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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Crystallization"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 29 de julho de 2024

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1

Frolova, S., e O. Sobol. "Dynamics of cluster structure change in melts that forms a continuous series of solid solutions during equilibrium and nonequilibrium crystallization". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 143, n.º 2 (2023): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2023-143-2-45-51.

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The article describes the dynamics of changes in the melt structure during cooling of solid substitution solutions in the process of quasi-equilibrium (CRC) and non-equilibrium explosive crystallization (NRCC), taking into account clustering processes. The boundaries of the transition to the solid state are determined as the structure of clusters changes during crystallizations of the KRK and NRK types. The boundaries are determined taking into account the critical overheating and pre-crystallization supercooling relative to the liquidus line . It is determined that during quasi–equilibrium crystallization, the melt changes its structure in the following sequence , and during non-equilibrium explosive crystallization - in the sequence . The phase rule is used to calculate the first crystals that appeared during various types of crystallization. Alloy cooling curves describing various types of alloy crystallization.

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2

Florence, Alastair J., Andrea Johnston, Philippe Fernandes, Norman Shankland e Kenneth Shankland. "An automated platform for parallel crystallization of small organic molecules". Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, n.º 6 (10 de novembro de 2006): 922–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806040921.

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An automated platform for parallel crystallization of small organic molecules from solution is described. The principal gain over manual crystallization lies in the automated sequencing of crystallization steps, including computer-controlled dosing of liquids and solids. The platform is designed to conduct 32 crystallizations per day, from solution volumes up to 10 ml, allowing a search for physical forms to be conducted over a finer grid than might be accessible manually and thereby increasing the probability of success.

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3

Semjonova, Aina, e Agris Bērziņš. "Surfactant Provided Control of Crystallization Polymorphic Outcome and Stabilization of Metastable Polymorphs of 2,6-Dimethoxyphenylboronic Acid". Crystals 12, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121738.

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2,6-Dimethoxyphenylboronic acid was used as a model substance to investigate the additive crystallization approach for polymorph control in phenylboronic acids. It was crystallized under different conditions by performing evaporation and cooling crystallization from different solvents. Most of the crystallizations from pure solvents produced the thermodynamically stable Form I, but in evaporation crystallization from alcohols, Form II or even a new polymorph, Form III, could be obtained. Structurally related substances, polymers, and surfactants with diverse intermolecular interaction possibilities were tested as additives. Surfactants were found to facilitate the crystallization of the metastable forms and therefore were investigated more extensively. The surfactants Span 20 and n–octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside provided crystallization of the metastable forms in the evaporation crystallization and notably stabilized Form II. The lattice energy, energy frameworks, Hirshfeld surface analysis, full interaction maps, and morphology prediction were used to identify the structural differences between Forms I and II and rationalize the ability of the additives to provide formation of Form II in the crystallization and to stabilize it.

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4

Roy, Pritish Kumar, e Shibendra Shekher Sikder. "Study of Nanocrystallization Kinetics in Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 13.5 B 9 Finemet Type Alloy by Differential Thermal Analysis and Using Different Models". BL College Journal 4, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.62106/blc2022v4i1e3.

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The study of the crystallization processes in the FINEMET type nanocrystalline amorphous alloy is interesting not only from the fundamental aspect of establishing reaction mechanism of crystal nucleation and growth, but also from a technological point of view. The process and nature of crystallization phase constitution of nanocrystalline amorphous alloy of composition Fe 73.5 Cu 1 Nb 3 Si 13.5 B 9 prepared by rapid quenching method is investigated in the present study. The amorphous nature of the alloy has been verified by x-ray diffraction (XRD). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) experiments were performed at different continuous heating rates of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 0 C/min. Two different crystalline phases are observed. The crystallization temperatures, the volume fraction of crystallizations and enthalpies of two different crystalline phases of the alloy have been determined from DTA traces. The dependence of on-set crystallization temperature (T x ) on the heating rate of different phases have been used for the determination of different crystallization parameters such as, the activation energy of crystallization, the order parameter or Avrami exponent (n). The results of crystallization were discussed on the basis of different models such as Kissinger’s approach and modification for non-isothermal crystallization of Matusita in addition to Kolmogorov, Johnson, Mehl, Avrami and Ozawa.

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5

Qin, Hong Wu, Xiao Xue Xing e Xian Zhang. "The Analysis for Crystallization of Sn-Pb Alloys Using Acoustic Emission Testing about Wind Turbine Root Materials". Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (outubro de 2014): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.83.

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Regular researches of system Sn-Pb alloys with use AE are carried out in various crystallization conditions. In the given researches the technique has been used, which allow to divide the signals radiated with plastic deformation and crack's formation and development from each process. In the metals and alloys majority radiation of AE signals begins in the middle of crystallization's area and comes to an end at the moment of the crystallization termination However in a number of materials AE signals have been registered below an excess point on a cooling curve in a firm condition. Essential influence of small impurity on AE feature and is revealed at crystallization AE character with crystallization of pure metals is defined by a kind of a crystal lattice. Linear dependence total AE from cooling rate is established Influence of superfluous and low residual pressure on AE character established with crystallization.

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6

Bosq, Nicolas, Nathanaël Guigo e Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli. "Crystallization Behaviour of Polytetrafluoroethylene over very Large Cooling Rate Domains". Advanced Materials Research 747 (agosto de 2013): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.201.

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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a semi-crystalline polymer that demonstrates a very fast crystallization process on cooling. This study investigates the nonisothermal PTFE ultra-fast crystallization over a wide range of cooling rates via conventional Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fast Scanning Calorimetry (FSC) and Ultra-Fast Scanning Calorimetry (UFSC). A new knowledge about crystallization kinetics of PTFE is obtained from the data obtained under very fast cooling rates. The shift of the melting peak to lower temperature shows that the crystals formed under fast cooling rates are slightly less stable than those produced under slower cooling rates. SEM analysis allows to observe these differences in crystal morphologies. According to the results, the crystallization is still present even for the fastest cooling rate employed and in consequences it is impossible to reach a metastable glassy state. The effective activation energy (Eα) displays a variation with the relative extent of crystallization (α) that is characteristic of a transition of PTFE crystallization from regime II to regime III around 312°C. Following the Hoffman-Lauritzen theory the Eα dependency obtained from the crystallizations under the different cooling rates was fitted in order to study the theoretical dependence of the growth rate.

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7

Grant, D., W. F. Long e F. B. Williamson. "Inhibition by glycosaminoglycans of CaCO3 (calcite) crystallization". Biochemical Journal 259, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 1989): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2590041.

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Of a range of glycosaminoglycans, heparin and heparan sulphate were the most effective inhibitors in vitro of CaCO3 (calcite) crystallization as assayed by conductimetric measurements. The possible role of such glycosaminoglycans in modulating calcium-salt crystallizations in vivo is discussed.

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8

Aversa, Raffaella, Francesco Tamburrino, Daniela Parcesepe e Antonio Apicella. "Cold Crystallization Behaviour of a Commercial Zr44-Ti11-Cu10-Ni10-Be25 Metal Glassy Alloy". Advanced Materials Research 1088 (fevereiro de 2015): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1088.206.

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Isothermal crystallizations in the supercooled liquid metal metastable state at progressively increasing temperatures above the Glass Transition of the Zr44-Ti11-Cu10-Ni10-Be25 metal glass Alloy (cold crystallization attained by heating the samples from the glassy state) have been investigated in this study.Complex crystallization behaviours showing multiple exothermic peaks and selective crystallization of the alloy higher mobility atoms induced by the isothermal annealing, has been observed to lead to experimentally observed increase of the temperature needed to induce the glassy metal relaxation (glass transition). DSC dynamic investigation indicated that only two atomic species that are present in the metastable liquid are involved in recrystallization process below 450-470°C. Isothermal annealing in the range of temperatures between 400° and 450°C has been chosen for further investigation on thermal events kinetics occurring in the super-cooled liquid. The activation energies associated to the two crystallization processes are, respectively, -181 kJ/mol and-262 kJ/mol

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9

Xiuju, Z., S. Juncai, Y. Huajun, L. Zhidan e T. Shaozao. "Mechanical Properties, Morphology, Thermal Performance, Crystallization Behavior, and Kinetics of PP/Microcrystal Cellulose Composites Compatibilized by Two Different Compatibilizers". Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, n.º 6 (24 de maio de 2011): 735–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711403527.

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Polypropylene (PP)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composites and PP/MCC composites modified by maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MA) and methyl acrylic acid glycidyl ester grafted PP (PP-g-GMA) respectively were prepared in a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical properties, morphology, and thermal performance were investigated. The nonisothermal crystallization, melting behavior, and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics were investigated by DSC. The results indicated that the addition of MCC had led to the increase of the tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength of PP. PP-g-GMA modification was more conducive to the improvement in tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength. The three types of PP/MCC composites have higher thermal decomposition temperatures, Vicat softening temperatures, and dimensional stability. Nonisothermal crystallizations of PP/MCC composites were in accordance with tridimensional growth with heterogeneous nucleation. Meanwhile, MCC was acted as the nucleating agent in PP matrix, which increased the crystallization temperature. PP-g-GMA further increased the crystallization temperature while PP-g-MA weakened the heterogeneous nucleation effect of MCC. Avrami equation and Mo method give a satisfactory description of the crystallization kinetics process. The activation energy of crystallization, nucleation constant, and fold surface free energy of PP were markedly reduced in PP/MCC composites and its compatibilized composites. The value of F( T) systematically increased with increasing relative degree of crystallinity. The addition of microcrystalline cellulose has greatly reduced the spherulitic size of PP.

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10

Carugo, Oliviero, e Kristina Djinović-Carugo. "Packing bridges in protein crystal structures". Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, n.º 1 (7 de dezembro de 2013): 458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671302880x.

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On the basis of a statistical analysis of the data deposited in the Protein Data Bank [Bermanet al.(2000).Nucleic Acids Res.28, 235–242; Bernsteinet al.(1977).J. Mol. Biol.112, 535–542], it is shown that two symmetry-related protein molecules are frequently bridged by a small molecule/monoatomic ion, which was used in the crystallization medium despite the fact that it is not a physiological ligand of the macromolecule. It is therefore sensible to suppose that some of the solutes used in crystallizations can favour the nucleation process by bridging and opportunely orienting adjacent protein molecules. This would explain why small changes in the composition of the crystallization solution, for example, the presence of a minor amount of a specific additive, can have a dramatic impact on the outcome of a crystallization experiment.

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11

Li, Chunmin, Kevin L. Kirkwood e Gary D. Brayer. "The Biological Crystallization Resource: Facilitating Knowledge-Based Protein Crystallizations†". Crystal Growth & Design 7, n.º 11 (novembro de 2007): 2147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg700696h.

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12

BANDIERI, PAOLA, PAOLA CRISTOFORI e CARLO GAGLIARDI. "NON-ORIENTABLE 3-MANIFOLDS ADMITTING COLORED TRIANGULATIONS WITH AT MOST 30 TETRAHEDRA". Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 18, n.º 03 (março de 2009): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216509006975.

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We present the census of all non-orientable, closed, connected 3-manifolds admitting a rigid crystallization with at most 30 vertices. In order to obtain the above result, we generate, manipulate and compare, by suitable computer procedures, all rigid non-bipartite crystallizations up to 30 vertices.

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13

Cherezov, Vadim, e Martin Caffrey. "Picolitre-scale crystallization of membrane proteins". Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, n.º 4 (15 de julho de 2006): 604–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806022953.

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Crystallization of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases by the standardin mesomethod is extremely efficient in that small amounts of valuable protein are required per trial. Here it is shown that it is possible to reduce the requisite amount of protein (and lipid) by two orders of magnitude into the picolitre volume range. Successful crystallizations have been performed with two integral membrane proteins, bacteriorhodopsin and the vitamin B12receptor, BtuB, using volumes of mesophase corresponding to 210 pl of protein solution (2–4 ng protein) and 320 pl of lipid. The total dead volume of the system is 1 µl. This means that thousands of crystallization trials can be performed with just micrograms of the target. Thus, for a given amount of protein, which is often in short supply, the likelihood of obtaining crystals is significantly enhanced. The reproducibility of crystallogenesis and of volume delivery at this picolitre scale is described. This advance will contribute to broadening the range of membrane proteins that yield to structure determination.

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14

Zipper, Lauren E., Xavier Aristide, Dylan P. Bishop, Ishita Joshi, Julia Kharzeev, Krishna B. Patel, Brianna M. Santiago et al. "A simple technique to reduce evaporation of crystallization droplets by using plate lids with apertures for adding liquids". Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 70, n.º 12 (28 de novembro de 2014): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x14025126.

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A method is described for using plate lids to reduce evaporation in low-volume vapor-diffusion crystallization experiments. The plate lids contain apertures through which the protein and precipitants were added to different crystallization microplates (the reservoir was filled before fitting the lids). Plate lids were designed for each of these commonly used crystallization microplates. This system minimizes the dehydration of crystallization droplets containing just a few nanolitres of protein and precipitant, and results in more reproducible diffraction from the crystals. For each lid design, changes in the weight of the plates were used to deduce the rate of evaporation under different conditions of temperature, air movement, droplet size and precipitant. For comparison, the state of dehydration was also visually assessed throughout the experiment. Finally, X-ray diffraction methods were used to compare the diffraction of protein crystals that were conventionally prepared against those that were prepared on plates with plate lids. The measurements revealed that the plate lids reduced the rate of evaporation by 63–82%. Crystals grown in 5 nl drops that were set up with plate lids diffracted to higher resolution than similar crystals from drops that were set up without plate lids. The results demonstrate that plate lids can be instrumental for improving few-nanolitre crystallizations.

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15

Dai, Steve, e Adrian Casias. "Process Evaluation of DuPont™ GreenTape™ 9k7 LTCC". Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (1 de setembro de 2011): 000302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-tha24.

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GreenTape™ 9K7 low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) is a low loss glass ceramic dielectric tape for high frequency applications. The low loss is mainly achieved via glass-derived and glass-reacted crystallizations that occur during the sintering stage. This paper reports on the impact of one critical process parameter, the ramp rate from the binder burnout to the sintering temperature (530 – 850°C), which affects the shrinkage behavior, dielectric properties and strip line (SL) resonator characteristics of 9K7. At slow ramp rates crystallization occurs before densification, increasing glass viscosity, and thus inhibiting 9k7 from reaching full density. The sintering of 9k7 can be optimized using ramp rates that allow densification prior to crystallization.

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16

Brown, J., T. S. Walter, L. Carter, N. G. A. Abrescia, A. R. Aricescu, T. D. Batuwangala, L. E. Bird et al. "A procedure for setting up high-throughput nanolitre crystallization experiments. II. Crystallization results". Journal of Applied Crystallography 36, n.º 2 (15 de março de 2003): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889803002012.

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An initial tranche of results from day-to-day use of a robotic system for setting up 100 nl-scale vapour-diffusion sitting-drop protein crystallizations has been surveyed. The database of over 50 unrelated samples represents a snapshot of projects currently at the stage of crystallization trials in Oxford research groups and as such encompasses a broad range of proteins. The results indicate that the nanolitre-scale methodology consistently identifies more crystallization conditions than traditional hand-pipetting-style methods; however, in a number of cases successful scale-up is then problematic. Crystals grown in the initial 100 nl-scale drops have in the majority of cases allowed useful characterization of X-ray diffraction, either in-house or at synchrotron beamlines. For a significant number of projects, full X-ray diffraction data sets have been collected to 3 Å resolution or better (either in-house or at the synchrotron) from crystals grown at the 100 nl scale. To date, five structures have been determined by molecular replacement directly from such data and a further three from scale-up of conditions established at the nanolitre scale.

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17

Schneider, W., A. Köppl e J. Berger. "Non – Isothermal Crystallization Crystallization of Polymers". International Polymer Processing 2, n.º 3-4 (março de 1988): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.880150.

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18

Durning, C. J., L. Rebenfeld, W. B. Russel e H. D. Weigmann. "Solvent-induced crystallization. I. Crystallization kinetics". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24, n.º 6 (junho de 1986): 1321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1986.090240610.

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19

Kryvonosov, Ie V. "Optimization of KY-crystallization process". Functional materials 23, n.º 4 (24 de março de 2017): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm24.01.138.

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20

Cai, Yan-Hua, Li-Sha Zhao e Yan-Hua Zhang. "Composites Based Green Poly(L-Lactic Acid) and Dioctyl Phthalate: Preparation and Performance". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289725.

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The effects of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) on performances of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were investigated in detail using optical depolarizer, X-ray diffraction, melt index instrument, and electronic tensile tester. Crystallization performance showed that the half time of overall PLLA crystallizationt1/2decreased with increasing of crystallization temperature (80°C to 105°C), but thet1/2of PLLA/DOP composites firstly decreased and then increased, andt1/2of PLLA/DOP exhibited minimum value at 85°C. Compared to neat PLLA, 20%DOP made thet1/2decrease from 7258.3 s to 265.4 s. X-ray diffraction experiment further confirmed that DOP could accelerate the crystallization of PLLA. The fluidity of PLLA/DOP composites indicated that the melt mass flow rate firstly decreased and then greatly increased with increasing of DOP content. The mechanical performance showed that DOP could improve the general mechanical performance, and the elongation at break of PLLA/25%DOP was about 30 times longer than that of neat PLLA.

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21

Tian, Qing Bo, Yue Wang, Li Ming Feng, Xiu Hui Wang e Hong Gao. "Influence of Nucleating Additions on the Crystallization in the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Glass-Ceramics". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (fevereiro de 2008): 1408–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1408.

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The crystallization behaviors and microstructural developments in the CaO-MgO- Al2O3-SiO2 glass with Fe2O3, ZrO2 and F as additives were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. In the glass sample with 1.0wt% Fe2O3, only surface crystallization were observed, in which a three-layer compound surface containing the fine dendrite, finer fibrous morphology and particle-shaped crystals was formed respectively from the near free surface to the inner region. The crystalline phases precipitated were anorthite and wollastonite at 1000°C, and diopside at 1040°C. The addition of ZrO2 suppressed the nucleation and growth of the crystalline phases. The addition of another 4.0wt% fluorine into the glass with a pair of 1.0wt% Fe2O3 and 2.0wt% ZrO2 induced the bulk crystallization, the surface and bulk crystallizations were both observed at 1040°C. At the surface, a three-layer morphology, which had similar morphology to the glass with 1.0wt% Fe2O3 was formed. In the bulk region, the block-shaped crystalline phases were precipitated homogeneously in the residual glass.

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22

Arroyo Loranca, Raquel Gabriela, Crisalejandra Rivera Pérez, Luis Hernández Adame, Ariel Arturo Cruz Villacorta, José Luis Rodríguez López e Norma Yolanda Hernández Saavedra. "Effect of ion and protein concentration of Ps19, a shell protein from Pteria sterna, on calcium carbonate polymorph". Biotecnia 25, n.º 2 (22 de maio de 2023): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v25i2.1885.

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Calcium carbonate is present in many biological structures such as bivalve shell, which is composed mainly of two CaCO3 polymorphs: calcite and aragonite. However, exist other forms of calcium carbonate like vaterite and amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) that are not commonly reported. Polymorph selection is influenced by salt concentration, cofactor ions, and the presence of shell matrix proteins (SMPs) which regulates calcium carbonate deposition, among other factors. In this study, calcium carbonate crystallization in vitro of four different saline solutions at two molarities was evaluated with increased concentrations of the Ps19 protein, an insoluble extracted protein from the shell of Pteria sterna, previously described as a promotor of aragonite platelet crystallization. In vitro crystallizations showed that Ps19 is capable to induce aragonite and calcite deposition in a dose-dependent manner, but also vaterite under ciertan conditions, acting as a promoter and inhibitor of crystallization. The results contribute to understand how Ps19 control precipitation of calcium polymorphs in the growth of the prismatic and nacre layer of the shell of P. sterna.

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23

Kamarudin, Siti Noorhazirah, Kwan Yiew Lau, Chee Wei Tan e Kuan Yong Ching. "The Role of Silicon-Based Nanofillers and Polymer Crystallization on the Breakdown Behaviors of Polyethylene Blend Nanocomposites". Nano 15, n.º 08 (agosto de 2020): 2050097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292020500976.

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Good breakdown strength is an important feature for the selection of dielectric materials, especially in high-voltage engineering. Although nanocomposites have been shown to possess many promising dielectric properties, the breakdown strength of nanocomposites is often found to be negatively affected. Recently, imposing nonisothermal crystallization processes on polyethylene blends has been demonstrated to be favorable for breakdown strength improvements of dielectric materials. In an attempt to increase nanocomposites’ voltage rating, this work reports on the effects of nonisothermal crystallization (fast, moderate and slow crystallizations) on the structure and dielectric properties of a polyethylene blend (PE) composed of 80% low density polyethylene and 20% high density polyethylene, added with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanofillers. Through breakdown testing, the breakdown performance of Si3N4-based nanocomposites was better than SiO2-based nanocomposites. Since nanofiller dispersion within both nanocomposite systems was comparable, the enhanced breakdown performance of Si3N4-based nanocomposites is attributed to the surface chemistry of Si3N4 containing less hydroxyl groups than SiO2. Furthermore, the breakdown strength of SiO2-based nanocomposites and Si3N4-based nanocomposites improved, with the DC breakdown strength increasing by at least 12% when both the nanocomposites were subjected to moderate crystallization rather than fast and slow crystallizations. This is attributed to changes in the underlying molecular conformation of PE in addition to water-related effects. These results suggest that apart from changes in the nanofiller surface chemistry, changes in the underlying molecular conformation of polymers are also important to improve the breakdown performance of nanocomposites.

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24

Zhang, Xuefu, Yuanfu Zhou, Bin Zhang, Yuanjiang Zhou e Shiyang Liu. "Investigation and Analysis on Crystallization of Tunnel Drainage Pipes in Chongqing". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (4 de novembro de 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7042693.

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A lot of crystallizations exist on the inner wall of tunnel drainage pipes in Chongqing. Tunnel support structure often bears larger load than usual because the tunnel drainage pipes are blocked easily by the crystals and the groundwater level would rise. In order to investigate what the crystals are, site investigations and laboratory tests of crystals and groundwater were completed. Some valuable results have been obtained. Firstly, the crystallizations are usually discovered in drainage pipe exits of tunnels which are under construction in Chongqing. Furthermore, the results of XRD have confirmed that the crystals are calcite. And calcite morphology could be found in most SEM images. But there are other morphologies in these images other than calcite because calcite is often influenced by some factors, such as important ions in groundwater, pH of groundwater, kinetics effect, and so on. Finally, some steps and solutions to solve blocking of tunnel drainage pipes caused by crystallization are suggested. One of the best solutions is that some special materials which could prevent crystals from being attached to pipes are coated on the inner surface of drainage pipes. The results could contribute to understand the crystallization phenomenon profoundly and help solve the similar situations of tunnel drainage pipe blocking.

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25

Okubo, Tsuneo. "Colloidal Crystallization As Compared with Polymer Crystallization". Polymer Journal 40, n.º 9 (18 de junho de 2008): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.pj2007182.

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26

Park, Doo‐Jung, e Jae‐Sang Ro. "Crystallization mechanisms of joule‐heating‐induced crystallization". Journal of Information Display 10, n.º 2 (junho de 2009): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15980316.2009.9652085.

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27

Stura, Enrico A., Marc Graille e Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier. "Crystallization of macromolecular complexes: combinatorial complex crystallization". Journal of Crystal Growth 232, n.º 1-4 (novembro de 2001): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(01)01205-2.

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28

Gutzow, I., e A. Dobreva. "II. Crystallization. Crystallization of glass forming melts". Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 100, n.º 9 (setembro de 1996): 1415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19961000910.

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29

de La Rica, Roberto, Kristina Ivana Fabijanic, Antonio Baldi e Hiroshi Matsui. "Biomimetic Crystallization Nanolithography: Simultaneous Nanopatterning and Crystallization". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49, n.º 8 (19 de janeiro de 2010): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906200.

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de La Rica, Roberto, Kristina Ivana Fabijanic, Antonio Baldi e Hiroshi Matsui. "Biomimetic Crystallization Nanolithography: Simultaneous Nanopatterning and Crystallization". Angewandte Chemie 122, n.º 8 (19 de janeiro de 2010): 1489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200906200.

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Suslick, Kenneth S. "Sonofragmentation and sonocrystallization: How solids break and make in cavitating liquids". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): A38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010582.

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Mechanical action can produce dramatic physical and mechanochemical effects when the energy is spatially or temporally concentrated. The application of ultrasound to crystallization (i.e., sonocrystallization) can dramatically affect the properties of the crystalline products. Sonocrystallization induces rapid nucleation, generally yields smaller crystals of a more narrow size distribution compared to quiescent crystallizations, and has become increasingly important in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). The control of morphology of the crystallization process is critical to reproducible dose response for APIs and is under increasing scrutiny in pharmaceutical manufacturing by the FDA. Ultrasound can induce significant improvement in the uniformity of crystallite size and rates of crystallization. We have developed a mechanistic understanding of the origin of these phenomena and begun to separate the details of the effects of ultrasound on nucleation, mass transport, shockwave fragmentation of crystallites, and inter-particulate collision. Decoupling experiments were performed to confirm that interactions between shockwaves and crystals are the main contributors to crystal breakage. We have discovered a mechanochemical extension the Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle: activation energies for solid fracture correlate with the binding energies of the solids.

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Chaikuad, Apirat, Stefan Knapp e Frank von Delft. "Defined PEG smears as an alternative approach to enhance the search for crystallization conditions and crystal-quality improvement in reduced screens". Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 71, n.º 8 (28 de julho de 2015): 1627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004715007968.

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The quest for an optimal limited set of effective crystallization conditions remains a challenge in macromolecular crystallography, an issue that is complicated by the large number of chemicals which have been deemed to be suitable for promoting crystal growth. The lack of rational approaches towards the selection of successful chemical space and representative combinations has led to significant overlapping conditions, which are currently present in a multitude of commercially available crystallization screens. Here, an alternative approach to the sampling of widely used PEG precipitants is suggested through the use of PEG smears, which are mixtures of different PEGs with a requirement of either neutral or cooperatively positive effects of each component on crystal growth. Four newly defined smears were classified by molecular-weight groups and enabled the preservation of specific properties related to different polymer sizes. These smears not only allowed a wide coverage of properties of these polymers, but also reduced PEG variables, enabling greater sampling of other parameters such as buffers and additives. The efficiency of the smear-based screens was evaluated on more than 220 diverse recombinant human proteins, which overall revealed a good initial crystallization success rate of nearly 50%. In addition, in several cases successful crystallizations were only obtained using PEG smears, while various commercial screens failed to yield crystals. The defined smears therefore offer an alternative approach towards PEG sampling, which will benefit the design of crystallization screens sampling a wide chemical space of this key precipitant.

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Casali, M. R., P. Cristofori e C. Gagliardi. "PL 4-manifolds admitting simple crystallizations: framed links and regular genus". Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 25, n.º 01 (janeiro de 2016): 1650005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021821651650005x.

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Simple crystallizations are edge-colored graphs representing piecewise linear (PL) 4-manifolds with the property that the 1-skeleton of the associated triangulation equals the 1-skeleton of a 4-simplex. In this paper, we prove that any (simply-connected) PL 4-manifold [Formula: see text] admitting a simple crystallization admits a special handlebody decomposition, too; equivalently, [Formula: see text] may be represented by a framed link yielding [Formula: see text], with exactly [Formula: see text] components ([Formula: see text] being the second Betti number of [Formula: see text]). As a consequence, the regular genus of [Formula: see text] is proved to be the double of [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the characterization of any such PL 4-manifold by [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the gem-complexity of [Formula: see text] (i.e. the non-negative number [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] being the minimum order of a crystallization of [Formula: see text]), implies that both PL invariants gem-complexity and regular genus turn out to be additive within the class of all PL 4-manifolds admitting simple crystallizations (in particular, within the class of all “standard” simply-connected PL 4-manifolds).

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Miyashita, Tatsuaki, e Hiromu Saito. "Nucleation Effect of the Chemical Structure of Alkylammonium Salt on the Crystallization Behavior of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)". Polymer Crystallization 2022 (23 de fevereiro de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5807491.

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We investigated the effect of the chemical structure of alkylammonium salt on the crystallization behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) by DSC, optical microscopy, light scattering, and FT-IR. The nonisothermal and isothermal crystallizations of PVDF were accelerated by adding alkylammonium salt consisting of short alkyl chains and small anion species, and the spherulite size and the ordering in the spherulite became smaller due to the nucleation agent effect. The FT-IR spectra revealed that electroactive γ-phase was preferentially formed by adding alkylammonium salts though the accelerated crystallization was suppressed due to the steric hindrance effect by the long alkyl chain and large anion species. On the other hand, the formation of the γ-phase was suppressed when the dispersion of the salt in the PVDF matrix was poor due to the high melting temperature.

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Shock, R. A. W. "INDUSTRIAL CRYSTALLIZATION". Multiphase Science and Technology 4, n.º 1-4 (1989): 371–581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/multscientechn.v4.i1-4.40.

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Toda, Akihiko. "Polymer Crystallization". Seikei-Kakou 20, n.º 2 (20 de fevereiro de 2008): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.20.78.

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Gómez-Morales, Jaime, Giuseppe Falini e Juan Manuel García-Ruiz. "Biological Crystallization". Crystals 9, n.º 8 (6 de agosto de 2019): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080409.

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“Biological Crystallization” is today a very wide topic that includes biomineralization, but also the laboratory crystallization of biological compounds such as macromolecules, carbohydrates or lipids, and the synthesis and fabrication of biomimetic materials by different routes [...]

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Marriott, David. "On Crystallization". Critical Times 4, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2021): 187–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-9092290.

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Abstract This essay considers the various meanings of the word “crystallization” in Frantz Fanon's main theses on national culture and his political philosophy more generally. It also further considers the implications of crystallization alongside Fanon's notion of the “nation to come” for an understanding of his approach to art, history, philosophy, and religion. This philosophy of crystallization, of which there has been little or no mention in Fanonian studies, is also contrasted with and compared to works by the Guinean poet Keita Fodéba and the Iranian critic Ali Shariʿati.

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Ke, Lili, e Liming Ding. "Perovskite crystallization". Journal of Semiconductors 42, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2021): 080203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/42/8/080203.

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Frost, B. R. "Metamorphic crystallization". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 76, n.º 34 (1995): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95eo00207.

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Cabric, B., e A. Janicijevic. "Crystallization shelf". Journal of Applied Crystallography 40, n.º 2 (12 de março de 2007): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188980605343x.

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A model of an air cooler (`crystallization shelf') installed in a laboratory furnace, which allows regulation and simultaneous crystallization of several substances at different temperature gradients, shapes of crystallization fronts and rate intervals, with the purpose of obtaining crystals, is presented.

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Dandekar, P., e M. F. Doherty. "Imaging Crystallization". Science 344, n.º 6185 (15 de maio de 2014): 705–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1254259.

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Millgram, Elijah. "Kantian Crystallization". Ethics 114, n.º 3 (abril de 2004): 511–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/382248.

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Erukhimovitch, V., e J. Baram. "Crystallization kinetics". Physical Review B 50, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1994): 5854–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.5854.

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Ulrich, J., e M. J. Jones. "Industrial Crystallization". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 82, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2004): 1567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/cerd.82.12.1567.58038.

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Cate, Jamie. "Macromolecule crystallization". Trends in Biotechnology 18, n.º 6 (junho de 2000): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(00)01449-9.

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Chen, Jie, Bipul Sarma, James M. B. Evans e Allan S. Myerson. "Pharmaceutical Crystallization". Crystal Growth & Design 11, n.º 4 (6 de abril de 2011): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg101556s.

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Martins, J. A., J. J. C. Cruz-Pinto e M. J. Oliveira. "Polymer crystallization". Journal of Thermal Analysis 40, n.º 2 (agosto de 1993): 629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02546633.

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Henry, Darrell. "Metamorphic crystallization". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, n.º 18 (setembro de 1995): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)90002-0.

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Andersen, Tom. "Metamorthic crystallization". Lithos 36, n.º 1 (agosto de 1995): 67–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(95)90010-1.

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