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Grondin, Simon, e François Trudeau. "Date de naissance et ligue nationale de Hockey. Analyses en fonction de différents paramètres". STAPS 12, n.º 26 (1991): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/staps.1991.1231.
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Au hockey amateur, l’utilisation d’un système de catégories fondé sur l’âge chronologique provoque une inégalité de la répartition du nombre de joueurs de la Ligue nationale de hockey (LNH) nés dans les différents trimestres de l’année (Grondin, Deshaies et Nault, 1984). Cette répartition pourrait avoir été récemment modifiée à cause de la venue croissante de joueurs non canadiens dans la LNH. Cette répartition a été réétudiée pour l’année 1989 et a en plus été analysée en fonction de l’origine nationale et provinciale des joueurs, de leur position au jeu et de certaines mesures anthropométriques. L’analyse permet de constater : (1) une fois de plus la sur-représentation du nombre de joueurs de la LNH nés lors des premiers trimestres ; (2) que la discrimination attribuable au moment de la naissance dans l’année est plus importante en Ontario ; (3) que ce sont les défenseurs et gardiens de buts qui sont les plus exposés aux effets de cette discrimination ; et (4) que dans l’ensemble, pour les différentes positions, la taille, le poids et le ratio taille/poids des joueurs ne diffèrent pas en fonction de leur moment de naissance. Cette quatrième constatation comporte cependant quelques exceptions, notamment chez les ailiers droits.
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Teixeira, Carlos, e Julie L. Drolet. "Settling in a Mid-sized City in the Interior of British Columbia: A Case Study of Recent Immigrants' Housing Experiences in Kelowna (Central Okanagan Valley)". Canadian Ethnic Studies 56, n.º 3 (2024): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ces.2024.a939617.
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Abstract: In the past, immigrants and refugees tended to overlook small and mid-sized cities in Canada, but this has changed since the beginning of the 21th century, and the mid-sized city of Kelowna has gradually emerged as a popular destination for newcomers from all over the world. Housing is critical to the resettlement and integration of all immigrants. Recent immigrants, especially renters, face challenges in their settlement and housing experiences, including limited financial resources, language barriers, and rental-housing discrimination based on ethnicity or race, and yet relatively little is known about these experiences and the barriers they encounter in mid-sized cities. This paper explores the settlement and housing experiences of recent immigrants in the city of Kelowna, a mid-sized city in the interior of British Columbia (Canada) with a focus on the rental housing market. The study draws on data from questionnaire surveys administered in 2015 and 2018 with a total of 67 recent immigrant respondents. The findings reveal that immigrant newcomers experienced financial stress and significant challenges in locating affordable rental housing due to high housing costs, low vacancy rates, lack of reliable information, language barriers, and discrimination by landlords based on immigrants' ethnic and racial background. Immigrants are increasingly redefining the social and cultural geography of mid-sized Canadian cities, and there is a need to ensure that they are able to access affordable, adequate, and suitable housing, and ultimately settle into society. This is particularly crucial given the rising cost of living in Canada, the projected increase in immigrant levels for 2023-25, and the importance of immigrant settlement in a post-pandemic context. Résumé: Dans le passé, les immigrants et les réfugiés avaient tendance à négliger les petites et moyennes villes du Canada, mais cela a changé depuis le début du 21e siècle, et la ville de taille moyenne de Kelowna est progressivement devenue une destination populaire pour les nouveaux arrivants du monde entier. Le logement est essentiel à la réinstallation et à l'intégration de tous les immigrants. Les immigrants récents, en particulier les locataires, sont confrontés à des défis dans leur expérience d'installation et de logement, notamment des ressources financières limitées, des barrières linguistiques et une discrimination en matière de location et de logement fondée sur l'ethnicité ou la race, et pourtant on sait relativement peu de choses sur ces expériences et les obstacles qu'ils rencontrent dans les villes de taille moyenne. Cet article explore les expériences d'établissement et de logement des immigrants récents dans la ville de Kelowna, une ville de taille moyenne située à l'intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique (Canada), en mettant l'accent sur le marché du logement locatif. L'étude s'appuie sur des données provenant d'enquêtes par questionnaire menées en 2015 et 2018 auprès d'un total de 67 immigrants récents. Les résultats révèlent que les nouveaux arrivants immigrés ont connu un stress financier et des difficultés importantes pour trouver un logement locatif abordable en raison des coûts élevés du logement, des faibles taux d'inoccupation, du manque d'informations fiables, des barrières linguistiques et de la discrimination des propriétaires fondée sur l'origine ethnique et raciale des immigrés. Les immigrants redéfinissent de plus en plus la géographie sociale et culturelle des villes canadiennes de taille moyenne, et il est nécessaire de veiller à ce qu'ils puissent accéder à un logement abordable, adéquat et adapté, et finalement s'installer dans la société. Cette question est particulièrement cruciale compte tenu de l'augmentation du coût de la vie au Canada, de l'augmentation prévue du nombre d'immigrants pour 2023-25 et de l'importance de l'établissement des immigrants dans un contexte post-pandémique.
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Bendaoud, Maroine. "Quand la sécurité nationale américaine fait fléchir le principe de la non-discrimination en droit canadien : le cas de l’International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)". Les Cahiers de droit 54, n.º 2-3 (5 de agosto de 2013): 549–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017624ar.
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L’auteur propose d’étudier l’imposition de l’ensemble de règles contenues dans l’International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) et leur effet discriminatoire en matière d’emploi aux États-Unis puis au Canada. D’abord, il tentera d’expliquer en quoi consiste l’ITAR. Ensuite, il cherchera à déterminer si ses mesures sont réellement conformes aux lois antidiscrimination en emploi du côté américain ainsi qu’à celles qui sont applicables au Québec. Enfin, les récentes modifications à l’ITAR sous l’administration d’Obama retiendront aussi l’attention. Concrètement, la politique américaine poussait les compagnies canadiennes à exclure un employé-stagiaire né dans un des 25 pays proscrits (pays ennemis des États-Unis, pays communistes ou encore sous embargo) ou en détenant la citoyenneté. Washington souhaitait ainsi protéger certaines données techniques qui auraient pu se retrouver entre les mains d’employés présumés « peu scrupuleux », uniquement de par leurs origines. Depuis plus d’une décennie, les compagnies canadiennes dans les domaines de la défense et de l’aérospatiale, qui recevaient des contrats du gouvernement américain, étaient devant un dilemme de taille. Elles étaient obligées de respecter les critères de l’ITAR sous peine de sanctions et la perte de contrats.
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Zhang, Lei, Lijia Peng, Pengfei Xia, Chuyuan Wei, Chengwei Yang e Yanyan Zhang. "Dual-branch Branch Networks Based on Contrastive Learning for Long-Tailed Remote Sensing". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 90, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2024): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.23-00055r2.
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Deep learning has been widely used in remote sensing image classification and achieves many excellent results. These methods are all based on relatively balanced data sets. However, in real-world scenarios, many data sets belong to the long-tailed distribution, resulting in poor performance. In view of the good performance of contrastive learning in long-tailed image classification, a new dual-branch fusion learning classification model is proposed to fuse the discriminative features of remote sensing images with spatial data, making full use of valuable image representation information in imbalance data. This paper also presents a hybrid loss, which solves the problem of poor discrimination of extracted features caused by large intra-class variation and inter-class ambiguity. Extended experiments on three long-tailed remote sensing image classification data sets demonstrate the advantages of the proposed dual-branch model based on contrastive learning in long-tailed image classification.
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Mattiussi, Julie. "Faire de l’apparence physique un argument de taille contre les discriminations". Délibérée N° 7, n.º 2 (13 de maio de 2019): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/delib.007.0041.
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Hatchwell, B. J., D. J. Ross, M. K. Fowlie e A. McGowan. "Kin discrimination in cooperatively breeding long–tailed tits". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 268, n.º 1470 (7 de maio de 2001): 885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1598.
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Chen, Mingming, Zhigang Quan, Xinyue Sun, Yanlong Li, Lili Qian e Dongjie Zhang. "Discriminating Mung Bean Origins Using Pattern Recognition Methods: A Comparative Study of Raman and NIR Spectroscopy". Foods 14, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2025): 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14010089.
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The feasibility of the two methodologies was confirmed to compare the results of determining mung bean origins using Raman and Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Spectra from mung beans collected in Baicheng City, Jilin Province; Dorbod Mongol Autonomous, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province; and Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, were analyzed. We established a traceability model using Principal Component Analysis combined with the K-nearest neighbor method to compare the efficacy of these methods in discriminating the origins of the mung beans. The total cumulative variance explained by the first three principal components from the NIR of mung beans from different origins was 99.01%, which is 6.71% higher than that derived from Raman. Additionally, the discrimination rate for mung bean origins based on NIR spectral data reached 98.67%, outperforming the Raman-based approach by 22.67%. These findings indicate that NIR spectroscopy is more effective than Raman spectroscopy is in tracing the provenance of mung beans.
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Leedale, Amy E., Michelle Simeoni, Stuart P. Sharp, Jonathan P. Green, Jon Slate, Robert F. Lachlan, Elva J. H. Robinson e Ben J. Hatchwell. "Cost, risk, and avoidance of inbreeding in a cooperatively breeding bird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 27 (22 de junho de 2020): 15724–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918726117.
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Inbreeding is often avoided in natural populations by passive processes such as sex-biased dispersal. But, in many social animals, opposite-sexed adult relatives are spatially clustered, generating a risk of incest and hence selection for active inbreeding avoidance. Here we show that, in long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus), a cooperative breeder that risks inbreeding by living alongside opposite-sex relatives, inbreeding carries fitness costs and is avoided by active kin discrimination during mate choice. First, we identified a positive association between heterozygosity and fitness, indicating that inbreeding is costly. We then compared relatedness within breeding pairs to that expected under multiple mate-choice models, finding that pair relatedness is consistent with avoidance of first-order kin as partners. Finally, we show that the similarity of vocal cues offers a plausible mechanism for discrimination against first-order kin during mate choice. Long-tailed tits are known to discriminate between the calls of close kin and nonkin, and they favor first-order kin in cooperative contexts, so we conclude that long-tailed tits use the same kin discrimination rule to avoid inbreeding as they do to direct help toward kin.
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Kharismaylinda, Joya, e Ade Chita Putri Harahap. "Effectiveness of Group Guidance Services Using Socio-drama Techniques to Reduce Acts of Discrimination in High School Students". Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam dan Multikulturalisme 5, n.º 2 (29 de maio de 2023): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v5i2.2773.
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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of group guidance services with sociodrama techniques to reduce acts of discrimination in Al-Washliyah 22 Medan high school students. The research approach is Quantitative, with the type of research using Quasi Experimental Design with treatment in the form of sociodrama conducted six times a meeting. The population of the study was the X-grade students of SMA Al-Washliyah 22 Medan totaling 2 study groups consisting of X MIA majors, Class A 32 Students and Class B 32 Students. Sampling was done by purposive sampling technique consisting of Class A 8 students and Class B 7 students. Techniques used in data collection using Experiments are conducted under controlled conditions and often involve a control group. The data analysis method used is paired sample t-test to test the hypothesis of the average of two samples and to find out if there is a difference before and after the treatment is carried out. In the paired sample t-test test, if the sig. two-tailed value is 0.05> the sig. 2-tailed value means there is a difference, and if the sig. two-tailed value> 0.05 means there is no difference. 2-tailed value of 0.000 < 0.05 in the experimental class, and 0.031 > 0.05 in the control class, which means that there is a difference in the average decrease in student discrimination in the experimental class. It can be concluded that group guidance services with sociodrama techniques are effective in reducing discrimination in high school students.
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Adjamagbo-Johnson, Kafui. "Le politique est aussi l’affaire des femmes". Politique africaine 65, n.º 1 (1997): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/polaf.1997.6026.
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Dans la plupart des pays d’Afrique, le politique est encore un domaine presque exclusivement masculin où existent de nombreuses discriminations, institutionnalisées ou de fait, à l’encontre des femmes. Pourtant la participation des femmes aux décisions politiques est un des impératifs de l’égalité entre les sexes. On peut se demander si les nouvelles donnes politiques et économiques vont permettre des avancées significatives. Les progrès sont encore bien ténus malgré la détermination d’un petit nombre de femmes qui s’investissent sur le terrain politique. Pourront-elles promouvoir une autre idée de la politique que celle des pouvoirs en place ? L'enjeu est de taille pour le développement.
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Loughry, W. J. "Discrimination of Snakes by Two Populations of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs". Journal of Mammalogy 70, n.º 3 (18 de agosto de 1989): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1381436.
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Melman, David S., e William A. Searcy. "Microgeographic Song Discrimination in a Nonterritorial Passerine, the Boat-Tailed Grackle". Condor 101, n.º 4 (novembro de 1999): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1370073.
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Smotherman, Michael, Stephen Odunsi, Mikayla Hobbs e Thomas Croft. "Acoustic discrimination of fine surface textures by echolocating free-tailed bats". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 148, n.º 4 (outubro de 2020): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5147093.
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Chen, Ming-Ming, Yan Song, Yan-Long Li, Xin-Yue Sun, Feng Zuo e Li-Li Qian. "The Impact of Sample Quantity, Traceability Scale, and Shelf Life on the Determination of the Near-Infrared Origin Traceability of Mung Beans". Foods 13, n.º 20 (11 de outubro de 2024): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13203234.
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This study aims to address the gap in understanding of the impact of the sample quantity, traceability range, and shelf life on the accuracy of mung bean origin traceability models based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Mung beans from Baicheng City, Jilin Province, Dorbod Mongol Autonomous, Tailai County, Heilongjiang Province, and Sishui County, Shandong Province, China, were used. Through near-infrared spectral acquisition (12,000–4000 cm−1) and preprocessing (Standardization, Savitzky–Golay, Standard Normal Variate, and Multiplicative Scatter Correction) of the mung bean samples, the total cumulative variance contribution rate of the first three principal components was determined to be 98.16% by using principal component analysis, and the overall discriminatory correctness of its four origins combined with the K-nearest neighbor method was 98.67%. We further investigated how varying sample quantities, traceability ranges, and shelf lives influenced the discrimination accuracy. Our results indicated a 4% increase in the overall correct discrimination rate. Specifically, larger traceability ranges (Tailai-Sishui) improved the accuracy by over 2%, and multiple shelf lives (90–180–270–360 d) enhanced the accuracy by 7.85%. These findings underscore the critical role of sample quantity and diversity in traceability studies, suggesting that broader traceability ranges and comprehensive sample collections across different shelf lives can significantly improve the accuracy of origin discrimination models.
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Coulombe, Serge, e Marc Lavoie. "Les francophones dans la ligue nationale de hockey : une analyse économique de la discrimination". Articles 61, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2009): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601322ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article nous présentons une explication de la situation des Québécois francophones dans la Ligue nationale de hockey, explication qui contredit celle avancée par Michel Boucher dans le numéro de septembre 1984 de cette revue. Nous faisons appel à la théorie de la discrimination économique pour expliquer le fait que la performance des francophones est supérieure en moyenne à celle des anglophones. L’existence de barrières à l’entrée impliquerait que les francophones doivent être meilleurs que les anglophones pour pouvoir se tailler une place dans la Ligue nationale. En premier lieu nous critiquons les hypothèses et la méthodologie de Michel Boucher.
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Laska, Matthias. "Olfactory discrimination ability in short-tailed fruit bat,carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae)". Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, n.º 12 (dezembro de 1990): 3291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00982099.
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Burnecki, Krzysztof, Agnieszka Wylomanska e Aleksei Chechkin. "Discriminating between Light- and Heavy-Tailed Distributions with Limit Theorem". PLOS ONE 10, n.º 12 (23 de dezembro de 2015): e0145604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145604.
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Leedale, Amy E., Robert F. Lachlan, Elva J. H. Robinson e Ben J. Hatchwell. "Helping decisions and kin recognition in long-tailed tits: is call similarity used to direct help towards kin?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, n.º 1802 (18 de maio de 2020): 20190565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0565.
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Most cooperative breeders live in discrete family groups, but in a minority, breeding populations comprise extended social networks of conspecifics that vary in relatedness. Selection for effective kin recognition may be expected for more related individuals in such kin neighbourhoods to maximize indirect fitness. Using a long-term social pedigree, molecular genetics, field observations and acoustic analyses, we examine how vocal similarity affects helping decisions in the long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatus . Long-tailed tits are cooperative breeders in which help is typically redirected by males that have failed in their own breeding attempts towards the offspring of male relatives living within kin neighbourhoods. We identify a positive correlation between call similarity and kinship, suggesting that vocal cues offer a plausible mechanism for kin discrimination. Furthermore, we show that failed breeders choose to help males with calls more similar to their own. However, although helpers fine-tune their provisioning rates according to how closely related they are to recipients, their effort was not correlated with their vocal similarity to helped breeders. We conclude that although vocalizations are an important part of the recognition system of long-tailed tits, discrimination is likely to be based on prior association and may involve a combination of vocal and non-vocal cues. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
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Strupczewski, Witold G., Krzysztof Kochanek, Iwona Markiewicz, Ewa Bogdanowicz, Stanislaw Weglarczyk e Vijay P. Singh. "On the tails of distributions of annual peak flow". Hydrology Research 42, n.º 2-3 (1 de abril de 2011): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.062.
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This study discusses an application of heavy-tailed distributions to modelling of annual peak flows in general and of Polish data sets in particular. One- and two-shape parameter heavy-tailed distributions are obtained by transformations of random variables. The correct selection of a flood frequency model with emphasis on heavy-tailed distribution discrimination is then discussed. If a distribution is wrongly assumed, the error, in the upper quantile, arising as a result, depends on the method of parameter estimation and is shown analytically for three methods. Asymptotic and sampling values (got by simulation) were assessed for the pair log-Gumbel (LG) as a false distribution and log-normal (LN) as a true distribution. Comparing the upper quantiles of various distributions with the same values of moments, it is found that heavy-tailed distributions do not consistently provide higher flood frequency estimates than do soft-tailed distributions. Based on L-moment ratio diagrams and the test of linearity on log–log plots, it is concluded that Polish datasets of annual peak flows should be modelled using soft-tailed distributions, such as the three-parameter Inverse Gaussian, rather than heavy-tailed distributions.
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Bonney, Kathryn R., e C. D. L. Wynne. "Visual discrimination learning and strategy behavior in the fat-tailed dunnarts ( Sminthopsis crassicaudata )." Journal of Comparative Psychology 116, n.º 1 (2002): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.116.1.55.
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Douglas Price, T., Melissa Connor e John D. Parsen. "Bone chemistry and the reconstruction of diet: Strontium discrimination in white-tailed deer". Journal of Archaeological Science 12, n.º 6 (novembro de 1985): 419–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(85)90003-2.
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Namululi, Nsimire, Rachid Bagaoui e Komi Hemedzo. "Analyse intersectionnelle des défis et enjeux des inégalités sociales sur le marché du travail : l’expérience de vingt femmes congolaises résidant au Québec et en Ontario". Reflets 24, n.º 1 (26 de setembro de 2018): 98–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051522ar.
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Dans une perspective intersectionnelle qui articule les différents marqueurs identitaires, notamment la couleur de la peau, le sexe, l’origine ethnique, la taille, la langue et la religion, cet article est basé sur une étude qui veut savoir dans quelle mesure ces variables prédisposent les femmes noires originaires de l’Afrique aux discriminations, mythes, racisme, préjugés et stéréotypes sur le marché de l’emploi. L’article présente les résultats d’une analyse qualitative qui se concentre sur les expériences de femmes immigrantes congolaises sur le marché de l’emploi en Ontario et au Québec, deux grandes provinces du Canada. Les résultats soulèvent trois variables qui illustrent les difficultés de ces femmes sur le marché de l’emploi : la couleur de la peau, le sexe et l’origine ethnique. L’article montre que ces femmes sont discriminées systématiquement, qu’elles soient nées au Canada ou qu’elles y aient immigré.
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Kunkel, Kyran E., Richard C. Chapman, L. David Mech e Eric M. Gese. "Testing the Wildlink activity-detection system on wolves and white-tailed deer". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1991): 2466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-347.
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We tested the reliability and predictive capabilities of the activity meter in the new Wildlink Data Acquisition and Recapture System by comparing activity counts with concurrent observations of captive wolf (Canis lupus) and free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) activity. The Wildlink system stores activity data in a computer within a radio collar with which a biologist can communicate. Three levels of activity could be detected. The Wildlink system provided greater activity discrimination and was more reliable, adaptable, and efficient and was easier to use than conventional telemetry activity systems. The Wildlink system could be highly useful for determining wildlife energy budgets.
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Zhao, Yan, Weicong Chen, Xu Tan, Kai Huang e Jihong Zhu. "Adaptive Logit Adjustment Loss for Long-Tailed Visual Recognition". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, n.º 3 (28 de junho de 2022): 3472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i3.20258.
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Data in the real world tends to exhibit a long-tailed label distribution, which poses great challenges for the training of neural networks in visual recognition. Existing methods tackle this problem mainly from the perspective of data quantity, i.e., the number of samples in each class. To be specific, they pay more attention to tail classes, like applying larger adjustments to the logit. However, in the training process, the quantity and difficulty of data are two intertwined and equally crucial problems. For some tail classes, the features of their instances are distinct and discriminative, which can also bring satisfactory accuracy; for some head classes, although with sufficient samples, the high semantic similarity with other classes and lack of discriminative features will bring bad accuracy. Based on these observations, we propose Adaptive Logit Adjustment Loss (ALA Loss) to apply an adaptive adjusting term to the logit. The adaptive adjusting term is composed of two complementary factors: 1) quantity factor, which pays more attention to tail classes, and 2) difficulty factor, which adaptively pays more attention to hard instances in the training process. The difficulty factor can alleviate the over-optimization on tail yet easy instances and under-optimization on head yet hard instances. The synergy of the two factors can not only advance the performance on tail classes even further, but also promote the accuracy on head classes. Unlike previous logit adjusting methods that only concerned about data quantity, ALA Loss tackles the long-tailed problem from a more comprehensive, fine-grained and adaptive perspective. Extensive experimental results show that our method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on challenging recognition benchmarks, including ImageNet-LT, iNaturalist 2018, and Places-LT.
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Conant, R. C., Th G. Tape, R. S. Wigton e P. S. Heckerling. "Discrimination and Reproducibility of an Information Maximizing Multivariable Model". Methods of Information in Medicine 32, n.º 02 (1993): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634906.
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Abstract:Predictor variables for multivariate rules are frequently selected by methods that maximize likelihood rather than information. We compared the discrimination and reproducibility of a prediction rule for pneumonia derived using extended dependency analysis (EDA), an information maximizing variable selection program, with that of a validated rule derived using logistic regression. Discrimination was measured by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and reproducibility by rederivation of the rule on 200 replicate samples of size 250 and 500, generated from a training cohort of 905 patients using Monte Carlo techniques.Four of the five predictor variables selected by EDA were identical to those selected by logistic regression. With each variable weighted by its conditional contribution to total information transmission, EDA discriminated pneumonia and nonpneumonia in the training cohort with an ROC area of 0.800 (vs 0.816 for logistic regression, p = 0.60), and in the validation cohort with an area of 0.822 (vs 0.821 for logistic regression, p = 0.98). EDA demonstrated reproducibility comparable to that of logistic regression according to most criteria for replicability. Replicate EDA models showed good discrimination in the training and testing cohorts, and met statistical criteria for validation (no significant difference in ROC areas at a one-tailed alpha level of 0.05) in 80.8% to 94.2% of cases.We conclude that extended dependency analysis selected the most important variables for predicting pneumonia, based on a validated logistic regression model. The information-theoretic model showed good discriminatory power, and demonstrated reproducibility according to clinically reasonable criteria. Information-theoretic variable selection by extended dependency analysis appears to be a reasonable basis for developing clinical prediction rules.
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Koenig, Walter D. "Levels of Female Choice in the White-Tailed Skimmer Plathemis Lydia (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Behaviour 119, n.º 3-4 (1991): 193–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00445.
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AbstractMale Plathemis lydia defend mating territories along the perimeter of ponds. Females come to ponds for brief periods of time every few days to oviposit. During these visits, females actively discriminate among males, rejecting up to 48.9 % of mating attempts. Males varied significantly in the proportion of attempts successfully leading to copulation. However, males that obtained more matings also experienced more rejections. Extensive analyses based on absolute male size, relative male size, and male size relative to female size yielded only marginally significant evidence of female mate preference based on body mass, wing length, wing loading index, or age; to the extent that any of these characters appeared to influence mating success, they similarly influenced refusal rates. The overall weakness of female mate choice is further suggested by the frequency of females ovipositing without prior matings and by the low frequency with which females remate with the same males. On a population basis, females strongly prefer to oviposit in the middle of the day and at particular parts of the study pond. Thus, females exhibit strong choice at several levels. However, despite the high incidence of active female rejection and high variance in male mating success, mate choice is apparently of minor importance in this population. Female discrimination of males, combined with variance in male mating success, are necessary but not sufficient for the action of sexual selection via mate choice. These findings support the prediction that male-male competition is of primary importance in resource control mating systems in which males are able to control female access to most or all favored oviposition sites. However, it is not clear why females generally fail to discriminate among males, given that they have the opportunity to do so. In general, females appear to have low motivation to mate with males, presumably because multiple mating does not significantly increase their fertility or fecundity. Selection for rapid mating may be significant, both because of predation on females during mating and oviposition and because of the risks for males of losing their territories during mating bouts. This time constraint may be the most important factor limiting female discrimination among males on the basis of consistent characteristics.
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Attisano, Alfredo, Nozomu J. Sato, Keita D. Tanaka, Yuji Okahisa, Keisuke Ueda, Roman Gula e Jörn Theuerkauf. "Erratum to: Discrimination and ejection of eggs and nestlings by the fan-tailed gerygone from New Caledonia". Current Zoology 67, n.º 6 (13 de agosto de 2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoab080.
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Mitchell, Robert W., e James R. Anderson. "Discrimination learning of scratching, but failure to obtain imitation and self-recognition in a long-tailed macaque". Primates 34, n.º 3 (julho de 1993): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02382625.
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St-Pierre, Caroline, Jean-Pierre Ouellet, France Dufresne, Audrey Chaput-Bardy e François Hubert. "Morphological and Molecular Discrimination of Mustela erminea (Ermines) and M. frenata (Long-tailed Weasels) in Eastern Canada". Northeastern Naturalist 13, n.º 2 (junho de 2006): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2006)13[143:mamdom]2.0.co;2.
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Rioux, Ève, Fanie Pelletier e Martin-Hugues St-Laurent. "From diet to hair and blood: empirical estimation of discrimination factors for C and N stable isotopes in five terrestrial mammals". Journal of Mammalogy 101, n.º 5 (3 de outubro de 2020): 1332–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa108.
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Abstract Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios are used widely to describe wildlife animal diet composition and trophic interactions. To reconstruct consumer diet, the isotopic differences between consumers and their diet items—called the trophic discrimination factor (TDF)—must be known. Proxies of diet composition are sensitive to the accuracy of TDFs. However, specific TDFs are still missing for many species and tissues because only a few controlled studies have been carried out on captive animals. The aim of this study was to estimate TDFs for hair and blood for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes for caribou, moose, white-tailed deer, eastern coyote, and black bear. We obtained stable isotope ratios for diet items, hair, and blood samples, of 21 captive adult mammals. Diet–tissue discrimination factors for carbon in hair (∆ 13CLE) ranged from 0.96‰ to 3.72‰ for cervids, 3.01‰ to 3.76‰ for coyote, and 5.15‰ to 6.35‰ for black bear, while nitrogen discrimination factors (∆ 15N) ranged from 2.58‰ to 5.95‰ for cervids, 2.90‰ to 3.13‰ for coyote, and 4.48‰ to 5.44‰ for black bear. The ∆ 13CLE values in coyote blood components ranged from 2.20‰ to 2.69‰ while ∆ 15N ranged from 3.30‰ to 4.41‰. In caribou serum, ∆ 13CLE reached 3.34 ± 1.28‰ while ∆ 15N reached 5.02 ± 0.07‰. The TDFs calculated in this study will allow the evaluation of diet composition and trophic relationships between these five mammal species and will have important implications for the study of endangered caribou populations for which the use of noninvasive tissue sampling is highly relevant.
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Wei, Tong, Bo-Lin Wang e Min-Ling Zhang. "EAT: Towards Long-Tailed Out-of-Distribution Detection". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, n.º 14 (24 de março de 2024): 15787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i14.29508.
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Despite recent advancements in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, most current studies assume a class-balanced in-distribution training dataset, which is rarely the case in real-world scenarios. This paper addresses the challenging task of long-tailed OOD detection, where the in-distribution data follows a long-tailed class distribution. The main difficulty lies in distinguishing OOD data from samples belonging to the tail classes, as the ability of a classifier to detect OOD instances is not strongly correlated with its accuracy on the in-distribution classes. To overcome this issue, we propose two simple ideas: (1) Expanding the in-distribution class space by introducing multiple abstention classes. This approach allows us to build a detector with clear decision boundaries by training on OOD data using virtual labels. (2) Augmenting the context-limited tail classes by overlaying images onto the context-rich OOD data. This technique encourages the model to pay more attention to the discriminative features of the tail classes. We provide a clue for separating in-distribution and OOD data by analyzing gradient noise. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art on various benchmark datasets. Moreover, our method can be used as an add-on for existing long-tail learning approaches, significantly enhancing their OOD detection performance. Code is available at: https://github.com/Stomach-ache/Long-Tailed-OOD-Detection.
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KAWAJI, Noritomo. "Valididy of Sex Discrimination of the Short-tailed Bush Warbler Cettia squameiceps Based on Morphological Measurements". Bulletin of the Japanese Bird Banding Association 10, n.º 1 (1995): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14491/jbba.ar088.
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Do, Min Seock, June Kim e Jin Hwan Choi. "Sexual Dimorphism of the Three Pit Viper Species (<i>Gloydius brevicaudus</i>, <i>G. ussuriensis</i>, <i>G. intermedius</i>) in South Korea". Russian Journal of Herpetology 31, n.º 3 (3 de julho de 2024): 127–238. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2024-31-3-127-238.
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Sexual size dimorphism in snakes is closely related to mating behavior and fecundity selection. It provides important information on animal morphology and evolutionary ecology because it allows us to identify key morphological and functional traits between sexes and infer intraspecific competition. In this study, we measured the morphological characters of 147 individuals of three pit viper species stored in the archive of the National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment and confirmed interspecific differences and sexual size dimorphism of each species. We also identified important characters affecting identification using linear discriminant analysis. The results showed that the three pit viper species differed in body and head morphology, and the number of dorsal scale rows was the most important character for species identification. It was found that female red-tongued pit vipers and short-tailed pit vipers were larger than males of each species, while male Central Asian pit vipers were larger than females. Characters related to tail length and head length were confirmed as important characters for interspecific sex discrimination. We compared characters related to head morphology between sexes to find that red-tongued pit vipers showed differences in most characters, while short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers did not. Therefore, short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers are expected to have strong intraspecific competitive pressure. In future studies, it will be necessary to conduct a detailed research on intraspecific competition of short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers with little morphological differences between sexes by examining resource utilization (e.g., food sources and habitats) and ecological niche.
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Do, Min Seock, June Kim e Jin Hwan Choi. "Sexual Dimorphism of the Three Pit Viper Species (<i>Gloydius brevicaudus</i>, <i>G. ussuriensis</i>, <i>G. intermedius</i>) in South Korea". Russian Journal of Herpetology 31, n.º 3 (5 de julho de 2024): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2024-31-3-127-138.
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Sexual size dimorphism in snakes is closely related to mating behavior and fecundity selection. It provides important information on animal morphology and evolutionary ecology because it allows us to identify key morphological and functional traits between sexes and infer intraspecific competition. In this study, we measured the morphological characters of 147 individuals of three pit viper species stored in the archive of the National Institute of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment and confirmed interspecific differences and sexual size dimorphism of each species. We also identified important characters affecting identification using linear discriminant analysis. The results showed that the three pit viper species differed in body and head morphology, and the number of dorsal scale rows was the most important character for species identification. It was found that female red-tongued pit vipers and short-tailed pit vipers were larger than males of each species, while male Central Asian pit vipers were larger than females. Characters related to tail length and head length were confirmed as important characters for interspecific sex discrimination. We compared characters related to head morphology between sexes to find that red-tongued pit vipers showed differences in most characters, while short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers did not. Therefore, short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers are expected to have strong intraspecific competitive pressure. In future studies, it will be necessary to conduct a detailed research on intraspecific competition of short-tailed pit vipers and Central Asian pit vipers with little morphological differences between sexes by examining resource utilization (e.g., food sources and habitats) and ecological niche.
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Sharp, S. P., e B. J. Hatchwell. "Individuality in the contact calls of cooperatively breeding long-tailed tits (Aegithalos caudatus)". Behaviour 142, n.º 11-12 (2005): 1559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853905774831918.
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AbstractThe ability to discriminate between individuals or groups of individuals is important for the evolution of sociality. Individual vocal recognition is thought to be widespread in social birds, yet few studies have investigated its role in cooperatively breeding species. In long-tailed tits, helpers preferentially provide care to close kin, and individuals are able to discriminate between the vocalisations of kin and non-kin. However, the mechanism underlying this recognition system is unknown. Here we quantify the relative variation between and within individuals in three of the contact calls used by this species. Spectrographic cross-correlation revealed that two of these calls, the 'churr' and the 'triple', were individually distinct. We therefore analysed the variation in a series of acoustic parameters in each of these two vocalisations. For both the churr and the triple, discriminant function analysis was able to allocate calls to the correct individuals according to variation in several frequency parameters. We hypothesise that long-tailed tits are able to discriminate between the calls of conspecifics based on these parameters. This is the first quantitative description of potential recognition cues in a cooperatively breeding bird in which vocal discrimination is known to occur.
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Tran, Minh H., e Andrea L. Cortese Hassett. "ETP in the Discrimination of Liver Disease from DIC." Blood 110, n.º 11 (16 de novembro de 2007): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3932.3932.
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Abstract Introduction Endogenous Thrombin Potential (ETP) is felt to offer a global assessment of coagulation status using continuous photometric measurement of fluorescence emitted, followed by cleavage of a synthetic thrombin substrate. In this study we sought to explore differences in the ETP profile of patients diagnosed with Dissemintated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and to examine whether ETP can aid in the discrimination of patients with DIC or End Stage Liver Disease, who can often display similar testing profiles. Methods Patients with test results interpreted as diagnostic for DIC, Liver Disease (LD), and neither DIC nor Liver Disease (NCD) were selected for evaluation. A total of 55 potential patients were identified and, of these, 45 (82%) were suitable for testing. Samples for testing had been collected in trisodium citrate, double centrifuged, and stored at −70° C for a mean of 15 months. The ETP test (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany) was performed utilizing the BCS instrument according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Results for T Lag, T Max, C Max, and AUC were compared between patient groups using two tailed T-test with a P value of <0.05, considered significant. Results Tests were uninterpretable in 9/45 samples (20%) and therefore the total patient data set included 36 samples (10 in the LD group, 14 in the DIC group, and 12 in the NCD group). There were 7 female and 13 male controls (NC). Liver disease patients express lower values for T Lag and T Max than do DIC patients and lower C Max and AUC than either NCD or NC groups. All ETP variables are significantly lower in the DIC group vs either NCD or NC. NCD and NC groups exhibit minor, but significant differences in all variables, the greatest differences being lower C Max and AUC in NCD vs NC (see Figure 1). Similar differences were observed in gender specific analysis. Conclusion While ETP determination may be helpful as an additional piece of information in distinguishing between DIC and End Stage Liver Disease patients, differences between the two groups were minor and there was considerable overlap. Paradoxically, the T Max (time to peak thrombin generation) was longer, and both the C Max (which represents the slope of the rise in thrombin generation) and AUC (total thrombin generation) lower, in DIC than in all other groups compared. This is possibly the result of inhibition from significantly higher levels of fibrinogen degradation products and D-Dimers in the DIC vs Liver Disease and non-DIC groups (data not shown). Additional studies using ETP in DIC, Liver Disease, and other hyper- and hypo-coagulable states are necessary. ETP Variables in Various Patient Groups ETP Variables in Various Patient Groups
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Maron, Martine, e Alan Lill. "Discrimination among potential buloke (Allocasuarina leuhmannii) feeding trees by the endangered south-eastern red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne)". Wildlife Research 31, n.º 3 (2004): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03079.
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Remnant buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) woodland and scattered buloke trees appear to provide an important seasonal food resource for the endangered south-eastern red-tailed black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne). The factors that differed between buloke trees in which the cockatoos fed and those in which they did not feed were investigated in two consecutive years (Season 1 and Season 2). Tree diameter at breast height (DBH), individual mean seed dry mass, individual mean cone dry mass, mean number of seeds per cone, and proportion of total cone mass comprising seeds (seed ratio) were all significantly greater in feeding than non-feeding trees in both Season 1 and Season 2. A predictive model incorporating these five variables correctly classified 83% of trees measured in Season 1 as either feeding or non-feeding trees. Validation of predictive models with new data is essential in evaluating model performance, so the model was used to classify the feeding and non-feeding trees from which the variables were recorded during Season 2. The model, although derived only from the data collected during Season 1, was equally as effective in predicting the feeding status of trees in Season 2, despite the fact that the trees in which the cockatoos fed during the second year were not the same individual trees as those used in the previous year. The differences between feeding and non-feeding trees suggested that cockatoos choose to feed in trees in which they are able to optimise their foraging efficiency. As individual buloke trees appear to vary in their suitability for cockatoo foraging from year to year, it is not possible to exclude any buloke within the range of the cockatoo as a potential future food resource for this endangered bird.
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Zhang, Li, Shixing Gu, Hao Luo, Linlin Ding e Yang Guo. "Residual Shrinkage ViT with Discriminative Rebalancing Strategy for Small and Imbalanced Fault Diagnosis". Sensors 24, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2024): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24030890.
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In response to the challenge of small and imbalanced Datasets, where the total Sample size is limited and healthy Samples significantly outweigh faulty ones, we propose a diagnostic framework designed to tackle Class imbalance, denoted as the Dual-Stream Adaptive Deep Residual Shrinkage Vision Transformer with Interclass–Intraclass Rebalancing Loss (DSADRSViT-IIRL). Firstly, to address the issue of limited Sample quantity, we incorporated the Dual-Stream Adaptive Deep Residual Shrinkage Block (DSA-DRSB) into the Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture, creating a DSA-DRSB that adaptively removes redundant signal information based on the input data characteristics. This enhancement enables the model to focus on the Global receptive field while capturing crucial local fault discrimination features from the extremely limited Samples. Furthermore, to tackle the problem of a significant Class imbalance in long-tailed Datasets, we designed an Interclass–Intraclass Rebalancing Loss (IIRL), which decouples the contributions of the Intraclass and Interclass Samples during training, thus promoting the stable convergence of the model. Finally, we conducted experiments on the Laboratory and CWRU bearing Datasets, validating the superiority of the DSADRSViT-IIRL algorithm in handling Class imbalance within mixed-load Datasets.
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Keupp, Stefanie, Natàlia Barbarroja, Sascha Topolinski e Julia Fischer. "Are monkeys intuitive Aristotelians? Associations between target size and vertical target position in long-tailed macaques". Royal Society Open Science 5, n.º 4 (abril de 2018): 170889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170889.
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Different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the interaction between size perception and spatial position. To explore the evolutionary roots of these phenomena, we tested long-tailed macaques' performance in a two-choice discrimination task on a touchscreen and contrasted two hypotheses. First, a hierarchy association in which large objects are associated with top positions, due to a link between power, dominance and importance with top position. Second, a naive Aristotelian association in which large objects are associated with bottom positions, due to the experience that larger objects are heavier and thus more likely to be found at the bottom. Irrespective of training regime (positively reinforcing the small (Touch-Small) or large (Touch-Large) stimulus), the monkeys had a bias to touch the bottom compared to the top location. Individuals in the Touch-Small group took significantly longer to acquire the task, but subsequently made fewer mistakes. When presented with two stimuli of equal medium size, the Touch-Large group had a clear bias to touch the lower stimulus, while the Touch-Small group touched both locations at equal rates. Our findings point to an innate bias towards larger stimuli and a natural preference for the lower position, while the extent of interaction between size and position depends on executive control requirements of a task.
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Loughry, W. J., e Andreas Lazari. "The ontogeny of individuality in black-tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus". Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 1994): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-170.
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We examined the ontogeny of individual distinctiveness in time-allocation patterns of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). All adults and yearlings (n = 112) in the study colony were observed in 14 separate samples, beginning in early April and ending in mid-August. Pups (young of the year, n = 105) were observed in the last 11 of these samples, beginning with their first emergence above ground in late May to early June. Discriminability was determined using a Monte Carlo procedure that randomly selected data from 20 individuals; these data were then entered into a discriminant analysis and this procedure was repeated 100 times. The percent correct classification from these runs was averaged to produce a mean discriminability score. We found that (i) overall, individual pups were discriminable at levels three times higher than that expected by chance alone, (ii) pup discriminability declined significantly over the summer and yearlings had lower discriminability scores than did pups, (iii) average discriminability increased from yearlings to adults and adult values were significantly higher than those for pups, (iv) with the exception of mothers (who had the lowest discriminability values of any group tested), all sex and parental groups of older prairie dogs were significantly more discriminable than were pups, (v) distinctiveness among pups did not appear to be a result of differences between litters, and (vi) measures of behavioral bout lengths proved no better at discriminating individuals than time budgets. The results indicate that the ontogeny of individuality in prairie dog time budgets is not a simple linear function and that discriminability may be constrained by a number of contextual influences.
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Masuo, Akira, Takuto Sakuma e Shohei Kato. "Performance evaluation of brain state discrimination using near-infrared spectroscopy for brain-computer interface: an exploratory case study". AIMS Bioengineering 11, n.º 2 (2024): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/bioeng.2024010.
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<abstract> <p>A new method of environmental control that does not depend on motor functions is eagerly awaited to support independent living for people with severe quadriplegia. In this study, we conducted an exploratory case study of brain state discrimination in a quadriplegic subject to develop a brain-computer interface controlled by a mental task execution. We measured near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals in a patient with a cervical spinal cord injury while performing mental tasks. A block design with a task and a rest separated by 30 seconds was used to measure brain function. The utilized mental tasks were mental arithmetic and Japanese word chains. Seventeen trials of the NIRS signal were acquired for each task, and 52 samples with 24-dimensional features per trial data were extracted. Random forest was used as the classifier, and the number of correct responses in the binary discrimination of the brain states were calculated by cross-validation. The exact binomial test was used for the statistical analysis, and a two-tailed test with a significance level of 5% was performed. The results showed that the number of correct responses was 15 out of 17 (p = 0.002) for the mental arithmetic task and 14 out of 17 (p = 0.013) for the Japanese word chains task, for an overall accuracy of 85%. These results indicate that this method can discriminate the brain state of a patient with quadriplegia from the NIRS signal. By applying these findings to a brain-computer interface, it will be possible to provide a new means of environmental control for individuals with quadriplegia.</p> </abstract>
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Kalenga Tshingomba, Urcel, Magali Jouven, Lucile Sautot, Imad Shaqura e Maguelone Teisseire. "Cartographie des surfaces pastorales à l’aide des données Sentinel 2 L3A et des données ouvertes". Revue Internationale de Géomatique 30, n.º 3-4 (julho de 2020): 245–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/rig.2021.00112.
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Dans cet article, les auteurs expérimentent une démarche permettant de produire une cartographie cohérente de l’occupation des sols des surfaces des parcours en zones périméditerranéennes françaises représentées par les régions Occitanie et Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Quatre différentes sources de données sont utilisées : l’occupation des sols millésime OSO (OSO), le Registre parcellaire graphique (RPG), la BD-Forêt V.2.0 et les données satellites Sentinel 2 L3A. Le RPG de 2019 et la BD-Forêt actualisée en 2018 ont été utilisés comme principale source de données de référence pour l’entraînement des modèles en vue de classifier les objets OSO 2019 de faible F-score, après extraction des variables spectrales, et des indices spectraux et texturaux issus des données Sentinel 2 L3A. Trois différentes tailles de données de référence ont été constituées. Ensuite 6 modèles ont été entraînés en utilisant l’algorithme Random Forest (RF) dont 3 modèles à partir des 3 jeux de données, intégrant toutes les variables extraites (98) et 3 modèles en reprenant uniquement les variables importantes (30) définies par le RF. Les résultatsmontrent des précisions globales stables pour tous les jeux de données utilisés et produisent une meilleure discrimination de 3 classes sur 4 : les pelouses, les cultures pérennes et les forêts. Les landes ne sont pas bien discriminées à cause de leur forte hétérogénéité spatiale.
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Raghavan, Madhavan L., Baoshun Ma e Robert E. Harbaugh. "Quantified aneurysm shape and rupture risk". Journal of Neurosurgery 102, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2005): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2005.102.2.0355.
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Object. The authors investigated whether quantified shape or size indices could better discriminate between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Methods. Several custom algorithms were created to quantifiy the size and shape indices of intracranial aneurysms by using three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography models of the brain vasculature. Data from 27 patients with ruptured or unruptured aneurysms were evaluated in a blinded fashion to determine whether aneurysm size or shape better discriminated between the ruptured and unruptured groups. Five size and eight shape indices were calculated for each aneurysm. Two-tailed independent Student t-tests (significance p < 0.05) were used to determine statistically significant differences between ruptured and unruptured aneurysm groups for all 13 indices. Receiver-operating characteristic—area under curve analyses were performed for all indices to quantify the predictability of each index and to identify optimal threshold values. None of the five size indices were significantly different between the ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Five of the eight shape indices were significantly different between the two lesion groups, and two other shape indices showed a trend toward discriminating between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Quantified shape is more effective than size in discriminating between ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. Further investigation will determine whether quantified aneurysm shape will prove to be a reliable predictor of aneurysm rupture.
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Nahid, Mominul Islam, Frode Fossøy, Bård G. Stokke, Virginia Abernathy, Sajeda Begum, Naomi E. Langmore, Eivin Røskaft e Peter S. Ranke. "No evidence of host-specific egg mimicry in Asian koels". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 7 (9 de julho de 2021): e0253985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253985.
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Avian brood parasitism is costly for the host, in many cases leading to the evolution of defenses like discrimination of parasitic eggs. The parasite, in turn, may evolve mimetic eggs as a counter-adaptation to host egg rejection. Some generalist parasites have evolved host-specific races (gentes) that may mimic the eggs of their main hosts, while others have evolved ‘jack-of-all-trades’ egg phenotypes that mimic key features of the eggs of several different host species. The Asian koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) is a widely distributed generalist brood parasite that exploits a wide range of host species. Based on human vision, previous studies have described Asian koel eggs as resembling those of its main host, the house crow (Corvus splendens). Using measurements of egg length and breadth, digital image analysis, reflectance spectrophotometry and avian visual modelling, we examined Asian koel egg variation and potential mimicry in egg size and shape, and eggshell pattern and color in three sympatrically occurring host species in Bangladesh: the common myna (Acridotheres tristis), house crow, and long-tailed shrike (Lanius schach). We found some differences among Asian koel eggs laid in different host nests: a) Asian koel eggs in long-tailed shrike nests were larger than those laid in common myna and house crow nests, and b) Asian koel eggs in house crow nests were less elongated than those in common myna nests. However, these changes in Asian koel egg volume and shape were in the opposite direction with respect to their corresponding host egg characteristics. Thus, our study found no evidence for Asian koel host-specific egg mimicry in three sympatrically occurring host species.
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BARKLEY, NOELLE A., ROB E. DEAN, ROY N. PITTMAN, MING L. WANG, CORLEY C. HOLBROOK e GARY A. PEDERSON. "Genetic diversity of cultivated and wild-type peanuts evaluated with M13-tailed SSR markers and sequencing". Genetical Research 89, n.º 2 (abril de 2007): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672307008695.
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SummaryThirty-one genomic SSR markers with a M13 tail attached were used to assess the genetic diversity of the peanut mini core collection. The M13-tailed method was effective in discriminating almost all the cultivated and wild accessions. A total of 477 alleles were detected with an average of 15·4 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) score was 0·687. The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) mini core produced a total of 312 alleles with an average of 10·1 alleles per locus. A neighbour-joining tree was constructed to determine the interspecific and intraspecific relationships in this data set. Almost all the peanut accessions in this data set classified into subspecies and botanical varieties such as subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea, subsp. fastigiata var. fastigiata, and subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris clustered with other accessions with the same classification, which lends further support to their current taxonomy. Alleles were sequenced from one of the SSR markers used in this study, which demonstrated that the repeat motif is conserved when transferring the marker across species borders. This study allowed the examination of the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the peanut mini core which has not been previously reported.
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Ellis, Christine K., Steven F. Volker, Doreen L. Griffin, Kurt C. VerCauteren e Tracy A. Nichols. "Use of faecal volatile organic compound analysis for ante-mortem discrimination between CWD-positive, -negative exposed, and -known negative white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)". Prion 13, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2019): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2019.1607462.
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Li, Bo, Wei Ye, Jinglei Zhang e Shikun Zhang. "Reviewing Labels: Label Graph Network with Top-k Prediction Set for Relation Extraction". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, n.º 11 (26 de junho de 2023): 13051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i11.26533.
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The typical way for relation extraction is fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on task-specific datasets, then selecting the label with the highest probability of the output distribution as the final prediction. However, the usage of the Top-k prediction set for a given sample is commonly overlooked. In this paper, we first reveal that the Top-k prediction set of a given sample contains useful information for predicting the correct label. To effectively utilizes the Top-k prediction set, we propose Label Graph Network with Top-k Prediction Set, termed as KLG. Specifically, for a given sample, we build a label graph to review candidate labels in the Top-k prediction set and learn the connections between them. We also design a dynamic k selection mechanism to learn more powerful and discriminative relation representation. Our experiments show that KLG achieves the best performances on three relation extraction datasets. Moreover, we observe thatKLG is more effective in dealing with long-tailed classes.
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Johnson, Kristen M., Serge L. Kameni, Notsile H. Dlamini, Shengfa F. Liao e Jean M. Feugang. "108 Discriminating highly resilient spermatozoa during long-term chilled storage". Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_1 (1 de março de 2024): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae019.113.
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Abstract Artificial insemination (AI) is the most important assisted reproductive technique devised to enhance the genetic potential of animals by enabling widespread utilization of elite males. In the swine industry, AI with extended semen is highly effective, with several extenders developed for long-term storage. Regardless, the gradual decline of sperm quality during storage remains a major concern for rapid genetic dissemination. We hypothesized that existing sire-to-sire variations could reflect on sperm survival during prolonged storage. Therefore, this study examined boar sperm motility and morphology profiles to determine potential disparities during long-term storage within a commercial extender. Freshly collected Duroc boar semen samples (n = 58 boars) were extended at a commercial boar stud (Prestage Farms, MS), and sample doses (n = 29) were appropriately transported to the laboratory for experiments. Semen samples were aliquoted in tubes (filled to the top) and immediately stored in an incubator set at 17°C for up to 10 d post-collection. Daily, samples were assessed for total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), velocities [average path velocity (VAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and straight-line velocity (VSL)], and normal morphology (NM) using the computer-assisted sperm analyzer (CASA, CEROS II). The deviations of TM means were used for survival discrimination between so-called “good” and “bad” semen. Data were log-transformed and analyzed (repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni adjustment) to determine the effect of time during storage. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM and P < 0.05 indicates significant differences. As expected, all data demonstrated a consistent and significant decline over time (P < 0.05), from day-0 to day-10 (TM: 78.2 ± 1.0% to 42.8 ± 4.3%; PM: 46.1 ± 1.8% to 16.2 ±2.3%, and NM: 85.1 ± 1.0% to 76.1 ± 1.9%). Notably, velocity parameters (VAP, VSL, and VCL) remained relatively stable during the storage period, while the distal droplets contributed the most to morphological defects (54.1±1.5% vs. 28.3±1.5%, 18.3±0.5%, and 2.4±0.2% for the proximal droplets, bent and coiled tailed, respectively; P< 0.05). Survival discrimination indicated the highest deviations from the overall averages on day-7.Consequently, good (n = 8) and bad (n = 7) semen samples had significantly different (P < 0.05) in TM (80.2 ± 1.4% and 21.7 ± 4.6%, respectively), PM (39.7 ± 2.7% and 4.7 ± 1.7%, respectively), and NM (87.9 ± 1.9 and 66.4 ± 2.6%, respectively).Similarly, the velocity parameters were significantly different (P < 0.05) between both sample groups, including VAP (74.9 ± 2.6 µm/s vs. 40.4 ± 8.7 µm/s), VCL (135.2 ± 6.0µm/s vs. 81.9 ± 17.3 µm/s), and VSL (59.0 ± 1.8 µm/s vs. 31.3 ± 6.8 µm/s). These findings indicate that specific subsets of boar semen may be well-suited for survival during long-term chilled preservation. The development of tools for early discrimination of semen doses, immediately following collection, could significantly enhance their management and facilitate appropriate shipments to remote areas or during adverse weather conditions. Ongoing studies are dedicated to unraveling the cellular mechanisms underlying the resilience of such spermatozoa. - Research funded by USDA-ARS, grant#58-6066-3-038.
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Agarwal, Ashok, Cătălina Barbăroșie, Rafael Ambar e Renata Finelli. "The Impact of Single- and Double-Strand DNA Breaks in Human Spermatozoa on Assisted Reproduction". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 11 (29 de maio de 2020): 3882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113882.
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Several cellular insults can result in sperm DNA fragmentation either on one or both DNA strands. Oxidative damage, premature interruption of the apoptotic process and defects in DNA compaction during spermatogenesis are the main mechanisms that cause DNA breaks in sperm. The two-tailed Comet assay is the only technique that can differentiate single- (SSBs) from double- (DSBs) strand DNA breaks. Increased levels of the phosphorylated isoform of the H2AX histone are directly correlated with DSBs and proposed as a molecular biomarker of DSBs. We have carried out a narrative review on the etiologies associated with SSBs and DSBs in sperm DNA, their association with reproductive outcomes and the mechanisms involved in their repair. Evidence suggests a stronger negative impact of DSBs on reproductive outcomes (fertilization, implantation, miscarriage, pregnancy, and live birth rates) than SSBs, which can be partially overcome by using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In sperm, SSBs are irreversible, whereas DSBs can be repaired by homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and alternative NHEJ pathways. Although few studies have been published, further research is warranted to provide a better understanding of the differential effects of sperm SSBs and DSBs on reproductive outcomes as well as the prognostic relevance of DNA breaks discrimination in clinical practice.
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Siti Rahmawati e Bagus Rahmad Wijaya. "Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika Pada Siswa Kelas V UPTD SDN Gili Barat". Jurnal Bintang Pendidikan Indonesia 1, n.º 4 (15 de agosto de 2023): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jubpi.v1i4.1975.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of the problem-based learning model on mathematics learning outcomes in fifth grade students of UPTD SDN Gili Barat. This research is a quantitative research with the method used is quasi-experimental and the design used is nonequivalent control group design. The sample used was 45 students from fifth grade A and B of UPTD SDN Gili Barat. Sampling using saturated samples. In this study using the experimental class and control class. Data collection used multiple choice test questions, the test instruments used were validity tests, reliability tests, difficulty level tests and discrimination tests. The prerequisite test used is the normality test and homogeneity test while the hypothesis test uses the t-test. Based on the results of data analysis using the t-test with a significance level of 0.05, the results were sig. (2-tailed) of 0.010 means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted so that it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group, the treatment given has a significant effect on the problem-based learning model of learning mathematics in fifth grade students of UPTD SDN West Gili.