Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Di shi wu qi"

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy (CIPN) has a relevant impact on the quality of life of cancer patients. There are no curative conventional treatments, so further options have to be investigated. We conducted a systematic review in English and Chinese language databases to illuminate the role of medical herbs. 26 relevant studies on 5 single herbs, one extract, one receptor-agonist, and 8 combinations of herbs were identified focusing on the single herbsAcorus calamus rhizoma,Cannabis sativa fructus,Chamomilla matricaria,Ginkgo biloba,Salvia officinalis,Sweet bee venom,Fritillaria cirrhosae bulbus,and the herbal combinations Bu Yang Huan Wu, modified Bu Yang Huan Wu plus Liuwei Di Huang, modified Chai Hu Long Gu Mu Li Wan,Geranii herbaplusAconiti lateralis praeparata radix, Niu Che Sen Qi Wan (Goshajinkigan), Gui Zhi Jia Shu Fu Tang (Keishikajutsubuto), Huang Qi Wu Wu Tang (Ogikeishigomotsuto), and Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang(Shakuyakukanzoto). The knowledge of mechanism of action is still limited, the quality of clinical trials needs further improvement, and studies have not yielded enough evidence to establish a standard practice, but a lot of promising substances have been identified. While CIPN has multiple mechanisms of neuronal degeneration, a combination of herbs or substances might deal with multiple targets for the aim of neuroprotection or neuroregeneration in CIPN.

This article comments on: Shang Y, Yuan L, Di Y, Jia Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Xing L, Qi Z, Wang X, Zhu J, Hua W, Wu X, Zhu M, Li G, Li C. 2020. A CYC/TB1 type TCP transcription factor controls spikelet meristem identity in barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 7118–7131.

This article is devoted to the analysis of actions undertaken by Wu Ze-tian 武則天 (624–705), the first and only woman in Chinese history, who was bequeathed the title of august emperor and founded the Great Zhou state (Da Zhou 大周； 690–705) to raise the status of the Wu 武 family, as they were represented in the main sources of study for this period – the normative histories Old Book of Tang and New Book of Tang. Career advancement steps of the three most well-known relatives (Wu Cheng-si 武承嗣 (649–698), Wu San-si 武三思 (?–707) and Wu You-ning 武攸宁 (? –705) are examined. Special attention is given to the main stages in the rise of the Empress’s ancestors, including her father Wu Shi-huo, who made the posthumous journey from a guo-gong 國公 to August Emperor (huang-di 皇帝). A conclusion is reached that Wu’s consistent actions in this direction allowed her to replace the royal Tang dynasty with the Wu family in the ideological structure of China for an entire decade. Nevertheless, in the final period of her reign, Wu Ze-tian was forced to give up the hope of installing the Wu family as rulers of China.

Background: To explore the prescription rules of famous ancient physicians in the treatment of threatened miscarriage. Methods: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened out of Fu Ren Da Quan Liang Fang by Ziming Chen, Yi Zong Jin Jian by Qian Wu, and Fu Qing Zhu Nv Ke by Qingzhu Fu. Data were standardized and analyzed through the TCM inheritance auxiliary platform. Results: A total of 29 prescriptions for threatened miscarriage were screened. Dang Gui, E Jiao, Gan Cao, Chuan Xiong, Bai Shao were the top five frequently prescribed Chinese herbs. The common herb–herb combinations used by Ziming Chen contained E Jiao, Dang Gui, Chuan Xiong, Ai Ye, Cong Bai, and Sang Ji Sheng. Ren Shen, Gan Cao, and Bai Zhu were the common herbal groups used by Qingzhu Fu. Huang Qi, Shu Di Huang, Bai Shao, Dang Gui, and Gan Cao were one of Qian Wu’s core prescriptions, with Dang Gui and Chuan Xiong being the others. According to the analysis of four Qi, five flavors, and meridian tropism of the prescriptions, herbs with the warm nature, or with the sweet, pungent, bitter flavors topped the list of application. The top six meridian tropisms of high-frequency herbs were: liver, spleen, lung, kidney, heart, and stomach meridian. Conclusion: Based on the principle of restoring the balance within the organs and enriching Qi and blood, clinical treatment of threatened miscarriage involves invigorating the Chong and Ren channels, nourishing Yin, dispelling cold and wind, generating and activating blood, regulating and harmonizing Qi.

Abstract Abstract Background: The mortality of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is high due to lack of an effective treatment. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based therapy is a promising immunotherapeutic strategy. In preclinical models, we established ALF501, a novel CAR-NK cells with both a high affinity for PSMA and a clinically significant tumoricidal effect on CRPC. Here we report the results from the first-in-human case of ALF501 for CRPC. Methods: In this study, ALF501was dosed intravenous for a total of three courses, with an interval of 3 months, each infusion of 5 × 108 cells, and 3 consecutive days of infusion as a course of treatment. Observation continued until progression or unacceptable toxicity for up to 1 years. Primary objectives were safety and tolerability; secondary objectives included preliminary antitumor activity. Results: An 80-year-old man who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in February 2018 and developed a relapse in April 2021. Starting with July 16 2021, he received three courses of ALF501. No liver and kidney toxicity was observed, and the safety profile was good. Progression-free survival was 12months as of April 23, 2022, during which PSA decreased by 97.5% from baseline. Imaging follow-up showed that the tumor was stable, and chest CT showed that the original pleural effusion and pericardial effusion disappeared, and the high-density shadow previously considered osteogenic bone metastasis was reduced overall. Conclusions: ALF501 is safe and feasible for the treatment of CRPC, and has preliminary anti-tumor efficacy. This is a case study, and it is necessary to expand the patient sample size in the future to confirm whether there is a difference in efficacy for different patients. Citation Format: Hui Shi, Yanan Lin, Jie Ran, Yan Jin, Shengbang Zhang, Qi Wang, Huiyuan Zhang, Lida Wu, Yuchun Gu, Shengjiang Tan, Yao Wang. First-in-human study of ALF501, polypeptide PSMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cells) for castration-resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT099.

Abstract Modern Chinese Pseudo-Possessive-Object Constructions (shortened as Modern Chinese PPO constructions; e.g. ta shuo le wo de haohua (他说了我的好话) ‘he has put in a good word for me’ and ta chi le wo de doufu (他吃了我的豆腐) ‘he has taken advantage of me’) are actually constructions displaying possessor-affectee syncretism. They derive from Early Modern Chinese Real-Possessive-Object constructions in bridging contexts, some examples being wo ye quande liewei daren de jiu (我也劝得列位大人的酒), ‘I also urged all the magistrates here to finish drinking your wine’ and shi nage zai jie wo de duan li (是那个在揭我的短哩) ‘who is uncovering my demerits’. Di-transitive constructions in Middle Chinese and Early Modern Chinese (e.g. Changxing! quan er yibei jiu (长星，劝尔一杯酒) ‘Comet! I urge you (to finish drinking) a cup of wine’ and shuru gan jie wu duanchu (竖儒敢揭吾短处) ‘how dare the Confucius scholar uncover my demerits’) have provided structural templates for the formation of Modern Chinese PPO constructions. They also have led to a condition in which there are more examples of a maleficiary Modern Chinese PPO construction than examples of a beneficiary Modern Chinese PPO construction (e.g. ta chi le wo de doufu (他吃了我的豆腐) ‘he has taken advantage of me’ vs. ta shuo le wo de haohua (他说了我的好话) ‘he has put in a good word for me’). The grammaticalization pathway can also explain the formation of other constructions including another Modern Chinese PPO construction (e.g. ta chi le wo de kui (他吃了我的亏) ‘he has suffered the loss caused by me’), a Modern Chinese pseudo-object construction (e.g. wo ganxie ni de haoxin (我感谢你的好心) ‘I thank you for your kindness’), and a Modern Chinese pseudo-modifier construction (e.g. wo pa le yi xiawu de shan (我爬了一下午的山) ‘I did mountain-climbing for the whole afternoon’).

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained increasing importance in energy storage systems, driven by the growing demands of grid storage, automotive, and portable consumer applications. To meet the need for high energy density batteries, one promising approach involves the utilization of high capacity layered transition metal oxide cathodes, such as nickel-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811), which can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of over 180 mAh·g-1 [1,2]. However, due to the structural and interfacial instability[3], nickel-rich NMC cathode still faces challenges in long-term galvanostatic cycling. For these reasons, design of novel electrolyte formulations, which enable formation of an effective cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), is highly desirable. Recent studies have highlighted the cross-talk between the cathode and anode, indicating that the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) can impact the formation of the CEI[4]. Thus, establishing an effective SEI/CEI pair is essential for achieving long-term cycling of nickel-rich NMC cathode-based cells. Electrolyte optimization plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of a desirable SEI/CEI pair, leading to an improved cell performance and longevity. Lithium (difluoromethanesulfonyl)(trifluoro-methanesulfonyl)imide (LiDFTFSI) has proven to be promising in solid-polymer-electrolyte batteries due to the good SEI/CEI formation ability and suppressed Al-dissolution[5]. Additionally, LiDFTFSI exhibits also good compatibility with Li-metal batteries[6], heralding promising applications in Li-ion batteries. However, there is lack of systematic research investigating the potential impact of LiDFTFSI on the cathode as well as on resulting CEI formation and dynamics. In this work, we demonstrated enhanced galvanostatic cycling performance of NMC811||graphite cells achieved by utilizing LiDFTFSI and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in a blended salt organic carbonate-based electrolyte formulation. Comprehensive electrochemical and post mortem analysis revealed that the LiDFTFSI alone can effectively mitigate the structural changes in the NMC811 electrode by facilitating the formation of modified CEI. However, the continued growth of an inhomogeneous CEI, caused by the cross-talk effect between electrodes, adversely affected long-term cycling stability. To address this, vinylene carbonate (VC) was introduced to the electrolyte. Synergistic effect with LiDFTFSI leads to the formation of effective and uniform SEI and CEI. As a result, 720 charge/discharge cycles were achieved in NMC811||graphite cells with LiDFTFSI and VC containing electrolytes at 1C while maintaining 80% state-of-health (SOH80%). References [1] R. Schmuch, R. Wagner, G. Hörpel, T. Placke, M. Winter, Nature Energy 2018, 3, 267–278. [2] W. Xue, M. Huang, Y. Li, Y. G. Zhu, R. Gao, X. Xiao, W. Zhang, S. Li, G. Xu, Y. Yu, P. Li, J. Lopez, D. Yu, Y. Dong, W. Fan, Z. Shi, R. Xiong, C.-J. Sun, I. Hwang, W.-K. Lee, Y. Shao-Horn, J. A. Johnson, J. Li, Nature Energy 2021, 6, 495–505. [3] K. Guo, S. Qi, H. Wang, J. Huang, M. Wu, Y. Yang, X. Li, Y. Ren, J. Ma, Small Science 2022, 2, 2100107. [4] S. Fang, D. Jackson, M. L. Dreibelbis, T. F. Kuech, R. J. Hamers, Journal of Power Sources 2018, 373, 184–192. [5] H. Zhang, U. Oteo, X. Judez, G. G. Eshetu, M. Martinez-Ibañez, J. Carrasco, C. Li, M. Armand, Joule 2019, 3, 1689–1702. [6] L. Qiao, U. Oteo, M. Martinez-Ibañez, A. Santiago, R. Cid, E. Sanchez-Diez, E. Lobato, L. Meabe, M. Armand, H. Zhang, Nat. Mater. 2022, 21, 455–462.

In Ying Xian Fogong Si Shijia Ta 應縣佛宮寺釋迦塔 (Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Ying County), Shanxi, there are statues set on each floor, and 26 exist in total, with six murals painted on the first floor. The pagoda was designed as a vertically rising Buddhist temple, and the interior space of each floor was customized for the statues. Based on previous research and through surveying and mapping of the architecture and statuary (including the murals on the first floor) combined with geometric design analysis, this paper proposes the following: First, there exists a clear geometric proportion among the interior space and statues on each floor of the pagoda. Second, clear proportional relationships also exist among the statues on each floor, and each of the 26 statues has ‘classical’ proportion rules. Third, the height of the giant Buddha statue on the first floor is the module for not only the height of the statues on each floor but also the construction of the whole pagoda such that the height of the statue on the first floor is 1/6 of the total height of the pagoda (excluding the base). And the ratio of the pagoda’s total height to the first floor’s diameter, the ratio of the total height to the top-story height under the column capital, and all the other geometric proportions are closely related to the architectural modeling. And finally, in the construction of the pagoda, statues, and murals, the scale is deduced to be 1 chi 尺 (Chinese foot) = 29.5 cm. These values give clear scale logics not only to the construction but also to the details of the statues. Accordingly, the most frequently used proportions in the architectural space, statues, and murals of the Pagoda of Fogong Temple are 2, 3:2, 5:3 (or 8:5), and 9:5, which are imbued with cultural messages, like Zhou Bi Suan Jing 周髀算經 (The Mathematical classic of the Zhou shadow-gauging instrument), Ying Zao Fa Shi 營造法式 (Treatise on Architectural Methods or State Building Standards), the ancient Chinese world view—tian yuan di fang 天圜地方 (the dome-shaped heaven and the flat, square earth) reflected from “ yuan fang tu 圓方圖 (rounded-square map)” and “fang yuan tu 方圓圖 (squared-circle map)”, ancient Chinese ideas that ”san tian liang di er yi shu 參天兩地而倚數 (‘three’ is the number of the heaven and ‘two’ is the number of the earth, and all numbers are based on them)” and “jiu wu zhi zun 九五之尊 (nine and five are the numbers of the honorable central position)”, and most probably related to the “mandala” of Esoteric Buddhism and to the Western “Golden Ratio”, which all need further research in depth.

BackgroundBaricitinib, an orally selective inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, was approved for adult patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. The recommended dose is 2mg once daily and 4mg once daily in patients who have inadequately responded to baricitinib 2mg once daily (for 3 months) or TNF inhibitors. A single-arm, prospective, non-interventional post-marketing safety study (PMSS) was conducted in Chinese RA patients to describe the safety and effectiveness of baricitinib at 24 weeks.ObjectivesTo describe the safety and effectiveness of baricitinib in real-world setting of treating patients with moderate to severe active RA.MethodsThis PMSS (starting July 2020) included 667 patients with RA treated with baricitinib (2 mg or/and 4mg/day) and followed up for 24 weeks. Safety and effectiveness (disease activity) were assessed for 24 weeks. All statistical analyses are descriptive.ResultsSafety analyses included 667 patients (females=82.3%, mean age=53.3 years, mean RA duration 86.9 months). 106 (15.9%) were ≥65 and <75years and 19 (2.8%) were ≥75 years. 29 (4.3%) had previously received biologic therapy. Baricitinib dose regimen was as follows: 2 mg/day, n = 580 (87.0%); 4 mg/day, n = 53 (7.9%); 2/4 mg, n = 34 (5.1%). Concomitant use of MTX and leflunomide occurred in 54.3% and 35.5%, respectively. The overall exposure of baricitinib was 262.1 patient-years; 197 (29.5%) patients withdrew from the study, mostly for patient’s decision (n = 101). Adverse events (AEs) occurred in 250 (37.5%) patients [serious: 28 (4.2%)]. Two patients (0.3%) died: one of pneumonia and one with no cause reported. The incidence of serious infection, herpes zoster and hepatotoxicity was 0.6%, 1.0%, and 3.4%, respectively. No case met laboratory criteria for potential Hy’s Law (ALT/AST ≥3 x ULN and TBL ≥2 x ULN). Malignancy occurred in one patient (thyroid cancer). No venous thromboembolism (VTE) or major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) were reported during the study observation period (Table 1).In the effectiveness analysis at Week 24, the proportions of patients achieving remission/ low disease activity were 66.6% (235/353) for DAS28-CRP, 64.6% (228/353) for SDAI, and 63.5% (242/381) for CDAI (Figure 1).ConclusionIn conclusion, the safety and effectiveness profile of baricitinib in this Chinese PMSS was generally similar to that in the global RA population with no VTEs or MACE reported and no new safety signals.ReferencesNIL.Table 1.Safety summary among patients with RA treated with baricitinibn (%) PYE [EAIR]Safety Population (N=667)12 weeks24 weeksAE214 (32.08)124.04 [172.52]250 (37.48)198.58 [125.89]AEs related to study treatmentas judged by the investigator95 (14.24)139.99 [67.86]120 (17.99)236.65 [50.71]Death/2 (0.30)261.30 [0.77]SAE22 (3.30)147.03 [14.96]28 (4.20)256.72 [10.91]SAEs related to study treatmentas judged by the investigator8 (1.20)148.32 [5.39]10 (1.50)260.30 [3.84]Treatment discontinuation due to AEs20 (3.00)148.18 [13.50]24 (3.60)260.79 [9.20]AESISerious infection3 (0.45)148.52 [2.02]4 (0.60)260.99 [1.53]Hepatotoxicity16 (2.40)147.13 [10.87]23 (3.45)256.76 [8.96]VTE0148.63 [0.00]0261.30 [0.00]Herpes zoster, n (%)3 (0.45)7 (1.05)Malignancy, n (%)1 (0.15)1 (0.15)MACE, n (%)00Abbreviations: AE= adverse event; AESI= adverse event with special interest; EAIR= exposure-adjusted incidence rate; MACE= major adverse cardiovascular events; N= number of patients in the safety analysis set; n= number of patients in the specified category; PYE= patient-years of exposure; RA= rheumatoid arthritis; SAE= serious adverse event; VTE= venous thromboembolismUsed EAIR per 100 PYE (patient exposure censored at the event).AESI was based on the judgement of investigator recorded in eCRF (electronic case report form)MACE included myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, and stroke.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsChan-yuan Wu: None declared, Qian Wang: None declared, Jian Shi: None declared, XIUYING ZHANG: None declared, Rong Du: None declared, Jieruo Gu: None declared, Qi-huan Liu: None declared, Jiao Yu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Jia-wei Xu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Yan-jie Zhang Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Hao Zhu Employee of: Eli Lilly and Company, Mengtao Li: None declared, Xiaofeng Zeng: None declared.

Abstract Background: Reversion mutations of BRCA1/2 are associated with decreased response to platinum-based chemotherapies and PARP inhibitors. While patient with homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes have proven efficacy to PARP inhibitors, reversion mutations in these genes have not been widely studied. Here, we performed pan-cancer analysis to reveal the characteristics of HRR reversion mutations. Methods: We assessed 1,992 patients with at least one loss of function mutation in BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BARD1, BRIP1, CDK12, CHEK1, CHEK2, FANCL, PALB2, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD54L, ERCC3, RAD51, WRN, FANCI, MRE11A, ATR, FANCD2, FANCA, FANCC, BLM and NBN. Somatic reversion mutations were indel or missense mutations that restore the open reading frame and potentially protein function fully or partially. Definitive reversion mutations are confirmed secondary mutations in patients with known pathogenic germline HRR gene mutations, or in a subsequent sample of previously detected somatic pathogenic mutants. Other reversion mutations are putative due to lack of matched samples. Results: Overall, we found 31/1,992 (1.6%) tumors with definitive or putative HRR reversion mutations, including 17 with germline and 14 with somatic predisposed pathogenic HRR mutations. Of these, we identified 9 BRCA1 (29%, 2 sBRCA1 and 7 gBRCA1) and 12 BRCA2 (39%, 4 sBRCA2 and 8 gBRCA2). We also found pathogenic germline PALB2 (1, 3%) and RAD41D (1, 3%), and somatic mutations in CDK12 (3, 9%), ATM (2, 6%), WRN (1, 3%), FANCD2 (1, 3%), and ATR (1, 3%). Overall, 43 reversion mutations were detected (37 definitive and 6 putative), with eight patients carrying multiple reversion mutations. Importantly, 40/43 reversion mutations were found within 2bp upstream to the start site of original deleterious variants, and all were unique to currently known database. Missense-induced reversions were found in 74% primary stop-gain mutations, while indel-induced reversions were associated with 59% primary frameshift mutations. These HRR reversion mutations were primarily found in breast cancer (9%, 10/107) and ovarian cancer (6%, 3/54), and also in cases of prostate (1/25, 4%), pancreatic (1/29, 3%), colorectal (2%, 9/418), and non-small cell lung cancer (1%, 6/703). Of note, the incidence of multiple HRR reversion mutations was higher in breast cancer (75%, 6/8). Lastly, reversion mutations were detectable in plasma, pleural and ascites fluid samples, suggesting great clinical utility of ctDNA to monitor reversion mutations. Conclusions: This study analyzed clinical and mutational characteristics of reversion mutations in HRR genes, which could occur as single or multiple variants to restore the function of predisposed pathogenic HRR mutations, resulting in resistance to platinum-based chemotherapies or PARP inhibitors. Monitoring these mutations with tissue or liquid biopsy samples are crucial for treatment guidance. Citation Format: Jing Li, Xiaoying Wu, Yan Shi, Di Wang, Yedan Chen, Yang Shao. Pan-cancer analysis revealed characteristics of reversion mutations in homologous recombination repair genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5766.

Two dimensional ultrathin layers are considered promising materials to bring new functionalities in nanotechnologies and candidate to replace 3D materials in existing applications. Among this last category, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) like WS2, MoS2, WSe2 are viewed as interesting alternative channels for ultra-scaled CMOS technologies, as silicon is approaching its physical limits. These semiconductor 2D monolayers could bring a decisive advantage in terms of electrostatic control at very low gate length, while maintaining decent carrier transport properties as compared to 3D materials at same dimension. In addition, TMDC should provide improved off current performance as compared to silicon, an important factor to improve the static power efficiency in multibillion transistor chips. Obviously, replacing the channel material of the main device in microelectronics, from silicon to TMDC, comes with a very long list of scientific and technological challenges to be addressed. In this paper we limit our scope to the growth of TMDC, one of the main pillar in this global effort, and share how we addressed some of the challenges related to the formation of 2D semiconductor channels, to enable the fabrication of functioning devices on lab and 300 mm flows. TMDCs thin films grown with metal oxide CVD on substrates with, in some case, the presence of NaCl salts, are demonstrating the largest grain size and the best electrical performance but these processes are hardly compatible with industrial CVD reactors. In contrast we use chemistries more compatible with manufacturing, with the target of growing TMDC on 300 mm substrates. We report on MoS2 and WS2 formed with chemistries using metal organic precursors such as Mo(CO)6 or W(CO)6 and di-hydrogen sulfide grown in customized epitaxial cross flow 200 and 300 mm reactors [1]. We report basic nucleation and growth studies over a large process domain which show the possibility to control the density of nuclei and the subsequent lateral crystal growth while minimizing secondary nucleation and metal particle defectivity. We study the deposition of MoS2 an WS2 on two basic types of substrates defining fundamentally the integration schemes. On one route, dedicated to device performance demonstration, TMDC monolayers are grown on templated substrates like sapphire following a van der Waals epitaxy mode which enables regular orientation of the crystallites and formation of large and oriented domains after grain ripening with reduced defect concentration. The 2D layer is then transferred onto the final substrate for the device formation. With this technique, average mobilities above 30 cm2/Vs have been achieved regularly on MoS2 backgated devices, and the best devices exhibit currents at transfer curve up to 420 mA/mm [2,3]. On the other flow, recent efforts have aimed at growing WS2 directly on various types of amorphous substrate layer typically deposited on 300mm wafer, acting either as bottom gate dielectric or sacrificial layer. This scheme doesn’t require subsequent transfer step. However, after integration, these materials demonstrate performance still substantially lower than with material grown on sapphire [4,5]. As the device dimensions has scaled down over the last 20 years, improving the variability at different scales has emerged as major topic in microelectronics. TMDC channels are no exception to this trend despite intrinsic advantage in terms of thickness control. We will share on specific work done on sapphire surface specification and preparation. We have demonstrated that depositing MoS2 on 1° off-A axis C-plane sapphire substrate reduced the dispersion in mobility as compared to similar materials obtained on C-plane oriented on-axis substrates [6]. We have also worked-out in-situ Cl2 etch process to remove the superficial islands grown on top of the first layer MoS2 crystals as this first layer is being closed. The process enables full lateral etching of the secondary layer crystals selectively to the closed first layer. With this process, we observed substantial improvement in the electrostatic control of MoS2 scaled transistors, including threshold voltage variability and improved subthreshold swing control [7]. We continue to work out the TMDC growth process to improve the material quality, impacted by the presence of defects at the grain boundaries or intra-grain, aiming to close the gap with advanced logic requirements. 1-Caymax & al., SSDM, D-1-03, 2019 2-D Lin & al., Symposium on VLSI Technology, 1-2, 2021 3- Wu & al., IEDM, 7.4.1-7.4.4, 2021 4- Asselberghs & al., IEDM, 40.2.1- 40.2.4, 2020 5- Smets & al., IEDM, 34.2.1-34.2.4, 2021 6- Shi & al., ACS nano 15 (6), 9482-9494, 2021 7- Shi & al., IEDM, 37.1.1-37.1.4, 2021

Artikel review ini memberikan informasi tentang aplikasi polianilina (PANI) dan kompositnya sebagai sensor gas berbahaya khususnya amonia (NH3). Kajian yang dibahas pada artikel ini meliputi sifat gas NH3, material komposit, kinerja sensor, serta limit deteksi. Tinjauan sensor gas amonia berbasis polimer konduktif polianilina secara menyeluruh diambil dari referensi sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sebagai contoh, komposit polianilina dengan turunan karbon seperti reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) dan Carbon Nanotube menunjukkan limit deteksi hingga 46 ppb dengan waktu pemulihan hanya 75 detik. Selain itu, komposit PANI dengan logam seperti Ag, Sr dan sebagainya, menunjukkan limit deteksi yang lebih besar yaitu 1 ppm, namun terdapat keunggulan dimana waktu pemulihan hanya 4 deti. Oleh sebab itu, polimer konduktif polianilina menjadi material yang sangat menjanjikan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gas NH3. Terakhir, mekanisme penginderaan gas amonia terhadap material PANI juga dibahas pada tulisan ini. Referensi: [1] M. Insausti, R. Timmis, R. Kinnersley, and M. C. Rufino, “Advances in sensing ammonia from agricultural sources,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 706. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135124. [2] H. Shen et al., “Intense Warming Will Significantly Increase Cropland Ammonia Volatilization Threatening Food Security and Ecosystem Health,” One Earth, vol. 3, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.015. [3] W. Wu, B. Wei, G. Li, L. Chen, J. Wang, and J. Ma, “Study on ammonia gas high temperature corrosion coupled erosion wear characteristics of circulating fluidized bed boiler,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 132, p. 105896, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105896. [4] X. Huang et al., “Reduced graphene oxide–polyaniline hybrid: Preparation, characterization and its applications for ammonia gas sensing,” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 42, pp. 22488–22495, 2012, doi: 10.1039/C2JM34340A. [5] T. Jiang, P. Wan, Z. Ren, and S. Yan, “Anisotropic Polyaniline/SWCNT Composite Films Prepared by in Situ Electropolymerization on Highly Oriented Polyethylene for High-Efficiency Ammonia Sensor,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, vol. 11, no. 41, pp. 38169–38176, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b13336. [6] H. Bai and G. Shi, “Gas sensors based on conducting polymers,” Sensors, vol. 7, no. 3. 2007. doi: 10.3390/s7030267. [7] D. Kwak, Y. Lei, and R. Maric, “Ammonia gas sensors: A comprehensive review,” Talanta, vol. 204. 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.034. [8] M. Eising, C. E. Cava, R. V. Salvatierra, A. J. G. Zarbin, and L. S. Roman, “Doping effect on self-assembled films of polyaniline and carbon nanotube applied as ammonia gas sensor,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 245, pp. 25–33, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.132. [9] M. P. Diana, W. S. Roekmijati, and W. U. Suyud, “Why it is often underestimated: Historical Study of Ammonia Gas Exposure Impacts towards Human Health,” in E3S Web of Conferences, 2018, vol. 73. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20187306003. [10] R. T. Xu et al., “Half-Century Ammonia Emissions From Agricultural Systems in Southern Asia: Magnitude, Spatiotemporal Patterns, and Implications for Human Health,” GeoHealth, vol. 2, no. 1, 2018, doi: 10.1002/2017GH000098. [11] S. A. Akbar, A. Mardhiah, N. Saidi, and D. Lelifajri, “The effect of graphite composition on polyaniline film performance for formalin gas sensor,” Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia, vol. 34, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.4314/bcse.v34i3.14. [12] X. Wang, L. Gong, D. Zhang, X. Fan, Y. Jin, and L. Guo, “Room temperature ammonia gas sensor based on polyaniline/copper ferrite binary nanocomposites,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 322, p. 128615, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.128615. [13] L. Wang et al., “Enhanced Sensitivity and Stability of Room-Temperature NH3 Sensors Using Core–Shell CeO2 Nanoparticles@Cross-linked PANI with p–n Heterojunctions,” ACS Applied Materials &Interfaces, vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 14131–14140, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1021/am503286h. [14] Y. Guo et al., “Hierarchical graphene–polyaniline nanocomposite films for high-performance flexible electronic gas sensors,” Nanoscale, vol. 8, no. 23, pp. 12073–12080, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C6NR02540D. [15] M. Eising, C. E. Cava, R. V. Salvatierra, A. J. G. Zarbin, and L. S. Roman, “Doping effect on self-assembled films of polyaniline and carbon nanotube applied as ammonia gas sensor,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 245, pp. 25–33, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.132. [16] S. Bai et al., “Transparent conducting films of hierarchically nanostructured polyaniline networks on flexible substrates for high-performance gas sensors,” Small, vol. 11, no. 3, 2015, doi: 10.1002/smll.201401865. [17] Z. Wu et al., “Enhanced sensitivity of ammonia sensor using graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 178, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.01.014. [18] N. R. Tanguy, B. Wiltshire, M. Arjmand, M. H. Zarifi, and N. Yan, “Highly Sensitive and Contactless Ammonia Detection Based on Nanocomposites of Phosphate-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Immobilized on Microstrip Resonators,” ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 12, no. 8, 2020, doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b21063. [19] D. Maity and R. T. R. Kumar, “Polyaniline Anchored MWCNTs on Fabric for High Performance Wearable Ammonia Sensor,” ACS Sensors, vol. 3, no. 9, 2018, doi: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00589. [20] J. Ma et al., “Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline on the ethylenediamine modified polyethylene terephthalate fibers for a flexible room temperature ammonia gas sensor with high responses,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 334, May 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129677. [21] A. Javadian-Saraf, E. Hosseini, B. D. Wiltshire, M. H. Zarifi, and M. Arjmand, “Graphene oxide/polyaniline-based microwave split-ring resonator: A versatile platform towards ammonia sensing,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 418, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126283. [22] A. Liu et al., “The gas sensor utilizing polyaniline/ MoS2 nanosheets/ SnO2 nanotubes for the room temperature detection of ammonia,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 332, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129444. [23] Q. Feng, H. Zhang, Y. Shi, X. Yu, and G. Lan, “Preparation and gas sensing properties of PANI/SnO2 hybrid material,” Polymers, vol. 13, no. 9, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/polym13091360. [24] S. Benhouhou, A. Mekki, M. Ayat, and N. Gabouze, “Facile Preparation of PANI-Sr Composite Flexible Thin Film for Ammonia Sensing at Very Low Concentration,” Macromolecular Research, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 267–279, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s13233-021-9034-3. [25] X. Wang et al., “In situ polymerized polyaniline/MXene (V2C) as building blocks of supercapacitor and ammonia sensor self-powered by electromagnetic-triboelectric hybrid generator,” Nano Energy, vol. 88, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106242. [26] J. Chang et al., “Polyaniline-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Room Temperature NH3Detection,” ACS Applied Nano Materials, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 5263–5272, May 2021, doi: 10.1021/acsanm.1c00633. [27] S. Matindoust, A. Farzi, M. Baghaei Nejad, M. H. Shahrokh Abadi, Z. Zou, and L. R. Zheng, “Ammonia gas sensor based on flexible polyaniline films for rapid detection of spoilage in protein-rich foods,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 28, no. 11, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10854-017-6471-z. [28] J. Cai, C. Zhang, A. Khan, C. Liang, and W. di Li, “Highly transparent and flexible polyaniline mesh sensor for chemiresistive sensing of ammonia gas,” RSC Advances, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 5312–5320, 2018, doi: 10.1039/c7ra13516e. [29] T. Syrový et al., “Gravure-printed ammonia sensor based on organic polyaniline colloids,” Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, vol. 225, pp. 510–516, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.062.

Исследована адсорбция аниона серина на гладком Pt и Pt(Pt)-электроде. Методом кривых заряжения получены стационарные и кинетические изотермы адсорбции. Установлено, что как на гладком, так и Pt(Pt)-электроде, кинетика исследуемых процессов подчиняется уравнению Рогинского-Зельдовича, а стационарное заполнение описывается изотермой Темкина. При этом адсорбция аниона серина на Pt(Pt) сопровождается диссоциацией адсорбата. Найдены основные термодинамические характеристики (константа адсорбционного и изменение свободной энергии Гиббса) процесса адсорбции аниона серина на обоих электродах. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Damaskin B., Petrii A. O., and Batrakar V.Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Electrodes. Plenum Press, New York, 1973. Sobkowski J., Juzkiewics-Herbish M. Metall/Solution Interface: an Experimental Approach, Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, no. 31. Eds. by J. O¢ Bockris, R. E. White and B. E. Conway. Plenum Press, New York, London, 1997, p. 1. Frumkin A. N. Isbrannie trudi: Electrodnie processi, [Selected Works: Electrode Processes]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1987. 336 p. (in Russ.) Delahey P. Dvoinoi sloi i kinetika elektrodnih processov, [Double Layer and Kinetics of Electrode Processes]. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1967, 351 p. (in Russ.) Gileadi E. and Conway B. in:Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, no. 3 Eds. by J. O’M. Bockris and B. Conway. Butterworths, London, 1964. Electrocatalysis. Ed. by J. Lipkowski, P. N. Ross. Wiley, VCH, New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbake, Singarope, Toronto, 1998, 376 p. Bockris J. O. M., Shahed U. Khan M. Surface Electrochemistry: a Molecular Level Approach. Plenum Press, New York, London, 1993, 1014 p. Applied Infrared Spectroscopy. By A. Lee Smith. Wiley, Chichester, 1979. Gale J. Spectroelectrochemistry: Theory and Practice. Plenum Press, New York, 1988, p. 189. Tehnika eksperimentalnih rabot po electrohimii, korrosii I poverhnostnoi obrabotke metallov [Technique of Experimental Work on Electrochemistry, Corrosion and Surface Treatment of Metals]. Ed. by A. T. Kuna. Saint Petersburg, Khimiya Publ., vol. , 1994, 560 p. (in Russ.) Lasia A. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and its Application. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry. Eds. by B. E. Conway, J. O.` Bockris and R. E. White. Kluwer Acad, Plenum Publ., New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1999, p. 143. Metodi ismerenii v elektrohimii [Measurement Methods in Electrochemistry]. Ed. by Eger, A. Zalkind. Moscow, Mir Publ., 1997, 585 p. (in Russ.) Theory of Chemisorption. by J. Smith. Berlin, Springer, 1980, 240 p. Horányi G. Electroanalyt. Chem., 1975, vol. 64, iss. 1, pp. 15-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-1874(75)80108-0 Huerta F., Morallon E., Cases F., Rodes A., Vazquez J. L., Aldaz A. Electroanal. Chem., 1997, vol. 421, iss. 1-2, pp. 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04820-6 Huerta F., Morallon E., Cases F., Rodes A., Vazquez J. L., Aldaz A. Electroanal. Chem., 1997, vol. 421, iss. 1-2, pp. 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00542-1 Huerta F., Morallon A., Vazquez J. L, Quijada C., Berlouis L. Electroanal. Chem., 2000, vol. 489, iss. 1-2, pp. 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00202-3 Shi-Gang Sun,Jian-Lin Yao, Qi-Hui Wu, Zhong-Qun Tian. Langmuir, 2002, vol. 18, iss. 16, pp. 6274-6279. https://doi.org/10.1021/la025817f Tumanova E. A., Safonov A. Yu. Elektrokhimiya [Russian Journal of Electrochemistry], 1998, vol. 34, iss. 2, p. 153. (in Russ.) Marangoni D. G., Smith R. S., Roscoe S. G., Marangoni D. G. J. Chem., 1989, vol. 67, iss. 5, pp. 921-926. https://doi.org/10.1139/v89-141 Ogura K., Kobayashi M., Nakayama M., Miho M. Electroanal. Chem., 1998, vol. 449, iss. 1-2, pp. 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00015-1 Gu Y. J., Chen S. P., Sun S. G., Zhou Z. Y. Langmuir, 2003, vol. 19, iss. 23, pp. 9823-9830. https://doi.org/10.1021/la034758i Huerta F., Morallon E., Cases F., Rodes A., Vazquez J. L., Aldaz A. Electroanal. Chem., 1997, vol. 431, iss. 2, pp. 269-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00212-x Huerta F., Morallon E., Vazquez J. L., Aldaz A. Electroanal. Chem., 1999, vol. 475, iss. 1, pp. 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(91)85503-h Horanyi G. Electroanal. Chem., 1991, vol. 304, iss. 1-2, pp. 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00212-x Kong De-Wen, Zhu Tian-Wei, Zeng Dong-Mei, Zhen Chun-Hua, Chen Sheng-Pei, Sun Shi-Gan. J. Chinese Universitie, 2009, vol. 30, no. 10, p. 2040. Safonova T. Y., Hidirov Sh. Sh., Petrii O. A. Elektrokhimiya [Russian Journal of Electrochemistry], 1984, vol. 20, iss. 12, p. 1666. (in Russ.) Kuleshova N. E., Vvedenskyi A. V., Bobrinskaya E. V. Electrokchimiya [Russian Journal of Electrochemistry], 2018, vol. 54, iss. 7, pp. 592-597. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1023193518070042 Frumkin A. N., Podlovchenko B. I. AN SSSR, 1963, vol. 150, iss. 2, p. 349. (in Russ.) Podlovchenko B. I., Iofa Z. A. Journal fisicheskoi himii [Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A], 1964, vol. 38, no. 1, p. 211. (in Russ.) Damaskin B. B., Petrii O. A., Tsyrlina G. A. Electrokhimiya [Electrochemistry]. Moscow, Khimiya Publ., 2001, 623 p. (in Russ.) Damaskin B. , Petrii O. A., Vvedenie v electrokhimiceskyu kinetiku [Introduction to Electrochemical Kinetics]. Moscow, Vyshaya Shkola Publ., 1983, 399 p. (in Russ.) Frumkin A. N., Bagotskii V. S., Iofa Z. A. Kabanov B. N. Kinetika elektrodnyh processov [Kinetics of Electrode Processes]. Moscow, Izdat. Moskovs.Universiteta Publ., 1952, 319 p. (in Russ.) Bobrinskaya E. V., Vvedenskyi A. V., Kartashova T. V., Krashenko T. G. Korrosia: materialy i zashita [Corrosion: Materials, Protection], 2013, no. 8, pp. 1-8. (in Russ.) Bragin O. V., Liberman A. L. Russian Chemical Reviews, 1970, vol. 39, no. 12, p. 1017. https://doi.org/10.1070/rc1970v039n12abeh002315 Аnderson I. R., Macdonald R. I., Shimoyama Y. Catalysis, 1971, vol. 20, № 2, p. 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(71)90076-5 Levitskii L, Minachev Kh. M. In: Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Reactions. 1973, Budapest, Academiai Kiado, 1975, Preprint, no. 15, p. 81. Anderson R., Baker B. G. Chemisorption and Reactions on Metallic Films. London, New-York. Acad. Press, 1971, p. 63. Bragin O. V., Preobrazenskii A. V., Liberman A. L., Kazanskii B. A. Kinetica i katalys [Kinetics and Catalysis], 1975, vol. 16, no. 2, p. 472. (in Russ.) Maire G., Corolleur C., Juttard D., Gault F. G. Catalysis, 1971, vol. 21, iss. 2, рp. 250-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(71)90143-6 Corolleur C., Corolleur S., Gault F. G. Catalysis, 1972, vol. 24, iss. 3, pp. 385-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(72)90123-6 Paal Z., Tetenyi P. Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 1972, vol. 72, no. 3, p. 277. Barron Y., Maire G., Muller J. M., Gault F. G. Catalysis, 1966, vol. 5, iss. 3, pp. 428-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9517(66)80062-3 Muller J. M., Gault F. G. Catalysis, 1972, vol. 24, iss. 2, pp. 361-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(72)90083-8 Contreras A. M., Grunes J., Yan X.-M., Liddle A., Somorjai G. A. Topics in Catalysis. 2006, 39, iss. 3–4, pp. 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-006-0047-0 Khazova A. M., Vasil’ev U. B., Bagotskii V. S. Soviet Electrochemistry, 1967, vol. 3, no. 7, p. 1020. (in Russ.) Podlovchenko B. I., Petuhova R. P.Soviet Electrochemistry, 1972, vol. 8, no. 6, p. 899. (in Russ.)

Abstract Objective: Pyrotinib, an oral irreversible pan-HER receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, showed promising efficacy and manageable safety profiles in the treatment of HER-2 positive breast cancer. Diarrhea is the most common adverse event associated with pyrotinib. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and management of diarrhea secondary to pyrotinib in Chinese patients with HER-2 positive breast cancer. Methods: In this prospective real-world study, consecutive patients aged over 18 with HER-2 positive breast cancer and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0-2 who planned to receive pyrotinib-based regimens for at least 21 days were included. Pyrotinib-treated patients and those with preexisting gastrointestinal conditions were excluded. There were no planned management strategy or primary prophylaxis for diarrhea, while loperamide, montmorillonite powder or Golden Bifid (a live combined Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus Thermophilus tablet) were recommended. Treatment was given in accordance with routine clinical practice by investigators. For patients developed grade 3 or higher diarrhea, pyrotinib was suspended until the diarrhea improving to grade 1 or less, and secondary prophylaxis (such as loperamide, loperamide plus montmorillonite powder, or loperamide plus Golden Bifid) was administrated before pyrotinib resumption. The baseline characteristics of patients and details of diarrhea (onset time, duration, severity according to the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03, treatment and prognosis) were collected. Results: Between August, 2020 and April, 2022, a total of 107 eligible patients were included, with a median age of 54 (range: 25-81) years old. Most patients (93.5%) had an ECOG PS of 0-1, and 51 patients (47.7%) were hormone receptor positive. A total of 46 patients (43.0%) received pyrotinib in the early stage and 61 (57.0%) in the advanced stage. Sixty-nine cases (64.5%) used pyrotinib-containing combination therapy (including 40 combined with capecitabine, 13 combined with trastuzumab, and 16 combined with other regimens), and 38 (35.5%) received pyrotinib alone. Ninety-eight cases (91.6%) reported diarrhea of any grade. Grade 1, 2 and 3 diarrhea occurred in 78 (72.9%), 9 (8.4%) and 11 (10.3%) patients, respectively. The median time to first onset of diarrhea of any grade was 2.5 (1-12) days, and the duration of first onset was 4 (1-24) days. The cumulative duration of diarrhea was 10 (1-60) days. Sixty-four, two, thirty, two patients used loperamide alone, montmorillonite powder alone, loperamide plus montmorillonite powder and loperamide plus Golden Bifid for the treatment of diarrhea, respectively. Eleven (10.3%) and seven (6.5%) patients experienced pyrotinib dose reduction and pyrotinib discontinuation. For 11 patients suffered grade 3 diarrhea, the median time to first onset of grade 3 diarrhea was 9 (4-14) days. Two, four and five patients administrated loperamide, loperamide plus Golden Bifid and loperamide plus montmorillonite powder as their secondary prophylaxis. Ten of eleven had grade 1 or 2 diarrhea after secondary prophylaxis, while one patient still suffered grade 3 diarrhea. All of them (11/11) held the pyrotinib dose. The incidence rate of constipation of all patients was 3.7%, which did not increase after treatment or secondary prophylaxis for diarrhea. Conclusion: In this study, the majority of patients developed pyrotinib associated diarrhea, and most of them were grade 1. About 10% patients reported grade 3 diarrhea, which can be managed by loperamide-based treatment and secondary prophylaxis. Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients ECOG PS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; HER-2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Table 2. Summary of patients developed diarrhea Table 3. Summary of patients developed grade 3 diarrhea Citation Format: Hong Liu, Li Ma, Xu Wang, Xinzhong Chang, Qi Yu, Qingfeng Huang, Chunfang Hao, Jun Liu, Jing Zhao, Shufen Li, Zhongsheng Tong, Yehui Shi, Ning Lu, Weipeng Zhao, Tong Wang, Xuchen Cao, Chen Wang, Juntian Liu, Ying Zhao, Lina Zhang, Baoliang Guo, Xin Wang, Xu Di, Chunhui Gao, Zongzhan Liu, Shuo Sun, Linwei Li. Real-world incidence and management of diarrhea secondary to pyrotinib in patients with HER-2 positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-11.

ABSTRACT Green finance is being developed in response to growing environmental concerns. Green sukuk is a type of green finance based on Shariah rules. Green sukuk initiatives have been carried out in Indonesia since 2019. The participation of green sukuk has been consistently increasing every year. This study aimed to determine the cause of this occurrence using green financing knowledge, environmental concern, risk behavior, financial literacy, and intention as observed variables. This research was based on a quantitative method using primary data. The sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling and 10 times rule for SEM. Data was collected by distributing structured questionnaires to approximately 176 respondents. The respondents came from individuals aged between 20-40 years old, from different educational backgrounds, and from different regions in Indonesia. The results of the structural equation modeling analysis show that green finance knowledge significantly influences intention, while environmental concern and risk behavior significantly influence financial literacy. Financial literacy as a moderating variable has a significant influence on intention. The findings are expected to guide the development of effective marketing strategies for green sukuk to attract investors. Keywords: Green Sukuk, Behavior, Intention, Financial Literacy ABSTRAK Bentuk dari kepedulian terhadap lingkungan untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah dengan pengembangan green finance. Salah satu bentuk dari green finance yang menerapkan prinsip syariah adalah green sukuk. Inisiatif green sukuk telah dilakukan di Indonesia sejak tahun 2019. Tingkat partisipasi green sukuk terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami faktor di balik fenomena ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan data primer. Teknik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah convenience sampling dan metode 10 times rule untuk SEM. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan membagikan kuesioner terstruktur kepada 176 responden. Responden terdiri dari individu berusia 20-40 tahun, dari beberapa latar belakang pendidikan berbeda, dan dari beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Dengan bantuan analisis Structural Equation Modelling, hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa green financing knowledge berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat, sedangkan environmental concerns dan risk behavior berpengaruh signifikan terhadap literasi keuangan. Literasi keuangan sebagai variabel moderasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat. Hasilnya diharapkan dapat memandu pengembangan strategi pemasaran sukuk hijau yang efektif untuk menarik investor. Kata Kunci: Green Sukuk, Perilaku, Minat, Literasi Keuangan REFERENCES Abdullah, N., & Nayan, M. A. (2020). Green sukuk: Financing the future to sustainable environment. International Journal of Zakat and Islamic Philanthropy, 2(2), 14–23. Adhiyogo, I., Dalimunthe, Z., Triono, R. A., & Arif, H. (2022). The intention of individual investors to invest in green bond in Indonesia. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 14(3s), 513–522. Arianti, B. F. (2018). The influence of financial literacy, financial behavior and income on investment decision. Economics and Accounting Journal, 1(1), 1-10. Barua, S., & Chiesa, M. (2019). Sustainable financing practices through green bonds: What affects the funding size? Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(6), 1131–1147. Doi:10.1002/bse.2307 Cantika, V. P., Pinasti, U. S., & Pusparini, M. D. (2022). Pengaruh literasi keuangan dan supporting environmental protection pada generasi Z terhadap minat investasi green sukuk untuk mewujudkan indonesia ramah lingkungan. At-Thullab: Jurnal Mahasiswa Studi Islam, 4(2), 1138–1155. doi:10.20885/tullab.vol4.iss2.art9 Howard, J. A., & Sheth, J. N. (1970). Theory of buyer behavior. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65(331), 1406-1407. doi:10.2307/2284311 Istiqomah, N., & Krisnawati, A. (2021). Risk tolerance and investor decision behavior in MSMEs. AFRE: Accounting and Financial Review, 4(1), 45–53. doi:10.26905/afr.v4i1.5979 Li, Z., Tang, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, J., & Lv, Q. (2020). The Interest Costs of Green Bonds: Credit Ratings, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Certification. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 56(12), 2679–2692. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2018.1548350 Liu, F. H. M., & Lai, K. P. Y. (2021). Ecologies of green finance: Green sukuk and development of green Islamic finance in Malaysia. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53(8), 1896–1914. doi:10.1177/0308518X211038349 Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Zhu, J., Yan, J., Qi, J., & Liu, P. (2018). Promoting green residential buildings: Residents’ environmental attitude, subjective knowledge, and social trust matter. Energy Policy, 112, 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.020 Nekmahmud, Md., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2020). Why Not Green Marketing? Determinates of Consumers’ Intention to Green Purchase Decision in a New Developing Nation. Sustainability, 12(19), 7880. doi:10.3390/su12197880 Obaidullah, M. (2018). Managing climate change: Role of Islamic finance. Islamic Economic Studies, 26(1), 31–62. doi:10.12816/0050310 Osman, I., Ma’in, M., Muda, R., Husni, N. S. A., Alwi, S. F. S. A., & Hassan Faridah. (2019). Determinants of behavioral intention towards green investments: The perspectives of Muslims. International Journal of Islamic Business, 4(1), 16–38. Sadiq, M. N., & Khan, R. A. A. (2019). Impact of personality traits on investment intention: The mediating role of risk behaviour and the moderating role of financial literacy. Journal of Finance & Economics Research, 4(1), 1–18. doi:10.20547/jfer1904101 Sharif, F., & Tauqir, A. (2021). The effects of infrastructure development and carbon emissions on economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(27), 36259–36273. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12936-4 Suwanan, A. F., Munir, S., & Merlinda, S. (2022). Analisis peran dan tantangan sukuk hijau bagi ketahanan perubahan iklim pada wilayah rentan selama pandemi Covid-19. Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 4(4), 978–989. doi:10.47467/alkharaj.v4i4.767 Tabassum, A., Diengdoh, M., & Vincent, D. G. (2019). Green sukuk: Challenges and potential. International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 4(2), 1461–1470. Trimulato, T. (2021). Analysis produk keuangan syariah sukuk. Kunuz: Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 1(2), 120–137. Doi:10.30984/kunuz.v1i2.72

Parents play an important role in the development of their children. This research reflects the role of parents in developing children. Through four stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and acceptable results, this method uses a systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. The findings from the fourteen articles examined show that parenting skills play an important role in a child's growth and development from birth to death. The determining factor in the development of physical, motoric, moral, language, social-emotional, and life skills aspects is the role of both parents as important teachers for children from birth to adulthood. Parents can also use a variety of parenting strategies and skills, many of which they have learned throughout their lives and passed on to their children, to help their children grow. Keywords: Role of Parents, Child Development, first education for children References: Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being. Child Care Health Dev, 45(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661. Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., Tungodden, B., Alm, I., & Tungodden, B. (2010). Fairness and the Development of Inequality Acceptance Supporting materials for “ Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance .” Science, 328(5982), 1176–1178. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187300. Ahmadi, Abu. 2004. Psikologi Belajar. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. Ahmetoglu, E., Acar, I. H., & Ozturk, M. A. (2022). Parental involvement and children’s peer interactions. Current Psychology, 41(7), 4447–4456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00965-0. Andhika, M. R. (2021). Peran Orang Tua Sebagai Sumber Pendidikan Karakter Bagi Anak Usia Dini. At-Ta’Dib: Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Pendidikan Agama Islam, 13(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.47498/tadib.v13i01.466. Arthur, A. E., Bigler, R. S., Liben, L. S., Gelman, S. A., & Ruble, D. N. (2008). Gender stereotyping and prejudice in young children. In S. R. Levy & M. Killen (Eds.), Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (pp. 66–86). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Aydin, G., Margerison, C., Worsley, A., & Booth, A. (2021). Parents’ and teachers’ views of the promotion of healthy eating in Australian primary schools. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11813-6. Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers Are Able to Take Merit into Account When Distributing Goods. 48(2), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026598. Benozio, A., & Diesendruck, G. (2015). Parochialism in preschool boys ’ resource allocation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(4), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.12.002. Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lacharité, C., & Muzik, M. (2019). The protective role of mentalizing: Reflective functioning as a mediator between child maltreatment, psychopathology and parental attitude in expecting parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 95(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104065. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A Developmental Intergroup Theory Of Social Stereotypes And Prejudice. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 16, 162–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Developmental Intergroup Theory: Explaining and reducing children’s social stereotyping and prejudice. Association for Psychological Science, 16(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x. Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 899–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000436. Chacko, A., Jensen, S. A., Lowry, L. S., Cornwell, M., Chimklis, A., Chan, E., Lee, D., & Pulgarin, B. (2016). Engagement in Behavioral Parent Training: Review of the Literature and Implications for Practice. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(3), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0205-2 Cheal, D. J. (1988). In Intergenerational Transfers. Int’l. J. Aging And Human Development, 26(4), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.2190/V2E8-UEAT-5MJ7-UQ6F. Chernyak, N., & Kushnir, T. (2013). Giving Preschoolers Choice Increases Sharing Behavior. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1971–1979. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613482335. Coleman, M., Ganong, L. H., Hans, J. D., Sharp, E. A., & Rothrauff, T. C. (2005). Filial Obligations in Post-Divorce Stepfamilies Filial Obligations in Post-Divorce Stepfamilies. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3/4), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n03. Cvencek, D., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Developing Implicit Social Cognition In Early Childhood : Methods, phenomena, prospects. The Routledge International Handbook of Young Children’s Thinking and Understanding, 43–53. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343658204_4_Developing_implicit_social_cognition_in_early_childhood_Methods_phenomena_prospects. Davis-Kean, P. E., Tighe, L. A., & Waters, N. E. (2021). The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721421993116. Damon, W. (1977). The social world of the child. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Dunfield, K. A., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Murphy, L. (2013). Children ’ s Use of Communicative Intent in the Selection of Cooperative Partners. PLoS ONE, 8(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061804. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2017). Social Role Theory (Issue January 2012). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49. Fadillah, M. (2012). Desain Pembelajaran PAUD Tinjauan Teoritik & Praktik. Ar-Ruzz Media. Fan, R., Ruoyu, L., Chang, G., Yongling, H., Haiyan, H., Chunyan, P., Xinzhu, W., & Yuhui, W. (2022). Association of mothers’ adverse childhood experiences and parenting styles with emotional behavior problems in preschool children. Sch. Health China, 43(8), 1134–1138. https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.004. Fardiansyah, H. (2022). Manajemen Pendidikan (Tinjaun Pada Pendidikan Formal). Bandung: Widina Media Utama. Feng, L., Zhang, L., & Zhong, H. (2021). Perceived parenting styles and mental health: The multiple mediation effect of perfectionism and altruistic behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 1157–1170. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S318446. Fikriyah, S., Mayasari, A., Ulfah, U., & Arifudin, O. (2022). Peran Orang Tua Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Dalam Menyikapi Bullying. Jurnal Tahsinia, 3(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.57171/jt.v3i1.306. Finch, J. (1989). Family Obligations and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2002). A Model of ( Often Mixed ) Stereotype Content : Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition. Of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878. Florean, I. S., Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C. R., Georgescu, R. D., & Milea, I. (2020). The Efficacy of Internet-Based Parenting Programs for Children and Adolescents with Behavior Problems: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00326-0. Ganong, L., & Coleman, M. (2006). Patterns of exchange and intergenerational responsibilities after divorce and remarriage. Journal of Aging Studies, 20, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2005.09.005. Hapsari, D. I., Dewi, R. R. K., & Selviana. (2019). Determinan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Di Wilayah 3T (Tertinggal , Terdepan, dan Terluar). Jurnal Publikasi Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 6(2), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.20527/jpkmi.v6i2.7456. Hartman, K. M., Ratner, N. B., & Newman, R. S. (2016). Infant-directed speech ( IDS ) vowel clarity and child language outcomes *. Child. Lang, 44, 1140–1162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000916000520. Hofmann, V., & Müller, C. M. (2021). Learning , Culture and Social Interaction Language skills and social contact among students with intellectual disabilities in special needs schools. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 30(PA), 100534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2021.100534. Houdt, K. Van, Kalmijn, M., & Ivanova, K. (2018). Family Complexity and Adult Children ’ s Obligations : The Role of Divorce and Co-Residential History in Norms to Support Parents and Step-Parents. European Sociological Review, 34(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy007. House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlett, B. S., Mcelreath, R., & Laurence, S. (2013). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221217110. Irma, C. N., Nisa, K., & Sururiyah, S. K. (2019). Keterlibatan Orang Tua dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini di TK Masyithoh 1 Purworejo. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.152. Jackson, L. A., Witt, E. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., VonEye, A., & Zhao, Y. (2011). Perceptions of parent behavior and children’s information technology use. In T. Bastiaens, & M. Ebner (Eds.). Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2011–World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 3864–3869). Lisbon, Portugal: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Jatiningsih, O., Habibah, S. M., Wijaya, R., & Sari, M. M. K. (2021). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Anak Pada Masa Belajar Dari Rumah. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 10(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i1.29943. Jeon, H. J., Peterson, C. A., Luze, G., Carta, J. J., & Clawson Langill, C. (2020). Associations between parental involvement and school readiness for children enrolled in Head Start and other early education programs. Children and Youth Services Review, 118(April), 105353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105353. Juniarti, Y., & Nurlaeni. (2017). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mengembangkan Kemampuan Bahasa Pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun. Jurnal Pelita PAUD, 2(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33222/pelitapaud.v2i1.196. Kanngiesser, P., & Warneken, F. (2012). Young Children Consider Merit when Sharing Resources with Others. PLoS ONE, 7(8), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043979. Kienbaum, J., & Wilkening, F. (2009). European Journal of Children ’ s and adolescents ’ intuitive judgements about distributive justice : Integrating need , effort , and luck. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 481–498.https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701497299. Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the Social Role Theory of Stereotype Content : Observations of Groups ’ Roles Shape Stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037215. Latifa, U. (2017). Perkembangan pada Anak Sekolah Dasar: Masalah dan Perkembangannya. Academica: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(2), 185–196. https://ejournal.uinsaid.ac.id/index.php/academica/article/download/1052/297. Lee, E. J., & Sun, H. (2018). Gender Differences in Smartphone Addiction Behaviors Associated With Parent Y Child Bonding , Parent Y Child Communication , and Parental Mediation Among Korean Elementary School Students. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(4), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000254. Lilawati, A. (2020). Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Rumah pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 549. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.630. Lin, X., Liao, Y., & Li, H. (2022). Parenting Styles and Social Competence in Chinese Preschoolers: A Moderated Mediation Model of Singleton and Self-regulation. Early Education and Development, 33(3), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2021.1940643. Maifani. (2016). Peranan Orang Tua dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak Sejak Dini di Desa Lampoh Tarom Kecamatan Kuta Baro Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Aceh: UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh. Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Ongley, S., Chaparro, M., Nola, M., & Bae, N. Y. (2016). ‘“ Who is worthy of my generosity ?”’ Recipient characteristics and the development of children ’ s sharing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414567007. Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. (2004). Current Directions in Psychological Science Children ’ s Search for Gender Cues Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00276.x. Morgan, G., Curtin, M., & Botting, N. (2021). Infant Behavior and Development The interplay between early social interaction , language and executive function development in deaf and hearing infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 64(June), 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101591. Niu, G., Chai, H., Li, Z., Wu, L., & Sun, X. (2019). Online Parent-Child Communication and Left-Behind Children ’ s Subjective Well-Being : the Effects of Parent-Child Relationship and Gratitude. Child Indicators Research, 13(6). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09657-z. Ong, M. Y., Eilander, J., Saw, S. M., Xie, Y., Meaney, M. J., & Broekman, B. F. P. (2018). The influence of perceived parenting styles on socio-emotional development from pre-puberty into puberty. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1016-9. Paulus, M. (2014). The early origins of human charity : developmental changes in preschoolers ’ sharing with poor and wealthy individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00344. Piotrowska, P. J., Tully, L. A., Lenroot, R., Kimonis, E., Hawes, D., Moul, C., Frick, P. J., Anderson, V., & Dadds, M. R. (2017). Mothers, Fathers, and Parental Systems: A Conceptual Model of Parental Engagement in Programmes for Child Mental Health—Connect, Attend, Participate, Enact (CAPE). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(2), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0219-9. Popov, L. M., & Ilesanmi, R. A. (2015). Parent-Child Relationship : Peculiarities and Outcome. Review of European Studies, 7(5), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n5p253. Prabhawani, S. W. (2016). Pelibatan Orang Tua dalam Program Sekolah di TK Khalifah. Pendidikan Guru PAUD S-1, 5(2), 205–218. http://journal.student.uny.ac.id/ojs/index.php/pgpaud/article/view/1217. Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Di Napoli, I. (2019). Families and social media use: The role of parents’ perceptions about social media impact on family systems in the relationship between family collective efficacy and open communication. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245006. Ratiwi, R. D., & Sumarni, W. (2020). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pendampingan Belajar Daring. Cetta: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan,3(ISSN: 2686 6404), 304–309. https://proceeding.unnes.ac.id/index.php/snpasca/article/view/600/518. Rizzo, M. T., Elenbaas, L., Cooley, S., & Killen, M. (2016). Children’s Recognition of Fairness and Others’ Welfare in a Resource Allocation Task: Age Related Changes. Developmental Psychology, 52(8), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000134. Rossi, P. H. and Rossi, A. S. (1990). Of Human Bonding: Parent-Child Relations across the Life Course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Ruli, E. (2020). Tugas Dan Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendidk Anak. Jurnal Edukasi Nonformal, vol.1(No.1), hlm.145. https://ummaspul.e-journal.id/JENFOL/article/view/428. Sabani, F. (2019). Perkembangan Anak - Anak Selama Masa Sekolah Dasar (6 - 7 Tahun). Didakta: Jurnal Kependidikan, 8(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.71. Salwiah, S., & Asmuddin, A. (2022). Membentuk Karakter Anak Usia Dini melalui Peran Orang Tua. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 2929–2935. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1945. Schmidt, M. F. H., & Sommerville, J. A. (2011). Fairness Expectations and Altruistic Sharing in 15-Month-Old Human Infants. PLoS ONE, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023223. Scott-phillips, T. C. (2016). Pragmatics and the aims of language evolution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(2), 186–189. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1061-2. Shaw, A., Descioli, P., & Olson, K. R. (2012). Fairness versus favoritism in children ☆. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.06.001. Shutts, K., Brey, E. L., Dornbusch, L. A., & Slywotzky, N. (2016). Children Use Wealth Cues to Evaluate Others. PLoS ONE, 11(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149360. Smetana, J. G., & Rote, W. M. (2019). Adolescent – Parent Relationships : Progress , Processes , and Prospects. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 41–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084903. Smith, C. E., Blake, P. R., & Harris, P. L. (2013). I Should but I Won ’ t : Why Young Children Endorse Norms of Fair Sharing but Do Not Follow Them. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059510. Spilt, J. L., & Harrison, L. J. (2015). Language Development in the Early School Years : The Importance of Close Relationships With Teachers. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038540. Sri Asri, A. (2018). Hubungan Pola Asuh Terhadap Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v2i1.13793. Stein, C. H., Wemmerus, V. A., Ward, M., Gaines, M. E., Freeberg, A. L., Jewell, T. C., Ward, M., Gaines, M. E., Freeberg, A. L., & Jewell, T. C. (1998). “Because They’re My Parents”: An Intergenerational Study of Felt Obligation and Parental Caregiving. Journal of Marriage and the Fam, 60(3), 611–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/353532. Sugiyanto, W. P. (2015). Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Perilaku Prososial Siswa Kelas V Sd Se Gugus Ii Kecamatan Pengasih Kabupaten Kulon Progo Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015. Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 15(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v3i1.53. Syahailatua, J., & Kartini, K. (2020). Pengetahuan ibu tentang tumbuh kembang berhubungan dengan perkembangan anak usia 1-3 tahun. Jurnal Biomedika Dan Kesehatan, 3(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.18051/jbiomedkes.2020.v3.77-83. Talango, S. R. (2020). Konsep Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini. Early Childhood Islamic Education Journal, 1(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.54045/ecie.v1i1.35. Taubah, M. (2016). Pendidikan Anak Dalam Keluarga Perspektif Islam Mufatihatut Taubah (Dosen STAIN Kudus Prodi PAI). JUrnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(1), 109–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/jpai.2015.3.1.109-136. Tocaimaza-Hatch, C. C., & Santo, J. (2020). Social interaction in the Spanish classroom : How proficiency and linguistic background impact vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 27(5), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820971468. Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169. Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Ferreira, T., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Parents ’ Work-Family Experiences and Children ’ s Problem Behaviors : The Mediating Role of the Parent – Child Relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 419–430. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000189. Wahidin. (2019). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Menumbuhkan Motivasi Belajar Anak Sekolah Dasar. Pancar, 3(1), 232–245. https://ejournal.unugha.ac.id/index.php/pancar/article/view/291. Wang, M., Wang, J., Deng, X., & Chen, W. (2019). Why are empathic children more liked by peers? The mediating roles of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 144(September 2018), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.029. Wiresti, R. D., & Na’imah, N. (2020). Aspek Perkembangan Anak : Urgensitas Ditinjau dalam Paradigma Psikologi Perkembangan Anak. Aulad : Journal on Early Childhood, 3(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v3i1.53. Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1st ed., Vol. 46). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7. Xia, X. (2023). Parenting style and Chinese preschool children’s pre-academic skills: A moderated mediation model of approaches to learning and family socioeconomic status. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(February), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089386. Xie, X., Chen, W., Zhu, X., & He, D. (2019). Parents’ phubbing increases Adolescents’ Mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 105(April), 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104426. Xie, Y., Shi, Z., Yin, L., & Lan, L. (2022). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships between Chinese Parenting Styles and Child Academic Achievement. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 12(1), 1589–1595. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.22.ab009. Yang, N., Shi, J., Lu, J., & Huang, Y. (2021). Language Development in Early Childhood : Quality of Teacher-Child Interaction and Children ’ s Receptive Vocabulary Competency. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649680. Zhang, W., Yu, G., Fu, W., & Li, R. (2022). Parental Psychological Control and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811691.

The journal is pleased to publish the abstracts of the six finalists of the 2022 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society’s student paper competition. The 2022 prize committee was chaired by Florin Ciocan (INSEAD), Ersin Korpeoglu (University College London), and Nikos Trichakis (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). The judges were Adam Elmachtoub, Adem Orsdemir, Agni Orfanoudaki, Alp Akcay, Alper Nakkas, Amrita Kundu, Amy Pan, Andrew Wu, Antoine DESIR, Anyan Qi, Arian Aflaki, Ashish Kabra, Auyon Siddiq, Bilal Gokpinar, Bob Batt, Bora Keskin, Can Zhang, Dan Iancu, Dan Iancu, Daniel Freund, Daniel Lin, Daniela Saban, David Drake, Dawson Kaaua, Ekaterina Astashkina, Elena Belavina, Elodie Adida, Emre Nadar, Fabian Sting, Fanyin Zheng, Fei Gao, Georgina Hall, Gizem Korpeoglu, Gonzalo Romero, Guoming Lai, Hessam Bavafa, Hummy Song, Ioannis (Yannis) Bellos, Ioannis Stamatopoulos, Iris Wang, Itir Karaesmen, Jiankun Sun, Jiankun Sun, Jiaru Bai, Jiayi Joey Yu, Jing Wu, Joel Wooten, John Silberholz, Jonathan Helm, Jose Guajardo, Karen Zheng, Ken Moon, Kenan Arifoglu, Kimon Drakopoulos, Kostas Bimpikis, Lennart Baardman, Lina Song, Luyi Gui, Luyi Yang, Miao Bai, Mika Sumida, Ming Hu, Mumin Kurtulus, Nazli Sonmez, Negin Golrezaei, Nektarios Oraiopoulos, Nil Karacaoglu, Nitin Bakshi, Nitish Jain, Nur Sunar, Olga Perdikaki, Ovunc Yilmaz, Ozan Candogan, Panos Markou, Pengyi Shi, Philip Zhang, Philipp Cornelius, Qi (George) Chen, Qiuping Yu, Ruslan Momot, Ruth Beer, S. Alex Yang, Saed Alizamir, Safak Yucel, Sanjith Gopalakrishnan, Santiago Gallino, Sarah Yini Gao, Scott Rodilitz, Sebastien Martin, Sheng Liu, Shouqiang Wang, Simone Marinesi, Sina Khorasani, So Yeon CHUN, Somya Singhvi, Soo-Haeng Cho, Soroush Saghafian, Sriram Dasu, Stefanus Jasin, Stephen Leider, Tian Chan, Tim Kraft, Tom Tan, Vasiliki Kostami, Velibor Misic, Vishal Agrawal, Xiaojia Guo, Xiaoshan Peng, Xiaoshuai Fan, Xiaoyang Long, Yangfang (Helen) Zhou, Yasemin Limon, Yehua Wei, Ying-Ju Chen, Yonatan Gur, Yuqian Xu, Zhaohui (Zoey) Jiang, Zhaowei She, and Zumbul Atan.

The symbol of the dragon is an important element of the cultural and historical identity of the Chinese people. This article attempts to analyze the symbol of the dragon in the genesis of Chinese philosophy, particularly in its cosmogonic and cosmological systems. The article shows that the mythological symbol of the dragon did not disappear at an early stage of the formation of Chinese civiliza­tion; on the contrary, it was fixed in the corpus of categories of philosophical thought and was used to express the cosmological laws and principles of Tao. The symbol of dragon can also be found in 4 symbols (or 4 images 四象, si xi­ang), 5 elements (五行, wu xing), 6 harmonies-correspondences (六合, liu he), 7 stars (七星, qi xing), 8 trigrams (八卦, ba gua) and 64 hexagrams (六十四卦, liu shi si gua). The article concludes that the symbol of the dragon lays at the very origins of Chinese culture since it expresses its main archetypal meanings; it embodies the naturalness (⾃然, zi ran) and the cycle of universal changes.

Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengembangkan cerita legenda Tiongkok yang berjudul Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu (1) mengetahui desain perkembangan cerita legenda Tiongkok di Indonesia, (2) mendiskripsikan hasil validasi ahli mengenai buku cerita legenda terjemahan “Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi” dari bahasa Mandarin ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, serta (3) mendiskripsikan analisis SWOT tentang cerita legenda “Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi”. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development (RD) dengan lima tahapan, yaitu (1) potensi dan masalah, (2) pengumpulan data, (3) desain produk, (4) validasi desain, serta (5) revisi desain.Hasil dari analisis SWOT dari buku cerita dongeng menunjukkan bahwa perlu adanya pembaharuan dalam hal terjemahan maupun desain ilustrasi cerita. Hasil validasi ahli media mendapatkan rata-rata 82,1 dengan skor 3 yang berarti media pengembangan layak atau sesuai untuk digunakan. Validasi oleh ahli bahasa mendapat nilai rata-rata keseluruhan 8,5 dengan skor 3 yang berarti media pengembangan layak atau sesuai untuk digunakan. Saran perbaikan diberikan oleh para ahli pada aspek-aspek tertentu. Saran pada aspek fisik media adalah memperbaiki beberapa bagian tulisan yang terganggu dengan warna, melayout ulang posisi penempatan cerita agar mudah terbaca, penambahan halaman tersendiri untuk sebagian isi cerita yang kurang jelas keterbacaannya. Adapun saran perbaikan yang diberikan oleh ahli bahasa yaitu dengan memperhalus beberapa kalimat.Based on this research, researcher was development the legend of Chinese entitled “Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi”. The purpose of this study, namely (1) to know the design of the development of Chinese legend in Indonesia, (2) to describe the results of expert validation regarding the legendary book of "Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi" translations from Chinese into Indonesian, and (3) to describe the SWOT analysis of the story of the legend of "Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi". This study uses the Research and Development (RD) method with five stages, namely (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) design validation, and (5) design revisions.The results of the SWOT analysis of fairy tale books show stories needs to be renewal in terms of translation and story illustration design. The results of the media expert validation got an average of 82.1 with a score of 3 which means that the development media is appropriate or suitable to be used. Validation by linguists gets an overall average score of 8.5 with a score of 3 which means that the development media is appropriate or suitable for use. Suggestions for improvement are given by experts on certain aspects. Suggestions on the physical aspects of the media are fixing some parts of the writing that are disturbed by color, rearrange the position of the story placement to make it easy to read, addition of separate pages for some of the contents of the story that is less clear the readability. The suggestions for improvement given by linguists are by refining a few sentences. Based on this research, researcher was development the legend of Chinese entitled “Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi”. The purpose of this study, namely (1) to know the design of the development of Chinese legend in Indonesia, (2) to describe the results of expert validation regarding the legendary book of "Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi" translations from Chinese into Indonesian, and (3) to describe the SWOT analysis of the story of the legend of "Xing Tian Wu Gan Qi". This study uses the Research and Development (RD) method with five stages, namely (1) potential and problems, (2) data collection, (3) product design, (4) design validation, and (5) design revisions.The results of the SWOT analysis of fairy tale books show stories needs to be renewal in terms of translation and story illustration design. The results of the media expert validation got an average of 82.1 with a score of 3 which means that the development media is appropriate or suitable to be used. Validation by linguists gets an overall average score of 8.5 with a score of 3 which means that the development media is appropriate or suitable for use. Suggestions for improvement are given by experts on certain aspects. Suggestions on the physical aspects of the media are fixing some parts of the writing that are disturbed by color, rearrange the position of the story placement to make it easy to read, addition of separate pages for some of the contents of the story that is less clear the readability. The suggestions for improvement given by linguists are by refining a few sentences.

Mai Wei Di Huang Wan (Ophiopogon, Schisandra and Rehmannia Pill), nourishes Liver and Kidney Yin, astringes Lung Qi and nourishes Lung Yin. This formula has similar actions as Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia). It also contains the herbs Mai Dong (Radix Ophiopogonis) and Wu Wei Zi (Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis) that give it a more specific ability to treat Kidney and Lung Yin deficiencies with clinical signs of dry cough, shortness of breath, constipation or dry feces, as well as the clinical signs of Yin deficiency found in Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia). The original source of Mai Wei Di Huang Wan is from the Yi Ji (Levels of Medicine).1 Mai Wei Di Huang Wan is composed of the same six herbs as Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia). Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia), the chief herb, tonifies Kidney Yin and Jing (essence) and fills the marrow. Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus) nourishes the Liver and Kidney and astringes Jing. Shan Yao (Dioscorea) tonifies the Spleen and Kidney and consolidates Jing. Together, these three tonic herbs address deficiencies of the Kidney, Liver, and Spleen.

The 17th book of Lüshi chunqiu 呂氏春秋, compiled by Lü Buwei 呂不韋 inthe 3rd c. B.C., comprises two lists of officials who are credited with initiatingcertain cultural phenomena. In this study, I explore the available informationon these 26 individuals (Da Nao 大橈, Qian Ru 黔如, Rong Cheng 容成, XiHe 羲和, Shang Yi 尚儀, Hou Yi 后益, Hu Cao 胡曹, Yi Yi 夷羿, Zhu Rong祝融, Yi Di 儀狄, Gao Yuan 高元, Yu Xu 虞姁, Bo Yi 伯益, Chi Ji 赤冀, ChengYa 乘雅, Han Ai 寒哀, Wang Hai 王亥, Shi Huang 史皇, Wu Peng 巫彭, WuXian巫咸, Xi Zhong 奚仲, Cang Jie 蒼頡, Houji 后稷, Gao Yao 皋陶, Kunwu昆吾, Gun 鯀), and propose a new interpretation of their presence in this earlysource.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 本文考訂楊伯峻《春秋左傳注》（以下簡稱《左傳注》），以《左傳》成公二年爲範圍，討論“無能爲役”“詰朝”、“朝食”、“大户”四則。經詞例分析，“無能爲役”之“役”當爲名詞，應從《左傳》襄公十七年《春秋左傳集解》（以下簡稱《集解》）釋爲“役事”，較《左傳注》解作“僕役”適洽。《左傳》四見“詰朝”，《集解》於三處釋“平旦”、一處釋“明朝”，《左傳注》解作明日早晨。本文讀“詰”爲“佶”而訓爲“正”，先秦典籍“正”字常有“平”義；至於“朝”與“旦”皆有“早”義，故“詰朝”即“平旦”。《左傳注》謂“朝食”爲早上進食，《史記》則將“朝食”寫爲“會食”。然就《左傳》載齊頃公“余姑翦滅此而朝食”語，顯是自認可在早上結束戰争，故“朝食”仍應解爲在早上進食。《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”而《左傳注》解作“清理户口”，“大户”之“大”應讀爲“汏”。《説文》謂“汏”字本義爲“淅㶕”，即後世所謂淘洗，沙汏、淘汏皆自“汏”字本義引申。從另一角度言，“淅㶕”亦有清理、計算義；且《左傳》“閲”字亦有“計算”義，故《集解》釋“大户”爲“閲民户口”即計算户籍，乃讀“大”爲“汏”。 This article examines four phrases in Yang Bojun’s Commentary on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter Yang’s Commentary), namely “wu neng wei yi” 無能爲役, “jie chao” 詰朝, “zhao shi” 朝食, and “da hu” 大户, which are found in the second year of Duke Cheng of Lu (589 B.C.) in the Zuozhuan. According to the analysis of a register of example phrases, the word “yi” in the phrase “wu neng wei yi” should be regarded as a noun, which refers to “service matter” as seen in Duke Xiang 17 in Collective Exegeses on the Zuo Tradition of the Spring and Autumn Annals (hereafter, Collective Exegeses). This reading makes more sense than Yang’s Commentary, in which the word is glossed as “servant.” The phrase “jie chao” occurs four times in Zuozhuan. In Collective Exegeses it is glossed as “dawn” three times and as “the next morning” once. In Yang’s Commentary, however, all four occurrences are glossed as “the next morning.” The present article reads “jie” 詰 as “ji” 佶 and glosses it as “zheng” 正 (“the horizon”). In pre-Qin texts, the character “zheng” often carries the meaning of “the horizon.” The characters “chao” and “dan” both mean “dawn.” Therefore, the phrase “jie chao” refers to “dawn.” In Collective Exegeses, the phrase “zhao shi” is glossed as “eating a meal in the morning.” In the Shiji, “zhao shi” is written as “hui shi” 會食; however, the Zuozhuan records a sentence said by Duke Qing of Qi, “Yu gu jian mie ci er zhao shi” 余姑翦滅此而朝食, which clearly refers to a statement to himself that the battle could be over in the morning. Therefore, “zhao shi’ should still be understood as “eating a meal in the morning.” The Collective Exegeses glosses the phrase “da hu” as to “check on” (“yue” 閲) household occupants, while Yang’s Commentary glosses it as “canceling one’s residence registration.” Therefore, “da” should be read as “tai” 汏. According to the Shuowen, the original meaning of “tai” is “to wash in a pan or basket” (“xi jian” 淅㶕); referring to weeding out something/someone in today’s parlance. Moreover, several other phrases such as “sha tai” 沙汰 and “tao tai” 淘汰 were derived from the same original meaning. From another angle, the phrase “xi jian” also carries the meanings of “checking” or “calculating.” In the Zuozhuan, the word “yue” also means “calculating”; therefore, the phrase “da hu” means “checking on (“yue”) the household occupants or, in other words, to calculate household registries. The word “da” should be read as “tai”.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 本文對《杜陵詩律五十一格》（存錄於朝鮮本《木天禁語》，1555年刊。簡稱《五十一格》）進行考察結論如下。第一，該書爲詩格著作，但在選詩上具有七律專門、整首采錄、重視夔州詩等特點，同時從拗體、起承轉结等方面論詩，由此判斷該書非唐五代之作。第二，根據起承轉結内容的存在，對起承轉合起源于元代楊仲弘或宋代經義的學說發出質疑，提出元代的起承轉合論來源於以《五十一格》、“三氏杜詩注”爲代表的杜詩研究。三，根據范德機的律詩篇法十三格，以及爲范氏言明的十三格與《詩苑類格》的承繼關係提出：《五十一格》中從全詩角度分析句聯關係的論詩手法，可能在李淑《詩苑類格》（1039年）中已經存在，《五十一格》的成書可能在該書前後。第四，根據詩序的特殊排列，尤其是連章組詩的分離現象推測：本書没有受到王洙杜詩集的影響，從而否定了所有杜詩研究都以王洙本爲資料來源的傳統學說。第五，根據《五十一格》中前後注並存以及繼承篇“三氏杜詩注”的存在推測：此書在相當長的時期内受到了廣泛重視和研究。第六，通過與趙次公杜注比較得出：《五十一格》可能產生於經典式注釋方法運用於杜詩研究之前，其成書可能早於趙次公注及王洙注。 The results of my investigation conducted on the work entitled Du Ling’s Prosody: 51 Patterns (Du Ling shi lü wu shi yi ge) (as recorded in the Korean edition, Secrets of the Tang Imperial College〈Mutian jinyu〉, published in 1555, or called the 51 Patterns in short) are as follows. First, the book in question is an analysis in the forms and meter of regulated verse (shi). However, because of the following characteristics, this paper determines that it is not a work of the late Tang or early 5 Dynasties periods: in its choice of poems, the 51 Patterns focuses exclusively on qilü; it records poems in their entirety; it displays a preference for Du Fu’s Kuizhou period verse; and at the same time it discusses regulated verse in terms of such aspects as aoti, or non-conforming verse, and the qi cheng zhuan jie (introduction/ elucidation/ reversal/ conclusion) method of analysis. Second, judging from the presence of the qi cheng zhuan jie method, this paper questions the assumption that this method of analysis originated with Yang Zhonghong in the Yuan Dynasty, or with the Song Dynasty imperial examination system, and suggests that the origins of the qi cheng zhuan jie method lie in the early works of Du Fu poetry studies, the 51 Patterns and Three Du Fu Commentators” (San shi Du shi zhu) for example. Third, on the basis of the 13 patterns of regulated verse composition given by the Yuan poet Fan Deji (Fan Guo, 1272-1339) , which the poet himself explicitly states to be derived from Li Shu’s Typology of Poetry (Shi yuan lei ge, 1039) , this paper suggests that the critical method of analyzing the relationships between the lines of a poem from the standpoint of its entirety, may have already existed in Typology of Poetry; therefore the 51 Patterns was possibly completed around the same time as the Typology. Fourth, on the basis of the peculiar ordering of the poems in the 51 Patterns, especially in its separation of some pieces which belong to a series of poems under the same title in later collections, this paper speculates that the work was not influenced by Wang Zhu’s Collected Poems of Du Fu ( Wang Zhu Du shi ji, 1039; published in 1059) , and thus it contradicts the traditional theory that all Du Fu Poetry studies take the Wang Zhu collection as their source material. Fifth, on the basis of the coexistence of both original and later commentaries in this work, as well as the existence of the subsequent piece, “Three Du Fu Commentators”, which carries on the work of the 51 Patterns, this paper speculates that the 51 Patterns enjoyed a relatively long period of extensive serious consideration and study. Finally, through a comparison with Zhao Cigong’ s Du Fu commentaries, this paper concludes that the 51 Patterns may have been produced before the standard classical method of annotation was applied to Du Fu poetry studies.

The journal is pleased to publish the abstracts of the six finalists of the 2020 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society’s student paper competition. The 2020 prize committee was chaired by Vishal Agrawal (Georgetown), Feryal Erhun (University of Cambridge), and Jun Li (University of Michigan). The judges were Adem Orsdemir, Antoine Desir, Anton Ovchinnikov, Anyan Qi, Arian Aflaki, Arzum Akkas, Ashish Kabra, Bin Hu, Bob Batt, Bora Keskin, Can Zhang, Carri Chan, Chloe Kim Glaeser, Daniel Lin, Eduard Calvo, Ekaterina Astashkina, Elena Belavina, Elodie Adida, Enis Kayış, Ersin Korpeoglu, Fabian Sting, Fang Liu, Fanyin Zheng, Fei Gao, Florin Ciocan, Gah-Yi Ban, Gizem Korpeoglu, Guihua Wang, Guillaume Roels, Guoming Lai, Hessam Bavafa, Hummy Song, Ioannis (Yannis) Stamatopoulos, Ioannis Bellos, Iris Wang, Itir Karaesmen, Jiankun Sun, Jiaru Bai, Jing Wu, Joann de Zegher, Joel Wooten, John Silberholz, Jose Guajardo, Kaitlin Daniels, Karen Zheng, Ken Moon, Kenan Arifoglu, Lennart Baardman, Leon Valdes, Lesley Meng, Linwei Xin, Luyi Gui, Luyi Yang, Mary Parkinson, Mazhar Arikan, Michael Freeman, Ming Hu, Morvarid Rahmani, Mumin Kurtulus, Nan Yang, Necati Tereyagoglu, Nektarios Oraiopoulos, Nikos Trichakis, Nil Karacaoglu, Nitin Bakshi, Niyazi Taneri, Nur Sunar, Olga Perdikaki, Ovunc Yilmaz, Ozan Candogan, Ozge Sahin, Panos Markou, Pascale Crama, Pengyi Shi, Pnina Feldman, Qiuping Yu, Renyu (Philip) Zhang, Robert Bray, Ruslan Momot, Ruxian Wang, Saed Alizamir, Safak Yucel, Samantha Keppler, Santiago Gallino, Serdar Simsek, Seyed Emadi, Shiliang (John) Cui, Shouqiang Wang, Simone Marinesi, So Yeon Chun, Song-Hee Kim, Soo-Haeng Cho, Soroush Saghafian, Stefanus Jasin, Suresh Muthulingam, Suvrat Dhanorkar, Tian Chan, Tim Kraft, Tom Tan, Tugce Martagan, Velibor Misic, Weiming Zhu, Xiaoshan Peng, Xiaoyang Long, Yasemin Limon, Yehua Wei, Yiangos Papanastasiou, Ying-Ju Chen, and Zumbul Atan.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 吳喬（1611—1695）是明清之際的詩人和詩學理論家，所著詩學論著，現存的有《逃禪詩話》一卷、《圍爐詩話》六卷、《答萬季野詩問》一卷、《答萬季野詩問補遺》一卷和《西崑發微》三卷等。他認為詩是經史之學，主張詩中有人，詩要有意，反對把詩視為應酬工具，而賦、比、興三者是寫詩和評鑒詩歌的重要法則。他拿以上的主張來銓衡詩歌發展，評論詩人的成就高下，成就他的詩學理論，清初《談龍錄》作者趙執信（1662—1744）很欣賞他的詩論，三次尋訪《圍爐詩話》；史學家萬斯同（1638—1702）執弟子禮，才有兩種《詩問》，可見吳喬的詩學理論在當時受到重視。 在吳喬的詩學理論架構中，比興説是重要的支柱。他把《詩經》視為詩歌的不祧之宗，而《詩經》中的詩篇是有為而發的，説《詩》者可以因事以逆知其意。作《詩》者運用赋比興三義，成為後世詩人的楷模，因此能符合三義，尤其比興二者的，成績便卓然，否則即使極文字之工，而沒有詩意的，都不是好作品。吳喬運用這詩學觀點，去研究詩歌的發展，評論作品的優劣，從漢一直到明。以詩人論，他崇高杜甫，而李商隱號稱善學杜甫，所以又用比興論李商隱詩。以時代言，他重視唐而貶抑宋、明，尤其不滿明代前後七子的詩作。在六卷《圍爐詩話》中，有數十條談論赋比興的文字，較他別的詩學論著所説為多。選取《圍爐詩話》中的比興説來研究，可以清楚了解吳喬的詩學理論的核心，並為研究這本詩話在比興説發展史上的地位作準備。 Wu Qiao (1611-1695) was a poet as well as a poetics theorist of the late Ming and early Qing period. His extant works on poetics theory include one volume of Tao Chan Shihua, six volumes of Weilu Shihua, one volume of Da Wan Guiye Shi Wen, three volumes of Xikun Fa Wei, etc. He believed that poetry was a discipline of jing (Confucian classics) and shi (history). Wu advocated that when composing poetry, the poet should reflect his emotions on his works and also convey messages through the poetry. He objected to people who regarded writing poetry as a means of social intercourse. The major guidelines to compose and evaluate poetry were: Fu, Bi and Xing (three allegories used in Chinese writing). Wu applied these rules to assess the achievement of the poets and accomplished his own poetics theory as well. Zhao Zhixin (1662- 1774), the author of Tan Long Lu admired Wu's poetics theory and historian Wan Sitong (1638-1702) even acknowledged Wu as his teacher. These revealed the importance and impact of Wu's Poetics theory in his times. Bixing is the major skeleton of Wu Qiao's poetics theory. Wu regarded Shijing (The Classic of Songs) as the origin of all poetry. He believed that the poetry compiled in Shijing revealed some incidents or the poets' feelings and thought. The critics on Shijing could therefore interpret the poetry from different perspectives. Writers of Shijing used Fu, Bi and Xing as the writing modes to compose poetry. The three modes then became the templates of the poets later. If a poet could write poetry that fulfill the three modes, especially Bixing, then his works could be regarded as good pieces. Otherwise, they were not even if the works were flowerily written. Wu Qiao investigated the development of poetry (from Han to Ming) and accessed the merits of the poetry by applying the Bixing theory. He praised Du Fu highly. As Li Shangyin was famous for his well imitation and adaptation of Du Fu's poetry, Wu Qiao also evaluated Li's poetry by adopting the Bixing theory. Wu praised Tang's poetry and depreciated those in Song and Ming. He was particularly dissatisfied with the poetry of the late seven poets (Hou Qi Zi) of Ming Dynasty. In Wu Qiao's Weilu Shihua, there were tens of items discussing the Bixing which were obviously more than that in his other works. By looking into the Bixing theory of Weilu Shihua, this paper aims at investigating more about the crux of Wu Qiao's poetics theory and paves way for future discussion on the importance of Weilu Shihua in the development of bixing theory.

The journal is pleased to publish the abstracts of the six finalists of the 2023 Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society’s student paper competition. The 2023 prize committee was chaired by Ersin Korpeoglu (UCL), Simone Marinesi (Wharton), and Nur Sunar (UNC). The judges were Adam Elmachtoub, Adem Orsdemir, Agni Orfanoudaki, Alper Nakkas, Amrita Kundu, Antoine Desir, Antoine Feylessoufi, Anton Ovchinnikov, Anyan Qi, Arian Aflaki, Arzum Akkas, Ashish Kabra, Auyon Siddiq, Bilal Gokpinar, Bin Hu, Bob Batt, Bora Keskin, Brent Moritz, Can Zhang, Chloe Glaeser, Cuihong Li, Daniel Freund, Daniel Lin, David Drake, Divya Singhvi, Dongyuan Zhan, Ekaterina Astashkina, Elena Belavina, Elodie Adida, Emre Nadar, Enis Kayis, Fabian Sting, Fanyin Zheng, Fei Gao, Florin Ciocan, Francisco Castro, George Chen, Georgina Hall, Gloria Urrea, Gonzalo Romero, Guihua Wang, Guoming Lai, Heikki Peura, Hessam Bavafa, Hummy Song, Huseyin Gurkan, Ioannis Stamatopoulos, Iris Wang, Jiankun Sun, Jiayi Joey Yu, Jing Wu, Joel Wooten, John Silberholz, Jonas Oddur Jonasson, Jonathan Helm, Jose Guajardo, Junyu Cao, Kaitlin Daniels, Karen Zheng, Ken Moon, Kostas Bimpikis, Lennart Baardman, Lesley Meng, Lina Song, Luyi Yang, Mazhar Arikan, Mehmet Ayvaci, Meng Li, Mengzhenyu Zhang, Miao Bai, Michael Freeman, Mika Sumida, Ming Hu, Morvarid Rahmani, Mostafa Rezaei, Mumin Kurtulus, Nan Yang, Nazli Sonmez, Negin Golrezaei, Nektarios Oraiopoulos, Nikhil Garg, Nikos Trichakis, Nil Karacaoglu, Olga Perdikaki, Onesun Steve Yoo, Ovunc Yilmaz, Ozan Candogan, Panos Markou, Pengyi Shi, Philipp Cornelius, Qiuping Yu, Renyu Zhang, Robert Bray, Ruth Beer, Ruxian Wang, Saed Alizamir, Safak Yucel, Sanjith Gopalakrishnan, Santiago Gallino, Sarah Yini Gao, Scott Rodilitz, Sebastien Martin, Seyed Emadi, Sheng Liu, Shouqiang Wang, Siddharth Singh, Sidika Candogan, Sina Khorasani, So Yeon Chun, Somya Singhvi, Soo-Haeng Cho, Sriram Dasu, Stefanus Jasin, Stephen Leider, Suresh Muthulingam, Sytske Wijnsma, Taghi Khaniyev, Tian Chan, Tim Kraft, Tom Tan, Tugce Martagan, Vasiliki Kostamj, Velibor Misic, Vishal Agrawal, Xiaojia Guo, Xiaoshuai Fan, Xiaoyang Long, Yannis Bellos, Yao Cui, Yehua Wei, Yiangos Papanastasiou, Yi-Chun Chen, Yinghao Zhang, Ying-Ju Chen, Yinghao Zhang, Yuan-Mao Kao, Yuexing Li, Zhaohui (Zoey) Jiang, Zhaowei She, and Zumbul Atan.

BackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Chinese medicine therapies have demonstrated effectiveness for PD in controlled settings. However, the utilization of Chinese medicine therapies for PD in real-world clinical practice and the characteristics of patients seeking these therapies have not been thoroughly summarized.MethodThe study retrospectively analyzed initial patient encounters (PEs) with a first-listed diagnosis of PD, based on electronic medical records from Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine between July 2018 and July 2023.ResultsA total of 3,206 PEs, each corresponding to an individual patient, were eligible for analyses. Approximately 60% of patients made initial visits to the Chinese medicine hospital after receiving a PD diagnosis, around 4.59 years after the onset of motor symptoms. Over 75% of the patients visited the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic at their initial visits, while a mere 13.85% visited PD Chronic Care Clinic. Rest tremor (61.98%) and bradykinesia (52.34%) are the most commonly reported motor symptoms, followed by rigidity (40.70%). The most commonly recorded non-motor symptoms included constipation (31.88%) and sleep disturbance (25.27%). Integration of Chinese medicine and conventional medicine therapies was the most common treatment method (39.15%), followed by single use of Chinese herbal medicine (27.14%). The most frequently prescribed herbs for PD included Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (gan cao), Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (huang qi), Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (bai zhu), Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (dang gui), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (di huang), Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (bai shao), Bupleurum chinense DC. (chai hu), Citrus aurantium L. (zhi qiao/zhi shi/chen pi), Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (ren shen), and Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf (fu ling). These herbs contribute to formulation of Bu zhong yi qi tang (BZYQT).ConclusionPatients typically initiated Chinese medical care after the establishment of PD diagnosis, ~4.59 years post-onset of motor symptoms. The prevalent utilization of CHM decoctions and patented Chinese herbal medicine products, underscores its potential in addressing both motor and non-motor symptoms. Despite available evidence, rigorous clinical trials are needed to validate and optimize the integration of CHM, particularly BZYQT, into therapeutic strategies for PD.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. 據史實所可考知，中國古代自殷商時代已傳衍一種存祀的國際關係思想。可以命之為存祀主義。相傳殷商高宗武丁時代已有這種思想。 惟在後世聖賢學者與君后諸侯普遍信持的歷史記載，則多以周武王克商故事為根據。成為歷代傳承的丈事典範。故事內容十分具體而顯明。就是在武王克商之後除了殺掉妲己，並把纣王懸首在白旗上。同時散發鹿台（地名）之財，分發鉅橋（地名）之粟，分给黎民百姓。並派人釋放被囚的箕子（人名）和眾百姓，派人封比干（人名）之墓，表彰商容（人名）的門閭。更封紂的兒子武庚旅父（人名）保存原有的殷商政權。此外更分神農、黃帝、唐堯、虞舜、夏禹等帝王的後人立為封國。因是古代聖賢俱頌稱為王道。 在古代的學術思想名家，先後普遍頌揚武王的存祀主義的王道。有孔子、子思、荀子、以及儒家後學，一致宏揚孔子所説：「興滅國，繼絕世，舉逸民，天下之民歸心焉。」而法家的管子，更是幫助齊桓公實質履行存祀主義，儒家經典盛讚齊桓公的三存亡國，一繼絕世。因是使春秋時代的霸業，有一個存祀主義 王道思想。我人尚可以在《左傳》、《國語》書中發現此一實殘的例子。 存祀主義進入秦漢大一統之世，已在政治運行上消褪。然至明清兩代，更成為封貢體制(Tributary System)中一個政治信念。明清帝君對於朝貢國多有履踐。仍不廢王道。中國最後一次履行存祀主義，是在光緒五年(1879)在日本呑併琉球的交涉中，主張為琉球保存其所據大島，以延績琉球宗廟血祀。此為帝國主義者暗笑中國的迂闊愚昧。然而今世爭殺是尚，弱小民族如何避免征服，逃脱被奴役命運。此是世界人 類共同思考之大問題。According to historical records, since the Shang era, a nationally related ideology regarding the worship of royal ancestors had existed in ancient China. It was believed that such kind of thoughts existed in as early as the Gao-zhong Wu Ding period in the ancient Shang Dynasty. However scholars, kings, queens and the noblemen in later years generally tended to believe in records about inheritance that were based on the story of King Zhou Wu who conquered Shang. This had become the paradigm of historical inheritance. The story was very concrete and its message obvious. After King Wu conquered Shang, apart from killing the Shang King’s concubine Tan Ji and hanging up the head of the infamous King Zhou on a white flag, he also distributed the wealth in Lu-tai and the food in Ju Qiao to civilians; moreover he sent people to release the imprisoned Qi Zi and other civilians; he sent someone to honor the tomb of Bi Gan and decorate the door of Shang Rong; King Zhou s son Wu Gang Lu Fu was allowed to maintain Shang’s political power. In addition, the descendants of Shen Nong, Huang Di, Tang Yao, Yu Shun and Xia Yu were awarded territories. Many ancient scholars lauded such generosity as regal benevolence. Renowned thinkers and philosophers in ancient China had been praising King Wu's regal benevolence ideology. Confucius, Zi Si, Xun Zi and other confucius followers unanimously upheld what Confucius proclaimed, “Assist defeated states to recover, let political regimes of the ousted rulers continue, give glory to hermits of the previous dynasty, then all the people would whole-heartedly render support to the ruling power.” Guan Zi of the Legalistic School helped Qi Wun Gong (Duke of Qi) implement ancestral inheritance. In the Confucius classics, Qi Wun Gong was much acclaimed for rendering help to defeated states three times, and helping to perpetuate ancestral worship of ousted states. Thus we can tell that during the hegemony of the war-tom Spring-autumn era, such royal inheritance thoughts existed. Concrete examples can be found in classics such as “Zou Zhuan" and "Guoyu". The regal benevolence tenet faded out politically in the unified Qin and Han era. Nevertheless, in the Ming and Qing dynasty, it had evolved into a political ideology in the Tributary System The kings of Ming and Qing Dynasty upheld regal benevolence through pledging to protect their protege states. The last ancestral worship tenet was seen in the fifth year of Guang Xu's rule (1879) when Japan had taken Ryukyu Island. The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty insisted that Ryukyu Island should keep Da Dao (Big Island) so as to allow it to maintain its ancestral worship practice and blood-line. The imperialists sneered at China as ignorant and stupid. However, in contemporary time, amidst fighting and killings, how vulnerable tribes could avoid being conquered and enslaved is actually an important issue for all people to ruminate.

Background: The incidence of ischemic stroke (IS) is much higher among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to the general population. Few studies have evaluated the association between the risk of IS and the use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) in patients with CKD. We aimed to investigate the risk of IS among patients with CKD using CHM as add-on therapy.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database to assess 21,641 patients with newly diagnosed CKD between 2003 and 2012. Patients were classified as either the CHM (n = 3,149) or the non-CHM group (n = 3,149) based on whether they used CHM after first diagnosis of CKD. We used the proportional subdistribution hazards model of Fine and Gray to examine the hazard ratio (HR) of IS in propensity-score matched samples at a ratio of 1:1 for two groups.Results: The risk of IS was significantly reduced in the CHM group (adjusted HR [aHR]: 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.70) compared with the non-CHM group. Those who used CHM for &gt;180 days had an even lower risk of IS than those in the non-CHM group (aHR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.41–0.63). Additionally, frequently prescribed formulae, such as Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan, and Zhen-Wu-Tang were associated with a 30%–50% reduced risk of IS.Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients with CKD who used CHM as add-on therapy had a lower hazard of IS than those in the non-CHM group, especially for patients taking CHM for &gt;180 days. Further experimental studies are required to clarify the causal relationship.