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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Dictionaries and nomenclature"
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Zamoroka, Andrew. "Proposals for unification and use of the Ukrainian national nomenclature for native and exotic species of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ukraine. Part I: subfamilies Spondylidinae and Prioninae". Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, n.º 38 (1 de fevereiro de 2023): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2022.38.207-218.
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Here, I presented the study on historical development and changes in the Ukrainian national nomenclature of the longhorn beetles, which traditionally named "Skrypuny". I collected and arranged the traditional Ukrainian names for the longhorn beetles, their regional variations, and historical attempts for their codifications. Since the middle of XIX century, vernacular names, collected in folklore expeditions, of certain groups of the longhorn beetles have been published in multiple scientific papers and school textbooks of zoology. On the beginning of XX century, most vernacular names of the longhorn beetles have been relevantly arranged in the dictionaries of the Ukrainian zoological nomenclature. The development of the Ukrainian national zoological nomenclature was forcibly stopped in the early 1930s. Due to the politics of "internationalization" and artificial "convergence of languages" in the USSR, the traditional Ukrainian vernacular names were withdrawn from the scientific use and replaced by "Vusachi" consonant with the Russian. In the second half of XX century, the Ukrainian vernacular names of the longhorn beetles were repeatedly replaced by Russian tracings and Latin transliterations in specialized zoological dictionaries and in the general dictionaries of Ukrainian language. In the current paper, I proposed methodological approaches to the derivation and standardization of Ukrainian vernacular names based on the Ukrainian Spelling. I also substantiated the reasons for choosing certain Ukrainian vernacular names for scientific use parallelly with the scientific Latin name. In the Part I, I presented Ukrainian names for 46 taxa, including 1 subfamily, 10 tribes, 17 genera, and 17 species.
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Kuliński, Bohdan A. "Nazwy typów, części konstrukcyjnych oraz wyposażenia jednostek pływających w XVI-wiecznych drukowanych słownikach z polskim komponentem językowym". Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki, n.º 4 (2021): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/0023589xkhnt.21.030.14794.
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Names of Types, Construction Parts and Equipment of Vessels in the 16th-Century Printed Dictionaries with the Polish Language Component The article analyzes the Polish language nomenclature of types, construction parts and equipment of vessels recorded in the 16th-century printed dictionaries with the Polish component. In addition, the text reviews the current state of research and discusses the sources in view of the terminology in question. The excerpted source material has been listed in three tables.
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WILLIAMS, D. J. "Some words used in scale insect names (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)". Zootaxa 3087, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2011): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3087.1.3.
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In the Introduction to the present International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) (herein referred to as the Code), there is a remark that few zoologists today or in the future can have any knowledge of the Latin language although there is adherence to Latin grammar in the Code. The present Code, nevertheless, retains the requirement that Latin or latinized adjectival species-group names must always agree in gender with the generic name with which they are combined. Furthermore, Article 30 of the Code states that a genus-group name takes the gender given for that word in standard Latin dictionaries. Moreover, Article 39.1.2.a. states that a genus-group name that is, or ends in, a Greek word transliterated into Latin without change takes the gender given for that word in standard Greek dictionaries. However, such dictionaries may not be readily available to some people. The third edition of the Code, published in 1985, contained an appendix with recommendations on the formation of names that proved useful, but this section was omitted from the present edition of the Code.
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Gatsalova, Larisa B., Larisa K. Parsieva e Madina D. Valieva. "NEW TERMS OF THE EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY SPHERE IN THE RUSSIAN AND OSSETIAN LANGUAGES". Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-4-155-170.
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The changes that have occurred in the Russian education system in the XXI century have entailed an influx of new words and expressions related to the provision of this type of activity. The traditions existing in Russian lexicography on the representation of the emerging nomenclature of terms can also be projected into the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation. However, at the present stage, the corpus of special words showing certain aspects of education reform has not been reflected in the dictionaries of the Russian language and requires further research. This includes a wide range of new terms, as well as those related to the documentation support of the unified state exam, as well as the procedure for its conduct.
Background. A significant number of neologisms that have entered the field of education in recent years require reflection in special dictionaries of the Russian and Ossetian languages, since this terminology is used in the professional activities of a large number of people, and its significant part is used in the educational activities of the young, being a social group.
Purpose. Analysis and classification of the nomenclature of terms related to the field of education, to the procedure for organizing and conducting the unified state exam, for their inclusion in special and bilingual dictionaries.
Materials and methods. The material for the study was regulatory legal acts concerning the procedures governing the organization and conduct of the unified state exam. The main research methods are content analysis and continuous sampling.
Results. The nomenclature of terms covering a significant part of society is determined for inclusion in both dictionaries and national corpus of the Russian and Ossetian languages. The thematic classification of special vocabulary is carried out taking into account the logical and semantic connections and the technological process of the state final certification.
Practical implications. The research materials can be used for inclusion in the national corpus of the Russian and Ossetian languages, preparation of dictionaries and in the practice of documentation support of management activities in the Ossetian language.
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Riabets, Liudmyla. "FOLK BASIS OF TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES 20 – 30s OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 6 (2021): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2021-6-19.
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The article is devoted to the question of methodological bases of creation of terminological dictionaries of the 20-30s of the last century. It was emphasized that the main ideology of scientists who worked then in the terminological commissions of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences was the active involvement in the registers of terminological and general dictionaries of living language elements, the so-called “folk terminology”. Forewords and registers of several dictionaries, in particular “Dictionary of technical terminology. Mining (Project)” by Yu. Trykhvyliv and I. Zubkov,“ Dictionary of construction terminology (project). Materials for Ukrainian terminology and nomenclature “by S. Bulda and” Dictionary of physical terminology (project) “by V. Favorsky. The need to study the history of Ukrainian scientific terminology is emphasized.
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Lavrentiev, Andrey V. "The precedents of bilingual dictionaries of religious vocabulary in modern Russia". Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, n.º 2 (março de 2023): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.2-23.124.
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The compilation of specialized bilingual dictionaries of religious vocabulary in modern Russia is concerned with a number of methodological difficulties caused by the political and cultural history of the Russian area. The English-Russian and German-Russian dictionaries of religious vocabulary considered in the proposed review, compiled in the period from the 1990s to 2021, reflect the author’s solutions to the problems of intercultural communication and adequate translation of relevant meanings. In the peer-reviewed dictionaries, one can observe both various approaches of the excerption of religious vocabulary (special vocabulary of the main world religions, Christian liturgical, biblical, theological, heortological vocabulary, vocabulary of scientific and theological discourses), and different ways of terminography and translation interpretation. The analysis of peer-reviewed publications is methodologically focused on the critical coverage of the following points: the design of the vocabulary, the criteria for the inclusion of nomenclature names (biblical names, toponyms, etc.), the propriety and degree of prevalence of contextual exemplification of the term. There is an obviously positive trend in the development of German-Russian dictionaries, while the state of development of English-Russian dictionaries of religious vocabulary is somewhat inferior to the former in a number of parameters.
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(Skip) Kingston, H. M., e M. L. Kingstonz. "Nomenclature in laboratory robotics and automation (IUPAC Recommendation 1994)". Journal of Automatic Chemistry 16, n.º 2 (1994): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924694000040.
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These dejinitions have been assembled from standards, monographs, dictionaries, journal articles, and documents of international organizations emphasizing laboratory and industrial automation and robotics. When appropriate, definitions have been taken directly from the original source and identified with that source. However, in some cases no acceptable definition could be found and a new definition was prepared to define the object, term, or action. Attention has been given to defining specific robot types, coordinate systems, parameters, attributes, communication protocols and associated workstations and hardware. Diagrams are included to illustrate specific concepts that can best be understood by visualization.
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Eftimova, Andreana. "Competition between Feminatives and Masculinisms in Polish and Bulgarian Dictionaries". Balkanistic Forum 32, n.º 3 (15 de setembro de 2023): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v32i3.14.
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The article presents a study of the ways of presentation of one hundred names for professions, positions, ranks, etc. in the nomenclature list for professions in the Republic of Bulgaria, and then in the Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language (DBL) and The Great Dictionary of the Polish Language (Wielki słownik języka polskiego - WSJP), which strongly influence the editors' preferences and choice of masculinisms or feminisms in traditional and web-based media and encyclopedic products. The comparison between the Polish and Bulgarian dictionaries is carried out according to four criteria in order to establish the degree of asymmetry in the presentation of feminine and masculine forms.
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Valančiauskienė, Aušra. "Encyclopedic Information in Bilingual Dictionaries: Field of Geography". Verbum 10 (20 de dezembro de 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/verb.9.
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When preparing a dictionary it is impossible to ignore outside world or so called encyclopedic knowledge. In megastructure level of a bilingual dictionary, various appendices are often addede.g. toponyms, anthroponyms, and ethnonyms. Arranged before or after the corpus, these appendices are most commonly used for grammatical descriptions as well as toponyms (hydronyms and oikonims) and lists of commonly used abbreviations. At the macrostructure and microstructure level, the presentation of encyclopedic knowledge is even more evident: the nomenclature of the modern linguistic monolingual or bilingual dictionary includes a number of lexis related to a particular cognitive domain (ethnography, history, mythology, geography, economics, etc.); therefore, a lot of different encyclopedic information is provided in order to explain it. Recently, many European lexicographers have been discussing the need to avoid any appendices to the vocabulary and to instead incorporate the information contained into the text of lexicographic publication wherever possible. Researchers base this view on the fact that each additional source of information in the dictionary requires further time and energy from the user looking for the lexical unit they want. The user may also be unfamiliar or insufficiently familiar with the dictionary structure and simply be unaware that additional information can be found elsewhere rather than in the dictionary text itself. Thus, the goal of this study is to examine, based on the analytical and descriptive method, four dictionaries published in Lithuania (The Great Lithuanian-English Dictionary (2006), Lithuanian-Russian Dictionary (2015), The Great Lithuanian-French Dictionary (2012) and Lithuanian-Norwegian Dictionary (2001))in terms of geographical knowledge presentation: evaluate the presentation of this knowledge at megastructure, macrostructure and microstructure levels.
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Linnarsson, R., e O. Wigertz. "The Data Dictionary – A Controlled Vocabulary for Integrating Clinical Databases and Medical Knowledge Bases". Methods of Information in Medicine 28, n.º 02 (abril de 1989): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1635556.
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Abstract:The medical information systems of the future will probably include the entire medical record as well as a knowledge base, providing decision support for the physician during patient care. Data dictionaries will play an important role in integrating the medical knowledge bases with the clinical databases.This article presents an infological data model of such an integrated medical information system. Medical events, medical terms, and medical facts are the basic concepts that constitute the model. To allow the transfer of information and knowledge between systems, the data dictionary should be organized with regard to several common classification schemes of medical nomenclature.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Dictionaries and nomenclature"
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Abdel, Malek Antonios Barsoum Nargues. "Vers la méthodologie d'un dictionnaire trilingue (français-anglais-arabe)". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CERG1000.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de remédier à une double problématique : d’une part, c’est la pluralité des dictionnaires requis pour l’apprentissage de plusieurs langues étrangères et d’autre part, c’est la déficience des dictionnaires arabes par rapport aux besoins des débutants étrangers et même des jeunes natifs. Il s’agit d’élaborer une nouvelle méthodologie lexicographique pour créer un dictionnaire trilingue (français-anglais-arabe), polyvalent et apte à devenir un outil d’apprentissage des langues ciblées. Afin d’atteindre une telle finalité, c’était indispensable d’effectuer, en s’appuyant sur les divers ouvrages linguistiques y compris des dictionnaires monolingues et bilingues, une étude à la fois comparative et analytique des trois langues concernées, à tous les plans linguistiques : la sémantique, la lexicologie, la morphologie et la syntaxe; ayant pour dessein d’en dégager les singularités de chacune. Une fois achevée, cette approche nous a permis de déterminer les propriétés différentielles des lexèmes de chaque langue par rapport aux deux autres. Le français se distingue par une polysémie dimensionnelle et structurée, crée par une pluralité de facteurs qui semblent s’enchevêtrer ensemble pour forger la signification d’un même lexème et dont la majorité n’existe pas aux autres langues. L’anglais, se distingue par trois particularités syntaxiques et lexicales : la polymorphie grammaticale, l’abondance des homophones et la diversité dialectale, créant les trois de remarquables divergences linguistiques. Quant à l’arabe, il se singularise par une morphologie gabaritique, typique des langues sémitiques : chaque classe grammaticale possède des gabarits bien définis, ayant chacun des nuances sémantiques précises. Outre la morphologie dérivationnelle, l’étude du dictionnaire monolingue arabe a révélé l’existence d’une multitude de lacunes auxquelles nous proposons des remèdes pour qu’il devienne utilisable à la fois par les étrangers et les natifs.À travers des lexèmes révélateurs des singularités de chaque langue, la présente thèse illustre sa méthodologie lexicographique innovée. En plus, l’étude analytique des singularités linguistiques de chacune des trois langues, est minutieusement présentée dans cette thèse, du fait qu’elles sont susceptibles de constituer des annexes explicatives à la structure lexicographique proposée, puisqu’il s’agit de créer un dictionnaire plurilingue, polyvalent et outil d’apprentissage de plusieurs langues étrangèresThe aim of this thesis is to remedy a double problem: on the one hand, it is the plurality of dictionaries required for the learning of several foreign languages and on the other hand, it is the deficiency of the Arabic dictionaries by to the needs of foreign beginners and even native young people. The aim is to develop a new lexicographic methodology to create a trilingual dictionary (French-English-Arabic), versatile and able to become a learning tool for targeted languages. In order to achieve such a goal, it was essential to carry out, on the basis of the various linguistic works, including monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, a comparative and analytical study of the three languages concerned at all levels. linguistics: semantics, lexicology, morphology and syntax; with the intention of identifying the singularities of each. Once completed, this approach allowed us to determine the differential properties of the lexemes of each language with respect to the other two.French is distinguished by a dimensional and structured polysemy, created by a plurality of factors that seem to be entangled together to forge the meaning of the same lexeme and the majority of which does not exist in other languages. English is distinguished by three syntactical and lexical features: grammatical polymorphism, the abundance of homophones and dialectal diversity, creating three remarkable linguistic differences. As for Arabic, it is distinguished by a morphology morphology, typical of Semitic languages: each grammatical class has well-defined templates, each with specific semantic nuances. In addition to the derivational morphology, the study of the Arabic monolingual dictionary has revealed the existence of a multitude of deficiencies to which we propose remedies for it to become usable by both foreigners and natives.Through revealing lexemes of the singularities of each language, this thesis illustrates its innovative lexicographic methodology. In addition, the analytical study of the linguistic singularities of each of the three languages is painstakingly presented in this thesis, as they are likely to constitute explanatory appendices to the proposed lexicographical structure, since it is a question of creating a multilingual, versatile dictionary and tool for learning several foreign languages
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Shen, Feifei. "Les dictionnaires bilingues francais-chinois (1605-1912) : histoire, caractéristiques et typologie". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR083.
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Notre thèse porte sur l’histoire culturelle des dictionnaires bilingues français ↔ chinois. Notre but est d’examiner l’histoire des dictionnaires à travers les éditeurs, les lexicographes et les imprimeurs afin de trouver des caractéristiques du corpus sélectionné et d’établir une typologie des dictionnaires inventoriés. Cette étude apporte des éléments aux futurs travaux sur la lexicographie bilingue française et chinoise. Notre travail est divisé en deux parties : étude historique et étude métalexicographique. Dans l’analyse historique, un rappel de l’histoire de la Chine est donné dans un premier temps pour établir un panorama du contexte d’étude. Les chapitres suivants traitent de questions concernant l’apparition des dictionnaires bilingues en Chine et leur développement, les éditeurs et les imprimeurs, les lexicographes. Dans la partie métalexicographique, l’accent est mis sur les paratextes, les macrostructures, les nomenclatures et les microstructures. Notre recherche a porté sur l’ensemble des études lexicographiques bilingues françaises et chinoisesOur thesis deals with the cultural history of the French ↔ Chinese bilingual dictionaries. Our aim is to examine the history of dictionaries through their publishers, lexicographers and printers in order to find characteristics of the selected corpus and to establish a typology of the inventoried dictionaries. This study provides ideas for future work on French and Chinese bilingual lexicography. Our work is divided into two parts : historical study and metalexicographical study. In the historical analysis, a reminder of the chinese history is given at the outset to expose a panorama of the study’s context. The following chapters deal with questions concerning the emergence of bilingual dictionaries in China and their development, publishers and printers, and lexicographers. In the metalexicographic part, emphasis is placed on paratexts, macrostructures, nomenclatures and microstructures. Our research has contributed to the study of French and Chinese bilingual lexicographic
Livros sobre o assunto "Dictionaries and nomenclature"
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Chou, Mark. Dictionary of jade nomenclature. [Hong Kong?]: M. Chou, 1987.
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Coombes, Allen J., e Walter Erhardt. The Timber Press dictionary of plant names. Portland, Or: Timber Press, 2009.
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Bernis, Francisco. Diccionario de nombres vernáculos de aves. Madrid: Gredos, 1995.
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Bluzmanas, Petras. Žinduolių pavadinimų žodynas: Lotynų, lietuvių, anglų, prancūzų, rusų, vokiečių kalbomis. Vilnius: Ekologijos institutas, 2002.
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Eggli, Urs. Etymological dictionary of succulent plant names. Berlin: Springer, 2004.
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Aikio, Samuli. Sámegiel loddenamahusat. Helsset: Ruovttueatnan gielaid dutkanguovddáš, 1993.
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M, Wrobel, ed. Elsevier's dictionary of bird names: In Latin, English, French, German, and Italian. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002.
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Grandtner, Miroslav M. Elsevier's dictionary of trees: With names in Latin, English, French, Spanish, and other languages. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 2005.
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Guzmán, Gastón. Los nombres de los hongos y lo relacionado con ellos en América Latina: Introducción a la etnomicobiota y micología aplicada de la region : sinonimia vulgar y científica. Xalapa, Veracruz, México: Instituto de Ecología, 1997.
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Ratchalēt, Thawatchai. Rāichư̄ watchaphư̄t thī mī rāingān phop nai Prathēt Thai =: List of weeds reported in Thailand. Chiang Mai: Sūn Wičhai phư̄a Phœ̄m Phonphalit thāng Kasēt, Khana Kasēttrasāt, Mahāwitthayālai Chīang Mai, 1992.
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Cetro, Rosa. "La normalizzazione del lessico artistico francese: il «dizionario» di Félibien". In Proceedings e report, 59–70. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-364-2.07.
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During the reign of Louis XIV, the figurative arts serve the royal propaganda and glorification of the sovereign. The essay Des Principes de l’Architecture, de la Sculpture et de la Peinture (1676) was written by the historian André Félibien with the aim of describing arts during the Grand Siècle. This essay contains one of the first specialised dictionaries on artistic lexicon. In this article, we aim to analyse the structure and contents of the dictionary (nomenclature, syntactic and semantic categories, definitions, specialised marks). Moreover, we will focus on the preface of the essay, in which the author describes the difficulties encountered in the terminological description of the artistic domain.
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Cetro, Rosa. "La normalizzazione del lessico artistico francese: il «dizionario» di Félibien". In Proceedings e report, 59–70. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-364-2.07.
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During the reign of Louis XIV, the figurative arts serve the royal propaganda and glorification of the sovereign. The essay Des Principes de l’Architecture, de la Sculpture et de la Peinture (1676) was written by the historian André Félibien with the aim of describing arts during the Grand Siècle. This essay contains one of the first specialised dictionaries on artistic lexicon. In this article, we aim to analyse the structure and contents of the dictionary (nomenclature, syntactic and semantic categories, definitions, specialised marks). Moreover, we will focus on the preface of the essay, in which the author describes the difficulties encountered in the terminological description of the artistic domain.
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Considine, John. "Polyglot dictionaries". In Sixteenth-Century English Dictionaries, 104–13. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832287.003.0006.
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Chapter 5 gives an account of the polyglot, or multilingual, dictionaries of the sixteenth century which included English. In all of these, English-language equivalents were added to existing dictionaries in continental European traditions. They might have subject-ordered macrostructure, like the Sex linguarum dictionarius of 1537, or alphabetical macrostructure, like the Colloques ou dialogues avec un dictionaire en six langues of 1576; they might include dialogues or phrasebook material. Their headwords might be Latin, and one of them, the Nomenclator of Hadrianus Junius, included some interesting post-classical Latin. A polyglot tradition based on the Dictionarium of Calepino matched English words with equivalents in ten other ancient and modern languages.
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Considine, John. "Dictionaries of Latin and Greek from 1581 to 1600". In Sixteenth-Century English Dictionaries, 237–85. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832287.003.0012.
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Chapter 11 completes the story of the Latin dictionaries of sixteenth-century England, and adds that of the Greek dictionaries produced in the 1580s and 1590s, with particular attention to the publishing history of these dictionaries. It begins with the Greek–Latin Lexicon Graecolatinum of Edward Grant; the Latin–Greek–English edition of Guillaume Morel’s Verborum Latinorum commentarii produced by Abraham Fleming; two smaller dictionaries with revisions by Fleming; and John Higgins’s Latin–English version of Hadrianus Junius’ subject-ordered polyglot Nomenclator. Next come the first major dictionaries produced in close association with the universities, Thomas Thomas’s Latin–English Dictionarium (Cambridge) and John Rider’s English–Latin Bibliotheca scholastica (Oxford). These were resented by the London book trade, leading to what might be called the first of the dictionary wars of the English-speaking world. The chapter ends with the first Latin–Scots dictionary, by Andrew Duncan, and the eccentric little dictionaries of Simon Sturtevant.
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Hullen, Werner. "Multilingual dictionaries and nomenclators". In English Dictionaries 800-1700, 305–60. Oxford University PressOxford, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198237969.003.0009.
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Abstract In 1477 the first onomasiological dictionary which was not devoted to teaching Latin (or Greek or Hebrew) appeared in Venice as a printed book. It used the new technique for propagating a book-genre which had already been extant in hand written manuscripts, for example in 1424, and in early prints, for example in 1533. Roughly speaking, the tradition of late-medieval vocabularies terminated at the beginning of the sixteenth century (e.g. with Murmellius’s Pappa, see below) and gave way to a new tradition of topical word-lists (nomenclators) in the light of Humanist studies (de Smet 1985).
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Romanova, Oksana. "SPECIAL VOCABULARY OF THE UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES AS AN OBJECT OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH ON THE EXAMPLE OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY". In Traditions and new scientific strategies in the context of global transformation of society. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-406-1-24.
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In terminology, studies of the specifics of the formation and development of individual sectoral terminologies based on their own language resources or borrowings have been noticeably intensified, and the interest of scientists in the issue of clarifying the theoretical foundations of terminology as a whole has increased. This approach contributed to the articulation of language connections with various spheres of human activity, but did not completely exhaust the problem of organizing all terminological systems, their systematization and standardization, forecasting trends of future development. The study made an attempt to understand the complex issues of the theory of the term, the essence of the term as a linguistic unit. The purpose of the work is to analyze the issue of "term" as a linguistic unit. The difference between the term and the nomenclature is theoretically substantiated. A proposal for defining the nomenclature as a linguistic unit has been submitted. On the example of military terminology, professionalisms and their types are considered, definitions of professionalisms, synthetic and analytical terms are given. The study provides an overview of the linguistic works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists who considered the linguistic terminology of the 20th – early 21st centuries. The subject of the study is the structural and lexical-semantic parameters of language units in modern Ukrainian and English military terminology. The following research methods were used: descriptive-analytical, comparative-comparative and quantitative. Definitional analysis and methods of component analysis are used. The work also states that the lexical component of Ukrainian- and English-language scientific texts consists of terms, neologisms, and neonyms. Terms in the vocabulary of the language play a significant role. Professional vocabulary constitutes a significant part of the language fund; therefore, it is natural that linguists attach great importance to the study of the regularities of term formation, their structure and semantics, aspects of location, translation issues; consider terminology as an important component of modern literary language. The results of the research can be used in lexicographic work (compilation of terminological dictionaries), in the educational process (during the development and teaching of special courses on terminology). The generalizations, comments and recommendations presented in the work will be useful for further standardization and improvement of military terminology at the current stage.
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Rickard, David. "Microbes and Minerals". In Pyrite. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190203672.003.0010.
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Pyrite consists of two elements—iron and sulfur—but considerations of pyrite formation have mainly concerned sulfur. Iron is extremely abundant in the Earth; in fact, it is the fourth most abundant element on Earth and is less localized in its distribution. By contrast, sulfur is the 17th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, and there are about 100 times more iron than sulfur. The interest in the primary role of sulfur in pyrite formation continues to the present day. In the Old Latin of early Republican Rome (i.e., before c. 200 BCE), sulfur was called sulpur or burning stone (i.e., brimstone). The p was pronounced with a puff of air. This puff was transliterated with an h following the p. When the f sound was introduced into classical Latin, p was often changed to ph in Latin words of Greek origin. Sulpur, however, had no Greek roots. The Greeks called it θείον (thion), which gave rise to our prefix, thio-. Sulfur had been written as sulphur in Old Latin, with the h indicating the puff of air after the p, but when the f sound was introduced this gave the mistaken impression that sulphur was originally a Greek word. At the end of classical times (around 27 BCE) the spelling was altered to sulfur, which is the spelling that usually appears in Latin dictionaries. In the last millennium, the element has traditionally been spelled sulphur in the United Kingdom and countries where UK rule held sway. By contrast, US English has continually used the correct sulfur spelling. The fountainhead of all chemical definitions worldwide, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, adopted the spelling sulfur in 1990. Finally, the UK authorities admitted their error and the UK Royal Society of Chemistry Nomenclature Committee recommended the correct spelling in 1992. In 2000 the authority determining quality and standards in UK schools decreed UK children should be taught the sulfur spelling. The sulphur spelling still occurs, but at best this is a literary affectation.