Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Cycle hydrologique régional"
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Jomaa, Fatima. "Précipitations sur le sud de la France : caractérisation, source et impacts sur le cycle hydrologique régional". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU025.
Texto completo da fonteThe Mediterranean region stands out as a potential ’hotspot’ in climate science which signifies a region where the impacts of climate change are expected to be particularly significant. In Mediterranean region there is intricate interplay between the ocean atmosphere and land, coupled with distinct morphological features. This strong coupling refers to the interactions among the Mediterranean Sea, the atmosphere, and the surrounding land, influencing specific local climate dynamics. In our study, we focused on the Southern part of France located in the northwestern Mediterranean region. Due to these special geographical features and the complex interactions between ocean and atmospheric processes at different spatial and temporal scales, the climate and especially the hydroclimate of the Southern part of France exhibits intricate spatial and temporal characteristics and their variability. There is a lack of understanding of local hydrological processes, which requires a high-resolution comprehensive analysis of all hydrological cycle components in this region. In our work, we will focus on the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle in the Gulf of Lion and we will consider precipitation, moisture transport, and surface hydrological processes such as runoff and soil moisture.The aim of this PhD research can be summarized in three main questions addressing the complexities of the hydrological cycle over southern France:1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of various type of datasets in capturing the precipitation variability and its extremes over southern France ?To answer this question, we investigated the accuracy and reliability of all available data sources for this region in representing the actual climatic conditions, providing insights into their applicability for hydrological studies in the Mediterranean region. Results of this analysis are presenting in Chapter 2.2. What are the sources of moisture transport contributing to precipitation and extreme weather events in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the moisture transport in this region. Additionally, we investigated the moisture transport for the conditions of extreme precipitation events. To explores the mechanisms driving of moisture transport we performed clustering analysis of corresponding weather patterns. Results are presenting in Chapter 3.3. How do variability and trends in precipitation impact soil moisture and continental runoff in southern France ?To answer this question, we analyzed the interactions between precipitation patterns and terrestrial components of the hydrological cycle, such as soil moisture and runoff. Reasulate are presenting in Chapter 4.The structure of this thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 introduces the data sources utilized in this study, discussing their respective limitations. It also details the methodologies employed to evaluate these datasets and to investigate the sources of moisture affecting this region. Chapter 2 focuses on the examination of precipitation characteristics within the region. It assesses various precipitation datasets to understand their reliability and accuracy in capturing the area’s precipitation dynamics. Chapter 3 is dedicated to analyzing long-term moisture transport patterns. This chapter aims to elucidate the mechanisms behind moisture movement into the region. Chapter 4 delves into the analysis of runoff and soil moisture, exploring their relationship with precipitation. It examines how precipitation influences soil moisture and runoff, contributing to the broader understanding of the regional hydrological cycle
Boé, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique: Une étude de régionalisation sur la France". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00256811.
Texto completo da fonteUne méthode de désagrégation statistique, basée sur le concept de type de temps, est développée et mise en œuvre afin de régionaliser un ensemble de scénarios climatiques pour forcer un modèle hydro-météorologique. Des impacts sévères sont visibles dès le milieu du 21ème siècle, avec notamment une forte diminution des débits moyens en été et automne, et une large augmentation du nombre de jours d'étiage.
D'autres méthodes de désagrégation sont utilisées afin de tester la sensibilité des résultats
au choix de la méthode: celle-ci s'avère limitée. La principale source d'incertitude
réside en fait dans le choix du modèle climatique. Nous essayons pour finir de mieux comprendre les raisons physiques de cette dispersion des scénarios climatiques sur l'Europe.
Boe, Julien. "Changement global et cycle hydrologique : une étude de régionalisation sur la France". Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/227/.
Texto completo da fonteAs most of Europe, France might undergo severe climate changes during the 21st century. In this thesis we study the impacts of these changes on the hydrological cycle, at the scale of the French river basins. A statistical downscaling method, based on the concept on weather types is built and applied to regionalize an ensemble of climate scenarios in order to force an hydro-meteorological model. Severe impacts occur as soon as the middle of the 21st century, characterized by a strong decrease of mean river flows and a great increase in the occurrence of low-flow. Other downscaling methods are used in order to test the sensivity of the results to the choice of the method: this sensivity is limited. Actually, the main source of uncertainty lies in the choice of the climate model. To finish, we try to better understand the reasons for the spread of the climate change scenarios over Europe
Biancamaria, Sylvain. "Etude du cycle hydrologique des régions boréales et apports de l'altimétrie à large fauchée". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00455572.
Texto completo da fonteBiancamaria, Sylvain. "Etude du cycle hydrologique des régions boréales et apport de l'altimétrie à large fauchée". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/765/.
Texto completo da fonteArctic regions will be the most affected by climate change: therefore this work aims at studying the hydrological cycle of these regions. A new methodology to extract snow volume from radiometric data has been validated for the boreal regions and exhibits a different behaviour between snow volume over Eurasia and over North America. Yet, water volume variation is more difficult to estimate from currently available satellite data. That's why the potential of the new SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) mission, which will provide global water elevation maps, has been investigated. This has been done by implementing a virtual mission. The first step has been to model a Siberian river, the lower Ob, by coupling a land surface scheme and an inundation model. A realist estimation of the river discharge and water heights has been performed by tuning some of the models parameters. Then, SWOT synthetic observations have been assimilated in the modelling using a local Ensemble Kalman Smoother, leading to a significant decrease (more than 50%) of the modelling errors. The benefit of SWOT for all surface waters has also been studied. From in-situ rating curves and SWOT instrumental error, it has been shown that SWOT will provide an estimate of instantaneous river discharge with an error below 30%, if the river depth is above 1m. The error on the monthly discharge due only to the satellite temporal sampling decreases with drainage area, and should be lower than 20% for drainage area above 6,900 km2. Finally, it has been computed that annual volume variation for all the lakes in the world is around 9,000 km3. Currently, less than 15% of this lake storage change can be monitored with nadir altimeters, whereas SWOT will be able to observe from 50% to 65% of this volume variation
Vauclair, Fabrice. "Variabilité interannuelle des bilans de masse et de chaleur des couches superficielles (0-500m) de l'Océan atlantique tropical". Toulouse 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOU30157.
Texto completo da fonteSaint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028/document.
Texto completo da fonteInterannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific
Saint-Lu, Marion. "Étude des liens entre les événements El Niño et le cycle hydrologique des régions tropicales dans différents contextes climatiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV028.
Texto completo da fonteInterannual variability in the tropical Pacific is mainly modulated by the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO).Understanding the time evolution of this phenomenon is a major issue, given its strong impacts on health andeconomics. Studying the ENSO variability in different climatic contexts allows us to understand its links to themean-state. We use climatic simulations of the mid-Holocene (6,000 years and 4,000 years before present),the last glacial maximum (21,000 years before present) and a theoretical climate with atmospheric carbondioxyde multiplied by four, computed with several numerical models. We show that ENSO characteristics aresignificantly different in the different climatic contexts. The links between these differences and the climatemean-state are numerous and non linear. Studying paleoclimates is then necessary to understand ENSOchanges and to be able to project its future evolution. Some of the past archives that are used to reconstructthe paleo-ENSO are located in the southwest Pacific, under the influence of the south Pacific convergencezone (SPCZ). We show that the impact of ENSO on the location of the SPCZ changes with the climate.This determines how to interpret archives’ records. Thus, the mechanisms linking ENSO to the SPCZ in themodern climate cannot be directly extrapolated to other climates. By combining information from models andarchives, we are able to improve our understanding on the variability changes in the southwest Pacific. Finally,we address the ENSO change with a new vision, through its role within the global energetic budget. Accordingto the IPSL-CM5A-LR model, the relative contribution of El Niño events to the global energy redistribution isreduced in the mid-Holocene, compared to the modern climate. The mean capacity of the tropical Pacific toexport its energy is reduced. Therefore, the global heat pump represented by the tropical Pacific is less powerfulin the mid-Holocene, both by its reduced capacity to export energy and by the reduced El Niño contribution.This result suggests that there is consistency between the ENSO change and the role of heat pump played bythe tropical Pacific
Habets, Florence. "Modélisation du cycle continental de l'eau à l'échelle régionale : application aux bassins versants de l'Adour et du Rhône". Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30139.
Texto completo da fonteLeroy-Dos, Santos Christophe. "Variabilité du cycle hydrologique atmosphérique en régions polaires à partir de mesures des isotopes stables de l'eau dans la vapeur, les précipitations et les carottes de névé". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ006.
Texto completo da fonteIn a global warming context, understanding the evolution of sea level rise is a major challenge. It is key to estimate the evolution of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in the polar regions, which directly influences the surface mass balance of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps (the two largest freshwater reservoirs on the planet). Records are available from satellite data for the last 50 years and a few rare weather data since the 50's in Antarctica, but these records are too short to study the patterns of interannual variability and the difference between anthropogenic and natural signals. One of the best ways to access longer records is to use climate proxies in snow cores. The water isotopic composition in these cores is widely used to reconstruct past temperature variations. However, the link between temperature and isotopic composition is not very well constrained because many other parameters influence the isotopic composition of snow at the time of its formation (i.e. temperature, altitude, humidity, origin of the air mass) or after snow deposition on the surface (i.e. atmosphere-snow exchange, signal scattering, sublimation of surface snow).The objective of this thesis is to better understand the atmospheric hydrological cycle and its influence on the isotopic composition of vapour and precipitation in polar regions with the idea of improving the interpretation of snow core records in these regions. This work is divided into 3 parts.Firstly, we developed a technical solution to meet the challenge of measuring the vapor isotopic composition all year round in polar regions. Indeed, winter being very dry in these regions (down to 10 ppmv at Dome C in winter), the use of a Picarro laser analyzer is limited because it is very sensitive to humidity variations below 2000 ppmv. Winter is a key season in the polar regions as it is associated with significant climate variability due to numerous synoptic events. During this thesis, the fabrication of 2 prototypes of low humidity level generator (LHLG) allowed the calibration of the Picarro analyzers over a range of 200 to 2500 ppmv.Then, I analyzed the longest series of vapor and precipitation isotopic composition measurements ever performed in a polar region: 4.5 years continuously at 78°N in Svalbard. I showed that the water isotopic composition at this measurement site was unsignificantly influenced by local processes. Thanks to this, I was able to attribute the observed winter variability to synoptic events and thus assign a different isotopic signature to the air masses according to their origin (North Atlantic or Arctic).Finally, I installed the new calibration instrument (LHLG) built at the beginning of my PhD at Dumont D'Urville (DDU), on the coast in Terre Adélie. Thanks to this, the first continuous measurement campaign of the vapor isotopic composition at DDU initiated in January 2019 is still ongoing. I present here the first 22 months of this new record. This unique series makes possible to document the isotopic signature of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in Terre Adélie all year round. I have studied the influence of katabatic winds, sea ice and atmospheric rivers on the signal recorded in the vapor. These preliminary results open perspectives for the interpretation of recently drilled cores from the ASUMA program
Etchevers, Pierre. "Modélisation du cycle continental de l'eau à l'échelle régionale. Impact de la modélisation de la neige sur l'hydrologie du Rhône". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00466802.
Texto completo da fonteAlkasm, Sulaf. "Etude des variations spatiales et temporelles de la colonne totale de la vapeur d'eau mesurées depuis le sol et l'espace, au dessus de l'Observatoire de Haute Provence et autour du bassin méditérranéen". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0012.
Texto completo da fonteThe atmospheric water vapor is an important component of the hydrologic cycle. As greenhouse gas it has dominant effects on climate and global warming. Its distribution is highly variable at global and temporal scales and its mechanisms still poorly understood. This thesis deals with one hand on the study of total column water vapor over the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France, measured with instruments SAOZ and Elodie from the ground, and with instruments on satellites, GOME, and GOME2 SCHIAMACHY, and the other hand on the Mediterranean coastal region using data from the same satellites. Analysis of these data available from 1995 to 2009 allowed their validation and interpretation of field variability of water vapor incorporating the mechanisms of geographical distribution across the OHP, and their seasonal variations and their long-term trends over the OHP and the Mediterranean
Escadafal, Richard. "Caracterisation de la surface des sols arides par observations de terrain et par teledetection". Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066175.
Texto completo da fonteGouttevin, Isabelle. "Contribution à la représentation des hautes latitudes dans un modèle de surface : gel des sols et diagnostics de performances". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845651.
Texto completo da fonteYates, Eddy. "Convection en région Cévennes-Vivarais : étude de données pluviométriques, simulations numériques et validation multi-échelles". Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0162.
Texto completo da fonteHydrometeorological data are analyzed to better understand and represent the space variability of rainfall in the Cévennes-Vivarais region. The analysis of raingauge databases shows that the statistical properties of rainfall do not depend on the localisation of the mountains for short integrating limes. But if the rainfall is integrated on longer time steps, its statistical properties are highly correlated with the topography. Numerical simulations show that shallow convection is very sensitive to atmospherical forcing, especially through the way the air masses "read" the topography. The impact of soil humidity is less important; it can nevertheless change the stratification of the atmosphere up to more th an 1 km. A method to validate simulations is developed. Il allows comparing the scale of the simulation errors with the scale of the hydrosystems. This method is tested with idealised rainfalls, then with real rainfalls but idealised simulation errors, then with real simulations
Dos, Santos Pinheiro Giana Márcia. "Bilan spatio-temporel du cycle du fer dans un grand bassin intertropical : étude isotopique de la matière en suspension des eaux du fleuve Amazone et de ses grands affluents". Toulouse 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU30014.
Texto completo da fonteSuspended matter samples were collected during field campaigns on the Amazon, the Negro, the Solimões and the Madeira rivers. They were investigated for their iron isotope composition in order to verify the possible sources of iron and relate them to different physico-chemical parameters. The samples were collected in different locations and seasons, along depth and lateral profiles. For all the rivers studied, the suspended matter iron isotopic compositions do not display any relation with depth or lateral profiles. White water rivers (i. E. , Amazon, the Solimões and the Madeira) keep their isotopic composition constant and similar to the calculated mean value for the continental crust (d57FeIRMM-14 = 0. 1 ± 0. 03‰), even in different seasons. On the other hand, the Negro River show negative results and variations during the hydrological cycle. In white water rivers little or no fractionation occurs during the transport of iron from clastic sources (rock fragments) to the mainstream of these rivers. On the other hand, the main source of organic matter and reduced iron for the Negro River Basin are podzols that occur in this area. The Amazon River results indicate that the influence of suspended matter with continental crust-like iron isotopic composition from the Solimões and the Madeira rivers to the Amazon River is much stronger than the contribution of negative, organic-rich, suspended matter iron isotopic composition from the Negro River, which is organic-rich. It is inferred, on the basis of this study, that the Amazon River delivers to the Atlantic Ocean a slightly heavy and similar to the continental crust suspended matter iron isotopic composition
Höjgård-Olsen, Erik. "Observations du cycle de l'eau atmosphérique tropicale et de ses variations avec la température de surface de la mer, à l'aide d'une constellation de satellites". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ007.
Texto completo da fonteThe tropical atmosphere is a complex system of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Superimposed on these complexities is a radiative forcing due to anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gases and a resulting global warming. Climate projections often assume that the feedback parameter is constant in time, so that changes in radiative flux are proportional to changes in surface temperature. Projection uncertainties are associated with the atmospheric water cycle’s response to surface warming, and motivate the need to better understand processes linking clouds, circulation of atmospheric water and climate.This work aims to improve our understanding of the covariability of sea surface temperature (SST), relative humidity (RH), clouds and precipitation, on different temporal and spatial scales in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). It relies on a unique synergistic dataset of high vertical resolution that measures the daytime (01:30 pm) RH profile, cloud characteristics and near-surface precipitation provided by the microwave radiometer SAPHIR, the CALIOP lidar and the CPR radar. This dataset has a 1° by 1° horizontal resolution and covers the time period 2012 to 2018. It is associated to SST and atmospheric vertical velocity fields of the ERA5 reanalysis.The synergistic dataset was explored along two scientific questions:(i) The first question concerned the instantaneous timescale and the co-evolution of RH profiles, cloud cover and SST, under large-scale circulation constraint. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive observational view of the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s response to SST on the instantaneous timescale. Different physical relationships are established for the different large-scale circulation regimes, and their characteristics are robust to natural variability (such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The descending regime is characterized by a dry free troposphere and decreasing opaque liquid cloud cover with SST, and an expected clear-sky cooling with SST. In contrast, the ascending regime is characterized by a nonlinear response in ice cloud cover and free-tropospheric RH with SST that peak around the 302 K SST, which likely induce nonlinear responses of the radiative fluxes.(ii) The second question addressed the assumption of timescale-invariant feedback factors on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Rates of changes of RH and cloud characteristics with SST defined on the global scale (tropical oceans) are compared to rates of changes computed on the grid box scale. On the global scale, negligible changes are observed in the RH profile with SST, opaque cloud cover decreases, and ice cloud altitudes rise with SST with little change in cloud temperature. These results suggest an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling with SST, whilst cloud emission temperatures are invariant, as discussed in some assumptions on the tropical atmosphere. Overall, the results highlight significant differences according to the timescale considered for computing global scale rates of changes, which can be used as a strong diagnostic in the evaluation of climate models. Following this, a first analysis of the IPSL model was performed and shows the interest of such diagnostic based on observations
Kirchen, Gil. "Effet du type de sol sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique des écosystèmes forestiers". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0308/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with the impact of soil type on the biogeochemical functioning of a typical forest ecosystem of Central and Western Europe. For this study, a strongly instrumented experimental site was implemented in a beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) within the state forest of Montiers-sur-Saulx (Meuse, France), in order to monitor the biogeochemical cycling between the different compartments of the ecosystem (the atmosphere, the canopy, the forest floor and the soil). The particular value of the Montiers experimental site resides in the strong contrast between soil types under the same beech stand: Rendzic Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Cambisol. For the first time, stocks and fluxes of water and elements were measured and compared in situ and over the long term (from January 2012 to December 2015) on different forest soil types, all other site conditions being equal (climate, atmospheric inputs, stand age and structure). Total and exchangeable pools in the soil and stocks in the different compartments of the vegetation (branches, trunk, fine and coarse roots) were determined via chemical analysis and modelisation. Fluxes of elements were calculated from monthly sampling of the ecosystem’s solutions (atmospheric deposition, throughfall, stemflow, gravitational and bound soil solutions) and of litter fall. The water balance model BILJOU© was used to estimate the different components of the water budget. The results show that the soil water holding capacity, the stocks of elements in the soil, the chemical composition of soil solutions, the rooting strategy and the perennial biomass production differ strongly between soil types. Contrary to what might have been expected in regard to the marked differences between the chemical signatures of the soils solutions in the three soils, the foliar elemental composition of the beech stand and the aboveground fluxes of elements in solution (canopy exchange, stand deposition) and in solid state (litter fall) do not differ significantly between the three experimental stations for the majority of the studied elements. The biological part of the mineral cycles is overall predominant and the recycling through fine roots turnover is generally higher than litter fall. We also show that the quantity of water transpired by the forest canopy, directly linked to the soil water holding capacity, is the primary control factor of the annual stand productivity. Stand adaptation mechanisms to physico-chemical soil properties seemed to reduce, or even entirely compensate for, secondary factors controlling the stand productivity (in particular nutrient availability in the soil). Thus a significant issue for forest managers might be to further adapt forestry practices to management units based on soil physical properties, especially depth to the bedrock and rooting depth
Music, Biljana. "Étude quantitative du cycle de l'eau à l'échelle des grands bassins versants de l'Amérique du Nord avec le modèle régional canadien du climat". Thèse, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1202/1/D1642.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBresson, Raphaël. "Étude du bilan d'eau atmosphérique sur l'Amérique du Nord par décomposition d'échelle pour les climats présent et futur, tels que simulés par le Modèle Régional Canadien du Climat". Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2475/1/M11039.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMorin, Jean-Philippe. "Changements appréhendés des caractéristiques de l'humidité du sol sur l'Amérique du Nord". Mémoire, 2012. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5091/1/M12666.pdf.
Texto completo da fonte