to obey Islamic law, should be restored as part of the Constitution. This article is an attempt to revive the neglected academic discourse on the role of Islamic jurisprudence in Indonesian law, and to move beyond the confused polemics to a thoughtful consideration of where Islamic law fits in a non-Islamic state such as Indonesia. Because Indonesia is a secular state, the Shariah as a whole is not enforced by the state, but the Shariah has a significant meaning for Muslims in Indonesia because it provides the norms distinguishing the obligatory and recommended from those actions which are neutral, disapproved and prohibited in Muslims' lives. Moreover, some elements of Islamic jurisprudence in personal law have been absorbed into positive law in Indonesia through the decisions of religious courts, which have existed since the Dutch colonialism,3 as currently regulated by Law No. 7/1989. The Compilation of Islamic Law No. 1/1991 essentially functions as the legal code for all Muslims who must resort to the religious courts for the adjudication of disputes involving marriage, divorce, inheritance and waqf. Thus, consideration of the propriety of attempts to extend Islamic law to matters of property and of contract is appropriate at this time.
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Bettelini, Davide. "La pianificazione forestale in Ticino: stato attuale e prospettive". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 174, n.º 6 (1 de novembro de 2023): 350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2023.0350.
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Riassunto L'attuale sistema di pianificazione forestale in Ticino è stato sviluppato a partire dagli anni 2000. Esso si articola su una pianificazione strategica a livello cantonale, su piani di gestione a diversi livelli e, per gli aspetti operativi, sulla realizzazione di progetti per l'attuazione dei lavori sussidiati. Il Cantone si è dotato nel 2007 di un piano forestale cantonale. Gli intenti principali di tale piano erano: aumentare la superficie del bosco gestito (in particolare quello di protezione) e quella da destinare a riserva forestale. Il bilancio dell'attuazione del piano cantonale può essere ritenuto soddisfacente. Al livello operazionale, il sistema di pianificazione qui illustrato deve essere ancora in buona parte implementato. Solo una minoranza di comuni e proprietari (circa il 10%), infatti, dispone di piani di gestione comunali (la cui realizzazione è facoltativa) o di piani di gestione per le loro proprietà. In futuro, sia la pianificazione comunale sia quella a livello aziendale dovrebbero essere ulteriormente promosse e sviluppate. Una più estesa pianificazione forestale a questi livelli consentirebbe una maggiore partecipazione dei proprietari alle decisioni strategiche sulla gestione dei loro boschi. Le autorità locali avrebbero a disposizione uno strumento per meglio focalizzare l'attenzione sugli aspetti di interesse pubblico della gestione forestale. Non da ultimo, un approccio globale crea la possibilità di determinare meglio le priorità nel sostegno finanziario pubblico, aspetto che potrebbe diventare particolarmente importante qualora i finanziamenti al settore forestale dovessero diminuire.
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Park, Yeonwoo. "Ryu Geon-Hyu DongyuSaseohaeJippyeong(東儒四書解集評) ｢Mencius｣ <benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom(仁義禮智)> Characteristic Analysis of Annotation". Yeongnam Toegye Studies Institute 33 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33213/thlj.2023.0.33.41.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of Lee Sang-jeong(大山 李象靖, 1711~1781)'s theory of the four-seven(四端七情) in the annotate on Ryu Geon-hyu(大埜 柳健休, 1768~1834)'s <benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom> ｢Mencius｣ DongyuSaseohaejippyeong(東儒四書解集評). ｢Mencius｣ is the sixth volume of DongyuSaseohaejippyeong. DongyuSaseohaejippyeong is the first commentary in the history of Confucianism in Joseon consisting only of Dongyu's theories. In addition, the Dongyu Mencius Jippyeong shows the understanding of the Toegye School's Mencius. The annotations on ‘The Theory of the four-seven(四端七情)’ in Dongyu Mencius Jippyeong <benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom> account for 40% of the total. There was a deliberate aspect in the composition of the book. Ryu Geon-hyu selected and annotated Lee Sang-jeong's theories.
The characteristics of the annotation content are as follows: First, Ryu Geon-hyu used Lee Sang-jeong's ‘four-seven theory’ as his context.
Second, Lee Sang-jeong's theory contains the relaxation of the Toegye school's universal theory and perception. The universal theory is what Lee Sang-jeong said in Volume 40 of the 大山集. Yulgok said, “The four(四端) spoke only of Li, and seven(七情) spoke together of Li(理) and Gi(氣). There are no two jeong(情)s.” Lee Sang-jeong said that Yulgok's words were correct. Toegye also said that there were many things that he said in this sense. He also said, “Each person has their own point of view, so their words are different.” He argued that we must look at universal theories and fundamentals that go beyond schools of thought.
Third, Ryu Geon-hyu commented on ‘honyoon(渾淪)’ and ‘distribution(分配)’. Among Lee Sang-jeong’s four-seven division theories, the ‘理主氣資說 theory’ is famous. However, Ryu Geon-Hyu did not use it as an annotation. This paper considered that the reason for this was that the ‘理主氣資說theory’ was the same as Yulgok's theory.
Ryu Geon-hyu's purpose was to organize Toegye's theories and reveal Lee Sang-jeong's scholarship. Lee Hyun-il in the 17th century strongly criticized the Yulgok school, while Lee Sang-jeong in the 18th century was a universal position between the Yulgok school and the Toegye school. It can be said that Ryu Geon-hyu's purpose was to organize the theories of the Toegye School through Lee Sang-jeong's commentary, rather than focusing on disputes between schools.
This can be said to be a reflection of the Mencius ideology of the Toegye School in the late Joseon Dynasty.
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Curtis, Heather D. "A Sane Gospel: Radical Evangelicals, Psychology, and Pentecostal Revival in the Early Twentieth Century". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 21, n.º 2 (2011): 195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2011.21.2.195.
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AbstractThis article examines how radical evangelicals employed psychological concepts such as sanity, temperament, and especially the subconscious as they struggled to understand and respond to the rapidly expanding pentecostal movement within their midst. By tracing the growing tensions over ecstatic spiritual experiences that emerged among Holiness and Higher Life believers during the 1880s and 1890s, this article demonstrates that differing assumptions about the importance of consciousness for the religious life presaged reactions to the pentecostal revivals of the early twentieth century. Although their proclivity for rational judgment predisposed Higher Life evangelicals to question the sanity of involuntary phenomena such as speaking in tongues, some prominent leaders within this community appealed to “mental science” in an effort to revise conventional understandings of the spiritual self and its capacities. For participants in the Christian and Missionary Alliance— an organization in which disputes over the propriety of pentecostalism were particularly contentious—notions of temperament and the subconscious articulated in the works of “new psychologists” like William James offered resources for reassessing Higher Life views of authentic spirituality in light of pentecostal revivalism. By analyzing how a particular faction within the radical evangelical movement made use of psychological theories to contend with the challenge of the revivals at Azusa and elsewhere, this article exposes some of the social divisions that exacerbated debates over the validity of pentecostal religious experiences. Exploring the complicated interactions and creative tensions that arose as Higher Life evangelicals appropriated constructs such as the subconscious in the wake of Azusa Street also shows that this influential contingent of conservative Protestants engaged with aspects of the field of psychology in dynamic and inventive ways that involved both selective borrowing and critical resistance. While there is truth in the common observation that radical evangelicals were deeply suspicious of the “new science of Psychology,” this article uncovers a more complex history that expands our understanding of the interplay among scientific discourse, the varieties of evangelical spiritual experience, and the emergence of pentecostalism in the early twentieth century.
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Fennych, V. "Evaluation of electronic evidence in civil proceedings (on the examples of certain categories of court cases)". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, n.º 71 (25 de agosto de 2022): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.71.63.
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In this article, the author reveals the concept, essence and peculiarity of evaluating electronic evidence to establish the circumstances of a civil case. There are reasons that affect the difficulty of developing established approaches to the evaluation of electronic evidence in civil proceedings: the relative novelty of the use of electronic evidence by courts; a radical change in the legal framework, as a result of which electronic evidence began to be considered as an independent means of proof; multiplicity of forms of expression of electronic evidence in practice. Attention is also drawn to the fact that the list of electronic evidence and its carriers proposed by the law is not exclusive, which is also an additional factor that complicates the development of a uniform judicial practice of evaluating electronic evidence in civil proceedings.
The characterization of the criteria for evaluating electronic evidence in civil proceedings is carried out: the criterion of propriety, the criterion of admissibility, the criterion of sufficiency, the criterion of reliability, the criterion of the interconnection of evidence. It is noted that the most questions arise when assessing the admissibility and reliability of electronic evidence, although sometimes the criterion of appropriateness of electronic evidence can be the subject of disputes in a civil case. Yes, verification of the appropriateness of electronic evidence should be carried out by identifying in their content information about the circumstances of the case that must be established. But such verification can be complicated if the evidentiary information is not clearly recorded.
The use of various criteria for evaluating electronic evidence is clearly demonstrated with examples from the judicial practice of domestic courts and international judicial institutions. More attention is paid to and analysis of the legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding the evaluation of electronic evidence in civil proceedings. The importance of using electronic evidence to confirm the commission of legal actions regarding intangible goods, especially those that function in the electronic environment (in particular, cryptocurrency) is highlighted.
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Pyvovar, Iryna, e Yuriy Pyvovar. "Peculiarities of determining propriety of a party in public legal disputes on appealing decisions of medical and social expert commissions and military physician boards by the Ministry of defence of Ukraine". Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 40, n.º 4 (30 de setembro de 2020): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2020.4.8.
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In the process of developing a legal democratic state on the way to European integration, the Ukrainian society and the state as a subject of law face the next tasks related to the implementation in national legislation, the state policy of standards and principles of international law, embodied, in particular, in the provisions of international agreements between Ukraine and the European community.
One of the significant agreements that contributed to the revision of the conceptional approaches to law-making and enforcement activities in Ukraine is “The Agreement on Association between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand”, ratified Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the European Parliament on September 16, 2014. Under this Agreement, Ukraine undertook a number of commitments, in particular to increase the level of social protection of the population (Article 420 of the Agreement). In order to achieve this goal, among others an effective system of organizational and legal guarantees (means and measures) for ensuring social rights of citizens should be functioning in the state, which in turn should be based on the close cooperation of Ukraine with the European community in the field of justice, freedom and security with to ensure the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms of states (Article 1 of the Agreement). In accordance with the Regulations of article 14 of the Agreement within the framework of such cooperation, the state should attach particular importance to the establishment of the rule of law and the strengthening of institutions of all levels in the field of administration generally and law enforcement and judicial authorities in particular. Cooperation should be aimed, in particular, at strengthening the judiciary, improving its effectiveness, ensuring its independence and impartiality and fight against corruption, and should be based on the principle of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
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Prasad, Leela. "Text, Tradition, and Imagination: Evoking the Normative in Everyday Hindu Life". Numen 53, n.º 1 (2006): 1–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852706776942320.
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AbstractFor over two thousand years, the notion of śāstra has had an astonishing presence in Hindu normative thought and culture, and śāstra, as codifications of knowledge, have been composed in virtually every aspect of life from love and politics to thieving and horse rearing. The concept of śāstra yokes precept and practice in a way that perhaps no other concept in Hindu life does, and indexes a complexity that is understated by dictionary meanings of the term which include "to instruct," "order," "command," "precept," "rules," "scientific treatise," or "law-book." Drawing on my ethnographic research in the Hindu pilgrimage town of Sringeri, south India, my essay explores how the notion of śāstra, or, more widely, the "normative," is expressed in everyday contexts of Sringeri. The location of Sringeri itself is significant. A small town in the lush southwestern mountains of India, Sringeri is famous for its smārta matha (monastery) and its temples which are believed to have been founded by Śankara in approximately 800 A.D. Historical records of the matha show that in an unbroken lineage of over 1200 years, the gurus who head the matha have counseled royalty and laypersons on matters ranging from military campaigns and land disputes to propriety of marriage alliances and business practice. The matha today is an influential interpreter of the Hindu codes of conduct, the Dharmaśāstras, for a large following of Hindus in south India. To a visitor to Sringeri, the monastic institution with its emphasis on śāstra, would seem to symbolize a normative centrality in the lives of Sringeri residents. However, conversations and oral narratives from Sringeri challenge this assumption, and demonstrate that śāstra is one concept among others such as paddhati (custom), ācāra (proper conduct), sampradāya (tradition), and niyama (principle; restraint) that individuals employ to indicate moral authority and enactment. While these terms are often used interchangeably, they highlight subtle differences in agency, textuality, historicity, jurisdiction, and permissibility in the context of the normative. I argue that underlying ethical practice is a dynamically-constituted "text" that draws on and weaves together various sources of the normative — a sacred book, an exemplar, a tradition, a principle, and so on. Such a text is essentially an imagined text, a fluid "text" which engages precept and practice, and in a sense, is always intermediary. In this imagined text, the normative manifests as emergent, situated in the local and the larger-than-local, the historical, and the interpersonal.