Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Deux niveaux de mélange"
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Hanna, Hanen. "Plans d'expérience pour mélanges à deux niveaux et facteurs externes". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00564885.
Texto completo da fonteHanna, Hanen. "Plans d’expérience pour mélanges à deux niveaux et facteurs externes". Pau, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PAUU3019.
Texto completo da fonteMixture experiment is applied where the response dependent only on the proportion of the mixture components. In a mixture of mixtures formulation each major component (CP) is a sub-mixture of minor components (CS). These systems are classified. Type A : CP proportions are fixed and CS proportions are variable. Type B : both CP and CS proportions are variables. In order to investigate blending properties we propose additive model for type A and B mixtures. Additive model performs well at the experimentation with many components because the number of parameter is quite lower than the number of parameters in multiplicative models proposed in previous works. We build designs verifying the orthogonality condition within each group of CS and balance condition between CP couples. The uniform optimality is verified by Orthogonal-balanced (OE) designs composed of pure sub-mixtures. Identification between orthogonal arrays and the OE experiments for pure substances makes it possible to obtain small size experiments for certain configurations of mixture systems. Identification between sub-class of OE design and the axial sub-mixtures is also established. It provides a way to obtain OE experiments where the proportions of CS and the CP are non null. Modes for the effect of both proportions and process variables are also considered through first degree polynomials and orthogonal fractions constructed from factorial jointing CS, CP and process variables
Kubasch, Madeleine. "Approximation of stochastic models for epidemics on large multi-level graphs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04717689.
Texto completo da fonteWe study an SIR model with two levels of mixing, namely a uniformly mixing global level, and a local level with two layers of household and workplace contacts, respectively. More precisely, we aim at proposing reduced models which approximate well the epidemic dynamics at hand, while being more prone to mathematical analysis and/or numerical exploration.We investigate the epidemic impact of the workplace size distribution. Our simulation study shows that if the average workplace size is kept fixed, the variance of the workplace size distribution is a good indicator of its influence on key epidemic outcomes. In addition, this allows to design an efficient teleworking strategy. Next, we demonstrate that a deterministic, uniformly mixing SIR model calibrated using the epidemic growth rate yields a parsimonious approximation of the household-workplace model.However, the accuracy of this reduced model deteriorates over time and lacks theoretical guarantees. Hence, we study the large population limit of the stochastic household-workplace model, which we formalize as a measure-valued process with continuous state space. In a general setting, we establish convergence to the unique deterministic solution of a measure-valued equation. In the case of exponentially distributed infectious periods, a stronger reduction to a finite dimensional dynamical system is obtained.Further, in order to gain a finer insight on the impact of the model parameters on the performance of both reduced models, we perform a sensitivity study. We show that the large population limit of the household-workplace model can approximate well the epidemic even if some assumptions on the contact network are relaxed. Similarly, we quantify the impact of epidemic parameters on the capacity of the uniformly mixing reduced model to predict key epidemic outcomes.Finally, we consider density-dependent population processes in general. We establish a many-to-one formula which reduces the typical lineage of a sampled individual to a time-inhomogeneous spinal process. In addition, we use a coupling argument to quantify the large population convergence of a spinal process
De, Lima Veiga Filho Alvaro. "Modeles non-stationnaires a deux niveaux". Paris, ENST, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENST0006.
Texto completo da fonteLima, Veiga Filho Alvaro De. "Modèles non-stationnaires à deux niveaux /". Paris : Ecole nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35045831k.
Texto completo da fonteLee, Kyung-Seok. "Elaboration d'un cryptosystème hybride à deux niveaux". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375990545.
Texto completo da fonteAddoune, Smaïl. "Optimisation à deux niveaux : conditions d'optimalité, approximation et stabilité". Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS026.
Texto completo da fonteSaissi, Fatima Ezzarha. "Optimisation à deux niveaux : Résultats d'existence, dualité et conditions d'optimalité". Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0030.
Texto completo da fonteSince its introduction, the class of tao-level programming problems has attracted increasing interest. Indeed, because of its applications in a multitude of concrete problems (management problems, economic planning, chemistry, environmental sciences,...), several researchers have been interested in the study of such class of problems. This thesis deals with the study of some classes of two-level optimization problems, namely, strong two-level problems, strong-weak two-level problems and semi-vectorial two-level problems. In the first chapter, we have recalled some definitions and results related to topology and convex analysis that we have used in our study. In the second chapter, we have discussed some theoretical and algorithmic results established in the literature for solving some classes of two-level optimization problems. The third chapter deals with strong-weak Stackelberg problems. As it is well-known, such a class of problems presents difficulties in its study concerning the existence of solutions. So that, for a strong-weak two-level optimization problem, we have first given a regularization. Then, via this regularization and under appropriate assumptions we have shown the existence of solutions to such a problem. This result generalizes the one given in the literature for weak Stackelberg problems. In the fourth chapter, we have given a duality approach for a strong two-level programming problem (S). The duality approach is based on the use of a regularization and the Fenchel-Lagrange duality. Then, via this approach, we have given necessary optimality conditions for (S). Finally, sufficient optimality conditions are given for the initial problem (S). An application to a two-level resource allocation problem is given. In the fifth chapter, we have considered a semivectorial two-level programming problem (SVBL) where the upper and lower levels are vectorial and scalar respectively. For such a problem, we have given a duality approach based on the use of a regularization, a scalarization and the Fenchel-Lagrange duality. Then, via this approach we have established necessary optimality conditions for (SVBL). Finally, we have given sufficient optimality conditions without using the duality approach
Le, Bihan Eric. "Mélange à deux ondes et mélange à quatre ondes dans la vapeur de sodium : effets d'auto-oscillation". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066235.
Texto completo da fonteCapitaneanu, Stefan Laurentiu. "Optimisation de la fonction MLI d'un onduleur de tension deux-niveaux". Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000637/.
Texto completo da fonteSalmoni, Rebecca. "Sur une sinthèse optimale pour un système quantique à deux niveaux". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112332.
Texto completo da fonteLintz, Michel. "Spectroscopie à deux lasers sur un système interdit à trois niveaux". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376074961.
Texto completo da fonteCapitaneanu, Stefan Laurentiu Fornel Bernard de. "Optimisation de la fonction MLI d'un onduleur de tension deux-niveaux". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2008. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000637.
Texto completo da fonteTheis, Laurent. "L'autonomie dans l'enseignement avec plan de travail, un encadrement sur deux niveaux". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/MQ47244.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAboussoror, Abdelmalek. "Optimisation à deux niveaux : contribution à l'étude de problèmes de Stackelberg généralisés". Paris1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010039.
Texto completo da fonteEL, KOHEN ASMAE. "Reponse du chataignier au co#2 a deux niveaux de nutrition minerale". Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112208.
Texto completo da fonteGrimbert, Laurent. "Transmission vidéo MPEG-2 à deux niveaux de priorité sur réseau ATM". Valenciennes, 1998. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/53ac8532-1075-48ef-b4f2-ddb3e1de701d.
Texto completo da fonteCabanes, Guénaël. "Classification non supervise à deux niveaux guidée par le voisinage et la densité". Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA132024.
Texto completo da fonteThe research outlined in this thesis concerns the development of approaches based on self-organizing maps (SOM) for the discovery and the monitoring of class structures in the data through unsupervised learning. We propose a simultaneously two levels clustering method. This method is based on the estimate, from the data, of connectivity and density values of the SOM's prototypes. The number of clusters is detected automatically. Moreover, the complexity is linear with the number of data. We show that it is relatively simple and efficient to adapt these algorithms to variants of the SOM in order to obtain a versatile method capable of analyzing different data types. We also propose an improvement of the quality of the SOM using the connectivity values during the learning of the prototypes. We describe a new method of condensed description of the data distribution and a heuristic measure of similarity between these models. These algorithms are based on an estimate of the underlying density for learning a modified SOM. In addition, we combine the clustering algorithm to measure similarity between distributions for the analysis of evolutionary data, and we propose an algorithm for monitoring data stream. Finally, we present two applications for tracking individuals in a RFID device. The first application is a study of the behavior of a colony of ants while moving. The second application, require tracking of customers in a store
Grandclement, Didier. "Oscillation de cavités par mélange à deux et quatre ondes en régime continu". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011859.
Texto completo da fonteSibille, Valérian. "Mesure de l'angle de mélange θ₁₃ avec les deux détecteurs de Double Chooz". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS582/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe Double Chooz experiment aims at accurately measuring the value of the leptonic mixing angle θ₁₃. To this intent, the experiment makes the most of two identical detectors -- filled with gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillator -- observing $antinue$'s released by the two 4.25GWth nuclear reactors of the French Chooz power plant. The so-called "far detector" -- located at an average distance of 1050m from the two nuclear cores -- has been taking data since April 2011. The "near detector" -- at an average distance of 400}m from the cores -- has monitored the reactor since December 2014. The θ₁₃ mixing parameter leads to an energy dependent disappearance of $antinue$'s as they propagate from the nuclear cores to the detection sites, which allows for a fit of the sin² 2θ₁₃ value. By reason of correlations between the detectors and an iso-flux site layout, the detection systematics and the $antinue$ flux uncertainty on the θ₁₃ measurement are dramatically suppressed. In consequence, the precision of the θ₁₃ measurement is dominated by the uncertainty on the backgrounds and the relative normalisation of the $antinue$-rates. The main background originates from the decay of βn-emitters -- generated by $mu$-spallation -- within the detector itself. The energy spectra of these cosmogenic isotopes have been simulated and complemented by a diligent error treatment. These predictions have been successfully compared to the corresponding data spectra, extracted by means of an active veto, whose performance has been studied at both sites. The rate of cosmogenic background remaining within the $antinue$ candidates has also been assessed. Addtionally, the normalisation of the $antinue$ rates, bound to the number of target protons within each detector, has been evaluated. All these works were part of the first Double Chooz multi-detector results, yielding sin² (2θ₁₃) = 0.111±0.018
Anghel-Vasilescu, Petrutza. "Interactions rayonnement-matière résonantes en régime nonlinéaire : systèmes à deux niveaux et milieux quadratiques". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664992.
Texto completo da fonteJulsain, Henrilio. "Tarification dans les réseaux de télécommunications, une approche par programmation mathématique à deux niveaux". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0001/MQ42910.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMartin, Emeric. "Préconditioneurs [i. E. Préconditionneurs] spectraux deux niveaux pour des systèmes linéaires donnés en séquence". Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000165/.
Texto completo da fonteMany numerical simulations in scientific and engineering applications require the solution of a set of large linear systems involving the same coefficient matrix but different right-hand sides. Efficient methods for tackling this problem attempt to benefit from the previously solved right-hand sides for the solution of the next. This goal can be achieved either by recycling Krylov subspaces or by building preconditioner updates based on near invariant subspace information. In this thesis, we focus our attention on this last approach that attempts to improve a selected preconditioner after each solve [. . . ]
Nguyen, Viet Phuong. "Modèles et méthodes pour le problème de localisation-routage à deux niveaux en transport". Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0017.
Texto completo da fonteThe two-echelon location-routing problem (LRP-2E) arises from recent transportation applications, especially in urban logistics. We have to simultaneously locate satellite depots (platforms) from a set of potential sites and to build vehicle routes for two levels : first-level trips which serve from a main depot a set of satellites, and second-level trips which visit customers from these satellites. Hence, the LRP-2E combines two types of decisions : strategic (location of satellites) and tactical or operational (construction of vehicle routes at each level of the system). The objective function, to be minimized, is the total system cost, which includes the opening cost of the selected satellites, the fixed costs of vehicles involved and the transportation costs for the tips of the two levels. The motivation of our work is to solve a NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, still seldom studied in the literature. We propose solution methods, without hierarchy between the two levels, usins constructive heuristics and hybrid metaheuristics, but also an exact approach based on new mathematical fomulrations. The methods developed are tested on sets of instances with up to 200 customers and 20 potential sites for the satellites
Bootz, Philippe. "Modèle à deux niveaux effectifs du laser avec et sans absorbant saturable : instabilités et bifurcations". Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10059.
Texto completo da fonteEl, gharbi Yannis. "Une approche à deux niveaux pour le calcul de structures haute performance : décomposition -- maillage -- résolution". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPAST001.
Texto completo da fonteNumerical simulations represent a minor part of the certification proceess for critical parts in the industry. However, it would result in significant cost savings during conception phases, avoiding expensive real tests.Indeed, in cases of localized strong heterogeneities across all the structure, it becomes hard, if not impossible, to run successfully these simulations in reasonable times because of a too large number of unknowns needed for a reliable answer of the structure.To obtain this answer, large scale parallel solving methods are necessary. Domain decomposition methods, which are part of it, are the ones investigated during this thesis.The goal is to make these simulations possible thanks to domain decomposition methods.Indeed, the resolution of the problem but also the meshing of the structure become expensive and the use of parallel methods becomes essential.For this purpose, a two-level substructuring method is proposed. It aims at producing, during the pre-processing step, regular-shaped and homogeneous subdomains possibly meshed in parallel. In addition, it allows to a significant reduction of the condition number for strongly heterogeneous problems solved by a FETI solver. A mixed domain decomposition method with a two-level Robin condition which is adapted to this decomposition could then be developped.The long term objective is to deal with problems with a quasi-industrial complexity like computations at the global structural scale with multi-scale materials such as tridimensional woven composites which are used increasingly intensively in the aeronautical industry for instance
Marin, Antoine. "Le mouvement segmentaire au service du déplacement dans la marche : analyse couplée des deux niveaux". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN20039/document.
Texto completo da fonteWalking is a complex mecanism involving trajectories generation in various environments and motion generation in order to follow the path. Then, it is dependent on environment, obstacles and peoples moving around but also on body capabilities. This complexity lead scientits to split walking analysis in two levels : trajectory generation in one hand, and motion generation in the othe hand. This work aim to provide a global walking analysis processus by linking trajectorires and motion generation. First, we explore walking trajectories throw a particular situation : pedestrians crossing. Here we take interest in trajectories and speed adaptations. Then, we sink for the link between trajectory and heelstrike. It lead us to develop a model for heelstrike generation based on trajectory. Finally, we take interest in walking motion simulation. By the use of local linearization, we provide a new methodology for joints joints angles generation
Znaien, Jemil. "Etude locale du mélange induit par gravité de deux fluides dans la géométrie confinée d'un tube incliné". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112339.
Texto completo da fonteThe buoyancy driven mixing oftwo f1uids ofvarious densities interpenetrating each other has been studied at the local scale in a long tilted tube (with a strong confinement). The velocity and concentration maps are measured by means of PlV and LlF techniques in a vertical diametral plane. The flow displays a large variety ofbehaviors as a function of the tilt angle and the density contrast. At large angles (from vertical) and low-density contrast, the flow is laminar with three layers ofvarious densities stabilized by transverse gravity. Ln contrast at high-density contrast and low angle, there is a turbulent shear-mixing region. Mean transverse velocity and concentration profile are linear in the center ofthe tube section and two channels ofless mixed f1uids develop on both size ofthis mixed layer. A secondary flow (transverse to the primary one) plays an important role for the momentum. For density contrasts and tilt angles between these two cases, isolated or periodic turbulent bursts between which the flow retums to laminar are observed and characterized using spatial correlations of concentration
Thédrez, Bruno. "Modélisation d'un laser à semiconducteur par un système à deux niveaux : étude des premières instabilités optiques /". Paris : École nationale supérieure des télécommunications, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34959024p.
Texto completo da fonteBoudjit, Mokhtar. "Algorithmes de testabilité basés sur la description à deux niveaux "Groupe-E-Concurrente" des fonctions logiques". Grenoble INPG, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPG0054.
Texto completo da fonteFabre, Jean-Claude. "Etude des non linéarités optiques par mélange à deux ondes dans les semi-isolants et semiconducteurs". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 1989. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00714008.
Texto completo da fonteSivanappan, Kumar. "Etude d'un cycle de réfrigération à absorption fonctionnant à trois niveaux de pression : application au mélange N-Butane (R600)-Diméthyl formamide (DMF)". Toulouse, INPT, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989INPT036G.
Texto completo da fonteGueguen, Nils. "Coordination posture/mouvement : de la commande centrale aux facteurs biomécaniques : un mode de coordination à deux niveaux ?" Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22004.
Texto completo da fonteFernandez, Sophie. "Comparaison des performances électriques d’un onduleur triphasé deux niveaux à commandes directes et indirectes connecté au réseau". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10093.
Texto completo da fonteThe standards connections requirements of the decentralized generating sources to the French electricity network impose on conversion system to take into account the quality of the electric magnitudes in the converter output. Their efficiency is also a requirement leading given the powers brought into play. The challenge is to assess and improve the quality / efficiency compromise of these conversion systems by their PWM control strategy. To answer to these requirements, three phase hysteresis strategies (direct control), applied on a two- levels inverter structure have been developed to ensure a similar behavior of the three line currents. Controls on the line currents together with the fictitious polygonal currents were implemented. These two types of control are based on the same rules and simple modulation criteria to be implanted simply on real-time systems and can then be extended to converter structures fully controlled more complex. Most of these controls showed harmonic families in the produced voltage spectrum, reflecting a natural regularity in the produced switching of these direct controls. In this work, the width of the hysteresis band was considered fixed, but this parameter setting could be exploited in order to play also on the performance. Electrical and energy performances of these new direct control was evaluated and some proved better on these two criteria than the bibliographic direct controls
Znaien, Jemil. "Étude locale du mélange induit par gravité de deux fluides dans la géométrie confinée d'un tube incliné". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00525440.
Texto completo da fonteFabre, Jean-Claude. "Étude des non-linéarités optiques par mélange à deux ondes dans les composés III-V semi-isolants". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112293.
Texto completo da fontePhotorefractive effect offers unique features for information procession. Semiconductors are photorefractive materials that promise, due to their high carrier mobility, short response times. Experimental and theoretical two-wave-mixing investigations have been conducted in InP:Fe and GaAs:Cr crystals. In addition, a second effect, nonlinear absorption, is superimposed to the photorefractive effect in InP:Fe. The two phenomena can be separated using the symmetries of the photorefractive effect. We present a complete analysis of both nonlinear effects. For the pho torefractive beam coupling, two types of charge carriers (electrons and holes) are involved in the charge transport model. The charge carriers are photoexcited from a single deep trap (Fe2+ /Fe3+ or Cr2+ /Cr3+). The nonlinear or induced absorption is based on a redistribution of the populations of the different Fe-levels. Computer simulations explain the time evolution and energy dependence of bath phenomena. A comparison between experiment and theory gives estimated values of some important parameters of these crystals
Lemenand, Thierry. "Étude expérimentale de l'intensification des transferts dans un échangeur-réacteur statique : mélange de deux fluides non miscibles". Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT2069.
Texto completo da fonteDe, la Gorce Aliénor. "Manipulation des propriétés de cohérence spatio-temporelle de la lumière par mélange à deux ondes opto-numérique". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03179767.
Texto completo da fontePropagation of optical signals through multimode scattering media is a very fundamental problem in physics. Many studies have been conducted in order to find efficient methods for the reconstruction of information from a scrambled content. Applications range from telecommunication information retrievement to biological endoscopy. In these goals, various approaches have been developed in the past few years. Some are based on two-wave mixing interaction in photorefractive crystals, others use light valves or numerical holography based on a spatial light modulator.During my PhD, I designed a new method for the study of spatio-temporal properties of optical information that has been scrambled through a multimode medium. This method relies on a digitally assisted two-wave mixing interaction based on a camera - Spatial light modulator combination. This study ensues from signal manipulation with a photorefractive crystal experiment. Besides, experimental parameters are not limited by the intrinsic properties of a crystal and allows much more flexibility on the light manipulation
Lachaux, Nicolas. "Impacts écotoxicologiques d’éléments terres rares à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique dans un réseau d’eau douce : approches intégrées en mésocosmes indoor". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0330.
Texto completo da fonteRare earth elements (REE) are a group of seventeen metals composed of the lanthanide series, yttrium and scandium, which share similar physicochemical properties. They have diverse applications, including in hi-tech and green energy areas. Mining, industrial, medical, agricultural activities and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) release REE in aquatic systems. This raises environmental concerns on their potential toxicity towards aquatic organisms, which is still poorly understood. The main objective of the thesis was to analyse speciation, bioaccumulation and biological effects of different REE on several key freshwater species to allow a reliable environmental risk assessment of REE. Three representative REE have been tested individually and in mixture: neodymium (Nd), gadolinium (Gd) and ytterbium (Yb). A complementary approach combining microcosms (standard tests) and mesocosms afforded to study their toxicity at several levels of biological organization in five species belonging to different trophic levels: a unicellular alga Raphidocelis subcapitata, a macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum, a crustacean Daphnia magna, a bivalve Corbicula fluminea and a fish Danio rerio. Fate, speciation and bioaccumulation of REE in different exposure media (with and without dissolved organic matter = DOM; with different forms of phosphorous = P) were studied by modelling and measuring REE concentrations in the medium and in the organisms to better understand the observed biological effects. The results demonstrate strong links between speciation, bioaccumulation and toxicity shown by a decrease of toxicity and/or bioaccumulation of Nd, Gd and Yb in all studied species in the presence of DOM and inorganic phosphorous, which complexed and precipitated with REE reducing their bioavailability. These results highlight that it is essential to consider speciation, by using measured dissolved concentrations and replacing inorganic P by organic P, in order to prevent an underestimation of REE toxicity. Nd, Gd and Yb were significantly accumulated in studied species, leading to harmful effects at individual and subindividual levels. Internal distribution of Nd, Gd and Yb and several effects indicated that elementary homeostasis and osmoregulation disturbance is a relevant toxic mechanism of REE. The three REE induced additive mixture effects regardless of the type of species or exposure medium. Taking into account all these results and the fact that REE occur in mixtures in the environment, we propose an original approach by assessing environmental risk of REE in mixture instead of individually. The threshold concentration of REE mixture was determined at 3.2 µg L-1 by using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach. The calculated risk from tests with individual organisms and the SSD together with results from a mesocosm experiment testing different species at three trophic levels show that current mining and industrial releases could strongly affect all trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems, especially primary producers. At present, WWTP effluents should pose a limited risk. However, we demonstrated that Gd, in constrat-agent form used in medicine, can be accumulated and provoke direct effects on aquatic organisms. The environmental risk of REE is currently restricted to some hotspots but it may get higher and more widespread in the future because of the increasing REE uses and releases
Cocca, Claude. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un système de diagnostic à deux niveaux : application à la surveillance d'une pompe à chaleur". Compiègne, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988COMPD140.
Texto completo da fonteLacombe, Gilles. "Schemas centres a deux et trois niveaux de temps. Applications aux equations de navier-stokes en regime supersonique". Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066541.
Texto completo da fonteBoiron, Marc. "Etude semi-classique des molécules à deux niveaux électroniques couplés et propagation de paquets d'ondes par trajectoires complexes". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10111.
Texto completo da fonteCocca, Claude. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un système de diagnostic à deux niveaux application à la surveillance d'une pompe à chaleur /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37612772v.
Texto completo da fonteLintz, Michel. "Spectroscopie à deux lasers sur un système interdit à trois niveaux : 6s ½ - 7s ½ - 6p 3/2 dans le césium". Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112212.
Texto completo da fonteParity violation measurements in the 6S-7S transition of cesium agree, within the 10% accuracy, with the Standard Model of electromagnetic, weak, and strong interaction. However, fundamental features, such as electroweak corrections or the Z°-nucleon axial coupling, which are of the order of a few percent, have never been observed. A novel project, currently developed, aims at improving the detection efficiency (previously 1/2000): a probe laser, tuned to the 7S-6P3/2 transition, will force the 7S atoms to emit in only one direction and only one transition. This dissertation describes the preliminary experiments (and their theoretical interpretation) which allow a good understanding of the behavior of cesium atoms in the presence of two c. W. Lasers: one driving the highly forbidden 6S-7S transition, the other probing the allowed 7S-6P3/2 transition. The Cs-Cs collisionnal processes are taken into account. These experiments have shown that the probe beam does stimulate emission of the 7S atoms and is then amplified. We have also shown that an electronic polarization of the 7S atoms can be detected by two different methods using the probe beam observation of the 7S-6P½ fluorescence (without polarization analysis), or detection of the optical rotation of the probe beam. A the Cs density required for the planned parity-violation measurement, the Doppler-free spectra show complete resolution of the hyperfine structure of the 7S-6P3/2 transition. The detection of an electroweak alignment the 7S level, on which the project is based, thus appears to be possible
Rasoamiaramanana, Daniel. "Analyse numerique de schemas aux differences a deux et trois niveaux pour le probleme de diffusion convection non stationnaire". Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30130.
Texto completo da fonteRasoamiaramanana, Daniel. "Analyse numérique de schémas aux différences à deux et trois niveaux pour le problème de diffusion-convection non stationnaire". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609190m.
Texto completo da fonteLoubignac, Eric. "Etude du mélange à quatre ondes résonnant à deux couleurs dans les milieux en combustion : application aux composés azotés". Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS024.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to study the feasability to measure the concentration of NO2 and N2O by non intrusive techniques in combustion media. The application of two-color resonant four-wave mixing (TC-RFWM) processes is investigated to probe these molecules. Two kinds of signals with very different properties are observed : a TC-RFWM signal and a LITG signal (Laser-Induced Thermal Grating). The properties of the TC-RFWM signal and the feasability of measuring the concentration of N2O by using this technique in the infrared range have been studied numerically. The sensibility of this technique is estimated in this particular case. A parametric study of the properties of the LITG signal and an experimental study devoted to the measurement of NO2 concentration at room temperature and in flames have been done. The behavior of LITG signal has been characterized versus many parameters. A sensibility of 20 ppm at 800 K has been obtained in a CH4/air diffusion flame
Mouqallid, Mhamed. "Etude de l'interaction de deux jets opposés turbulents". Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUES007.
Texto completo da fonteMainguet, Bernard. "Caractérisation, par la technique du mélange a deux ondes, de l'effet photoréfractif dans le phosphure d'indium dopé au fer". Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2011.
Texto completo da fonteLoeches, de la fuente Hugo. "Etude multi-niveaux du contrôle d'un périphérique d'interaction de type joystick". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4060/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis doctoral work focused on the study of the process involved in the control of a joystick-type device of interaction and had a double objective. First, this work was aimed to understand how the user of a device adapts its behavior to face a set of encountered constraints. In particular, the constraints inherent to the task (the index of difficulty and behavior of the object displaced) and the physical properties of the device (joystick or rotorcraft stick) have been manipulated. Second, understanding how the subject's behavior emerges from the influence of this set of constraints informed us about how we can access to a more intuitive control of the device and a better performance level. To achieve this goal, an analysis framework allowing the manipulation of all the constraints in conditions that are close to real situations of control (e.g. video-assisted surgery, aeronautics and industrial control) has been proposed. The behavioral analysis at two levels (local level and global level) that is used required the integration of concepts, means and methods from behavioral sciences (motor control) and from biomechanics. Taking all the results together, the study of the control process of a device of interaction allows a more general understanding of the perceptual-motor behavior