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Xia, Chaoran, Qiyuan Tian, Lingyu Kong, Xiaoqian Sun, Jingjing Shi, Xiaoqun Zeng e Daodong Pan. "Metabolomics Analysis for Nitrite Degradation by the Metabolites of Limosilactobacillus fermentum RC4". Foods 11, n.º 7 (30 de março de 2022): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11071009.
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Nitrite (NIT), a commonly used food additive, especially in pickled and cured vegetables and meat products, might cause acute and chronic diseases. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is an effective method for degrading NIT and improving the flavor of pickled and cured foods. In this study, Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) RC4 with a high NIT degradation ability was found to degrade NIT in a new manner when compared with reported enzymatic and acid degradation, namely, metabolite degradation during fermentation in MRS broth, which shows a synergistic effect with acid to increase NIT degradation. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified 134 significantly different metabolites, of which 11 metabolites of L. fermentum RC4, namely, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), isocitric acid, D-glucose, 3-methylthiopropionic acid (MTP), N-formyl-L-methionine, dimethyl sulfone (MSM), D-ribose, mesaconate, trans-aconitic acid, L-lysine, and carnosine, showed significant NIT degradation effects compared with the control group (MRS broth). Verification experiments showed that adding the above 11 metabolites to 100 mg/L NIT and incubating for 24 h resulted in NIT degradation rates of 5.07%, 4.41%, 6.08%, 16.93%, 5.28%, 2.41%, 0.93%, 18.93%, 12.25%, 6.42%, and 3.21%, respectively. Among these, three metabolites, namely, mesaconate, MTP, and trans-aconitic acid, showed efficient NIT degradation abilities that might be related to the degradation mechanism involving decarboxylation reactions. This is the first systematic study of NIT degradation by LAB, resulting in the identification of a new metabolite degradation pathway and three efficient NIT degradation metabolites.
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Shen, C. F., J. A. Hawari, G. Ampleman, S. Thiboutot e S. R. Guiot. "Origin ofp-cresol in the anaerobic degradation of trinitrotoluene". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 46, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2000): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w99-124.
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p-Cresol was repeatedly detected as a trace metabolite in anaerobic slurry reactors treating 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)-contaminated soils. This study shows that p-cresol was not a metabolite of the anaerobic degradation of TNT, by using a combination of analytical techniques and13C-labelled TNT. Instead, p-cresol, an intermediate in the degradation pathway of some amino acids, was shown to be inhibited by TNT and its metabolites. The range and persistence of inhibition to p-cresol microbial degradation decreased with the level of amino-substitution of the derivatives. This explains why p-cresol accumulated within the TNT-treating anaerobic bioslurry, as it could not be further biodegraded in the presence of TNT. Key words: p-cresol, bioremediation, trinitrotoluene, inhibition, metabolites.
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Carone, F. A., M. A. Stetler-Stevenson, V. May, A. LaBarbera e G. Flouret. "Differences between in vitro and in vivo degradation of LHRH by rat brain and other organs". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 253, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 1987): E317—E321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.3.e317.
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Homogenates of brain, pituitary, liver, lung, ovary, and testes were incubated with [pyro Glu1-3,4-3H]luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ([3H]LHRH), and the profiles of metabolites generated as a function of time were determined. After 5 min of incubation, 5 was the predominant metabolite in most homogenates. Although the profiles of metabolites varied at different time intervals, metabolites 2, 3, 4, and 5, and in some instances 7 and 9, appeared to form simultaneously and were detectable at 10 min. Neither metabolite 6 nor other larger metabolites formed initially as dominant degradation products. The findings suggest cleavage of LHRH by the simultaneous action of several endopeptidases. After a single vascular transit of [3H]LHRH, metabolites were determined in the venous blood of liver, lung, and brain of rats in vivo. There were no metabolites of [3H]LHRH in venous blood of liver and lung; however, metabolites 2-4 were present in venous blood of the brain. Incubation of rat anterior pituitary cells with [3H]LHRH yielded metabolites 1-4 but not metabolites 5 or 9 as in homogenates. Incubation of [3H]LHRH with porcine follicular granulosa cells resulted in the generation of metabolites 2-7 and 9, similar to the profile in homogenates. Thus, since homogenates contain enzymes of disrupted cells, they do not always reflect mechanisms for in vivo hydrolysis of circulating LHRH. Brain degraded 12.1% of LHRH during a single vascular transit and may account for substantial degradation of the circulating hormone.
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Kar, Soumya, Marinus te Pas, Leo Kruijt, Jacques Vervoort, Alfons Jansman e Dirkjan Schokker. "Sanitary Conditions on the Farm Alters Fecal Metabolite Profile in Growing Pigs". Metabolites 12, n.º 6 (11 de junho de 2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12060538.
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The aim of this study was to use fecal metabolite profiling to evaluate the effects of contrasting sanitary conditions and the associated subclinical health status of pigs. We analyzed fecal metabolite profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) from pigs aged 14 and 22 weeks. Pigs kept under low and high sanitary conditions differed in fecal metabolites related to the degradation of dietary starch, metabolism of the gut microbiome, and degradation of components of animal (host) origin. The metabolites that differed significantly (FDR < 0.1) were from metabolic processes involved in either maintaining nutrient digestive capacity, including purine metabolism, energy metabolism, bile acid breakdown and recycling, or immune system metabolism. The results show that the fecal metabolite profiles reflect the sanitary conditions under which the pigs are kept. The fecal metabolite profiles closely resembled the profiles of metabolites found in the colon of pigs. Fecal valerate and kynurenic acid could potentially be used as “non-invasive” biomarkers of immune or inflammatory status that could form the basis for monitoring subclinical health status in pigs.
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Wang, Qinghong, Siyu Li, Xin Wang, Zhuoyu Li, Yali Zhan e Chunmao Chen. "Efficient Degradation of 4-Acetamidoantipyrin Using a Thermally Activated Persulfate System". Sustainability 14, n.º 21 (1 de novembro de 2022): 14300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114300.
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The extensive use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) causes high concentrations of pharmaceutical metabolites to exist in aquatic environments. Though the removal of parent PPCPs has raised concerns, the degradation of pharmaceutical metabolites was rarely investigated. In this study, the degradation of 4-acetylaminoantipyrine (4-AAA), a typical dipyrone metabolite frequently detected worldwide in surface water and wastewater, was initially studied using persulfate (PDS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Compared with commonly used activation methods of alkali, ultrasonic, ultraviolet, and Fe2+, 4-AAA achieved its best degradation (98.9%) within 30 min in a thermally activated PDS system due to the promotion of both radical production and the reaction rate with the rise in temperature. The optimum degradation of 4-AAA could be achieved with the temperature of 80 °C regardless of initial pH values, indicating a wide suitable pH range. Moreover, over 80% of the degradation of 4-AAA could be achieved with the presence of Cl− (0–16 mM), HCO3− (0–8 mM), and humic acid (0–30 mg/L), further indicating the application potential of the system. Both sulfate radicals (SO4•−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) contributed to 4-AAA degradation and the contribution of •OH increased with the pH rising from 3 to 11 due to the transformation from SO4•− when reacting with OH−. Three hydroxylated and ring-opening intermediates were detected during the 4-AAA degradation. The ECOSAR prediction indicated that the acute toxicity of most intermediates decreased than 4-AAA while the chronic toxicity increased, which suggested the transformation of intermediates should be further focused on in SO4•− and •OH based AOPs. This study would provide technical reference for the control of 4-AAA in wastewater treatment processes, raise concerns on the influence of PPCPs metabolites, and throw light on reducing the harm of PPCPs and their metabolites in aquatic environments.
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Hong, Junting, Nadia Boussetta, Gérald Enderlin, Nabil Grimi e Franck Merlier. "Real-Time Monitoring of the Atrazine Degradation by Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Effect of Fenton Process and Ultrasound Treatment". Molecules 27, n.º 24 (17 de dezembro de 2022): 9021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27249021.
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High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was coupled with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (uHPLC) to monitor atrazine (ATZ) degradation process of Fenton/ultrasound (US) treatment in real time. Samples were automatically taken through a peristaltic pump, and then analysed by HPLC-HRMS. The injection in the mass spectrometer was performed every 4 min for 2 h. ATZ and its degradation metabolites were sampled and identified. Online Fenton experiments in different equivalents of Fenton reagents, online US experiments with/without Fe2+ and offline Fenton experiments were conducted. Higher equivalents of Fenton reagents promoted the degradation rate of ATZ and the generation of the late-products such as Ammeline (AM). Besides, adding Fe2+ accelerated ATZ degradation in US treatment. In offline Fenton, the degradation rate of ATZ was higher than that of online Fenton, suggesting the offline samples were still reacting in the vial. The online analysis precisely controls the effect of reagents over time through automatic sampling and rapid detection, which greatly improves the measurement accuracy. The experimental set up proposed here both prevents the degradation of potentially unstable metabolites and provides a good way to track each metabolite.
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Chen, Xiao-Jun, Zhi-Yuan Meng, Li Ren, Yue-Yi Song, Ya-Jun Ren, Jian-Shu Chen e Ling-Jun Guan. "Determination and Safety Assessment of Residual Spirotetramat and Its Metabolites in Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and Soil by Liquid Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2018): 848–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0216.
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Abstract With the purpose of guaranteeing the safe use of spirotetramat and preventing its potential health threats to consumers, a QuEChERS extraction method coupled with LC triple-quadrupole tandem MS was applied in this study to determine residual spirotetramat metabolites in different tissues of amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor) and in soil. The results indicate that the spirotetramat degraded into different types of metabolites that were located in different tissues of amaranth and in soil. B-keto, B-glu, and B-enol were the three most representative degradation products in the leaf of amaranth, and B-glu and B-enol were the two major degradation products found in the stem of amaranth; however, only B-enol was detected in the root of amaranth. B-keto and B-mono were the two products detected in the soil in which the amaranth grew. The cytotoxicity results demonstrate that spirotetramat and its metabolite B-enol inhibited cellular growth, and the toxicity of spirotetramat and its metabolite B-enol exceeded than that of the metabolites B-keto, B-mono, and B-glu. This investigation is of great significance to the safe use of spirotetramat in agriculture.
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Wetzstein, Heinz-Georg, Marc Stadler, Hans-Volker Tichy, Axel Dalhoff e Wolfgang Karl. "Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Basidiomycetes and Identification of Metabolites Generated by the Brown Rot FungusGloeophyllum striatum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1999): 1556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1556-1563.1999.
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ABSTRACT Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug, is widely used in the treatment of serious infections in humans. Its degradation by basidiomycetous fungi was studied by monitoring14CO2 production from [14C]CIP in liquid cultures. Sixteen species inhabiting wood, soil, humus, or animal dung produced up to 35% 14CO2 during 8 weeks of incubation. Despite some low rates of14CO2 formation, all species tested had reduced the antibacterial activity of CIP in supernatants to between 0 and 33% after 13 weeks. Gloeophyllum striatum was used to identify the metabolites formed from CIP. After 8 weeks, mycelia had produced 17 and 10% 14CO2 from C-4 and the piperazinyl moiety, respectively, although more than half of CIP (applied at 10 ppm) had been transformed into metabolites already after 90 h. The structures of 11 metabolites were elucidated by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They fell into four categories as follows: (i) monohydroxylated congeners, (ii) dihydroxylated congeners, (iii) an isatin-type compound, proving elimination of C-2, and (iv) metabolites indicating both elimination and degradation of the piperazinyl moiety. A metabolic scheme previously described for enrofloxacin degradation could be confirmed and extended. A new type of metabolite, 6-defluoro-6-hydroxy-deethylene-CIP, provided confirmatory evidence for the proposed network of congeners. This may result from sequential hydroxylation of CIP and its congeners by hydroxyl radicals. Our findings reveal for the first time the widespread potential for CIP degradation among basidiomycetes inhabiting various environments, including agricultural soils and animal dung.
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Hosseini, Parastou Khalessi, e Sonia Michail. "COMPARING THE GUT METABOLOMIC PROFILES IN HISPANIC AND NON-HISPANIC PEDIATRIC ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 28, Supplement_1 (22 de janeiro de 2022): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izac015.109.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC), a subgroup of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is frequently overlooked among the Hispanic population. Although previously thought to impact predominantly white populations, epidemiological studies have shown an increased incidence of UC among Hispanics. Other studies have also noted variations in disease phenotype when comparing Hispanic UC patients to non-Hispanic patients. These variations could be linked to differences in the gut microbiome and shifts in the metabolomic profile. This study aims to compare the profiles of Hispanic UC patients to those of non-Hispanic whites. METHODS Participants aged 7-21 with mild to moderate UC were enrolled at Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles. Eighteen Hispanic and forty non-Hispanic patients were included in this analysis. Metabolite profiling yielded 230 known metabolites. Independent sample T-tests were used to identify significant differences (p<0.05) in metabolites between Hispanic and non-Hispanic UC samples. The average for each metabolite was calculated in Hispanic, non-Hispanic, and healthy patients. Averages were then compared and used to define metabolites as enhanced or diminished. RESULTS 66 metabolites were found to be significantly different between Hispanic and non-Hispanic UC patients. When comparing the profiles of Hispanic to that of non-Hispanic patients, 2 metabolites were enhanced and 64 were diminished. The two enhanced metabolites included 1-monostearin and 1-monopalmitin. Figure 1 depicts the top 10 most diminished metabolites in Hispanic patients compared to non-Hispanic patients. These 10 metabolites were amino acids, amino acid degradation products, and one polyol compound. DISCUSSION This study found a significant difference in the metabolomic profiles of Hispanic UC patients compared to non-Hispanics. This difference could suggest a relationship between ethnicity and the gut’s metabolomic profile. Most notably, Hispanic patients were found to have diminished levels of nearly all significantly different metabolites when compared to non-Hispanic patients. This includes protective fatty acids, amino acids, and amino acid degradation byproducts. Increased deficits of protective anti-inflammatory mediators can be linked to increased risk of severe disease among Hispanic UC patients. These findings support the need for therapeutics targeting specific metabolite deficiencies within Hispanic UC patients.
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Urbaniak, Magdalena, Elżbieta Mierzejewska e Maciej Tankiewicz. "The stimulating role of syringic acid, a plant secondary metabolite, in the microbial degradation of structurally-related herbicide, MCPA". PeerJ 7 (10 de abril de 2019): e6745. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6745.
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The ability of microorganisms to degrade xenobiotics can be exploited to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly bioremediation technologies. Microorganisms can degrade almost all organic pollutants, but this process might be very slow in some cases. A promising way to enhance removal of recalcitrant xenobiotics from the environment lies in the interactions between plant exudates such as plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) and microorganisms. Although there is a considerable body of evidence that PSMs can alter the microbial community composition and stimulate the microbial degradation of xenobiotics, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. With this in mind, our aim was to demonstrate that similarity between the chemical structures of PSMs and xenobiotics results in higher micropollutant degradation rates, and the occurrence of corresponding bacterial degradative genes. To verify this, the present study analyses the influence of syringic acid, a plant secondary metabolite, on the bacterial degradation of an herbicide, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). In particular, the presence of appropriate MCPA degradative genes, MCPA removal efficiency and changes in samples phytotoxicity have been analyzed. Significant MCPA depletion was achieved in samples enriched with syringic acid. The results confirmed not only greater MCPA removal from the samples upon spiking with syringic acid, and thus decreased phytotoxicity, but also the presence of a greater number of genes responsible for MCPA biodegradation. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed ubiquitous enrichment of the β-proteobacteriaRhodoferax, Achromobacter, BurkholderiaandCupriavidus. The obtained results provide further confirmation that plant metabolites released into the rhizosphere can stimulate biodegradation of xenobiotics, including MCPA.
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Sari, Ira Puspita, e Khanom Simarani. "Comparative static and shaking culture of metabolite derived from methyl red degradation by Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain W1B6". Royal Society Open Science 6, n.º 7 (julho de 2019): 190152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190152.
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This paper reports on the comparative characteristics and properties of the metabolites derived from methyl red (MR) decolorization by Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain W1B6 under static and shaking conditions. A batch culture system was used to investigate the effect of aeration on azoreductase activity in the biodegradation process, transformation of colour removal and the metabolite products. Biodegradation analysis was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography while metabolites were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Phytotoxicity and anti-microbial tests were also conducted to detect the toxicity of metabolites. The results showed that this strain grew more rapidly under shaking conditions while azoreductase activity increased more rapidly under static conditions. Despite that, no significant difference in the decolorization was observed under both static and shaking conditions with up to 96% and 93.6% decolorization achieved, respectively, within 4 h of incubation. MR was degraded into two fragmented compounds, i.e. 2-aminobenzoic acid and N,N -dimethyl-1.4-benzenediamine. The concentration of 2-amino benzoic acid was higher under static conditions resulting the biotransformation of 2-amino benzoic acid into methyl anthranilate more rapidly under static conditions. Other metabolites were also detected as intermediate biotransformation products and by-products. Less or no toxic effect was found in the metabolite degradation products under both culture conditions.
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Katayama-Hirayama, K., S. Tobita e K. Hirayama. "Aromatic Degradation in Yeast Rhodotorula rubra". Water Science and Technology 26, n.º 3-4 (1 de agosto de 1992): 773–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0458.
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Aromatic degradation by two yeast strains of Rhodotorula (R.) rubra was examined. Separation and identification of phenol and protocatechuic acid (PCA) metabolites were carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). For HPLC analysis of β -ketoadipic acid, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative was prepared. For GC/MS analysis, metabolites in the cultured broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and trimethylsilylated by N-o-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetoamide. Based on HPLC and GC/MS analyses, phenol metabolites were identified as catechol, eis, cis-muconic acid, muconolactone, β -ketoadipate enol-lactone and β -ketoadipic acid. β -Ketoadipic acid was also found in the PCA metabolites by crude cell-free extract. From the results obtained in this study, a metabolic sequence for aromatic degradation is proposed. Phenol may be hydroxylated to form catechol prior to ring cleavage, and catechol may be further oxidized to eis, cis-muconic acid, muconolactone, β -ketoadipate enol-lactone and β -ketoadipic acid. Catechol branch as well as protocatechuate branch in β -ketoadipate pathway may exist in R. rubra.
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Park, Min-Kyung, Soyeon Lee e Young-Suk Kim. "Effects of pH and Osmotic Changes on the Metabolic Expressions of Bacillus subtilis Strain 168 in Metabolite Pathways including Leucine Metabolism". Metabolites 12, n.º 2 (25 de janeiro de 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12020112.
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Bacillus subtilis is often exposed to diverse culture conditions with the aim of improving hygiene or food quality. This can lead to changes in the volatile metabolite profiles related to the quality of fermented foods. To comprehensively interpret the associated metabolic expressions, changes in intracellular primary and extracellular secondary volatile metabolites were investigated by exposing B. subtilis to an alkaline pH (BP, pH 8.0) and a high salt concentration (BS, 1 M). In particular, B. subtilis was cultured in a leucine-enriched medium to investigate the formation of leucine-derived volatile metabolites. This study observed metabolic changes in several metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and leucine degradation. The formation of proline (an osmolyte), furans, pyrrole, and monosaccharide sugars (glucose, galactose, and fructose) was enhanced in BS, whereas fatty acid derivatives (ketones and alcohols) increased in BP. In the case of leucine degradation, 3-methyl-butanal and 3-methylbutanol could be salt-specific metabolites, while the contents of 3-methylbutanoic acid and 3-methylbutylacetate increased in BP. These results show culture condition-specific metabolic changes, especially secondary volatile metabolites related to the sensory property of foods, in B. subtilis.
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Nag, Abhishek, Yuko Kurushima, Ruth C. E. Bowyer, Philippa M. Wells, Stefan Weiss, Maik Pietzner, Thomas Kocher et al. "Genome-wide scan identifies novel genetic loci regulating salivary metabolite levels". Human Molecular Genetics 29, n.º 5 (21 de janeiro de 2020): 864–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz308.
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Abstract Saliva, as a biofluid, is inexpensive and non-invasive to obtain, and provides a vital tool to investigate oral health and its interaction with systemic health conditions. There is growing interest in salivary biomarkers for systemic diseases, notably cardiovascular disease. Whereas hundreds of genetic loci have been shown to be involved in the regulation of blood metabolites, leading to significant insights into the pathogenesis of complex human diseases, little is known about the impact of host genetics on salivary metabolites. Here we report the first genome-wide association study exploring 476 salivary metabolites in 1419 subjects from the TwinsUK cohort (discovery phase), followed by replication in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2) cohort. A total of 14 distinct locus-metabolite associations were identified in the discovery phase, most of which were replicated in SHIP-2. While only a limited number of the loci that are known to regulate blood metabolites were also associated with salivary metabolites in our study, we identified several novel saliva-specific locus-metabolite associations, including associations for the AGMAT (with the metabolites 4-guanidinobutanoate and beta-guanidinopropanoate), ATP13A5 (with the metabolite creatinine) and DPYS (with the metabolites 3-ureidopropionate and 3-ureidoisobutyrate) loci. Our study suggests that there may be regulatory pathways of particular relevance to the salivary metabolome. In addition, some of our findings may have clinical significance, such as the utility of the pyrimidine (uracil) degradation metabolites in predicting 5-fluorouracil toxicity and the role of the agmatine pathway metabolites as biomarkers of oral health.
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Ronen, Zeev, e Aharon Abeliovich. "Anaerobic-Aerobic Process for Microbial Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 2000): 2372–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.6.2372-2377.2000.
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ABSTRACT Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a flame retardant that is used as an additive during manufacturing of plastic polymers and electronic circuit boards. Little is known about the fate of this compound in the environment. In the current study we investigated biodegradation of TBBPA, as well as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), in slurry of anaerobic sediment from a wet ephemeral desert stream bed contaminated with chemical industry waste. Anaerobic incubation of the sediment with TBBPA and peptone-tryptone-glucose-yeast extract medium resulted in a 80% decrease in the TBBPA concentration and accumulation of a single metabolite. This metabolite was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as nonbrominated bisphenol A (BPA). On the other hand, TBP was reductively dehalogenated to phenol, which was further metabolized under anaerobic conditions. BPA persisted in the anaerobic slurry but was degraded aerobically. A gram-negative bacterium (strain WH1) was isolated from the contaminated soil, and under aerobic conditions this organism could use BPA as a sole carbon and energy source. During degradation of BPA two metabolites were detected in the culture medium, and these metabolites were identified by GC-MS and high-performance liquid chromatography as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxyacetophenone. Both of those compounds were utilized by WH1 as carbon and energy sources. Our findings demonstrate that it may be possible to use a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process to completely degrade TBBPA in contaminated soils.
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Kutanovas, Simonas, Jonita Stankeviciute, Gintaras Urbelis, Daiva Tauraite, Rasa Rutkiene e Rolandas Meskys. "Identification and Characterization of a Tetramethylpyrazine Catabolic Pathway in Rhodococcus jostii TMP1". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, n.º 12 (5 de abril de 2013): 3649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00011-13.
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ABSTRACTAt present, there are no published data on catabolic pathways ofN-heterocyclic compounds, in which all carbon atoms carry a substituent. We identified the genetic locus and characterized key reactions in the aerobic degradation of tetramethylpyrazine inRhodococcus jostiistrain TMP1. By comparing protein expression profiles, we identified a tetramethylpyrazine-inducible protein of 40 kDa and determined its identity by tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS)de novosequencing. Searches against anR. jostiiTMP1 genome database allowed the identification of the tetramethylpyrazine-inducible protein-coding gene. The tetramethylpyrazine-inducible gene was located within a 13-kb genome cluster, denominated the tetramethylpyrazine degradation (tpd) locus, that encoded eight proteins involved in tetramethylpyrazine catabolism. The genes from this cluster were cloned and transferred into tetramethylpyrazine-nondegradingRhodococcus erythropolisstrain SQ1. This allowed us to verify the function of thetpdlocus, to isolate intermediate metabolites, and to reconstruct the catabolic pathway of tetramethylpyrazine. We report that the degradation of tetramethylpyrazine is a multistep process that includes initial oxidative aromatic-ring cleavage by tetramethylpyrazine oxygenase, TpdAB; subsequent hydrolysis by (Z)-N,N′-(but-2-ene-2,3-diyl)diacetamide hydrolase, TpdC; and further intermediate metabolite reduction by aminoalcohol dehydrogenase, TpdE. Thus, the genes responsible for bacterial degradation of pyrazines have been identified, and intermediate metabolites of tetramethylpyrazine degradation have been isolated for the first time.
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Stratmann, Bernd, Katrin Richter, Ruichao Wang, Zhonghao Yu, Tao Xu, Cornelia Prehn, Jerzy Adamski, Thomas Illig, Diethelm Tschoepe e Rui Wang-Sattler. "Metabolomic Signature of Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus". International Journal of Endocrinology 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7938216.
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Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). This case-control study was done to identify metabolites with different concentrations between T2D patients with and without CAD and to characterise implicated metabolic mechanisms relating to CAD. Fasting serum samples of 57 T2D subjects, 26 with (cases) and 31 without CAD (controls), were targeted for metabolite profiling of 163 metabolites. To assess the association between metabolite levels and CAD, partial least squares (PLS) analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for CAD risk factors and medications were performed. We observed a separation of cases and controls with two classes of metabolites being significantly associated with CAD, including phosphatidylcholines, and serine. Four metabolites being independent from the common CAD risk factors displaying best separation between cases and controls were further selected. Addition of the metabolite concentrations to risk factor analysis raised the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve from 0.72 to 0.88 (p=0.020), providing improved sensitivity and specificity for CAD classification. Serum phospholipid and serine levels independently discriminate T2D patients with and without CAD. Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidative capacity lead to lower metabolite concentrations probably due to changes in membrane composition and accelerated phospholipid degradation.
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Garai, Edina, Anita Risa, Emese Varga, Mátyás Cserháti, Balázs Kriszt, Béla Urbányi e Zsolt Csenki. "Qualifying the T-2 Toxin-Degrading Properties of Seven Microbes with Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection Method". Toxins 12, n.º 7 (18 de julho de 2020): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070460.
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T-2 mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency of seven bacterial strains were investigated with zebrafish microinjection method in three steps ((1) determination of mycotoxin toxicity baseline, (2) examination of bacterial metabolites toxicity, (3) identification of degradation products toxicity). Toxicity of T-2 was used as a baseline of toxic effects, bacterial metabolites of strains as control of bacterial toxicity and degradation products of toxin as control of biodegradation were injected into one-cell stage embryos in the same experiment. The results of in vivo tests were checked and supplemented with UHPLC-MS/MS measurement of T-2 concentration of samples. Results showed that the Rhodococcus erythropolis NI1 strain was the only one of the seven tested (R. gordoniae AK38, R. ruber N361, R. coprophilus N774, R. rhodochrous NI2, R. globerulus N58, Gordonia paraffinivorans NZS14), which was appropriated to criteria all aspects (bacterial and degradation metabolites of strains caused lower toxicity effects than T-2, and strains were able to degrade T-2 mycotoxin). Bacterial and degradation metabolites of the NI1 strain caused slight lethal and sublethal effects on zebrafish embryos at 72- and 120-h postinjection. Results demonstrated that the three-step zebrafish microinjection method is well-suited to the determination and classification of different bacterial strains by their mycotoxin degradation and detoxification efficiency.
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Valente-Silva, Paula, Igor Cervenka, Duarte M. S. Ferreira, Jorge C. Correia, Sebastian Edman, Oscar Horwath, Benjamin Heng et al. "Effects of Tryptophan Supplementation and Exercise on the Fate of Kynurenine Metabolites in Mice and Humans". Metabolites 11, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2021): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11080508.
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The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) degradation (KP) generates metabolites with effects on metabolism, immunity, and mental health. Endurance exercise training can change KP metabolites by changing the levels of KP enzymes in skeletal muscle. This leads to a metabolite pattern that favors energy expenditure and an anti-inflammatory immune cell profile and reduces neurotoxic metabolites. Here, we aimed to understand if TRP supplementation in untrained vs. trained subjects affects KP metabolite levels and biological effects. Our data show that chronic TRP supplementation in mice increases all KP metabolites in circulation, and that exercise reduces the neurotoxic branch of the pathway. However, in addition to increasing wheel running, we did not observe other effects of TRP supplementation on training adaptations, energy metabolism or behavior in mice. A similar increase in KP metabolites was seen in trained vs. untrained human volunteers that took a TRP drink while performing a bout of aerobic exercise. With this acute TRP administration, TRP and KYN were higher in the trained vs. the untrained group. Considering the many biological effects of the KP, which can lead to beneficial or deleterious effects to health, our data encourage future studies of the crosstalk between TRP supplementation and physical exercise.
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Manna, Suman, Neera Singh e Shashi Bala Singh. "In-vitro evaluation of rice and wheat straw biochars’ effect on pyrazosulfuron-ethyl degradation and microbial activity in rice-planted soil". Soil Research 56, n.º 6 (2018): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr18014.
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A pot-culture evaluation of 0.5% wheat (WBC600) and rice straw (RBC600) biochar amendments on degradation of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl (PYRAZO) in rice-planted sandy loam soil was undertaken. Results suggest that PYRAZO and its metabolites persisted for longer in biochar-amended soils and degradation followed biphasic dissipation. Three metabolites of PYRAZO viz. 5-(aminosulfonyl)-1-methyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid, ethyl 5-(aminosulfonyl)-1-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-4-carboxylate and 2-amino-4,6- dimethoxy pyrimidine (AP) were detected in soil. There was no significant difference in the amounts of metabolites recovered from no-biochar and biochar-amended soils except the metabolite AP, which was less persistent in the biochar-amended soils. The half-life of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl residues (calculated using amount of parent PYRAZO and persistent AP metabolites) during the first and second phase in the no-biochar control, 0.5% WBC600 and 0.5% RBC600 treatments were 4.7 and 9.2, 5.8 and 12.6, and 7.0 and 14.5 days respectively. Biochars did not have any inhibitory effect on the soil microbial biomass, soil dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and acid/alkaline phosphatase activity, but slightly increased microbial biomass carbon content. This study suggests that even at 0.5% dose the rice and wheat biochars had a marginal effect on persistence of PYRAZO residues, thus, agronomic application of these biochars can be suggested.
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Sugumar, R. Wilfred, e Sandhya Sadanandan. "Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Bacterial Degradation of Dyes". E-Journal of Chemistry 7, n.º 3 (2010): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/987362.
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Wastewaters from the dye baths of a non-formal textile-dyeing unit containing C.I. Acid Orange 7 and C.I. Reactive Red 2 were subjected to degradation in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic treatment process based on mixed culture of bacteria. The technical samples of the dyestuffs and the dye bath wastes were treated in an anaerobic reactor, using an adapted mixed culture of anaerobic microorganisms. The dyestuffs were biotransformed into colourless substituted amine metabolites in the reactor. The biotransformation was assisted by co-metabolic process. The amine metabolites did not undergo further degradation in the anaerobic reactor. The effluent from the anaerobic reactor was treated in an aerobic rotating biological contactor and the amine metabolites were found to undergo complete mineralization. This two stage treatment resulted in 94% elimination of dissolved organic carbon. In addition, 85% of organic nitrogen was converted into nitrate in the aerobic reactor during nitrification process.
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Li, Juying, Laurel Dodgen, Qingfu Ye e Jay Gan. "Degradation Kinetics and Metabolites of Carbamazepine in Soil". Environmental Science & Technology 47, n.º 8 (2 de abril de 2013): 3678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es304944c.
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Barceló, Damià. "Advanced MS analysis of metabolites and degradation products". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 27, n.º 10 (novembro de 2008): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.005.
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DebMandal, Manisha, Shyamapada Mandal, Nishith Kumar Pal e Aniruddha Aich. "Potential metabolites of dimethoate produced by bacterial degradation". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, n.º 1 (2 de junho de 2007): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9440-5.
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Stefaniak, Szymon, Łukasz Wojtyla, Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek e Sławomir Borek. "Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 6 (23 de março de 2020): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062205.
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Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that occurs in yeast, plants, and animals. Despite many years of research, some aspects of autophagy are still not fully explained. This mostly concerns the final stages of autophagy, which have not received as much interest from the scientific community as the initial stages of this process. The final stages of autophagy that we take into consideration in this review include the formation and degradation of the autophagic bodies as well as the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The autophagic bodies are formed through the fusion of an autophagosome and vacuole during macroautophagy and by vacuolar membrane invagination or protrusion during microautophagy. Then they are rapidly degraded by vacuolar lytic enzymes, and products of the degradation are reused. In this paper, we summarize the available information on the trafficking of the autophagosome towards the vacuole, the fusion of the autophagosome with the vacuole, the formation and decomposition of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole, and the efflux of metabolites to the cytoplasm. Special attention is given to the formation and degradation of autophagic bodies and metabolite salvage in plant cells.
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Banerjee, Priyanka, Victor Adriano Okstoft Carmelo e Haja N. Kadarmideen. "Integrative Analysis of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Profiles Uncovers Biological Pathways of Feed Efficiency in Pigs". Metabolites 10, n.º 7 (6 de julho de 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10070275.
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Feed efficiency (FE) is an economically important trait. Thus, reliable predictors would help to reduce the production cost and provide sustainability to the pig industry. We carried out metabolome-transcriptome integration analysis on 40 purebred Duroc and Landrace uncastrated male pigs to identify potential gene-metabolite interactions and explore the molecular mechanisms underlying FE. To this end, we applied untargeted metabolomics and RNA-seq approaches to the same animals. After data quality control, we used a linear model approach to integrate the data and find significant differently correlated gene-metabolite pairs separately for the breeds (Duroc and Landrace) and FE groups (low and high FE) followed by a pathway over-representation analysis. We identified 21 and 12 significant gene-metabolite pairs for each group. The valine-leucine-isoleucine biosynthesis/degradation and arginine-proline metabolism pathways were associated with unique metabolites. The unique genes obtained from significant metabolite-gene pairs were associated with sphingolipid catabolism, multicellular organismal process, cGMP, and purine metabolic processes. While some of the genes and metabolites identified were known for their association with FE, others are novel and provide new avenues for further research. Further validation of genes, metabolites, and gene-metabolite interactions in larger cohorts will elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and pathways underlying FE.
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Zeng, Li, Nian Chen, Junlin Liao, Xu Shen, Shenghua Song e Feng Wang. "Metabolic Analysis of Potential Key Genes Associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry". Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (4 de outubro de 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5799348.
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The biological mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains unclear. In this study, we found 21 proteins upregulated and 38 proteins downregulated by SLE relative to normal protein metabolism in our samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. By PPI network analysis, we identified 9 key proteins of SLE, including AHSG, VWF, IGF1, ORM2, ORM1, SERPINA1, IGF2, IGFBP3, and LEP. In addition, we identified 4569 differentially expressed metabolites in SLE sera, including 1145 reduced metabolites and 3424 induced metabolites. Bioinformatics analysis showed that protein alterations in SLE were associated with modulation of multiple immune pathways, TP53 signaling, and AMPK signaling. In addition, we found altered metabolites associated with valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; one carbon pool by folate; tyrosine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; limonene and pinene degradation; tryptophan metabolism; caffeine metabolism; vitamin B6 metabolism. We also constructed differently expressed protein-metabolite network to reveal the interaction among differently expressed proteins and metabolites in SLE. A total of 481 proteins and 327 metabolites were included in this network. Although the role of altered metabolites and proteins in the diagnosis and therapy of SLE needs to be further investigated, the present study may provide new insights into the role of metabolites in SLE.
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Qu, Chunpu, Jinyuan Chen, Lina Cao, Xiangjin Teng, Jinbo Li, Chengjun Yang, Xiuli Zhang, Yuhong Zhang, Guanjun Liu e Zhiru Xu. "Non-Targeted Metabolomics Reveals Patterns of Metabolic Changes during Poplar Seed Germination". Forests 10, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2019): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080659.
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Research Highlights: This study was the first to use metabolomics techniques to investigate seed germination in poplar, a model woody plant. Our results lay a foundation for uncovering changes in metabolite levels during woody plant seed germination and for understanding the underlying mechanism. Background and Objectives: Poplar is a model woody plant. Because poplar can be easily propagated asexually, the molecular mechanism of poplar seed germination has not been well studied. However, long-term asexual reproduction of poplar leads to seedlings with weak resistance, high vulnerability to degradation, and reduced growth potential. Materials and Methods: The non-targeted metabolomics technique was used to analyze changing trends in metabolite contents during the poplar seed germination process. Results: We found that the number of differential metabolites increased as seed germination progressed. Metabolic pathway analysis of differential metabolites revealed that galactose metabolism and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly enriched during all germination periods. MapMan-based visual analysis of metabolic pathways of differential metabolites indicated that glutamine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, arginine, and asparagine contents increased with germination time, with most metabolites related to glucose metabolism following similar trends. Contents of most metabolites related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle exhibited a fluctuating pattern. Conclusions: This study has revealed the major changes taking place in primary metabolite contents during poplar seed germination and has laid the foundation for elucidation of the molecular mechanism of poplar seed germination.
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Witting, Michael. "Suggestions for Standardized Identifiers for Fatty Acyl Compounds in Genome Scale Metabolic Models and Their Application to the WormJam Caenorhabditis elegans Model". Metabolites 10, n.º 4 (28 de março de 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10040130.
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Genome scale metabolic models (GSMs) are a representation of the current knowledge on the metabolism of a given organism or superorganism. They group metabolites, genes, enzymes and reactions together to form a mathematical model and representation that can be used to analyze metabolic networks in silico or used for analysis of omics data. Beside correct mass and charge balance, correct structural annotation of metabolites represents an important factor for analysis of these metabolic networks. However, several metabolites in different GSMs have no or only partial structural information associated with them. Here, a new systematic nomenclature for acyl-based metabolites such as fatty acids, acyl-carnitines, acyl-coenzymes A or acyl-carrier proteins is presented. This nomenclature enables one to encode structural details in the metabolite identifiers and improves human readability of reactions. As proof of principle, it was applied to the fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation in the Caenorhabditis elegans consensus model WormJam.
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Huang, Jih-Kai, Ping-Hsun Wu, Zhao-Feng Chen, Po-Yu Liu, Cheng-Chin Kuo, Yun-Shiuan Chuang, Meng-Zhan Lu, Mei-Chuan Kuo, Yi-Wen Chiu e Yi-Ting Lin. "Identification of Gut Microbiome Signatures Associated with Indole Pathway in Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis". Biomolecules 14, n.º 6 (24 de maio de 2024): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14060623.
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Microbiota tryptophan metabolism and the biosynthesis of indole derivatives play an important role in homeostasis and pathogenesis in the human body and can be affected by the gut microbiota. However, studies on the interplay between gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites in patients undergoing dialysis are lacking. This study aimed to identify the gut microbiota, the indole pathway in tryptophan metabolism, and significant functional differences in ESRD patients with regular hemodialysis. We performed the shotgun metagenome sequencing of stool samples from 85 hemodialysis patients. Using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), we examined the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolic features across varying concentrations of tryptophan and indole metabolites. Higher tryptophan levels promoted tyrosine degradation I and pectin degradation I metabolic modules; lower tryptophan levels were associated with glutamate degradation I, fructose degradation, and valine degradation modules. Higher 3-indoxyl sulfate concentrations were characterized by alanine degradation I, anaerobic fatty acid beta-oxidation, sulfate reduction, and acetyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA. Contrarily, lower 3-indoxyl sulfate levels were related to propionate production III, arabinoxylan degradation, the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, and glutamate degradation II. The present study provides a better understanding of the interaction between tryptophan, indole metabolites, and the gut microbiota as well as their gut metabolic modules in ESRD patients with regular hemodialysis.
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Yao, Xie-Feng, Fazlurrahman Khan, Rinku Pandey, Janmejay Pandey, Roslyn G. Mourant, Rakesh K. Jain, Jian-Hua Guo, Robyn J. Russell, John G. Oakeshott e Gunjan Pandey. "Degradation of dichloroaniline isomers by a newly isolated strain, Bacillus megaterium IMT21". Microbiology 157, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2011): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.045393-0.
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An efficient 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA)-mineralizing bacterium has been isolated from enrichment cultures originating from a soil sample with a history of repeated exposure to diuron, a major metabolite of which is 3,4-DCA. This bacterium, Bacillus megaterium IMT21, also mineralized 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5- and 3,5-DCA as sole sources of carbon and energy. These five DCA isomers were degraded via two different routes. 2,3-, 2,4- and 2,5-DCA were degraded via previously unknown dichloroaminophenol metabolites, whereas 3,4- and 3,5-DCA were degraded via dichloroacetanilide.
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Loh, Zhi Hung, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve, Natasha L. Hungerford e Mary T. Fletcher. "Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review". Toxins 12, n.º 10 (20 de outubro de 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100664.
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Animal feeds may contain exogenous compounds that can induce toxicity when ruminants ingest them. These toxins are secondary metabolites originating from various sources including plants, bacteria, algae and fungi. Animal feed toxins are responsible for various animal poisonings which negatively impact the livestock industry. Poisoning is more frequently reported in newly exposed, naïve ruminants while ‘experienced’ ruminants are observed to better tolerate toxin-contaminated feed. Ruminants can possess detoxification ability through rumen microorganisms with the rumen microbiome able to adapt to utilise toxic secondary metabolites. The ability of rumen microorganisms to metabolise these toxins has been used as a basis for the development of preventative probiotics to confer resistance against the poisoning to naïve ruminants. In this review, detoxification of various toxins, which include plant toxins, cyanobacteria toxins and plant-associated fungal mycotoxins, by rumen microorganisms is discussed. The review will include clinical studies of the animal poisoning caused by these toxins, the toxin mechanism of action, toxin degradation by rumen microorganisms, reported and hypothesised detoxification mechanisms and identified toxin metabolites with their toxicity compared to their parent toxin. This review highlights the commercial potential of rumen inoculum derived probiotics as viable means of improving ruminant health and production.
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Annweiler, E., H. H. Richnow, G. Antranikian, S. Hebenbrock, C. Garms, S. Franke, W. Francke e W. Michaelis. "Naphthalene Degradation and Incorporation of Naphthalene-Derived Carbon into Biomass by the ThermophileBacillus thermoleovorans". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2000): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.2.518-523.2000.
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ABSTRACT The thermophilic aerobic bacterium Bacillus thermoleovorans Hamburg 2 grows at 60°C on naphthalene as the sole source of carbon and energy. In batch cultures, an effective substrate degradation was observed. The carbon balance, including naphthalene, metabolites, biomass, and CO2, was determined by the application of [1-13C]naphthalene. The incorporation of naphthalene-derived carbon into the bulk biomass as well as into specified biomass fractions such as fatty acids and amino acids was confirmed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and isotope analyses. Metabolites were characterized by GC-MS; the established structures allow tracing the degradation pathway under thermophilic conditions. Apart from typical metabolites of naphthalene degradation known from mesophiles, intermediates such as 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2-carboxycinnamic acid, and phthalic and benzoic acid were identified for the pathway of this bacterium. These compounds indicate that naphthalene degradation by the thermophilicB. thermoleovorans differs from the known pathways found for mesophilic bacteria.
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Loh, Zhi Hung, Natasha L. Hungerford, Diane Ouwerkerk, Athol V. Klieve e Mary T. Fletcher. "Identification of Acid Hydrolysis Metabolites of the Pimelea Toxin Simplexin for Targeted UPLC-MS/MS Analysis". Toxins 15, n.º 9 (5 de setembro de 2023): 551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15090551.
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Pimelea poisoning of cattle is a unique Australian toxic condition caused by the daphnane orthoester simplexin present in native Pimelea pasture plants. Rumen microorganisms have been proposed to metabolise simplexin by enzymatic reactions, likely at the orthoester and epoxide moieties of simplexin, but a metabolic pathway has not been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate this metabolic pathway through the analysis of putative simplexin metabolites. Purified simplexin was hydrolysed with aqueous hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to produce target metabolites for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of fermentation fluid samples, bacterial isolate samples, and other biological samples. UPLC-MS/MS analysis identified predicted hydrolysed products from both acid hydrolysis procedures with MS breakdown of these putative products sharing high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) fragmentation ions with simplexin. However, targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the biological samples failed to detect the H2SO4 degradation products, suggesting that the rumen microorganisms were unable to produce similar simplexin degradation products at detectable levels, or that metabolites, once formed, were further metabolised. Overall, in vitro acid hydrolysis was able to hydrolyse simplexin at the orthoester and epoxide functionalities, but targeted UPLC-MS/MS analysis of biological samples did not detect any of the identified simplexin hydrolysis products.
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Beauchesne, I., S. Barnabé, D. G. Cooper e J. A. Nicell. "Plasticizers and related toxic degradation products in wastewater sludges". Water Science and Technology 57, n.º 3 (1 de fevereiro de 2008): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.001.
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Plasticizers can persist during the treatment of wastewaters in sewage treatment plants (STPs) and can be discharged in effluents and/or accumulated in sewage sludges. For example, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a common plasticizer that is now considered a priority pollutant and is known to accumulate in sludges. This may add constraints to the exploitation of the beneficial uses of sludges that contain significant quantities of plasticizers. Recently, it was demonstrated in studies with pure cultures that the biodegradation of plasticizers including DEHP and di-ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) generates toxic metabolites including 2-ethylhexanoic acid, 2-ethylhexanol, and 2-ethylhexanal. However, the environmental impacts and fate of the degradation products arising from plasticizers are unknown. Therefore, this work investigated the concentrations of DEHP and DEHA and their metabolites in the sludges from several STPs in Quebec, Canada. DEHP and DEHA were found in concentrations ranging from 15 to 346 mg kg−1 and 4 to 743 mg kg−1, respectively, in primary, secondary, digested, dewatered or dried sludges. Metabolites were detected in almost all sludges, except those that had undergone a drying process at high temperature. It is concluded that sludges can represent significant sources of plasticizers and their toxic metabolites in the environment.
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Barnes, V. M., S. G. Ciancio, O. Shibly, T. Xu, W. Devizio, H. M. Trivedi, L. Guo e T. J. Jönsson. "Metabolomics Reveals Elevated Macromolecular Degradation in Periodontal Disease". Journal of Dental Research 90, n.º 11 (19 de agosto de 2011): 1293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034511416240.
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Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by tissue destruction. In the diseased oral environment, saliva has primarily been considered to act as a protectant by lubricating the tissue, mineralizing the bones, neutralizing the pH, and combating microbes. To understand the metabolic role that saliva plays in the diseased state, we performed untargeted metabolomic profiling of saliva from healthy and periodontitic individuals. Several classes of biochemicals, including dipeptide, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipids, and nucleotide metabolites, were altered, consistent with increased macromolecular degradation of proteins, triacylglycerol, glycerolphospholipids, polysaccharides, and polynucleotides in the individuals with periodontal disease. These changes partially reflected the enhanced host-bacterial interactions in the diseased state as supported by increased levels of bacterially modified amino acids and creatine metabolite. More importantly, the increased lipase, protease, and glycosidase activities associated with periodontitis generated a more favorable energy environment for oral bacteria, potentially exacerbating the disease state.
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Billingsley, K. A., S. M. Backus e O. P. Ward. "Production of metabolites from chlorobiphenyls by resting cells ofPseudomonasstrain LB400 after growth on different carbon sources". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1999): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-217.
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Cells of Pseudomonas strain LB400, grown on biphenyl, glucose, or glycerol, transformed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners into chlorobenzoic acid (CBA) metabolites. Transformation of the PCB congeners, 2,3-chlorobiphenyl (CBP), 2,2'-CBP, 2,5,4'-CBP, and 2,4,2',4'-CBP, produced the metabolites, 2,3-CBA, 2-CBA, 4-CBA, and 2,4-CBA, respectively. Rates and extents of PCB transformation and metabolite formation were highest with biphenyl-grown cells. Intermediate rates of metabolite production were observed with glycerol-grown cells, and lowest rates of production were found with glucose-grown cells. Regardless of carbon source, the rate of degradation of congeners was faster than the rate of production of CBAs. Relative rates of PCB transformation and metabolite production from different congeners with cells grown on a particular substrate followed the same general order, 2,3-CBA (from 2,3-CBP) > 2-CBA (from 2,2'-CBP) > 4-CBA (from 2,5,4'-CBP) > 2,4-CBA (from 2,4,2',4'-CBP). Pseudomonas strain LB400 appeared unable to grow on any of the chlorobenzoic acids. However, Pseudomonas strain LB400 cells grown on biphenyl appeared capable of degrading 2-CBA and 2,3-CBA but not 4-CBA nor 2,4-CBA. Cells grown on glycerol appeared unable to metabolize any CBAs.Key words: polychlorinated biphenyls, metabolites, Pseudomonas LB400.
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Xue, Moyong, Xu Gu, Yuchang Qin, Junguo Li, Qingshi Meng e Ming Jia. "Enantioselective Behavior of Flumequine Enantiomers and Metabolites’ Identification in Sediment". Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2022 (2 de dezembro de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2184024.
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The enantioselective adsorption, degradation, and transformation of flumequine (FLU) enantiomers in sediment were investigated to elucidate the enantioselective environmental behaviors. The results of adsorption test showed that stereoselective differences of FLU enantiomers in sediment samples and the adsorbing capacity of S-(−)-FLU and R-(+)-FLU are higher than the racemate, and the pH values of the sediment determined the adsorption capacity. Enantioselective degradation behaviors were found under nonsterilized conditions and followed pseudo-first-order kinetic. The R-(+)-FLU was preferentially degraded, and there was significant enantioselectivity of the degradation of FLU. It can be concluded that the microorganism was the main reason for the stereoselective degradation in sediments. The physicochemical property of sediments, such as pH value and organic matter content, can affect the degradation rate of FLU. In addition, the process of transformation of FLU enantiomers in water-sediment system had enantioselective behavior, and R-(+)-FLU was preferential transformed. Meanwhile, the main metabolites of FLU in the sediment were decarboxylate and dihydroxylation products. This study contributes the evidence of comprehensively assessing the fate and risk of chiral FLU antibiotic and enantioselective behavior in the environment.
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He, Hui, Zhengfei Cao, Tao Wang, Chuyu Tang, Yuling Li e Xiuzhang Li. "Metabolomics Combined with Physiology and Transcriptomics Reveal the Response of Samsoniella hepiali to Key Metabolic Pathways and Its Degradation Mechanism during Subculture". Antioxidants 13, n.º 7 (27 de junho de 2024): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13070780.
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During the subculture of filamentous fungi, obvious signs of degradation occur which affect the growth and development of the strain, change the content of metabolites, and interfere with gene expression. However, the specific molecular mechanism of filamentous fungi degradation is still unclear. In this study, a filamentous fungus Samsoniella hepiali was used as the research object, and it was continuously subcultured. The results showed that when the strain was subcultured to the F8 generation, the strain began to show signs of degradation, which was manifested by affecting the apparent morphology, reducing the growth rate and sporulation, and destroying the antioxidant system. Further transcriptome and metabolomics analyses were performed, and the results showed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) that were mainly enriched in four metabolic pathways: ABC transporters; fatty acid degradation; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and purine metabolism. Many of the metabolites that were significantly enriched in different pathways may mainly be regulated by genes belonging to proteins and enzymes, such as Abcd3, Ass1, and Pgm1. At the same time, in the process of subculture, many genes and metabolites that can induce apoptosis and senescence continue to accumulate, causing cell damage and consuming a lot of energy, which ultimately leads to the inhibition of mycelial growth. In summary, this study clarified the response of S. hepiali strains to key metabolic pathways during subculture and some reasons for the degradation of strains.
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Fraser, Karl, Hanna Lagstrom, Shikha Pundir, David Cameron-Smith e Nicole Roy. "Infant Feeding Frequency Impacts Human Milk Composition: A Metabolomic Analysis". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 de maio de 2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_058.
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Abstract Objectives The nutritional composition of human milk is affected by many factors, including stage of lactation and time of day. Metabolomic profiling of milk provides a biochemical fingerprint of hundreds of metabolites being consumed by the infant, which may help to understand potential factors affecting infant health, growth and nutritional status. We hypothesized that frequency of daily lactations would alter the profile of metabolites and lipids in the milk. Methods Human milk samples from 630 individuals [378 mothers exclusively breast feeding and 252 mothers partially breast feeding (i.e., infant supplemented with formula feeding)] from a single sample (infant aged 3 months) were subjected to biphasic extraction and metabolite profiling performed using two separate untargeted liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry analysis methods (polar metabolites and the lipidome). Results Univariate statistical analysis of the lipidome data matrix revealed considerable differences in lipid concentrations between partial or exclusive feeding. Of the 241 lipids measured in the non-polar extracts, 203 were significantly different between the two groups after multiple testing correction (FDR corrected p-value <0.05). These included 96 triglycerides, 78 phospholipids, 27 sphingomyelins and 2 ceramides, all significantly elevated with exclusive feeding. Of the 320 metabolite features measured in the polar extracts, 69 were significantly different between the two groups, including carnitine and metabolites from the lysine degradation pathway, all reduced with exclusive feeding. Random forest analysis highlighted that overall profiles in both polar metabolite and lipid extracts were more consistent across the exclusive feeding group. Conclusions This study provides insight into effects of feeding frequency on metabolite/lipid profiles, showing impact of possible altered milk synthesis and storage on relative abundances of discrete polar metabolites, with a broad impact on many lipid species. Funding Sources Funded by AgResearch Strategic Science Investment Fund via the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
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Martin, Margarita, Gerardo Mengs, Jose Luis Allende, Javier Fernandez, Ramon Alonso e Estrella Ferrer. "Characterization of Two Novel Propachlor Degradation Pathways in Two Species of Soil Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 1999): 802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.2.802-806.1999.
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ABSTRACT Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) is an acetamide herbicide used in preemergence. In this study, we isolated and characterized a soil bacterium, Acinetobacter strain BEM2, that was able to utilize this herbicide as the sole and limiting carbon source. Identification of the intermediates of propachlor degradation by this strain and characterization of new metabolites in the degradation of propachlor by a previously reported strain ofPseudomonas (PEM1) support two different propachlor degradation pathways. Washed-cell suspensions of strain PEM1 with propachlor accumulated N-isopropylacetanilide, acetanilide, acetamide, and catechol. Pseudomonas strain PEM1 grew on propachlor with a generation time of 3.4 h and aKs of 0.17 ± 0.04 mM.Acinetobacter strain BEM2 grew on propachlor with a generation time of 3.1 h and a Ks of 0.3 ± 0.07 mM. Incubations with strain BEM2 resulted in accumulation of N-isopropylacetanilide,N-isopropylaniline, isopropylamine, and catechol. Both degradative pathways were inducible, and the principal product of the carbon atoms in the propachlor ring was carbon dioxide. These results and biodegradation experiments with the identified metabolites indicate that metabolism of propachlor by Pseudomonas sp. strain PEM1 proceeds through a different pathway from metabolism byAcinetobacter sp. strain BEM2.
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Esslinger, Susanne, Roland Becker, Ronald Maul e Irene Nehls. "Hexabromocyclododecane Enantiomers: Microsomal Degradation and Patterns of Hydroxylated Metabolites". Environmental Science & Technology 45, n.º 9 (maio de 2011): 3938–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1039584.
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Srivastva, Navnita, Ram S. Singh, Siddh N. Upadhyay e Suresh K. Dubey. "Degradation kinetics and metabolites in continuous biodegradation of isoprene". Bioresource Technology 206 (abril de 2016): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.070.
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Barriault, Diane, Jacinthe Durand, Halim Maaroufi, Lindsay D. Eltis e Michel Sylvestre. "Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Metabolites by Naphthalene-Catabolizing Enzymes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 1998): 4637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.12.4637-4642.1998.
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ABSTRACT The ability of the dehydrogenase and ring cleavage dioxygenase of the naphthalene degradation pathway to transform 3,4-dihydroxylated biphenyl metabolites was investigated. 1,2-Dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase was expressed as a histidine-tagged protein. The purified enzyme transformed 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl, and 3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl to 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl, 3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl (3,4-DHB), and 3,4-dihydroxy-2,2′,5,5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (3,4-DH-2,2′,5,5′-TCB), respectively. Our data also suggested that purified 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase catalyzed the metacleavage of 3,4-DHB in both the 2,3 and 4,5 positions. This enzyme cleaved 3,4-DH-2,2′,5,5′-TCB and 3,4-DHB at similar rates. These results demonstrate the utility of the naphthalene catabolic enzymes in expanding the ability of the bph pathway to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Gao, Xiang, Bin Liu e Boyang Ji. "Profiling of Small Molecular Metabolites in Nostoc flagelliforme during Periodic Desiccation". Marine Drugs 17, n.º 5 (18 de maio de 2019): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17050298.
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The mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach has become a powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of small-molecule metabolites in biological samples. Nostoc flagelliforme, an edible cyanobacterium with herbal value, serves as an unexploited bioresource for small molecules. In natural environments, N. flagelliforme undergoes repeated cycles of rehydration and dehydration, which are interrupted by either long- or short-term dormancy. In this study, we performed an untargeted metabolite profiling of N. flagelliforme samples at three physiological states: Dormant (S1), physiologically fully recovered after rehydration (S2), and physiologically partially inhibited following dehydration (S3). Significant metabolome differences were identified based on the OPLS-DA (orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis) model. In total, 183 differential metabolites (95 up-regulated; 88 down-regulated) were found during the rehydration process (S2 vs. S1), and 130 (seven up-regulated; 123 down-regulated) during the dehydration process (S3 vs. S2). Thus, it seemed that the metabolites’ biosynthesis mainly took place in the rehydration process while the degradation or possible conversion occurred in the dehydration process. In addition, lipid profile differences were particularly prominent, implying profound membrane phase changes during the rehydration–dehydration cycle. In general, this study expands our understanding of the metabolite dynamics in N. flagelliforme and provides biotechnological clues for achieving the efficient production of those metabolites with medical potential.
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van Herwijnen, René, Dirk Springael, Pieter Slot, Harrie A. J. Govers e John R. Parsons. "Degradation of Anthracene by Mycobacterium sp. Strain LB501T Proceeds via a Novel Pathway, through o-Phthalic Acid". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2003): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.1.186-190.2003.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium sp. strain LB501T utilizes anthracene as a sole carbon and energy source. We analyzed cultures of the wild-type strain and of UV-generated mutants impaired in anthracene utilization for metabolites to determine the anthracene degradation pathway. Identification of metabolites by comparison with authentic standards and transient accumulation of o-phthalic acid by the wild-type strain during growth on anthracene suggest a pathway through o-phthalic acid and protocatechuic acid. As the only productive degradation pathway known so far for anthracene proceeds through 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene and the naphthalene degradation pathway to form salicylate, this indicates the existence of a novel anthracene catabolic pathway in Mycobacterium sp. LB501T.
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Ho, Chai-Ling. "Comparative Genomics Analysis of Ganoderma Orthologs Involved in Plant-Pathogenesis". Forests 14, n.º 3 (22 de março de 2023): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030653.
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Ganoderma species are producers of bioactive secondary metabolites and lignin degraders. A few Ganoderma species are known to be plant pathogens that attack economically important trees. In this study, comparative genomics analysis was conducted on the proteome of ten Ganoderma species/strains, focusing on the proteins that have been reported to be involved in plant-pathogenesis in other fungi. Fungal trophic lifestyle prediction of these Ganoderma species/strains supported that G. boninense (a potent pathogen to oil palm) is a hemibiotrophic fungus while the other Ganoderma species/strains analyzed were predicted to be saprophytes or a symbiont based on their Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme (CAZyme) contents. Although these Ganoderma species/strains were demonstrated to share many CAZymes and secondary metabolite core gene clusters, individual species may produce unique CAZymes and secondary metabolite core genes that determine their lifestyles, host-specificity, and potential as a producer of bioactive secondary metabolites. Ortholog groups that are related to fungal virulence from seven Ganoderma species/strains including those involved in lignin degradation, mycotoxin, siderophore and ergosterol biosynthesis, and virulence were summarized. Potential effectors were predicted from the proteome of these Ganoderma species/strains, and putative effectors that were being expressed in G. boninense in oil palm roots but not found in other species were identified. The findings provide a useful resource to further analyze plant-pathogenesis and wood degradation activities of these Ganoderma species.
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NEUHAUS, H. Ekkehard, e Norbert SCHULTE. "Starch degradation in chloroplasts isolated from C3 or CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)-induced Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L". Biochemical Journal 318, n.º 3 (15 de setembro de 1996): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3180945.
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C3 or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-induced Mesembryanthemum crystallinum plants perform nocturnal starch degradation which is linear with time. To analyse the composition of metabolites released by isolated leaf chloroplasts during starch degradation we developed a protocol for the purification of starch-containing plastids. Isolated chloroplasts from C3 or CAM-induced M. crystallinum plants are also able to degrade starch. With respect to the endogenous starch content of isolated plastids the rate of starch degradation in these organelles is close to the observed rates of starch degradation in intact leaves. The combined presence of Pi, ATP, and oxaloacetate is identified to be the most positive effector combination to induce starch mobilization. The metabolic flux through the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway in chloroplasts isolated from CAM-induced M. crystallinum is less than 3.5% compared with other metabolic routes of starch degradation. Here we report that starch-degrading chloroplasts isolated from CAM-induced M. crystallinum plants use exogenously supplied oxaloacetate for the synthesis of malate. The main products of starch degradation exported into the incubation medium by these chloroplasts are glucose 6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glucose. The identification of glucose 6-phosphate as an important metabolite released during starch degradation is in contrast to the observations made on all other types of plastids analysed so far, including chloroplasts isolated from M. crystallinum in the C3 state. Therefore, we analysed the transport properties of isolated chloroplasts from M. crystallinum. Surprisingly, both types of chloroplasts, isolated from either C3 or CAM-induced plants, are able to transport glucose 6-phosphate in counter exchange with endogenous Pi, indicating the presence of a glucose 6-phosphate translocator as recently demonstrated to occur in other types of plastids. The composition of metabolites released and the stimulatory effect of oxaloacetate on the rate of starch degradation are discussed with respect to the acidification observed for CAM leaves during the night.
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Boiangiu, Razvan Stefan, Ion Brinza, Iasmina Honceriu, Marius Mihasan e Lucian Hritcu. "Insights into Pharmacological Activities of Nicotine and 6-Hydroxy-L-nicotine, a Bacterial Nicotine Derivative: A Systematic Review". Biomolecules 14, n.º 1 (23 de dezembro de 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom14010023.
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The purported cognitive benefits associated with nicotine and its metabolites in the brain are a matter of debate. In this review, the impact of the pharmacologically active metabolite of a nicotine derivative produced by bacteria named 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine (6HLN) on memory, oxidative stress, and the activity of the cholinergic system in the brain was examined. A search in the PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, limiting entries to those published between 1992 and 2023, was conducted. The search focused specifically on articles about nicotine metabolites, memory, oxidative stress, and cholinergic system activity, as well as enzymes or pathways related to nicotine degradation in bacteria. The preliminary search resulted in 696 articles, and following the application of exclusion criteria, 212 articles were deemed eligible for inclusion. This review focuses on experimental studies supporting nicotine catabolism in bacteria, and the chemical and pharmacological activities of nicotine and its metabolite 6HLN.
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Vich Vila, A., S. Hu, S. Andreu-Sánchez, V. Collij, D. Jansen, R. Ruigrok, G. Abu-Ali et al. "P006 Host-genetics, dysbiosis, and clinical history explains fecal metabolic alterations in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (1 de maio de 2021): S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.135.
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Abstract Background The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases is characterized by gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Small molecules -or metabolites- present in feces can improve our understanding of host and microbes’ interactions. By exploring the relationship between host genetics, gut microbiota, and fecal metabolites composition from 500 patients with IBD and 255 population controls, we aimed to identify potential new biomarkers for the disease and to reveal host-microbiota interactions while considering factors like life-style and clinical history. Methods In short, we used shotgun sequencing to profile the microbiota composition, and an untargeted metabolomics platform (Metabolon INC., USA) was used to identify the levels of 1684 fecal metabolites. Whole exome sequencing and GSA Illumina chip were used to characterize host’s genetics. Multi-omics penalized regressions were used to explore the relationship between metabolite levels and the use of 44 types of medication, 144 long-term dietary patterns, and multiple patient characteristics. Random forest models were used to determine the discriminative power of metabolites. Results The levels of 597 fecal metabolites were altered in Crohn’s disease and 209 in patients with ulcerative colitis compared to population controls. Disease heterogeneity was reflected in the fecal metabolite profile; for example, disease location had a large impact on fecal bile-acid profile. Interestingly, metabolomics data could discriminate IBD samples from non-IBD samples (Random Forest AUC= 0.81). Genetic polymorphisms in the NAT2 gene were associated with the levels of multiple coffee metabolites. In both cohorts, IBD and non-IBD individuals, the increase in the abundance of several pathobionts was related to changes in the tryptophan, fatty-acids, and bilirubin metabolism. For example, the increase in abundance of R.gnavus was correlated with higher tryptamine levels, and the presence of bacterial starch degradation enzymes with increased concentrations of butyrate (FDR<0.05). In fact, microbial composition and bacterial enzyme abundance could predict more than 40% of the variation in the levels of 80 metabolites. Conclusion Patients with IBD present a different fecal metabolite profile that can be used to distinguish IBD from non-IBD individuals. Metabolite patterns are strongly related to microbial composition, diet, and patient’s clinical characteristics. Overall, these results can help to understand the disease’s complexity considering host-microbiota interaction and point to new therapeutical directions.