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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

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Flynn, James R. "The Alliance Vote: An Application of the Three-Cultures Hypothesis". Political Science 47, n.º 1 (julho de 1995): 34–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003231879504700102.

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Fuchs, Daniel. "Should Culture Samples Be Taken During All Revision Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?" Foot & Ankle International 40, n.º 1_suppl (julho de 2019): 31S—32S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719859579.

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Recommendation: We recommend that intraoperative cultures be taken during revision total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The result of intraoperative cultures should be interpreted together with clinical suspicion for infection and the results of the laboratory and imaging investigations. We also recommend that multiple tissue specimens be collected. Given a lack of evidence for routine intraoperative cultures for revision TAA literature, this recommendation is based on analogous evidence in the total hip and knee replacement literature. Level of Evidence: Consensus. Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)
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Adans, Bernard. "La comptabilité publique : achever ou parachever la LOLF ?" Revue française de finances publiques N° 153, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021): 137–47. https://doi.org/10.3917/rffp.153.0137.

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Avec le vote de la LOLF en 2001, la comptabilité publique s’est définitivement alignée sur la comptabilité privée, notamment dans ses principes. Le rapprochement des cultures et des pratiques a permis de faire progresser de manière remarquable la transparence financière de toutes les entités publiques.
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Jarvis, Sharon E., e Jay T. Jennings. "Republicans Should Vote: Partisan Conceptions of Electoral Participation in Campaign 2016". American Behavioral Scientist 61, n.º 6 (maio de 2017): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764217720481.

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Research has identified differences in partisan communication styles, cognitive processing, values, and cultures. This article assesses if there are also differences in how Democrats and Republicans conceive of electoral participation. We submitted 1,730 open-ended responses from a 2016 survey prompt soliciting thoughts and feelings about voting to computerized content analysis. Findings show that Republicans employed more confident and less negative language than Democrats in their responses. Additionally, a close read of the Republican statements reveals how they expressed that their electoral participation matters. Our conclusion addresses how the traditional ideals often associated with the Grand Old Party may make them a more duty-based constituency valuing voting more than their less conservative peers.
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Ellington, Kent, Steven Raikin e Thomas B. Bemenderfer. "What Strategies Can Be Implemented to Help Isolate the Causative Organism in Patients With Infection of the Foot and Ankle?" Foot & Ankle International 40, n.º 1_suppl (julho de 2019): 33S—38S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719859887.

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Recommendation: Transfer of synovial aspirate in blood culture bottles, obtaining deep biopsy of tissues and bone, obtaining multiple samples, increasing incubation period of cultures, and the use of molecular techniques for culture negative cases are some of the strategies that can help improve the ability to isolate the causative organism(s) in infections of foot and ankle. Level of Evidence: Moderate. Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)
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McIntosh, Ian. "Anthropologists and Aboriginal Reconciliation: The Efficacy of Symbolic Reconciliatory Gestures". Practicing Anthropology 23, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2001): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.23.1.wh27t417114206u1.

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The context of this article is the quest for justice and reparations for Australia's indigenous citizens. In 1991 the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation was established through a unanimous vote in both houses of the Australian federal parliament. Comprised of twenty-five members (twelve of whom are Aboriginal and two Torres Strait Islanders) the Council identified eight key goals for a process centered on fostering the recognition of indigenous cultures by non-Aboriginal Australians, and on promoting fair and proper standards for indigenous Australians in health, housing, employment and education, and other fields.
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Uçkay, Ilker, David Pedowitz, Mathieu Assal e Justin D. Stull. "What Tests Are Useful to Investigate a Possible Infection of Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)? What Are Their Thresholds?" Foot & Ankle International 40, n.º 1_suppl (julho de 2019): 22S—23S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719859537.

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Recommendation: Overall, the approach to a potentially infected total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) does not change compared to other periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs). There are no novel or unique diagnostic procedures for TAA infection, specifically. Joint aspiration or intraoperative tissue/synovial biopsies with microbiological cultures are the most important diagnostic tests for suspected TAA infections. In the absence of specific data related to TAA, the threshold for these tests should be derived from the hip and knee PJI literature. Level of Evidence: Strong Delegate Vote: Agree: 100%, Disagree: 0%, Abstain: 0% (Unanimous, Strongest Consensus)
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Emara, Khaled, e John M. Embil. "Is There a Role for Measuring Synovial Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Infected Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)?" Foot & Ankle International 40, n.º 1_suppl (julho de 2019): 27S—29S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100719859570.

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Recommendation: Based on the hip and knee arthroplasty literature, measuring synovial biomarkers may play a role in the diagnosis of infected total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in the setting of a TAA can be confirmed with cultures, provided that a plausible pathogen is recovered in the context of a compatible clinical picture. In the absence of a positive culture, synovial biomarker analysis may help in establishing the diagnosis. Level of Evidence: Moderate. Delegate Vote: Agree: 92%, Disagree: 8%, Abstain: 0% (Super Majority, Strong Consensus)
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Mancosu, Moreno, e David N. Hopmann. "Political disagreement and vote volatility: the role of familism across different European countries". European Political Science Review 11, n.º 3 (9 de julho de 2019): 301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773919000158.

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AbstractInterpersonal influence shapes political behavior and attitudes. So far, however, little efforts have been devoted to testing this mechanism comparatively in Europe. This paper aims at explaining differences in influence patterns in three European countries (Italy, Germany, and the UK). Based on works in demography, we argue that in Mediterranean cultures (characterized by high degrees of familism), people are more prone to be affected by attitudes and behaviors of their relatives with respect to other strong ties (e.g., spouses), while in continental, northern Europe, and the UK, this effect is less important. We test this argument using longitudinal data. Consistent with expectations, results show that the influence of relatives in familistic contexts is stronger than in non-familistic ones. At the same time, the spouse effect (namely, the effect of an intimate, non-relative discussant) is particularly strong in non-familistic contexts (and vice versa). In sum, we demonstrate that public opinion studies can be strengthened by theories developed in other social sciences, such as demography.
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Wexelbaum, Rachel. "Book Review: Women in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection". Reference & User Services Quarterly 57, n.º 1 (9 de outubro de 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.57.1.6465.

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To this day, high school and college students rarely learn about the role of women in American history, cultures, or politics. Teachers and textbooks still focus predominantly on the white Christian heterosexual males that continue to take most of the credit for building the United States of America. While it is fact that, for most of American history, only white men could own land, vote, and serve in government, women of all races, religions, and sexual orientations have done a great deal to advance American culture, fight for justice, and impact the laws, businesses, scientific research, and education systems that have developed in the United States over time.
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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

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Ormiere, Lucas. "Le rapport au vote des cohortes nées et socialisées en démocratie en Espagne : de nouvelles cultures du vote ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0366.

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Cette thèse propose d’étudier le rapport au vote en Espagne des cohortes nées et socialisées en démocratie, pour les comparer avec leurs ainés. En effet, la littérature existante n’a pas interrogé les différences de culture électorale qui existeraient entre ces « nouveaux venus », les générations de la Transition et les plus âgées. Trop rarement, il s’est agi d’une analyse par l’âge et non par les cohortes et l’approche longitudinale. Pourtant, la recherche internationale pointe la responsabilité des nouvelles générations dans le déclin de la participation électorale dans les démocraties occidentales (Blais et al., 2004 ; Blais & Rubenson, 2013). L’Espagne fait pourtant exception, car, contrairement à ces dernières, la participation lors des élections de premier-ordre n’y a presque pas décliné. C’est un paradoxe car on aurait pu postuler que ces « générations critiques » (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), moins croyantes et précarisées durant la crise de 2008, auraient dû encore plus s’abstenir que leurs homologues des autres pays. Cette thèse propose de résoudre cette énigme en utilisant des méthodes mixtes. En premier lieu, nous réalisons une étude longitudinale grâce aux enquêtes post-électorales du Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas de 1979 à 2024. Plusieurs aspects des « cultures du vote » des cohortes sont analysés : 1.) les inégalités inter et intragénérationnelles lors des élections générales et de second-ordre (les européennes et les référendums nationaux) depuis 1979. 2.) la perception du vote comme « un devoir civique » de 1980 à 2019, l’acceptabilité de l’abstention (en 1990 et 2005), et les habitudes de vote déclarées de « manière générale », et en fonction du type d’élection. Plusieurs régressions logistiques et des modèles généraux additionnels mixtes sont utilisés pour distinguer les effets d’âge, de période et de cohorte, « nœud gordien » des méthodes APC (Bell, 2020). Puis, pour approfondir les résultats de l’analyse quantitative, nous avons interrogé les représentations du vote de membres des différentes cohortes, à travers une campagne de 46 entretiens semi-directifs. Ces cohortes nées et socialisées en démocratie développent une culture du vote différente de leurs ainés socialisés durant la Transition, le franquisme et la Guerre Civile. Leur participation reste importante lors des élections générales, et est plus forte que les nouvelles générations d’autres démocraties occidentales. La crise de 2008 a abouti à une forte politisation. Cependant, leur vote est plus irrégulier et fluctue en fonction de l'intensité des campagnes électorales. Leur abstention devient plus répandue lors des élections de second-ordre. De plus, les inégalités intragénérationnelles en fonction du niveau d’études et de la classe sociale sont bien plus fortes en leur sein que dans les générations d’avant. Ces résultats s’expliquent aussi par l’individuation de leur rapport au vote, déjà observé dans d’autres pays. Ces cohortes, en particulier ses membres les plus intéressés par la politique et les plus diplômés, s’inscrivent pleinement dans une citoyenneté du vote de « droit » qui s’éloigne de la citoyenneté du « devoir » des cohortes socialisées sous la Transition et le franquisme. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance du rôle des partis politiques et des médias pour mobiliser ces « nouveaux » citoyens dans les urnes, dont les représentations et les attentes envers le vote sont différentes des autres générations
This thesis proposes to study the relationship to voting in Spain of cohorts born and socialised in a democracy, in order to compare them with their elders. The existing literature has not examined the differences of electoral cultures between these ‘newcomers’, the generations of the Transition and the older generations. All too rarely, the analysis has been based on age rather than cohorts and a longitudinal approach. Yet international research points to the responsibility of the younger generations in the decline of electoral participation in Western democracies (Blais et al., 2004; Blais & Rubenson, 2013). Spain is an exception, however, because unlike the other democracies, voter turnout in first-order elections has hardly declined at all. This is paradoxical, since it could have been postulated that these ‘critical generations’ (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), who were less religious and less secure during the Great Recession, should have abstained even more than their counterparts in other countries. This thesis proposes to solve this conundrum using mixed methods. Firstly, we carry out a longitudinal study using post-election surveys conducted by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas between 1979 and 2024. Several aspects of the cohorts' “voting cultures” are analysed: 1.) inter- and intra-generational inequalities in general and second-order elections (European elections and national referendums) since 1979; 2.) the perception of voting as a “civic duty” from 1980 to 2019, the acceptability of abstention (in 1990 and 2005), and declared voting habits “in general” and according to the type of election. Several logistic regressions and additional general mixed models (GAMMs) are used to distinguish age, period and cohort effects, the ‘Gordian knot’ of APC methods (Bell, 2020). Then, to expand on the results of the quantitative analysis, we questioned the voting perceptions of members of the various cohorts, through a campaign of 46 semi-structured interviews. These cohorts, born and socialised in a democracy, have developed a different voting culture to their elders, who were socialised during the Transition, Francoism and the Civil War. Their turnout remains high at general elections, and is higher than that of new generations in other Western democracies. The Great Recession has led to a high degree of politicisation. However, their voting is more irregular and fluctuates according to the intensity of election campaigns and the type of elections. Their abstention becomes more widespread during second-order elections. What's more, intra-generational inequalities based on educational level and social class are much greater among them than in previous generations. These results can also be explained by the individualisation of their voting behaviour, which has already been observed in other countries. These cohorts, particularly those most interested in politics and with the highest levels of education, are fully committed to a citizenship of ‘right’ voting, which is a far cry from the citizenship of ‘duty’ of the cohorts socialised under the Transition and Franco. These results underline the importance of the role of political parties and the media in mobilising these ‘new’ citizens to vote, whose representations and expectations of voting are different from those of other generations
Esta tesis se propone estudiar la relación con el voto en España de las cohortes nacidas y socializadas en democracia, para compararlas con sus mayores. La literatura existente no ha examinado las diferencias de cultura electoral entre estos «recién llegados», las generaciones de la Transición y las generaciones mayores. En muy pocas ocasiones, el análisis se ha basado en el ciclo vital y no en las cohortes y con un enfoque longitudinal. Sin embargo, las investigaciones internacionales apuntan a la responsabilidad de las nuevas generaciones en el declive de la participación electoral en las democracias occidentales (Blais et al., 2004; Blais y Rubenson, 2013). Sin embargo, España es una excepción porque, a diferencia de las demás democracias, la participación electoral en las elecciones de primer orden apenas ha disminuido. Esto resulta paradójico, ya que podría haberse postulado que estas «generaciones críticas» (Lorente & García-Albacete, 2019, 2021), menos religiosas y precarizadas durante la crisis de 2008, deberían haberse abstenido aún más que sus homólogas de otros países. Esta tesis propone resolver este enigma utilizando métodos mixtos. En primer lugar, llevamos a cabo un estudio longitudinal utilizando encuestas postelectorales realizadas por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas entre 1979 y 2024. Se analizan varios aspectos de las «culturas de voto» de las cohortes: 1.) las desigualdades intergeneracionales e intrageneracionales en las elecciones generales y de segundo orden (elecciones europeas y referendos nacionales) desde 1979; 2.) la percepción del voto como un «deber cívico» desde 1980 hasta 2019, la aceptabilidad de la abstención (en 1990 y 2005), y los hábitos de voto declarados «en general» y según el tipo de elección. Se utilizan varias regresiones logísticas y modelos generales mixtos adicionales para distinguir los efectos de edad, periodo y cohorte, el «nudo gordiano» de los métodos APC (Bell, 2020). A continuación, para ahondar los resultados del análisis cuantitativo, interrogamos las percepciones de voto de los miembros de las distintas cohortes, a través de una campaña de 46 entrevistas semiestructuradas. Estas cohortes, que nacieron y se socializaron en democracia, desarrollaron una cultura de voto diferente a la de sus mayores que se socializaron durante la Transición, el franquismo y la Guerra Civil. Su participación sigue siendo alta en las elecciones generales, y es superior a la de las nuevas generaciones en otras democracias occidentales. La crisis de 2008 ha provocado un alto grado de politización entre estas cohortes. Sin embargo, su voto es más irregular y fluctúa en función de la intensidad de las campañas electorales y del tipo de elecciones. Su abstención está cada vez más extendida en las elecciones de segundo orden. Además, las desigualdades intrageneracionales basadas en el nivel educativo y la clase social son mucho mayores entre ellos que en las generaciones anteriores. Estos resultados también pueden explicarse por la individualización de su comportamiento electoral, que ya se ha observado en otros países. Estas cohortes, en particular las más interesadas en la política y con los niveles de educación más elevados, están plenamente comprometidas con una ciudadanía del «derecho» a votar, que dista mucho de la ciudadanía del «deber» de las cohortes socializadas bajo la Transición y el franquismo. Estos resultados subrayan la importancia del papel de los partidos políticos y de los medios de comunicación a la hora de movilizar a votar a estos «nuevos» ciudadanos, cuyas representaciones y expectativas del voto son diferentes de las de otras generaciones
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Dagouassat, Nathalie. "Contribution à l'étude des conditions de génération par voie enzymatique d'hémorphines à partir d'hémoglobine bovine". La Rochelle, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LAROS009.

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Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que des peptides actifs biologiquement, dotés d'affinités pour les récepteurs opioides, pouvaient être libérés, in vitro, à partir d'hémoglobine bovine. Ces peptides, appelés hemorphines, sont dérivés d'une même région de la chaine de l'hémoglobine bovine ou humaine. La découverte parallèle de tels peptides dans l'organisme a conduit à orienter notre travail vers l'étude des mécanismes enzymatiques qui pourraient être à l'origine de leur libération in vivo. Notre démarche expérimentale a consisté à reproduire un modèle de cellules en culture mimant des processus physiologiques, tels qu'une réaction inflammatoire et un catabolisme normal de l'hémoglobine. Pour ce faire, la globine est incubée dans un milieu de culture de macrophages murins péritonéaux, aux PH respectifs de 3,5 et 7,4. Seules les conditions expérimentales du modèle se rapprochant de l'environnement tissulaire caractéristique d'une réaction inflammatoire, (PH 3,5), ont conduit à la mise en évidence d'une libération de vv-hemorphine-7. Une étude cinétique de leur formation semble démontrer que lvv-hemorphine-7 apparaitrait rapidement dans l'organisme et pourrait être le précurseur de vv-hemorphine-7. Ces travaux nous permettent de penser à une possible libération d'hemorphines dans l'organisme au cours d'une réaction inflammatoire. L’absence de détection de ces peptides actifs, dans les conditions expérimentales du modèle mimant un catabolisme de l'hémoglobine, n'exclut pas toutefois ce chemin métabolique comme source potentielle d'hemorphines dans l'organisme. Un marquage de l'hémoglobine permettrait, d'une part, de s'assurer de son endocytose par le macrophage, et d'autre part, de suivre la protéine et d'étudier les produits de sa digestion. Par ailleurs, d'autres voies métaboliques de production, in vivo, d'hemorphines pourraient être recherchées (utilisation du complexe multienzymatique des globules rouges, infections parasitaires).
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Curt, Sèverine. "Les protéines de soya, une voie d'avenir pour la régénération tissulaire". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19898.

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Ce travail visait à exploiter le potentiel des protéines de soya afin de concevoir et de développer des biomatériaux sous forme de biofilms aux propriétés physico-chimiques, et surtout biologiques, contrôlées. Pour ce faire, des films à base d'isolats de protéines de soya (IPS) ont été préparés à l'aide de plastifiant, le glycérol, et de différentes concentrations d'agent de réticulation, le formaldéhyde, afin d'obtenir un biomatériau favorable pour la culture de cellules cutanées (fibroblastes et kératinocytes) humaines. La toxicité des films a été testée en évaluant l'adhésion, la croissance, la prolifération et la formation d'une structure cutanée bien organisée. La biocompatibilité et l'immunogénicité des biofilms ont été étudiées grâce aux analyses de cytokines produites par les fibroblastes et les kératinocytes. Les diverses observations microscopiques ont démontré l'innocuité de tous les biofilms vis-à-vis des kératinocytes qui ont adhères. Ces biofilms n'ont aucun effet nocif sur la viabilité cellulaire. Il est intéressant de noter que ces cellules ont une prolifération croissante malgré l'augmentation de la concentration en réticulant. La prolifération des cellules cutanées est, cependant, réduite à fort pourcentage de formaldéhyde. En effet, celles-ci prolifèrent mieux sur les biofilms contenant 0 %, 1 % et 2 % de formaldéhyde comparativement à ceux contenant 3 % d'agent de réticulation. En conclusion, les biofilms à base de protéines de soya offrent un environnement favorable à l'adhésion et la croissance des kératinocytes. Les biofilms ayant le meilleur potentiel sont ceux contenant une concentration de 1 % de formaldéhyde.
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Wentzinger, Laurent. "Régulation de la voie de biosynthèse des isoprénoi͏̈des cytoplasmiques chez le tabac". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13144.

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La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à la détermination des rôles respectifs de la 3-hydroxy-3-méthylglutaryl coenzyme A réductase (HMGR) et de la squalène synthase (SQS) dans l'homéostasie des stérols de cellules de tabac BY-2. L'approche utilisée a été l'utilisation de composés capables d'inhiber la biosynthèse des stérols libres au niveau du reticulum endoplasmique ou de diminuer la teneur en stérols de la membrane plasmique. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que, dans toutes les conditions utilisées, la SQS n'intervient pas dans la régulation du flux biosynthétique conduisant aux stérols. Par contre, l'expression de l'HMGR dépend directement de la position de l'étape inhibée dans la chaîne de biosynthèse. L'inhibition des deux premières enzymes, la SQS et la squalène époxydase, induit une réponse compensatoire positive de l'HMGR. Mais l'inhibition d'étapes situées plus en aval (déméthylation en 14 de l'obtusifoliol), entraîne une baisse d'activité de l'enzyme. Dans le cas d'une déplétion sélective des stérols de la membrane plasmique, aucune réponse compensatoire de l'HMGR n'est induite, suggérant que les produits de fin de chaîne, une fois incorporés dans la membrane plasmique, ne seraient plus capables d'être des effecteurs de l'enzyme. Le second volet de la thèse traite du clonage et de la caractérisation préliminaire de deux acétoacétyl-CoA thiolases de tabac, AACT-1 et AACT-2. La réalisation d'expériences de " virus induced gene silencing ", de localisation in vivo de protéines fusionnées à la GFP ainsi qu'une étude spatio-temporelle de l'expression des deux gènes ont permis de démontrer que ces deux AACT ont des localisations intracellulaires et des fonctions différentes. L'AACT-1 est clairement une enzyme soluble, qui participe à la synthèse des isoprénoi͏̈des cytosoliques. Par contre, l'AACT-2 est associée spécifiquement aux peroxysomes, où elle pourrait jouer un rôle dans l'étape terminale de la b-oxydation des acides gras
The first part of this work is a study of the involvement of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and squalene synthase (SQS) in sterol homeostasis in tobacco BY-2 cells. As an approach, we used compounds able either to inhibit the sterol biosynthetic pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum or to remove sterols from the plasma membrane. The results indicate that SQS is not involved in regulation of the biosynthetic flux leading to sterols, under our conditions. In contrast, HMGR expression is shown to be dependent on the position of the inhibited step in the biosynthetic pathway. The inhibition of SQS and squalene epoxidase, the two first enzymes, triggers a positive compensatory response of the HMGR. But inhibition of downstream steps (14-demethylation of obtusifoliol) induces a decrease in enzyme activity. In the case of a selective sterol depletion from the plasma membrane, no compensatory response of HMGR is observed, suggesting that the end products would not be " sensed " any longer by the enzyme, after their incorporation into the plasma membrane. The second part of the work is devoted to the cloning and preliminary characterization of two tobacco acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases, AACT-1 and AACT-2. Experiences of virus-induced gene silencing, in vivo localization of GFP-fused proteins and spatiotemporal expression of both genes demonstrate that these two AACT have distinct intracellular localizations and functions. AACT-1 is clearly a soluble enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cytosolic isoprenoids. AACT-2 is specifically associated with peroxisomes and might play a role in the b-oxidation of fatty acids
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Brown, Narren Jonah. "Political culture's effect on voter turnout the 2004 election and beyond /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Adamou, Garba. "Mass media et impérialisme culturel : contribution à l'analyse et à l'évaluation de quelques manifestations du phénomène". Paris 5, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA05H046.

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Leroux, Mélanie. "Production de glycosaminoglycanes par voie microbiologique et enzymatique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV024.

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Les glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs) sont des polymères de sucres linéaires, présents chez tous les animaux. Certaines bactéries pathogènes synthétisent également des polysaccharides identiques ou très similaires aux GAGs humains. Cette thèse a porté en particulier sur la synthèse de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan qui font partie de cette famille de polysaccharides. L’intérêt pour ces deux GAGs est grandissant dans l’industrie pharmaceutique du fait des nombreuses applications médicales qu’ils pourraient permettre. La chondroïtine sulfate est d’ores et déjà extraite de tissus animaux ce qui peut engendrer des problèmes sanitaires, notamment des contaminations virales ou aux prions. En revanche, le procédé de production pour l’héparosan reste à mettre en place. Il est donc nécessaire de développer des procédés de production pour ces deux molécules. La synthèse enzymatique est une voie particulièrement prometteuse pour la production de la chondroïtine sulfate et de l’héparosan, et a fait l’objet de ce travail de thèse
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long linear polysaccharide chains, found in all animals. Some pathogenic bacteria also synthesize polysaccharides identical or similar to human GAGs. This thesis deals with chondroitin sulfate and heparosan syntheses, members of the GAGs family. There is a growing interest in these two GAGs in the pharmaceutical industry due to numerous potential applications they offer. Chondroitin sulfate is currently extracted from animal tissues which can lead to sanitary problems such as viral or prion contaminations. On the other hand, a production process still needs to be developed for heparosan. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new methods for the production of these two polymers. Enzymatic synthesis, which is a promising alternative for the production of chondroitin sulfate and heparosan, was the subject of this thesis
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8

Wood, Jason A. "More Than a Feeling: Measuring the Impact of Affect and Socio-Cultural Differences on Vote Choice". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1307321687.

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9

Galignano, Marco <1974&gt. "La risonanza olistica. Arte, pedagogia e scienza della voce nelle culture dello spettacolo". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3067/1/Galignano_Marco_tesi_La_Risonanza_Olistica.pdf.

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La ricerca impostata considera campi disciplinari specifici e distinti, verso la loro integrazione, mirando a produrre un avanzamento relativo alla scienza della voce attraverso la pratica e lo studio della sua applicazione in campo artistico. A partire dall’analisi delle teorie novecentesche relative alla fonazione nel mondo della scena (Antonin Artaud, Stanislavskij e altri) per giungere alle acquisizioni prodotte dalle terapie corporee e vocali (Tomatis, Lowen, Wilfart in particolare), Marco Galignano ha sviluppato un percorso originale che è passato inoltre attraverso lo studio della pratica di una serie di artisti contemporanei (tra cui Baliani, Belli, Bergonzoni, Jodorowski, Hera, Lucenti e Manfredini) e di pedagoghi e terapeuti (da Serge Wilfart al maestro Paolo Zedda). Galignano ha inoltre riferito, nel suo lavoro, gli esiti della sua personale esperienza di formatore, sviluppata a Bologna all’interno di diversi Dipartimenti dell’Università Alma Mater, del Conservatorio di Musica G.B. Martini, dell’Accademia di Belle Arti e del Teatro Duse in particolare. L’obiettivo della tesi è dunque quello di fondare le basi teoriche per una rinnovata pedagogia vocale, a partire dalla possibile riscoperta del suono naturale fino a giungere alle potenzialità terapeutiche ed artistiche del linguaggio. Gli obiettivi di questo lavoro contemplano l’istituzione di una nuova modalità pedagogica, la sua diffusione attraverso una presentazione opportunamente composta e la sua inscrizione in diverse occorrenze artistiche e professionali. Molte le personalità di spicco del panorama internazionale della scienza e dell’arte della voce che hanno contribuito, negli anni, alla presente ricerca: Francesca Della Monica, insegnante di canto e performer, Tiziana Fuschini, logopedista, Franco Fussi, foniatra, Silvia Magnani, foniatra ed esperta di teatro, Gianpaolo Mignardi, logopedista, Dimitri Pasquali, pedagogo, Livio Presutti, medico chirurgo otorinolaringoiatra, Simonetta Selva, medico dello sport, Serge Wilfart, terapeuta della voce, Paolo Zedda, professore di canto in diverse realtà e Maestro di dizione al Conservatorio Nazionale di Parigi, e molti altri, oltre agli artisti citati in fondo, con le loro ricerche hanno contribuito direttamente alla redazione dell’elaborato finale, che mira a fondare le basi di una rinnovata pedagogia vocale per il teatro in Italia. La ricerca vuole infatti colmare in parte la penuria di apporti scientifici specificamente rivolti alla formazione vocale dell’attore teatrale. II lavoro vorrebbe inoltre raccogliere l’eredita di quei teorici, maestri e registi-pedagoghi che nel Novecento hanno posto le basi per la formazione dell’attore, e al tempo stesso prolungare la linea genealogica che da Stanislavskji trascorre in Grotowski, senza escludere esperienze fondate su presupposti alternativi alla formazione del repertorio vocale del performer: psicofisicità, terapie olistiche, fisica quantistica. Come accennato, una parte della ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione col Prof. Franco Fussi, correlatore, e grazie al lavoro di redazione nel gruppo della rivista Culture Teatrali, diretto da Marco De Marinis, relatore. II percorso ha inteso infatti sviluppare alcune delle linee di ricerca aperte da Fussi virandole verso lo specifico dell’attività e del training vocale dell’attore, e ha avuto una tappa di verifica rilevante nel Convegno Internazionale di Foniatria e Logopedia “La Voce Artistica” di cui Fussi è direttore, a cui Galignano ha partecipato in veste di relatore. 1. II concetto guida del lavoro di Galignano risiede nell’idea di vibrazione e nel rapporto che questa intrattiene col suono. Il suono, per l’essere umano, costituisce la base materiale della fonazione, del linguaggio codificato comunitariamente così come dei particolari idioletti in continua evoluzione, basi della comunicazione verbale e paraverbale. Il linguaggio umano è costituito principalmente da sonorità vocale e da articolazione consonantica (rumori), e cioè composto di suoni armonici e di rumori prodotti da apparati articolari del corpo che risultano efficaci solo se integrati nel corpo da cui originano. A partire da un tentativo di definizione di salute corporea e di equilibrio psicofisico, attraverso l’analisi della rigenerazione cellulare e delle dinamiche comportamentali, Galignano definisce scientificamente la lingua parlata come emersione di codici comunicativi che originano da una schematizzazione del mondo intimo-personale del soggetto e si fondano su memorie molecolari, sull’attitudine comportamentale abituale, tra spontaneità, automatismi e capacità episodica di attenzione psicofisica. Ciò costituisce, per Galignano, la “risonanza olistica” alla base dell’efficacia comunicativa in sede pedagogica. L’argomento, che verrà sviluppato per la presentazione editoriale dell’elaborato e di cui la tesi di dottorato è solo una prima tappa in fieri, è stato sviscerato anche sulla base di nozioni di fisica classica e di fisica quantistica. Ciò senza dimenticare gli studi approfonditi sulla vocalità in ambito filosofico, da Bologna a Cavarero, da Napolitano a Zumthor. La tesi è composta attraverso una progressione che, a partire da una dichiarazione di poetica, trascorre poi verso l’analisi della fisiologia e della psicologia della voce, per approdare a una zona di approfondimento scientifico, teorico ed empirico, di una serie di metodi d’avanguardia di abilitazione e riabilitazione. In ultimo, come appendice, vengono riferiti i risultati del percorso laboratoriale condotto nel corso degli anni del dottorato di ricerca. Le esperienze sul campo maturate nell’ambito dell’attività pedagogica e laboratoriale si sono inoltre sviluppate a partire da un Progetto Strategico d’Ateneo dell’Università di Bologna intitolato “La Voce nel Corpo. La Recitazione e il Movimento Coreografico”, di cui Marco Galignano è responsabile scientifico. Un tempo specifico della tesi di dottorato è dunque composto a partire dai risultati maturati attraverso le varie azioni, laboratoriali e artistiche, che fin qui il progetto “La Voce nel Corpo” ha prodotto. In definitiva, attraverso il tessuto composto da esperienze pedagogiche, pratica artistica e ricerca scientifica, la tesi di dottorato di Galignano, work in progress, mira a comporre un sistema integrato, teorico-pratico, per l’insegnamento e la trasmissione di una specifica tecnica vocale calata nella pratica attoriale, ma utile a fini ulteriori, da quello riabilitativo fino alle tecniche di cura del sé su cui s’e appuntata la riflessione filosofica erede della teoresi artaudiana. La parte conclusiva della ricerca riguarda i suoi possibili futuri sviluppi, specifici, impostati attraverso la collaborazione, attuale, passata o in divenire, con artisti quali Marco Baliani, Matteo Belli, Alessandro Bergonzoni, Albert Hera, Michela Lucenti, Danio Manfredini e altri a cui Marco Galignano è particolarmente riconoscente.
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10

Galignano, Marco <1974&gt. "La risonanza olistica. Arte, pedagogia e scienza della voce nelle culture dello spettacolo". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3067/.

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Resumo:
La ricerca impostata considera campi disciplinari specifici e distinti, verso la loro integrazione, mirando a produrre un avanzamento relativo alla scienza della voce attraverso la pratica e lo studio della sua applicazione in campo artistico. A partire dall’analisi delle teorie novecentesche relative alla fonazione nel mondo della scena (Antonin Artaud, Stanislavskij e altri) per giungere alle acquisizioni prodotte dalle terapie corporee e vocali (Tomatis, Lowen, Wilfart in particolare), Marco Galignano ha sviluppato un percorso originale che è passato inoltre attraverso lo studio della pratica di una serie di artisti contemporanei (tra cui Baliani, Belli, Bergonzoni, Jodorowski, Hera, Lucenti e Manfredini) e di pedagoghi e terapeuti (da Serge Wilfart al maestro Paolo Zedda). Galignano ha inoltre riferito, nel suo lavoro, gli esiti della sua personale esperienza di formatore, sviluppata a Bologna all’interno di diversi Dipartimenti dell’Università Alma Mater, del Conservatorio di Musica G.B. Martini, dell’Accademia di Belle Arti e del Teatro Duse in particolare. L’obiettivo della tesi è dunque quello di fondare le basi teoriche per una rinnovata pedagogia vocale, a partire dalla possibile riscoperta del suono naturale fino a giungere alle potenzialità terapeutiche ed artistiche del linguaggio. Gli obiettivi di questo lavoro contemplano l’istituzione di una nuova modalità pedagogica, la sua diffusione attraverso una presentazione opportunamente composta e la sua inscrizione in diverse occorrenze artistiche e professionali. Molte le personalità di spicco del panorama internazionale della scienza e dell’arte della voce che hanno contribuito, negli anni, alla presente ricerca: Francesca Della Monica, insegnante di canto e performer, Tiziana Fuschini, logopedista, Franco Fussi, foniatra, Silvia Magnani, foniatra ed esperta di teatro, Gianpaolo Mignardi, logopedista, Dimitri Pasquali, pedagogo, Livio Presutti, medico chirurgo otorinolaringoiatra, Simonetta Selva, medico dello sport, Serge Wilfart, terapeuta della voce, Paolo Zedda, professore di canto in diverse realtà e Maestro di dizione al Conservatorio Nazionale di Parigi, e molti altri, oltre agli artisti citati in fondo, con le loro ricerche hanno contribuito direttamente alla redazione dell’elaborato finale, che mira a fondare le basi di una rinnovata pedagogia vocale per il teatro in Italia. La ricerca vuole infatti colmare in parte la penuria di apporti scientifici specificamente rivolti alla formazione vocale dell’attore teatrale. II lavoro vorrebbe inoltre raccogliere l’eredita di quei teorici, maestri e registi-pedagoghi che nel Novecento hanno posto le basi per la formazione dell’attore, e al tempo stesso prolungare la linea genealogica che da Stanislavskji trascorre in Grotowski, senza escludere esperienze fondate su presupposti alternativi alla formazione del repertorio vocale del performer: psicofisicità, terapie olistiche, fisica quantistica. Come accennato, una parte della ricerca è stata condotta in collaborazione col Prof. Franco Fussi, correlatore, e grazie al lavoro di redazione nel gruppo della rivista Culture Teatrali, diretto da Marco De Marinis, relatore. II percorso ha inteso infatti sviluppare alcune delle linee di ricerca aperte da Fussi virandole verso lo specifico dell’attività e del training vocale dell’attore, e ha avuto una tappa di verifica rilevante nel Convegno Internazionale di Foniatria e Logopedia “La Voce Artistica” di cui Fussi è direttore, a cui Galignano ha partecipato in veste di relatore. 1. II concetto guida del lavoro di Galignano risiede nell’idea di vibrazione e nel rapporto che questa intrattiene col suono. Il suono, per l’essere umano, costituisce la base materiale della fonazione, del linguaggio codificato comunitariamente così come dei particolari idioletti in continua evoluzione, basi della comunicazione verbale e paraverbale. Il linguaggio umano è costituito principalmente da sonorità vocale e da articolazione consonantica (rumori), e cioè composto di suoni armonici e di rumori prodotti da apparati articolari del corpo che risultano efficaci solo se integrati nel corpo da cui originano. A partire da un tentativo di definizione di salute corporea e di equilibrio psicofisico, attraverso l’analisi della rigenerazione cellulare e delle dinamiche comportamentali, Galignano definisce scientificamente la lingua parlata come emersione di codici comunicativi che originano da una schematizzazione del mondo intimo-personale del soggetto e si fondano su memorie molecolari, sull’attitudine comportamentale abituale, tra spontaneità, automatismi e capacità episodica di attenzione psicofisica. Ciò costituisce, per Galignano, la “risonanza olistica” alla base dell’efficacia comunicativa in sede pedagogica. L’argomento, che verrà sviluppato per la presentazione editoriale dell’elaborato e di cui la tesi di dottorato è solo una prima tappa in fieri, è stato sviscerato anche sulla base di nozioni di fisica classica e di fisica quantistica. Ciò senza dimenticare gli studi approfonditi sulla vocalità in ambito filosofico, da Bologna a Cavarero, da Napolitano a Zumthor. La tesi è composta attraverso una progressione che, a partire da una dichiarazione di poetica, trascorre poi verso l’analisi della fisiologia e della psicologia della voce, per approdare a una zona di approfondimento scientifico, teorico ed empirico, di una serie di metodi d’avanguardia di abilitazione e riabilitazione. In ultimo, come appendice, vengono riferiti i risultati del percorso laboratoriale condotto nel corso degli anni del dottorato di ricerca. Le esperienze sul campo maturate nell’ambito dell’attività pedagogica e laboratoriale si sono inoltre sviluppate a partire da un Progetto Strategico d’Ateneo dell’Università di Bologna intitolato “La Voce nel Corpo. La Recitazione e il Movimento Coreografico”, di cui Marco Galignano è responsabile scientifico. Un tempo specifico della tesi di dottorato è dunque composto a partire dai risultati maturati attraverso le varie azioni, laboratoriali e artistiche, che fin qui il progetto “La Voce nel Corpo” ha prodotto. In definitiva, attraverso il tessuto composto da esperienze pedagogiche, pratica artistica e ricerca scientifica, la tesi di dottorato di Galignano, work in progress, mira a comporre un sistema integrato, teorico-pratico, per l’insegnamento e la trasmissione di una specifica tecnica vocale calata nella pratica attoriale, ma utile a fini ulteriori, da quello riabilitativo fino alle tecniche di cura del sé su cui s’e appuntata la riflessione filosofica erede della teoresi artaudiana. La parte conclusiva della ricerca riguarda i suoi possibili futuri sviluppi, specifici, impostati attraverso la collaborazione, attuale, passata o in divenire, con artisti quali Marco Baliani, Matteo Belli, Alessandro Bergonzoni, Albert Hera, Michela Lucenti, Danio Manfredini e altri a cui Marco Galignano è particolarmente riconoscente.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

1

Merle, Robert. La volte des vertugadins: Roman. Paris: Editions de Fallois, 1991.

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2

Solomon, Juliet. To drive or to vote?: Young adults' culture & priorities 1998. London: Chartered Institute of Transport in the UK, 1998.

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3

Certamen, de Ensayo Político (2nd 2000 Monterrey Mexico?). El valor del voto. Monterrey, N.L: Comisión Estatal Electoral, 2000.

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4

Boldrini, Maurizio. La voce recitante: Un percorso contro-verso. Roma: Bulzoni, 1994.

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5

Boldrini, Maurizio. La voce recitante: Un percorso contro-verso. Roma: Bulzoni, 1994.

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6

Cwalina, Wojciech. A cross-cultural theory of voter behavior. New York: Haworth Press, 2008.

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7

Laino, Andrea. Demetrio Stratos e il teatro della voce. Milano: Auditorium, 2009.

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8

Li, Fanfan. La voie du rêve: L'art en trait d'union des cultures. Paris, France: You-Feng, 2007.

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9

Cardon, Alain. Profils d'équipes et cultures d'entreprises: Mettre votre équipe en valeur. Paris: Éd. d'Organisation, 1992.

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10

Tosto, Ida Maria. La voce musicale: Orientamenti per l'educazione vocale. Torino: EDT, 2009.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

1

Yadav, Rasu Chhatrapati. "North-South Divide: A study in Two Political Cultures". In Communities as Vote Banks, 173–87. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003538448-11.

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Guzzetti, Martina. "“Girls of the period”". In Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture, 177–99. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.105.09guz.

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Abstract Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the British mainstream press had hostile views on the Woman Question, while the new feminist periodicals exposed distortions and omissions and became the ideal site for debates about gender. However, these magazines showed competing internal ideologies: the aim of this paper is to investigate on how these were represented within the movement. The corpus consists of 880 articles published by The Woman’s Signal , Votes for Women, The Vote and Common Cause (1894–1914): the analysis of keywords related to gender (woman, suffragette, and lady) reveals different sets of beliefs concerning womanhood and the emergence of internal ideologies, too, which reflected the conflicting ideas within the British first-wave feminist movement.
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Vaughan, Alan G. "Every Voice, Every Vote Counts". In Cultural Complexes and the Soul of America, 115–44. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Cultural Complex Series: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429295690-7.

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Billiani, Francesca. "Orientations: La Voce and Gobetti". In National Cultures and Foreign Narratives in Italy, 1903–1943, 23–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54150-7_2.

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Karan, Farshad Salimi Naneh, e Subhadeep Chakraborty. "Dynamics of a Repulsive Voter Model". In Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction, 428–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16268-3_54.

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Börzel, Tanja A., e Miriam Hartlapp. "Eurosceptic Contestation and Legislative Behaviour in the European Parliament". In Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, 97–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94012-6_5.

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AbstractEurosceptic political parties have gained substantial support in democratic elections. Scholars have widely studied their programmatic positions. We know much less about the behaviour of Eurosceptics within legislatures. How does Eurosceptic contestation translate into voting behaviour? How do members of Eurosceptic parties engage in plenary debates? Do they stick to their peers when they vote and debate or do they form an untidy opposition? We expect Eurosceptic contestation to be weaker in policy fields that are less structured along the new cultural cleavage and are dominated by left-right ideologies or national interests. Our chapter develops this argument and offers an empirical study of Eurosceptic polarisation and Eurosceptic cohesion in the European Parliament (EP). We present an analysis of roll-call votes in the 7th and 8th legislative term of the EP (2009–2019). Six case studied then zoom into selected legislative processes in three policy fields to explore how contestation materialises in committee work and parliamentary debates in different policy fields. Our findings on cross-sectoral differences allow for a more differentiated understanding of Eurosceptic contestation becoming a vital feature of democratic practices rather than undermining EU policy-making, and European integration more broadly.
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Gorski, Philip. "Why Evangelicals Voted for Trump: A Critical Cultural Sociology". In Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics, 165–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95945-0_10.

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Saito, Kazumi, Masahiro Kimura, Kouzou Ohara e Hiroshi Motoda. "Detecting Changes in Opinion Value Distribution for Voter Model". In Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction, 89–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19656-0_15.

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Tanzini, Lorenzo. "From discussion to vote". In Cultures of Voting in Pre-modern Europe, 172–86. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351255042-12.

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Cautrès, Bruno, e Richard Sinnott. "Chapitre 1. Les cultures politiques de l'intégration européenne : les attitudes vis-à-vis de l'Europe". In Le vote des Quinze, 19–47. Presses de Sciences Po, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/scpo.grunb.2000.01.0019.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

1

An, Jing, e Chao Gao. "Analysis of VOT Acoustic Parameters of Stops and Affricates in Mandarin for Adolescents". In 2024 International Conference on Culture-Oriented Science & Technology (CoST), 306–10. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cost64302.2024.00067.

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Боков, Юрий Александрович. "ASSESSMENT OF THE «CULTURE OF THE VOTER» BY THE OFFICIAL SEAL OF PRUSSIA OF THE XIX CENTURY". In Высокие технологии и инновации в науке: сборник избранных статей Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/vt189.2021.70.81.007.

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В Пруссии XIX века не использовался термин "электоральная культура", но акцентировалось внимание на "культурности избирателя". Официальная пресса отмечала, что культурный избиратель консервативен, сдержан, любит свою страну, принадлежит к христианской конфессии и участвует в выборах. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-011-00436. In the Prussia of the XIX century, the term "electoral culture" was not used, but attention was focused on the "culture of the voter". The official press noted that the cultural voter is conservative, reserved, loves his country, belongs to the Christian denomination and participates in elections. Acknowledgments: The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-011-00436 “Electoral legal culture of citizens of Germany (1871-1933).
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Szufa, Stanisław, Piotr Faliszewski, Łukasz Janeczko, Martin Lackner, Arkadii Slinko, Krzysztof Sornat e Nimrod Talmon. "How to Sample Approval Elections?" In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/71.

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We extend the map-of-elections framework to the case of approval elections. While doing so, we study a number of statistical cultures, including some new ones, and we analyze their properties. We find that approval elections can be understood in terms of the average number of approvals in the votes, and the extent to which the votes are chaotic.
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4

Luca, Sergiu. "The vole of the book in shaping the elite of society". In Simpozionul Național de Studii Culturale, Ediția a 2-a. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975352147.06.

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Annotation: „Tabula rasa” – the theory of the philosopher John Loke represents the man without a book. The importance of the book in the formation of personality is demonstrated by the countless prohibitions of books throughout human history – „blacklists” of forbidden books and burned books. Hence the rhetorical question: – „What is your first book?”, „What books were in your training?”. The book is the source of knowledge that can be passed on to other generations contributing to their formation. Good governance can only be achieved based on qualitative knowledge. The need for elite education has been realized since antiquity. Thus in all societies, the formula of creating special schools for the children of kings and aristocrats was used. The Party High School was created in the Soviet Union for Party Officials because good governance equals the higher level of idealization of the official. Cultural and scientific elites have a role in defending national culture and merit in universal science. The book is an artifact in the demonstration of the existence of a people, and the people who will not have written books will remain out of history.
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FONTANARI, J. F., e L. R. PERES. "CULTURAL EVOLUTION IN A LATTICE: THE MAJORITY-VOTE MODEL AS A FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT BIAS MODEL OF CULTURAL TRANSMISSION". In BIOMAT 2010 - International Symposium on Mathematical and Computational Biology. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814343435_0014.

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Caine, Ian. "75 Ways to Confront Rapid Urban Growth in an Unincorporated Community". In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.77.

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This case study analyzes a recent urban planning effort in the community of Comfort, Texas—which, like 90% of its neighbors in the Texas Hill Country—lacks a municipal government. The Texas Hill Country region is home to three of the ten fastest growing large counties in the United States, yet a widespread aversion to government fosters a lack of regulation that today threatens the local quality of air, water, and land. On November 3, 2015, 71% of Comfort residents voted against a proposition to incorporate their community. While the vote was clear in its rejection of municipal government, it did not suggest how a loose assortment of property owners, developers, non-profits, utility districts, and county officials might address the multiple and pressing challenges associated with rapid urban growth. Comfort Vision 2050 offers a plan tailored to the realities of life in an unincorporated community, establishing a novel approach to urban planning that is decentralized, non-governmental, incremental, actionable, coordinated, measurable, and transparent. The urban action plan specifically provides a list of 75 Strategic Initiatives that are small-scale, diverse, and possible to achieve without the benefit of municipal government. Collectively, the plan suggests a dispersed, distributed decision-making process that does not rely on a single organization or individual for success. This case study describes the efforts of a university-based community design center to develop a novel approach to urban planning in an unincorporated community. Ultimately, Comfort’s experience highlights the need to develop regional planning strategies that can address the needs of unincorporated communities, which after all need urban planning for all the same reasons that cities do: to prevent the fragmentation of local ecologies, maintain critical infrastructures, ensure access to housing, preserve physical and cultural his¬tory, attract and keep good jobs, expand critical services, facilitate civic discourse, and ensure timely decision-making.
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Grundling, J. P., e L. Steynberg. "Academic entrepreneurship: Challenges facing South Africa". In 16th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2008. University of Twente, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268488241.

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Academic entrepreneurship in general implies ipso facto the involvement of academic staff in commercial activities in a system that builds on university-industry relations. In this relationship it is expected from industry to acquire knowledge from institutions of higher education and to utilize this knowledge in the innovation process. On the other hand, academic entrepreneurship also occurs within the national boundaries of a specific country possessing a distinct history and culture. In the case of South Africa, the entrepreneurial culture was build over more than three centuries, 1652 to 1994, on an institutionalized political system of racial segregation. True democracy was only achieved in April 1994 when South Africans saw the first-ever democratic vote and election in South Africa. This paper intends to analyze and evaluate the challenges of academic entrepreneurship for institutions of higher education in South Africa following a historical and survey research design approach. The results revealed that higher education institutions in South Africa, despite remarkable achievements, are still struggling to comply with the demands of the knowledge economy and in the enhancement of academic entrepreneurship.
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Gizynska, Monika. "Methods of Increasing Voter Turnout in the Context of Its Decline and Low Civil Culture". In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.02.

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Vérézubova, Ekatérina. "Le champ lexical de l’eau et son imaginaire dans les cultures française et russe (étude comparative)". In XXV Coloquio AFUE. Palabras e imaginarios del agua. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/xxvcoloquioafue.2016.3792.

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La présente recherche porte sur l’étude comparative des aspects socioculturels de l’emploi des mots liés au champ lexical de l’eau en français et en russe. Nous partons de la représentation de la langue-culture comme d’un continu permettant de relever les particularités de la vision du monde des sujets parlants à travers les connotations et les emplois des mots dans des contextes différents. Ce sont les aspects affectif, imagé, mais aussi l’aspect évocateur, ou « de milieu » que nous avons choisi comme points de repère dans notre recherche. Nous utilisons dans notre démarche les données de dictionnaires et procédons à l’analyse des proverbes, dictons, expressions imagées et des contes français et russes pour découvrir les particularités du monde imaginaire, des associations nationales dans les langues-cultures respectives (il s’agit de la convergence totale, partielle ou absence de convergence de l’image. Cette étude devrait être complétée par l’emploi terminologique des mots et expressions du champ lexical de l’eau qui sont, dans la langue française, très souvent formés par la voie métaphorique (vive-eau, morte-eau signifiant la marée montante ou descendante, eau morte et eau vive renvoyant à l’eau stagnante ou l’eau qui coule), alors que la langue russe préfère réserver l’image au langage de la littérature (eau vive et morte dans les contes russes). De plus, les mots appartenant au champ lexical de l’eau sont largement employés en français dans la sphère de finances (verser, versement, liquidités, flux financiers, etc.) et, moins largement, en russe (sous forme d’emprunts, calques le plus souvent). Ces investigations de termes « aquatiques » dans les deux langues permettront de relever les nuances de leur emploi et de leurs connotations dont la connaissance est d’une grande importance pour les traducteurs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.3792
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Filene, Bruno Karasiaki, e Wanessa Ribeiro dos Santos. "RITUAIS E DÁDIVAS - ENTRE FESTAS POPULARES E RITOS RESTRITOS, A TRANSMISSÃO CULTURAL E A MISSÃO DO VOTO". In 33º Encontro Nacional da ANPAP - Vidas. João Pessoa, Paraíba: Even3, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/33-encontro-nacional-da-anpap-vidas-421945.844752.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Cultures du vote"

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Giavazzi, Francesco, Felix Iglhaut, Giacomo Lemoli e Gaia Rubera. Terrorist Attacks, Cultural Incidents and the Vote for Radical Parties: Analyzing Text from Twitter. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, março de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26825.

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DeMetri, Olga, Samuel Moreno e Gerardo Funes. Seizing the Market Opportunity of the Growing Latino and Caribbean Community in the United States. Inter-American Development Bank, novembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005199.

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This study examines the transformative influence of the rapidly growing Latino and Caribbean community in the United States, both as a demographic and an economic powerhouse. Accounting for nearly one in five U.S. residents, this community is reshaping the nation's social, economic, and cultural landscapes. In 2019 alone, the economic output of Latinos in the U.S. was $2.7 trillion, marking them as a global economic force. The report highlights the community's role in enhancing trade and economic relations with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), including its influence on foreign direct investment (FDI) and diaspora direct investment (DDI). Remittances to LAC countries remain strong, further solidifying economic ties. Culturally and politically, the Latino and Caribbean community is becoming mainstream in the U.S., as evidenced by its growing impact on music, food, and voter participation. The study includes case studies from Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, and New York to underline the community's diverse contributions across various sectors. In summary, the Latino and Caribbean community is not just growing in numbers but is a formidable force that is shaping the U.S. and strengthening its international ties with LAC. This growth presents numerous opportunities for both domestic and international economic and cultural collaborations.
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Audet, René, e Tom Lebrun. Livre blanc : L'intelligence artificielle et le monde du livre. Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle et du numérique, setembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.61737/zhxd1856.

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Québec et Montréal, le 21 septembre 2020 – L’intelligence artificielle (IA) dans le monde du livre est une réalité. En effet, elle n’est pas réservée aux plateformes de vente ou aux applications médicales. L’IA peut assister l’écriture, accompagner le travail éditorial ou encore aider le libraire. Elle peut répondre à des besoins criants ; malgré ses limites évidentes, elle permet d’envisager des applications inédites dans la chaîne du livre, qui font ici l’objet de recommandations précises. Ce livre blanc, rédigé par deux spécialistes du livre et de l’intelligence artificielle, vise à identifier des pistes d’action pour mettre l’IA au service des nombreux maillons du monde du livre. « Dans ce milieu, où doivent être menées les réflexions utiles à la planification de l’avenir immédiat de ce créneau culturel, l’idée d’une concertation de certains de ses acteurs sur l’utilisation d’IA (voire l’éventuelle mise en commun des données collectées) est une piste à suivre. » Cette concertation est appelée par nombre d’experts, qui témoignent dans ce Livre blanc des enjeux propres au contexte culturel actuel menacé par les géants du commerce : « Si l’IA appelle une vigilance constante concernant son utilisation, il paraît important pour les acteurs du monde du livre de rester très attentifs aux avancées technologiques, tant à ce qu’elles pourraient bousculer qu’à ce qu’elles pourraient apporter. » (Virginie Clayssen, Éditis / Commission numérique du Syndicat national de l’édition, France) Ainsi, « la voie dorée pour l’introduction d’IA, pensée comme intelligence augmentée, dans les différents maillons de la chaîne est sans aucun doute celle d’une exploitation des différentes données déjà disponibles ».
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Sanahuja, José Antonio, Pablo Stefanoni e Francisco J. Verdes Montenegro. América Latina frente al 24-F ucraniano: entre la tradición diplomática y las tensiones políticas. Fundación Carolina, março de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt62.

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Las posiciones de los países de América Latina respecto a la agresión que ha sufrido Ucrania por parte de Rusia desde el 24 de febrero de 2022 han respondido, mayoritariamente, a la tradicional visión normativa de las relaciones internacionales que ha caracterizado tanto su cultura política como su visión del mundo, si bien se han apreciado unas tensiones y contradicciones que merecen especial atención. Este artículo las examina, teniendo presente sus interrelaciones, por lo que se atenderá cómo se han posicionado los gobiernos de la región, tratando de distinguir las posturas adoptadas de cara al escenario político doméstico y las que las cancillerías han fijado en declaraciones oficiales, así como mediante el voto en Naciones Unidas u otras instancias. De este modo, se interpretan los posicionamientos como expresiones de la contienda política en cada país y en la región; y, finalmente, la manera en la que reflejan o impugnan las visiones del mundo, y los principios, tradiciones y modelos de política exterior que están presentes en la región.
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Ocampo-Gaviria, José Antonio, Roberto Steiner Sampedro, Mauricio Villamizar Villegas, Bibiana Taboada Arango, Jaime Jaramillo Vallejo, Olga Lucia Acosta-Navarro e Leonardo Villar Gómez. Report of the Board of Directors to the Congress of Colombia - March 2023. Banco de la República de Colombia, junho de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep-eng.03-2023.

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Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3
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6

Ocampo, José Antonio, Roberto Steiner Sampedro, Mauricio Villamizar Villegas, Bibiana Taboada Arango, Jaime Jaramillo Vallejo, Olga Lucia Acosta Navarro e Leonardo Villar Gómez. Informe de la Junta Directiva al Congreso de la República - Marzo de 2023. Banco de la República, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-jun-dir-con-rep.3-2023.

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Introducción En 2023 el Banco de la República celebra 100 años de su fundación. Este es un aniversario de gran significado, el cual ofrece la oportunidad de resaltar el aporte que el Banco ha hecho al desarrollo del país. Su trayectoria como garante de la estabilidad monetaria lo ha consolidado como la institución estatal independiente que genera mayor confianza entre los colombianos por su transparencia, capacidad de gestión y el cumplimiento efectivo de las funciones de banca central y culturales encomendadas en la Constitución y la Ley. En una fecha tan importante como esta, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) hace un reconocimiento a las generaciones de directivos y funcionarios que con su compromiso y dedicación contribuyeron a engrandecer esta institución1. El mandato del Banco de la República se consolidó en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1991, para cuya integración los ciudadanos tuvieron la oportunidad de elegir a las setenta personas que tendrían como tarea redactar una nueva constitución. Los dirigentes de los tres movimientos políticos más votados fueron elegidos presidentes de la Asamblea, y esta presidencia tripartita reflejó la pluralidad y la necesidad de consenso entre las diferentes fuerzas políticas para sacar adelante la reforma. Entre los asuntos considerados, la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente le otorgó especial importancia a la estabilidad monetaria. Por esta razón decidió incluir el tema de banca central y dotar al Banco de la República de la autonomía necesaria para utilizar los instrumentos a su cargo sin injerencia de otras autoridades. El constituyente entendió que velar por la estabilidad de precios es un deber del Estado y que la entidad responsable de este cometido debe estar consagrada en la Constitución y contar con la capacidad técnica y autonomía institucional necesaria para adoptar las decisiones que considere pertinentes para alcanzar este objetivo fundamental, en coordinación con la política económica general. En particular, el artículo 373 estableció que “el Estado, por intermedio del Banco de la República, velará por el mantenimiento de la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda”, disposición que coincidía con el esquema de banca central adoptado por países exitosos en el control de la inflación. En 1999, mediante sentencia 481, la Corte Constitucional indicó que “el deber de mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda no solo se predica de la autoridad monetaria, crediticia y cambiaria, esto es de la Junta del Banco de la República, sino también de quienes tienen responsabilidades en la formulación y ejecución de la política económica general del país” y que “la finalidad constitucional básica del Banco de la República es la protección de la moneda sana, pero esa autoridad debe tomar en consideración en sus decisiones los otros objetivos económicos de la intervención del Estado, como el pleno empleo, pues sus funciones deben coordinarse con la política económica general.” La reforma al Banco de la República concertada en la Constituyente de 1991 y en la Ley 31 de 1992 se puede resumir en los siguientes aspectos: i) asignó al Banco un mandato específico: mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda, en coordinación con la política económica general; ii) designó a la JDBR como autoridad monetaria, cambiaria y crediticia; iii) otorgó al Banco y a su Junta Directiva un importante grado de independencia frente al Gobierno; iv) prohibió al Banco otorgar crédito al sector privado distinto del financiero; v) estableció que para otorgar crédito al Gobierno se requería del voto unánime de su Junta Directiva, a menos que se trate de operaciones de mercado abierto; vi) determinó que el legislador, en ningún caso, podrá ordenar cupos de crédito a favor del Estado o de los particulares; vii) designó al Congreso, en representación de la sociedad, como principal destinatario del ejercicio de rendición de informes del Banco; y viii) delegó en el presidente de la República la función de inspección, vigilancia y control sobre el Banco de la República. Los miembros de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente entendieron claramente que los beneficios de una inflación baja y estable se extienden a toda la sociedad y contribuyen al buen funcionamiento del sistema económico. Entre los más importantes cabe mencionar que una inflación baja promueve el uso eficiente de los recursos productivos, al permitir que los precios relativos guíen de mejor forma la asignación de recursos, lo cual promueve el crecimiento económico y aumenta el bienestar de la población. Igualmente, una inflación baja reduce la incertidumbre sobre la rentabilidad esperada de la inversión y sobre el precio futuro de los activos, lo que aumenta la confianza de los agentes económicos, facilita la financiación de largo plazo y estimula la inversión. Una inflación baja evita redistribuciones arbitrarias del ingreso y la riqueza, debido a que los estratos de ingresos bajos de la población no pueden protegerse de la inflación mediante la diversificación de sus activos, y concentran una elevada proporción de su ingreso en la compra de alimentos y otros bienes básicos, ítems que generalmente son los más afectados por los choques inflacionarios2. Por otra parte, una baja inflación facilita las negociaciones salariales, lo cual crea un buen clima laboral y reduce la volatilidad del nivel de empleo. Finalmente, una inflación baja contribuye a que el sistema de impuestos sea más transparente y equitativo, al evitar las distorsiones que la inflación introduce sobre el valor de los activos y de los ingresos que componen la base tributaria. Desde el punto de vista de la autoridad monetaria, uno de los beneficios más relevantes de una inflación baja es la credibilidad que los agentes económicos adquieren en la meta de inflación, lo que la convierte en un ancla nominal efectiva sobre el nivel de precios. Al recibir su mandato, y en uso de su autonomía, el Banco de la República empezó a anunciar metas puntuales de inflación anual a partir de 1992. Si bien en esta primera etapa las metas de inflación propuestas no se lograron cumplir de forma precisa, sí se consiguió imprimirle a la inflación una tendencia descendente, que la llevó desde un nivel del 32,4% en 1990 al 16,7% en 1998. Para aquella época la tasa de cambio se mantenía dentro de una banda, lo cual limitaba la efectividad de la política monetaria, que buscaba cumplir simultáneamente una meta de inflación y un objetivo de tasa de cambio. La crisis asiática se contagió a las economías emergentes y afectó de manera importante a la economía colombiana. La tasa de cambio presentó una fuerte presión a la depreciación al cerrarse el acceso al financiamiento externo en condiciones de un elevado desequilibrio externo. Lo anterior, junto con la falta de flexibilidad cambiaria, impidió hacer una política monetaria contracíclica, lo que condujo a una contracción del PIB del 4,2% en dicho año. En este contexto de desaceleración económica, la inflación anual se redujo al 9,2% a finales de 1999, situándose por debajo de la meta del 15% que se había fijado para ese año. Este episodio reveló plenamente lo costoso que podría ser, en términos de actividad económica, el tener simultáneamente metas para la inflación y para la tasa de cambio. Hacia finales de 1999 el Banco de la República anunció la adopción de un nuevo régimen de política monetaria que denominó Esquema de Inflación Objetivo. Este régimen, conocido internacionalmente como ‘Inflation Targeting,’ venía ganando creciente aceptación en países desarrollados, al haber sido adoptado a partir de 1991 por Nueva Zelanda, Canadá e Inglaterra, entre otros, logrando importantes avances en el manejo de la inflación, sin incurrir en costos en términos de actividad económica. En América Latina, Brasil y Chile también lo acogieron en 1999. En el caso colombiano, el último requisito pendiente por cumplir para adoptar dicho esquema de política era la flexibilidad de la tasa de cambio, la cual se materializó hacia septiembre de 1999, cuando la JDBR decidió abandonar las bandas cambiarias para permitir que la tasa de cambio se determinara libremente en el mercado. De forma coherente con el mandato constitucional, el objetivo fundamental de este nuevo esquema de política consistía en “el cumplimiento de una meta de inflación que contribuya a mantener un crecimiento del producto alrededor de su capacidad potencial”3. Dicha capacidad potencial se entendía como aquel crecimiento del PIB que la economía puede obtener si utiliza plenamente sus recursos productivos. Para cumplir este objetivo la política monetaria debe cumplir necesariamente un papel contracíclico en la economía. Ello porque cuando la actividad económica está por debajo de su potencial y existen recursos ociosos, la autoridad monetaria puede reducir la tasa de interés ante la ausencia de presiones inflacionarias para estimular por esa vía la economía y, de manera inversa, cuando el producto supera su capacidad potencial. Este principio de política, que está inmerso en los modelos para guiar la postura de política monetaria, hace que, en el mediano plazo, sean totalmente compatibles los objetivos del cumplimiento de la meta de inflación y de un nivel de actividad económica compatible con su capacidad productiva. Para alcanzar este propósito, en el esquema de inflación objetivo se utiliza la tasa de interés del mercado monetario (a la cual el banco central suministra liquidez primaria a los bancos comerciales), como el instrumento primordial de política. Con ello se sustituyó la cantidad de dinero como meta intermedia de política monetaria, que el Banco de la República, al igual que varios otros bancos centrales, utilizaron por mucho tiempo. En el caso colombiano, el objetivo del nuevo esquema de política monetaria implicaba, en términos prácticos, que la recuperación de la economía, luego de la contracción ocurrida en 1999, debía lograrse al tiempo que se cumplían las metas decrecientes de inflación establecidas por la JDBR. De manera notable este propósito se cumplió. En la primera mitad de la década del 2000 la actividad económica logró una recuperación importante, hasta alcanzar un crecimiento del 6,8% en 2006. Entretanto, la inflación fue descendiendo gradualmente, en línea con las metas de inflación. Fue así como la tasa de inflación se redujo desde el 9,2% en 1999 al 4,5% en 2006, cumpliendo con la meta de inflación establecida para ese año, mientras que el PIB alcanzó su nivel potencial. Después de lograrse este equilibrio en 2006, la inflación repuntó al 5,7% en 2007, por encima de la meta del 4% fijada para ese año, debido a que el crecimiento del PIB del 7,5% superó su capacidad potencial4. Luego de comprobarse la eficacia del esquema de inflación objetivo en sus primeros años de operación, este régimen de política continuó consolidándose a medida que la JDBR y el equipo técnico ganaron experiencia en su manejo y se incorporaron modelos económicos de última tecnología para diagnosticar el estado presente y futuro de la economía, y evaluar la persistencia de los desvíos de la inflación y sus expectativas con respecto a la meta de inflación. A partir de 2010 la JDBR estableció la meta de inflación anual de largo plazo del 3%, que continúa vigente en la actualidad. La menor inflación ha contribuido a crear un entorno macroeconómico más estable, que ha favorecido el crecimiento económico sostenido, la estabilidad financiera, el desarrollo del mercado de capitales y el funcionamiento de los sistemas de pagos. Gracias a ello se lograron reducciones en la prima por riesgo inflacionario y menores tasas de interés de los TES y de crédito. A su vez, la duración de la deuda interna pública aumentó de forma importante pasando de 2,27 años en diciembre de 2002 a 5,86 años en diciembre de 2022 y la profundización financiera, medida como el nivel de la cartera como porcentaje del PIB, pasó de cerca del 20% a mediados de la década de los noventa a valores superiores al 45% en años recientes, en un contexto saludable de los establecimientos de crédito. Los logros tangibles alcanzados por el Banco de la República en el manejo de la inflación al haber contado con la autonomía que le otorgó la Constitución para cumplir con el mandato de preservar el poder adquisitivo de la moneda, junto con los importantes beneficios que se derivaron del proceso de llevar la inflación a su meta de largo plazo, hacen que el reto que actualmente enfrenta la JDBR de retornar la inflación a la meta del 3% sea aún más exigente y apremiante. Como es bien conocido, a partir de 2021, y especialmente en 2022, la inflación en Colombia volvió a convertirse en un serio problema económico, con elevados costos de bienestar. El fenómeno inflacionario no ha sido exclusivo de Colombia y es así como muchos otros países desarrollados y emergentes han visto alejarse sus tasas de inflación de las metas propuestas por sus bancos centrales5. Las razones de este fenómeno se han analizado en los recientes Informes al Congreso, y en esta nueva entrega se profundiza al respecto con información actualizada. La sólida base institucional y técnica que soporta el esquema de inflación objetivo bajo el cual opera la estrategia de política monetaria le da a la JDBR los elementos necesarios para enfrentar con confianza este difícil reto. Al respecto, en su comunicado del 25 de noviembre la JDBR reiteró su compromiso con la meta de inflación del 3,0%, la cual prevé alcanzar hacia finales de 20246. La política monetaria continuará enfocada en cumplir este objetivo, al tiempo que velará por la sostenibilidad de la actividad económica, tal y como lo ordena la Constitución. Las encuestas a analistas llevadas a cabo en marzo mostraron un incremento importante (del 32,3% en enero al 48,5% en marzo) en el porcentaje de respuestas que sitúan las expectativas de inflación a dos años o más en un rango entre el 3% y 4%. Este es un indicativo claro de recuperación de credibilidad en la meta de inflación a mediano plazo, lo cual guarda coherencia con el anuncio de la JDBR de noviembre pasado. La moderación de la tendencia alcista de la inflación que se observó en enero, y especialmente en febrero, contribuirá a reforzar esta revisión de expectativas de inflación, y ayudará a cumplir los objetivos propuestos. Luego de registrarse una inflación del 5,6% a finales de 2021, la inflación mantuvo una tendencia alcista a lo largo de 2022 debido a las presiones inflacionarias tanto de origen externo, asociadas con las secuelas de la pandemia y las consecuencias del conflicto bélico en Ucrania, como de origen interno, resultantes de: el fortalecimiento de la demanda local; los procesos de indexación de precios estimulados por el aumento de las expectativas de inflación; las afectaciones a la producción de alimentos provocadas por el paro de mediados de 2021, y el traspaso de la depreciación a los precios. Los aumentos del salario mínimo del 10% en 2021 y del 16% en 2022, que en ambos casos superaron la inflación observada y el incremento de la productividad, acentuaron los procesos de indexación al haber establecido un elevado referente de ajuste nominal. De esta forma, la inflación total aumentó al 13,1% a finales 2022. La variación anual de alimentos, que subió del 17,2% al 27,8% entre esos dos años, fue el factor que más influyó en la aceleración del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Otro rubro que contribuyó de manera importante a las alzas de precios fue el de regulados, cuya variación anual aumentó del 7,1% en diciembre de 2021 al 11,8% a finales de 2022. Por su parte, la medida de inflación básica sin alimentos ni regulados subió del 2,5% al 9,5% entre finales de 2021 y finales de 2022. El aumento sustancial de la inflación básica muestra que la presión inflacionaria se extendió a la mayoría de los rubros de la canasta familiar, lo cual es característico de procesos inflacionarios con una indexación de precios generalizada, como ocurre en Colombia. La política monetaria empezó a reaccionar tempranamente a estas presiones inflacionarias. Fue así como a partir de su sesión de septiembre de 2021 la JDBR inició un cambio progresivo de la postura de la política monetaria a partir del mínimo histórico del 1,75% de la tasa de interés de política al cual se había llegado para estimular la recuperación de la economía. Este proceso de ajuste prosiguió sin interrupción a lo largo de 2022 y hasta inicios de 2023, cuando la tasa de política monetaria alcanzó el 12,75% en enero pasado, con lo cual acumuló un incremento de 11 puntos porcentuales (pp). El público y los mercados se han mostrado sorprendidos de que la inflación continuara aumentando, a pesar de los significativos incrementos de la tasa de interés. Pero como lo ha explicado la JDBR en sus diversas comunicaciones, la política monetaria actúa con rezago. Así como en 2022 la actividad económica se recuperó hasta alcanzar un nivel superior al de prepandemia, impulsada, entre otros factores, por el estímulo monetario otorgado durante el período de pandemia y de los meses subsiguientes, así también los efectos de la actual política monetaria restrictiva se irán dando paulatinamente, lo que permite esperar que hacia finales de 2024 la tasa de inflación converja hacia el 3%, como es el propósito de la JDBR. Los resultados de la inflación en enero y febrero de este año mostraron incrementos marginales decrecientes (13 pb y 3 pb respectivamente), en comparación con la variación observada en diciembre (59 pb). Esto sugiere que se aproxima un punto de inflexión en la tendencia de la inflación. En otros países de América Latina, como Chile, Brasil, Perú y México, la inflación llegó a su techo y ha empezado a descender lentamente, aunque con algunos altibajos. Es previsible que en Colombia ocurra un proceso similar durante los próximos meses. El descenso previsto de la inflación en 2023 obedecerá, entre otros factores, a las menores presiones de costos externos por cuenta de la progresiva normalización de las cadenas de suministro, a la superación de los choques de oferta por razones de clima y por los bloqueos viales de años anteriores, lo que se reflejará en menores ajustes en los precios de los alimentos, como ya se observó en los primeros dos meses del año y, por supuesto, al efecto rezagado de la política monetaria. El proceso de convergencia de la inflación a la meta será gradual y se extenderá más allá de 2023. Dicho proceso se facilitará si se revierten las presiones a la devaluación, para lo cual resulta esencial que se continúe consolidando la sostenibilidad fiscal y se eviten mensajes en diferentes frentes de la política pública que generan incertidumbre y desconfianza. _______________________________________ 1 Este Informe al Congreso contiene el recuadro 1 que resume la trayectoria del Banco de la República en estos 100 años. Adicionalmente, con auspicio del Banco, varios libros que profundizan diversos aspectos de la historia de esta institución fueron publicados en años recientes. Véase, por ejemplo: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República : 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 Es por ello que una menor inflación se ha reflejado en la reducción de la desigualdad del ingreso medida a través del coeficiente de Gini al pasar de 58,7 en 1998 a 51,3 en el año previo a la pandemia. 3 Véase Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borrador de Economía, núm. 202, marzo, disponible en: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 Véase López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando y Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “La estrategia de inflación objetivo en Colombia. Una visión histórica”, Borrador de Economía, núm. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 Según el FMI, la variación porcentual de los precios al consumidor entre 2021 y 2022 pasó del 3,1 % al 7,3 % para las economías avanzadas, y del 5,9 % al 9,9 % para las economías de mercados emergentes y en vías de desarrollo. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3
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