Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Cryo-microscopie électronique et tomographie"
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Ibrahim, Rana. "Caractérisation de structures centriolaires par tomographie électronique et cryo-Microscopie Electronique à Transmission". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066315.
Texto completo da fonteIhiawakrim, Dris. "Etude par les techniques avancées de microscopie électronique en transmission de matériaux fragiles". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAE005/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe present manuscript shows the importance of methodological and technical development to identify and to unblock locks preventing the analysis of hybrid and complex materials that undergo degradation under electron beam irradiation. We have shown that beam-induced damage to the sample only appears above some specific threshold of current density. Such a threshold depends on the nature of the material and on its morphological and structural characteristics. These developments in synergy with the use of Cryo-EM, allowed us to expose the architecture of carbon-based hybrid materials, measure the variation of the lamellar distance in a perovskite according to the molecular spacer and to the positioning of the metal, identify the interactions at the interface between two molecular crystals, and the 3D quantification of the functionalization within a MOF. Lastly, we brought to light the processes of nucleation and growth of iron oxide by in-situ liquid phase TEM
Messaoudi, Cédric. "Développements en tomographie électronique et application à l'étude du centrosome". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066499.
Texto completo da fonteLimage, Stéphanie. "Relations entre propriétés et structures dans les émulsions stabilisées par un mélange de tensioactifs et de nanoparticules". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30053.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is part of the ISS/FSL/FASES project which aims at understanding emulsion ageing mechanisms in microgravity. This manuscript is dedicated to the ground study of these emulsions, and particularly to those stabilized by surfactant/nanoparticles mixtures. These emulsions are diluted and composed of a paraffin oil continuous phase and an aqueous dispersed phase composed of the surfactant/particle mixtures. Emulsion characterization is performed with optical tomographic microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary investigation of the dispersed phase shows that the proportion of surfactant and nanoparticles changes the rheological and microscopic properties of these mixtures. These changes allow the characterization of the coupling between surfactant molecules and nanoparticles. When these mixtures are emulsified in paraffin oil, a transition in the droplets morphology is evidenced. Indeed, dispersed phase droplets exhibit different shapes depending on the ratio of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations: from spherical (for high ratios) they become polymorphous (for small ratios). Observations of these emulsions with cryo-scanning electron microscopy show the existence of nanoparticles microstructures that helps the understanding of the origin of droplets deformation
Limage, Stéphanie. "Relations entre propriétés et structures dans les émulsions stabilisées par un mélange de tensioactifs et de nanoparticules". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30053.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is part of the ISS/FSL/FASES project which aims at understanding emulsion ageing mechanisms in microgravity. This manuscript is dedicated to the ground study of these emulsions, and particularly to those stabilized by surfactant/nanoparticles mixtures. These emulsions are diluted and composed of a paraffin oil continuous phase and an aqueous dispersed phase composed of the surfactant/particle mixtures. Emulsion characterization is performed with optical tomographic microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy. A preliminary investigation of the dispersed phase shows that the proportion of surfactant and nanoparticles changes the rheological and microscopic properties of these mixtures. These changes allow the characterization of the coupling between surfactant molecules and nanoparticles. When these mixtures are emulsified in paraffin oil, a transition in the droplets morphology is evidenced. Indeed, dispersed phase droplets exhibit different shapes depending on the ratio of surfactant and nanoparticle concentrations: from spherical (for high ratios) they become polymorphous (for small ratios). Observations of these emulsions with cryo-scanning electron microscopy show the existence of nanoparticles microstructures that helps the understanding of the origin of droplets deformation
Letellier, Laurence. "Etude des joints de grains et interphases dans les superalliages Astroloy par microscopie électronique et tomographie atomique". Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES067.
Texto completo da fonteLottin, Delphine. "Dimensions fractales, morphologie et caractéristiques dimensionnelles 2D et 3D d'agrégats de nanoparticules de suie aéronautique : Etude par microscopie électronique en transmission et tomographie électronique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4012/document.
Texto completo da fonteSoot aggregates emitted by aircraft engines' combustion processes are involved in the modification of the global radiative budget and the air quality. The knowledge of their physical and chemical characteristics is a prerequisite to any evaluation of the way they may act in the atmospheric physical and chemical processes and their impact on the environment and public health. In this context, our study aims at determining the size and morphological characteristics of aircraft soot aggregates on the basis of experimental measurements by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography.We have acquired TEM pictures of soot aggregates emitted by aircraft engines. We have established a method to characterize the morphology of these aggregates by determining their elongation, their compacity and the tortuosity of their edge. This method is based on the analysis of their TEM projection. Besides, we have developed a software to process and analyse TEM pictures. It allows to reconstruct aggregates from their projections and to determine their size and morphological characteristics. Our results have lead us to study the validity of the relationships linking the 2D and 3D microphysical characteristics presented in the literature and to suggest new ones for the studied aggregates.These results constitute the first 3D morphological and size characterizations of aircraft soot aggregates using TEM and electron tomography. They highlight the fact that the morphological properties of these aggregates do not fulfil the hypotheses required for the use of the collective method to determine the mass fractal dimension
Fatmaoui, Fadwa. "Determination of pericentric heterochromatin structure by in situ cryo-electron tomography". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ018.
Texto completo da fonteConstitutive heterochromatin is a condensed form of chromatin, essential for the maintenance of genome stability and the defense against retrotransposons and endogenous retroviruses. At the molecular scale, it is characterized by regular nucleosome arrays, DNA and histone methylation and binding of specific heterochromatin-associated proteins (HP1 family). However, it remains unclear how these molecular features lead to the condensed state and define the functional properties of constitutive heterochromatin. The project will address this question by determining the structure of pericentric constitutive heterochromatin directly within its cellular content by using state-of-the-art in situ cryo-electron tomography. Drosophila embryos are used as the experimental model, because in their nuclei, the pericentric heterochromatin regions coalesce into round micron-scale chromocenters. We use cryo-sectioning with diamond knives for sample thinning, and then tomograms of chromocenters, as well as other chromatin domains will be recorded and reconstructed. This will enable us to define the characteristic nucleosome fiber arrangement for the constitutive pericentric heterochromatin by comparison with the chromatin packing in other chromatin compartments
Trépout, Sylvain. "Etude de l'assemblage du système d'efflux membranaire MexAB-OprM impliqué dans la résistance aux antibiotiques chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa : caractérisation combinée par Microbalance à cristal de quartz avec mesure de dissipation et cryo-tomographie électronique". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13710/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe structure determination of membrane protein in lipid environment can be carried out using cryo electron microscopy combined with the recent development of data collection and image processing. We describe a protocol to study assemblies or stacks of membrane protein reconstitued into a lipid membrane using both cryo electron tomography and single particle analysis which is an alternative approach to electron crystallography for solving 3D structure. We show the organization of the successive layers of OprM molecules revealing the protein-protein interactions between OprM molecules of two successive lipid bilayers
Sorel, Julien. "Tomographie électronique analytique : Automatisation du traitement de données et application aux nano-dispositifs 3D en micro-électronique". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI078.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis is to automate the process of hyperspectral analysis for analytical electron tomography applied to nanodevices. The work presented here is focused on datasets obtained by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM-EDX). STEM-EDX tomography has benefited greatly from recent developments in electron sources such as the ‘X’-FEG (Field Emission Gun), and multiple X-ray detector systems such as the Super-X, incorporating four SSD (Silicon Drift Detectors) detectors. The technique remains however very time-consuming, and low X-ray count rates are necessary to minimize the total acquisition time and avoid beam damage during the experiment. In addition, tomographic stacks of STEM-EDX datacubes, acquired at different tilt angles, are too large to be analyzed by commercial software packages in an optimal way. In order to automate this process, we developed a code based on Hyperspy, a Python library for multidimensional data analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis techniques were employed to optimize and automate the denoising, the energy calibration and the separation of overlapping X-ray lines, with the aim to achieve quantitative, chemically sensitive volumes. Moreover, a compressed sensing based algorithm was employed to achieve high fidelity reconstructions with undersampled tomographic datasets. The code developed during this thesis was used for the 3D chemical analysis of four microelectronic nanostructures: FinFET, HEMT and GAA transistors, and a GeTe thin film for memory device applications. The samples were prepared in a needle shape using a focused ion beam, and the data acquisitions were performed using a Titan Themis microscope equipped with a super-X EDX detector system. It is shown that the code yields 3D morphological and chemical information with high accuracy and fidelity. Ways to improve the current methodology are discussed, with future efforts aiming at developing a package dedicated to analytical electron tomography
Steciuk, Gwladys. "Application de la précession des électrons en mode tomographie à l’étude de phases apériodiques et de films minces d’oxyde". Caen, 2016. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01676934.
Texto completo da fonteThe advancement in electron crystallography techniques allows today to face new challenges in terms of structural analyzes. Particularly, this work uses the precession electron diffraction tomography method (PEDT) which is a procedure similar to that of the rotating crystal X-ray diffraction and consistent with crystals of a few tens of nanometers. The first part concerns the study of structural and dielectric properties (ferroelectric relaxor type) of a new family of modulated incommensurate phases derived to Aurivillius phases. A structural model could be established by PEDT and confirmed by neutron powder diffraction to the series of ABi7Nb5O24 compounds (A = Ba, Sr, Ca, Pb). The crystallochemical analysis of these new materials was then used to extend the family to other compositions in both BiO1,5-NbO2,5-BaO and BiO1,5-NbO2,5-WO3 systems. If the first part attests the power of PEDT data analysis to solve complex structures within the kinematic approximation, reliable refinement of the resulting model is problematic. In the second part of this thesis, a new refinement procedure from PEDT data involving the dynamic theory of diffraction is presented. First thoroughly testing on CaTiO3 and PrVO3 perovskite compounds (powder), this approach has proved particularly promising. The challenge was then to use the new approach in order to describe the slight structural variations of these compounds deposited as epitaxial thin films
Tran, Viet Dung. "Reconstruction et segmentation d'image 3D de tomographie électronique par approche "problème inverse"". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01056695.
Texto completo da fonteKizilyaprak, Caroline. "Études fonctionnelles et structurales de la chromatine dans les noyaux des cellules photoréceptrices de souris sauvages et de souris modèles pour la maladie SCA7". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6112.
Texto completo da fonteThe nuclei of rod photoreceptors in the retina of mice display a characteristic organization with condensed chromatin occupying 70% of their volume. In SCA7 mice, which are models for human type 7 SpinoCerebellar Ataxia, rod nuclei display decondensed chromatin which is associated with defects in transcription. Highly expressed genes in rods of healthy mice are poorly expressed in SCA7 mice. The ataxin 7protein which is mutated in SCA7 disease belongs to the SAGA complex which enhances transcription in particular through histone acetyltransferase activity. Chromatin structure is known to regulate transcription andit is generally thought that decondensed chromatin is transcriptionally active. The phenotype of SCA7 nucleiistherefore paradoxical. To understand this phenotype, methods for the cryo-preparation of retinas and their visualization by electron microscopy were optimized. The 3D organization of chromatin is determined by electron tomography. RNA polymerase II molecules and modified histones are mapped by immuno-gold labeling. Using these techniques, the structural organization of chromatin is correlated in vivo with histone modifications and transcriptional activity. The comparison of nuclei from SCA7 animals to those of healthy animals allows the characterization of chromatin reorganization. The analysis of proteins associated with chromatin demonstrates a drastic decrease in histone H1 in the nuclei of SCA7 mice. Our studies suggest that histone H1, known to be involved in chromatin compaction, plays a key role in the phenotype of SCA7 mice
Houlle, Matthieu. "Synthèse de nanofilaments carbonés : applications en catalyse et en renforcement mécanique". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6262.
Texto completo da fonteSince the discovery of the fullerenes in 1985 which end up in the Nobel Prize for H. W. Kroto, R. F. Curl and R. E. Smalley in 1996, quite a lot of researches have been done on carbon nanomaterials. This thesis comes within the scope of these researches on carbon nanomaterials and is centered on two potenlial uses of these species : (i) the employ of carbon nanofilaments for the mechanical reinforcement of composite materials and (ii) the use of carbon nanofilaments as catalyst support for industrial processes. The second research topic develloped during this thesis divides in three chapters : a first chapter dealing with the synthesis and characterizations of new catalysts supported on carbon nanofilaments. Then a second chapter is presenting the catalytic tests realized with the previously prepared catalysts compared with more classic supports. Finally a last chapter is dedicated to the first results obtained in the use of carbon nanofilament s in the field of electrocatalysis. As a conclusion, this thesis ends with a list of the diverse prospects of development on the various issues considered within the manuscript. Some opportunities are also di scussed concerning the use of hybrid materials based on carbon and silicon carbide materials as weil as a broader utilization of the electron tomography technique for the characterization of catalytic systems
Rojbani, Hmida. "Alignement-reconstruction simultanée de tomogramme électronique et extraction de volume de ribosome". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD045/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with the problem of the alignment of 2D images obtained by transmission electron microscopy in the perspective of a three-dimensional reconstruction and the detection of ribosomes from the reconstructed object. A global optimization method is proposed to minimize a cost that allows the 3D alignment and reconstruction to be carried out jointly. The thesis also deals with the problem of segmentation of reconstructed 3D images with a probabilistic classification method. However, the nature of cryo-tomography images reveals noise and contrast problems. For this reason, two methods of 3D filtering have been proposed as pre-processing of segmentation, one is based on fractional integration, and the other on a multi-fractal analysis. The institute of biomedical research IGBMC in Strasbourg provides the projection images used in this thesis
Lepinay, Kevin. "Développement et applications de la tomographie chimique par spectroscopie EDX". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0124/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the evaluation of the STEM EDX chemical tomography technique: development of experimental procedures, data processing and volumes reconstruction, quality analysis of the results and evaluation of the overall complexity. Until now, STEM EDX analysis performances were very limited, so only few studies about this technique have been realized. However, very significant progress procured by the new SDD detectors as well as by the high brightness electronic sources (X-FEG), making the STEM EDX 2D analysis very fast, have revived the possibility of the chemical tomography, although the technique has to be developed and evaluated (performance and complexity). We have worked on a Tecnai Osiris which acquires EDX chemical mapping of hundreds of thousands of pixels with resolution of one nanometer and in a few minutes. We chose to prepare the rod-shaped samples by FIB and use a sample holder allowing an angle of exploration of 180° without shadowing effects. Then, using model samples (SiO2 balls in resin), we evaluated the sample deformation due to the electron beam irradiation. This allowed us to propose a method to reduce this effect by depositing a 20 nm chromium layer. Images simulations were used to evaluate the software and the reconstruction methods. The methodology of each step of the STEM EDX tomography analysis is then explained and the technique interest is demonstrated by comparing the 2D and the 3D analysis of a transistor 28 nm FDSOI. The quality of the reconstructions (signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution) was evaluated, in function of experimental parameters, using simulations and experiments. A resolution of 4 nm is demonstrated through the analysis of a test pattern and a "gate all around” transistor. For the same transistor, the possibility and the interest of a failure analysis at the nanoscale is proven. Analyses of a SRAM gate fail or of the holes in a copper pillar explain the benefits of a combination between a HAADF volume (morphology and resolution < 4 nm) and an EDX volume (chemical information). To conclude, this technique, which still needs to be improved in terms of simplicity, is already showing its usefulness for the analysis and the development of advanced technologies (20nm node and beyond)
Guesdon, Audrey. "Mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la liaison des +TIPs aux microtubules". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S196/document.
Texto completo da fonteMicrotubules (MTs) are highly dynamic cytoskeleton polymers, involved in many cellular processes, including cell division and intracellular transport. Their dynamic behavior is regulated by numerous factors, such as +TIPs that preferentially target MT growing ends
Verguet, Amandine. "Développements méthodologiques et informatiques pour la microscopie électronique en transmission appliqués à des échantillons biologiques Alignment of Tilt Series (Chapter 7 of the Book: Cellular Imaging: Electron Tomography and Related Techniques, Hanssen Eric) An ImageJ tool for simplified post-treatment of TEM phase contrast images (SPCI) Comparison of methods based on feature tracking for fiducial-less image alignment in electron tomography". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS487.
Texto completo da fonteTransmission Electron Microscopy is a major tool for performing structural studies in biology. Some methods used for image sampling and analysis need to be improved in order to observe electron dose sensitive samples with good contrast and good signal to noise ratio. During this thesis, various methodological and computational approaches have been studied which aim to improve image quality. First, I evaluated the relevance of combining energy filtered imaging with the STEM mode. I show that this allows an improvement of the signal to noise ratio of images. Then, I devised an algorithm that generates an image from phase data. This approach allows improving the image contrast over direct imaging. The use of a phase plate and focal tilt series are both efficient tools to achieve this goal. While working on the software approach for processing of tilt series, we found that a qualitative result can be obtained from a single image. I developped the SPCI plugin for the ImageJ software. It allows processing between one and three focal images. My work involves optimization of the tomographic reconstruction process, including working with both alignment algorithms and reconstruction algorithms. I expose my studies on image alignment methods used on tilt series. These methods do rely on the use of key points and associated local descriptors. They have proved to be efficient to process images lacking fiducial markers. Finally, I propose a new unified algorithmic approach for 3D reconstruction of tomographic tilt series acquired with sparse sampling. I then derived another novel method that integrates the image alignment step in the process. Studies and developments will continue on both methods in futur work
Ramos, Cruz Ana Raquel. "Characterization of the surface of segmented filamentous bacteria from the unicellular to filamentous stage". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UNIP5192.
Texto completo da fonteMichels, Yves. "Reconstruction tomographique d'objets déformables pour la cryo-microscopie électronique à particules isolées". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAD031/document.
Texto completo da fonteSingle particle cryo-electron microscopy is a technique that allows to estimate the 3D structure of biological complex. The construction of the 3D volume is performed by computerized tomography applied on a set of projection images from transmission electron microscope. Existing tomographic reconstructionalgorithms allow us to visualize molecular structure with a resolution around one angstrom. However the resolution is degraded when the molecules are deformable. This thesis contributes to the development of signal processing method in order to take into account the deformation information of the observed object for the ab initio tomographic reconstruction. The main contributions of this thesis are the estimation of projection parameters based on non-linear dimensionreduction, the false edges detection in neighborhood graphs to improve noise robustness of dimension reduction methods, and tomographic reconstruction based on a parametric model of the volume
Laloum, David. "Tomographie par rayons X haute résolution : application à l'intégration 3D pour la microélectronique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY067/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, an original non-destructive 3D characterization technique has been developed : the X-ray tomography hosted in a scanning electron microscope. This instrument is not widely used in the microelectronics field. This computed tomography (CT) system has been used for the high resolution analysis of metallic interconnections such as copper pillars and through silicon vias (TSVs). These components are widely used in the field of 3D integration to make vertical stacks of interconnected chips.The most significant contributions of this thesis are : (1) the enhancement of the analytical capabilities of the instrument. Many studies – simulations and experiments – have been performed in order to determine and improve the 2D and 3D resolutions of this imaging system. It has been shown that the 2D resolution of this instrument can reach 60 nanometers. The quality of the projections and reconstruction has also been improved through the implementation of iterative reconstruction algorithms and various projections alignment methods. (2) The reduction of the scanning time by a factor 3 through the implementation of constrained reconstruction techniques such as the reconstruction method based on the total variation minimization. (3) The application of effective correction algorithms for removing reconstruction artefacts due to the polychromaticity of the X-ray beam. (4) The application of all these reconstruction methods and algorithms on real cases encountered by materials engineers
Hofmann, Julien. "Caractérisation et modélisation des mécanismes d'endommagement des matériaux par la cavitation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI002.
Texto completo da fonteMartensitic stainless steels X3CrNiMo13-4 and X4CrNiMo16-5-1 are widely used to date in the construction of hydroelectric turbines for their good mechanical resistance and intriguing corrosion resistance. Despite extensive mechanical and microstructural studies on these materials, the connection between these properties and damage mechanisms remains unclear. In certain situations, operators must work under cavitation flow conditions, which can cause turbine damage, resulting in mass loss, noise issues, and reduced efficiency. In such scenarios, turbine engineers need to resort to modeling, and a crucial aspect of the mathematical model is the damage law. The objective of the research presented in this manuscript is precisely to characterize and model the damage mechanisms induced by cavitation.In this work, the materials were exposed to cavitation using two complementary experimental setups, MUCEF and PREVERO, allowing the generation of acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation, respectively. To identify damage mechanisms, temporal monitoring of crack initiation and propagation was conducted on the material's surface through electron microscopy and in the material's volume using X-ray tomography. The observations reveal that crack initiation occurs in the vicinity of non-metallic elements, along persistent slip bands, which are indicative of very low-cycle fatigue loading. Cracks propagate from the surface into the volume and then parallel to the surface, no longer influenced by the presence of intermetallics. We have shown that this damage mechanism is the same for the two selected materials, for two tested microstructural states, and for the two experimental conditions. Ultimately, the size and frequency distributions of pits allow for the proposal of a simple damage model applicable for finite element simulations
Plisson, Célia. "Etude structurale de particules et de protéines virales par cryo-microscopie électronique". Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10128.
Texto completo da fonteBran, Julien. "Elaboration et caractérisation de nanostructures Cu-Co : corrélation avec les propriétés magnétorésistives". Phd thesis, Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES030.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis concerned the study of the influence of the nanostructuration of the Cu-Co system on theirs magnetic and magnetoresistive properties. As a first step, the granular Cu80Co20 alloy was made in different forms: powders, thin films and nanowires. The alloy powders were produced by mechanical milling and thin films and nanowires by electrodeposition. This allowed to investigate, on one hand, the influence of the sample shape and, on the other hand, the influence of the elaboration technique on the nanostructure and the magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of the samples. In a second step, multilayered Cu/Co nanowires have also been made by electrodeposition. Concerning the granular alloys, the atom probe and transmission electron microscopy analyzes showed that no Cu-Co solid solution can be obtained. Indeed, studies in the literature on this type of materials are many, but few of them have been investigate down to the nanoscale. So, they concluded on the solid solution getting using the X-ray diffraction. In addition, the presence of a positive effect of the magnetoresistance at low applied magnetic field could be attributed to the presence of oxides in the material. Finally, this thesis has led to the development different experimental protocols for analysis at the nanoscale by transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. Such analyzes are proved essential to the understanding and full correlation of magnetic and magnetoresistive properties
Bran, Julien. "Elaboration et caractérisation de nanostructures Cu-Co : corrélation avec les propriétés magnétorésistives". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781148.
Texto completo da fonteBusselez, Johan. "Structure et oligomérisation de complexes membranaires photosynthétique bactériens : une analyse par cryo-microscopie électronique". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066094.
Texto completo da fonteNeumann, Emmanuelle. "Interactions rhinovirus humains-récepteurs cellulaires : une étude par cryo-microscopie électronique et reconstruction tridimensionnelle". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10225.
Texto completo da fonteLes structures de complexes entre le Rhinovirus Humain (HRV) sérotype 2 (un HRV du groupe mineur) et des fragments solubles de son récepteur cellulaire VLDL-R, ont été déterminées par cryo-microscopie électronique et des techniques de reconstruction 3D. Le récepteur se lie sur un anneau sur les dômes au niveau de chaque axe icosaédrique d'ordre 5. Ce qui diffère de manière significative des HRVs du groupe majeur, où le récepteur ICAM-1 est lié au niveau d'une dépression autour de chaque axe d'ordre 5. Ces modes distincts de liaison sont corrélés avec des différences de mécanisme lors de la pénétration virale. Seules deux répétitions de VLDL-R sur huitse lient à HRV2. La troisième répétition est fortement liée à des résidus polaires des boucles HI et BC de la protéine virale VP1, alors que la seconde répétition est plus faiblement liée à la protéine VP1 adjacente. Puisque le récepteur se lie à deux copies voisines de VP1, nous supposons que le récepteur lié "fige" les VP1s ensemble et qu'il se détache u virus avant que la libération de l'ARN puisse se faire
Matskova, Natalia. "Approche multi-échelle pour la caractérisation de l'espace poreux des réservoirs pétroliers argileux non conventionnels". Thesis, Poitiers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018POIT2276.
Texto completo da fonteGas shale reservoirs are characterized by pore systems, associated with a heterogeneous spatial distribution of mineral and organic phases at multiple scales. This high heterogeneity requires a multi-scale & multi-tool approach to characterize the pore network. Such an approach has been developed on 7 cores from the Vaca Muerta formation (Argentina), which belong to areas with various hydrocarbon maturities, but with comparable mineral compositions. 3D µtomography and quantitative 2D mapping of the connected porosity by autoradiography have been applied at the core scale, in aim to localize and analyze the spatial heterogeneities, and to identify similar homogenous areas for localizing comparable sub-samples.The correlative coupling of various techniques was applied to achieve quantitative balance of porosity and pore size distribution, from mm to nm scales on representative sub-samples and for the first time, on preserved blocks rather than crushed powders, even for nitrogen gas adsorption experiments. Results of autoradiography are in very good agreement with other total bulk porosities, indicating that all pores are connected and accessed by the 14C-MMA used for impregnation. Decreased total porosity and pore throat/body sizes were also observed as organic matter maturity increased. An innovative approach for electron microscopy images acquisition and treatment provided large mosaics, with the distribution of mineral and organic phases at the cm scale. The correlative coupling with the autoradiography porosity map of the same zone, revealed the spatial correlations between mineralogical variations and porosity
Jiang, Qiyang. "Cryo-microscopie électronique des complexes de l'adressage et de la translocation co-traductionnelle chez E. coli". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV058/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe cell membrane is the barrier that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment. It consists of lipids and proteins. Genes encoding membrane proteins make up about 30% of the genome. Membrane proteins are synthesized in the cytosol by ribosomes, but employ special pathways to integrate into the cell membrane. Ribosomes translating membrane proteins are recognized by special factors in the cytosol and targeted to the membrane. Subsequently, nascent chains of the membrane proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer and are folded into their proper structures, a process termed translocation. The targeting process is mediated by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor, while the translocation is performed by a number of membrane protein complexes.This thesis describes two of the complexes involved in co-translational targeting and translocation in Escherichia coli: The ribosome-SRP-FtsY targeting complex in the “closed” conformation and the complex of a ribosome with the holo-translocon (HTL) consisting of seven membrane proteins. I mainly used electron cryo-microscopy to characterize these complexes. Cryo-EM allows structural determination of biological samples at sub-nanometer resolution in their native environment, without the need to crystallize the specimen. In this work, I took advantage of the recent advances in both the hardware and the image processing.Starting from a cryo-EM dataset obtained by group members, I have determined the structure of ribosome-SRP-FtsY complex in the “closed” conformation at 5.7 Å resolution. Different computational sorting strategies were applied to identify the most homogeneous sub-pool of the dataset. The structure shows a well-resolved SRP RNA and SRP M domain with a signal sequence bound. The interaction between SRP and ribosome could be modeled with high confidence. This structure also reveals that the SRP-FtsY GTPases are detached from the RNA tetraloop and are flexible, thus liberating the ribosomal exit site for binding of the translocation machinery.In the second project, different approaches were pursued to solve the structure of the ribosome-HTL complex at high resolution. An initial structure at 22 Å was obtained by mixing detergent-solubilized HTL with the ribosome, demonstrating that it is possible to preserve the complex under the conditions used for specimen preparation. I have then explored the use of nanodiscs and a new detergent called LMNG to stabilize HTL in detergent-free buffers. A second dataset was subsequently collected from a sample prepared by gradient-fixation, and the structure was solved at 17 Å. Sample preparation has been optimized further using amphipols. Two types of amphipol-HTL complexes were shown to bind to the ribosome, and higher resolution structures are expected to be obtained from these samples
Le, Bihan Olivier. "Etude par microscopie électronique des mécanismes d'action de vecteurs synthétiques pour le transfert de gènes". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13972/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe vast majority of clinical trials of gene transfer in vivo use viral vectors. Although they are effective, they induce immunogenic, toxic or mutagenic risks. Due to their high modularity and low toxicity, synthetic vectors (non viral), represent a promising alternative despite their lack of effectiveness. The major objective of this work was to understand the mechanism of gene transfer using two prototypic synthetic vectors, in the context of a rational design of new vectors. We studied on cultured cells, the mechanism of action of two cationic lipids; BGTC (bis(guanidinium)-tren-cholesterol) and DOSP (DiOleylamine A-Succinyl-Paromomycine) formulated with plasmid DNA (lipoplexes) which are in vitro efficient vectors. We have been able to visualize by electron microscopy, their intracellular pathways, their structural alterations and their endosomal escape, the latter being a key step in the process of gene transfer. The unambiguous identification of lipoplexes throughout their intracellular trafficking has been made possible thanks to the labelling of DNA by core-shell silica nanoparticles with an electron dense maghemite core (Fe2O3). The labeling strategy has also been applied to study the mechanism of action of a nonionic block copolymer (P188 or Lutrol). Interestingly, these synthetic vectors have an in vivo transfection efficiency in mice lung and muscle tissue while they are totally inefficient in vitro. We have shown that Lutrol induces an increase of DNA internalization into cells and fails to trigger endosomal escape, which would explain the lack of in vitro efficacy. These findings suggest that the in vivo mechanism of action of Lutrol would involve other internalization pathways
Raia, Pierre. "Détermination de la structure de l’ADN polymérase D par cristallographie aux rayons X et cryo-microscopie électronique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS338.
Texto completo da fonteIn all forms of life, DNA polymerases play central roles in genome replication, maintenance and repair. All DNA polymerases have been grouped in different families, using sequence alignments: PolA, PolB, PolC, PolD, PolX, PolY and reverse transcriptases. The only class of DNA polymerases left whose structure and molecular mechanism are unknown is PolD. PolD is an archaeal replicative DNA polymerase made of a proofreading exonuclease subunit (DP1) and a larger polymerase catalytic subunit (DP2). To help resolve the uncertainty concerning the evolutionary origins of PolD, I determined the crystal structures of two large fragments of both DP1 and DP2 subunits of the Pyrococcus abyssi PolD. Crystal structures of both DP1 and DP2 subunits revealed that PolD is an atypical DNA polymerase. We also determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the DP1-DP2 complex bound with DNA. Structures of both polymerase and proofreading active sites differ from other structurally characterized DNA polymerases. In addition, PolD shares an unexpected structural homology with the ‘two-barrel’ family of RNA polymerases. By many aspects, this work provides new insights on the evolutionary history of DNA and RNA polymerases
Li, Zhuolun. "Étude structurale de deux complexes macromoléculaires biologiques : FANCD2/FANCI et la Phosphorylase Kinase par cryo microscopie électronique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066030/document.
Texto completo da fonteDuring my thesis work, I have investigated the structure of two protein complexes, the FANCD2/FANCI complex and the Phosphorylase Kinase complex (PhK). Both complexes were studied using cryo electron microscopy combined with image analysis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway has been implied to play a significant role in DNA interstrand crosslink repair and may be the coordinator between different DNA damage repair pathways. Within the FA pathway, the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins are key players. In my thesis work, I have calculated the structure of the human FANCD2/FANCI complex. It possesses an inner cavity, large enough to accommodate a double stranded DNA helix. We also discovered a protruding tower domain, which our collaborator (M. Cohn, Oxford) has shown to be critical for the recruitment of the complex to DNA. PhK is one of the most complex kinases. It is composed of four subunits (αβγδ)4. PhK regulates glycogenolysis, it integrates various signals to catalyze the conversion of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) b to GP a (active), and the subsequent breakdown of glycogen. PhK is a potential target for glycemic control in diseases such as diabetes. Using state of the art electron microscope with a direct electron detection camera, after multiple image processing steps and correction of beams induced motion of films, I obtained a structure of the complexe at 7Å (FSC gold standard)
Li, Zhuolun. "Étude structurale de deux complexes macromoléculaires biologiques : FANCD2/FANCI et la Phosphorylase Kinase par cryo microscopie électronique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066030.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDuring my thesis work, I have investigated the structure of two protein complexes, the FANCD2/FANCI complex and the Phosphorylase Kinase complex (PhK). Both complexes were studied using cryo electron microscopy combined with image analysis. The Fanconi Anemia (FA) pathway has been implied to play a significant role in DNA interstrand crosslink repair and may be the coordinator between different DNA damage repair pathways. Within the FA pathway, the FANCD2 and FANCI proteins are key players. In my thesis work, I have calculated the structure of the human FANCD2/FANCI complex. It possesses an inner cavity, large enough to accommodate a double stranded DNA helix. We also discovered a protruding tower domain, which our collaborator (M. Cohn, Oxford) has shown to be critical for the recruitment of the complex to DNA. PhK is one of the most complex kinases. It is composed of four subunits (αβγδ)4. PhK regulates glycogenolysis, it integrates various signals to catalyze the conversion of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) b to GP a (active), and the subsequent breakdown of glycogen. PhK is a potential target for glycemic control in diseases such as diabetes. Using state of the art electron microscope with a direct electron detection camera, after multiple image processing steps and correction of beams induced motion of films, I obtained a structure of the complexe at 7Å (FSC gold standard)
Bonef, Bastien. "Analyses d'hétérostructures de semiconducteurs II-VI par sonde atomique tomographique et microscopie électronique en transmission". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY083/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis PhD work addresses the problem of atomic scale structural characterization of II-VI based heterostructures. The correlative use of atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy reveals the structure and composition of interfaces in ZnTe/CdSe superlattices to improve their growth condition. The atomic structure and the atomic Cr distribution are also revealed in (Cd,Cr)Te diluted magnetic semiconductor.When experimental parameters set in the atom probe are optimized, quantitative data can be obtain on both ZnTe and CdSe semiconductors with this technique. Compositions are obtained with the mass spectrum and it has to be correctly indexed. Experimental studies reveal that with the application of a low voltage on the tip and a moderate laser power around 2.5 nJ with a green laser (515 nm), the measured composition in ZnTe and CdSe are close to the stoichiometry between cations and anions. Setting the cations ratio Zn++/Zn+ around 0.06 et Cd++/Cd+ around 0.35 during the evaporation of the field is a reliable way to reach the optimum evaporation condition for different tips and in different atom probes. Those parameters are responsible for lowering the loss in the detection of the ions due to their different evaporation field. However, the application of a low laser power in UV (343 nm) will enhance the spatial resolution of the atom probe and the 3D reconstruction of both semiconductors. Before the evaporation of the superlattices, it is therefore compulsory to define the objectives of the experiment first.Structural studies of ZnTe/CdSe superlattices reveal that interfaces are composed of ZnSe. Their chemistry is obtain by high resolution Z-contrast images, composition profiles obtain by the zeta-factor method in EDX and by the presence of ZnSe molecular ions in the atom probe tomography mass spectrum. Many samples are investigated to highlight the ability of Zn and Se to bind together instead of Cd and Te. Growth condition are improved by taking this information into account and to force the formation of CdTe based interfaces. Despite the growth precaution, ZnSe bonds seem inevitable and it lowers the possibility to finally obtain CdTe interfaces.Atom probe tomography studies correlated with EDX chemical mapping reveal the gathering of Cr in rich region off a few nanometers in the diluted magnetic semiconductor CdCrTe. Both techniques are not reliable to get the composition of this Cr riche regions but they reveal a change in their shapes with the increase of Cr concentration in different samples
Shayan, Azad Seyed Ramtin. "Analyse structurale de la biogenèse de la petite sous-unité ribosomique eucaryote par cryo-microscopie électronique et analyse d'images". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30128.
Texto completo da fonteRibosome assembly is a complex process that requires the intervention of more than 200 assembly factors (AFs). These proteins are essential for the processing and modification of ribosomal RNAs, as well as the structural assembly of ribosomal subunits. This mechanism, highly studied in yeast, generally conserved in eukaryotes, but has become more complex with evolution in higher eukaryotes. In addition, defects in ribosome synthesis have recently been associated with a list of human genetic diseases (called ribosomopathies) and cancers, via ribosome biogenesis disease. Numerous molecular and functional studies then made it possible to define several successive stages of cytoplasmic maturation of pre-40S particles in human and yeast. It is now crucial to incorporate these highly detailed molecular descriptions of ribosome maturation events into a three-dimensional view of ribosome assembly and to understand the structural remodeling of pre-ribosomal maturation particles. Using tandem purification methods, coupled with cryo-electron microscopy and isolated particle analysis, I have determined several high-resolution 3D structures of cytoplasmic pre-40S particles, in yeast and human, at different maturation steps. First, i determined the 3D structure of the pre-40S particles, purified using AF Tsr1-FPZ as a bait at 3.1 Å resolution. Structural heterogeneity tests indicated that the beak and platform domains are dynamic zones, and sheds new light on the structural remodeling events occurring during 40S subunit assembly. Moreover, in collaboration with the team of Dr. Brigitte Pertschy, we have determined the 3D structure of yeast cytoplasmic pre-40S particles carrying point mutations on Rps20. Our atomic models have allowed to highlight a close relationship between the correct assembly of Rps20 and the release of AFs Ltv1 and Rio2 from the maturing small ribosomal subunit. Finally, I also determined the 3D structures of human pre-40S particles trapped at a very late cytoplasmic maturation step, with a resolution of ~3 Å. This work was performed in collaboration with Prof. Ulrike Kutay's team (ETH Zurich). These data allowed us to uncover new steps in the cytoplasmic maturation of human pre-40S particles. This structural study allows us to propose new molecular mechanisms underlying the final steps of eukaryotic ribosomal assembly
Lecorre, François. "Apport des récentes évolutions de la cryo-microscopie électronique et du traitement d’images dans l’étude structurale de virus de plantes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT061/document.
Texto completo da fonteA revolution has taken over the world of cryo-electron microscopy for the last years, by dint of a major breakthrough both in technology, with the rise of new microscopes and cameras, and in image processing. With the advent of high-end microscopes, mechanically and electronically more stable, one can expect to record an initial data set of thousand images in few days, thanks to automated acquisition. Besides, the new direct electron detectors can not only record images, but also movies with a better sensitivity than the one we used to have. The movie processing revealed the existence of a beam-induced motion occurring during acquisition. The correction of the motion through frame alignment improves significantly the quality of data. Thus, cryo-electron microscopy was only limited to a middle resolution range (5 to 15 Å) until two or three years ago, when several density maps above 4 Å started to appear, allowing the building of atomic model using tools that were only restricted to X-ray crystallography.In this context, I have studied the structural organization of three plant viruses, using cryo-electron microscopy and image processing:- Arabis Mosaic Virus (ArMV), it’s a Nepovirus only transmitted by the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum, responsible for disease of vineyards.- Broad Bean Stain Virus (BBSV), it’s a Comovirus transmitted by beetles, responsible for the degeneration of leguminous plants.- Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV), it’s a Caulimovirus used as model to characterize the transmission of non circulative viruses.Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, which efficiency is directly related to its replicative capacity inside the infected cell, and its transmission to new hosts. Due to the immobility of plants, plant viruses often use vectors for the transmission plant to plant, which are mainly insects, nematodes, fungi or mites. Plant viruses are generally responsible for a significant decrease in plant and fruit growth, and even the death of the plant. The plant viruses are devasting fields worldwide, causing huge loss in crop yield each year. This study highlights the atomic structures of ArMV and BBSV, as well as the first data about the CaMV capsid and its transmission protein
Cadel, Emmanuel. "Etude de la ségrégation intra et intergranulaire de solutés par sonde atomique tomographique et microscopie électronique en transmission". Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES036.
Texto completo da fonteNunez, Eroles Marc. "Nanogravure et caractérisation structurale et électronique de rubans de graphène cristallins". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30201/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objectives of this thesis are the fabrication and high-resolution structural characterisation of graphene nanoribbons with atomically smooth edges as well as their device integration and electronic transport study. In first place, we show that crystalline graphene nanoribbons with width under 100 nm and structural properties better than the state of the art can be patterned by a focused electron beam in presence of oxygen. The structural characteristics of the ribbons are also better than the old process using water vapour. Secondly, nanoribbons structure is characterized down to the atomic scale by spherical aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy. We show that the nanoribbons crystallinity, of the centre as well as along the cut edges, is preserved. The performance of our process reaches the state of the art and its reproducibility allows to produce ribbons with length of hundreds of nanometer but as narrow as 16 nm. After that, we have transposed the suspended nanoribbon etching to a partially suspended configuration on a SiO2/Si substrate allowing the integration in devices suitable for electronic transport measurements at low temperature and under magnetic field. The electronic transport in contacted ribbons of 60x300 nm shows a gap and oscillations on backgate scanning measurements that are in agreement with a Coulomb blockade mechanism with dot sizes in the range of the ribbon surface. Even though those results show the persistence of tunnel barriers, the edges quality look good enough to avoid additional confinement. Other than mesoscopic devices, our ribbon fabrication process by electronic beam under oxygen atmosphere opens perspectives in two emergent fields. The process is ultra high vacuum compatible and perfectly adapted to the development of an atomic graphene based technology. A characterisation of contaminants of graphene samples as well as electrical characterisation of graphene devices has been performed in a multiprobe scanning tunnelling microscope in ultra high vacuum. Finally, our graphene nanoribbons have the right dimensions and structural qualities required for the observation of plasmonic behaviour of graphene in visible light and so interact with metallic plasmonic structures. This coupling has been analysed by studying the Raman signal of graphene at the close environment of gold colloids
Larburu, Natacha. "Etude structurale de la biogenèse de la petite sous-unité ribosomique humaine par cryo-microscopie électronique et analyse d'images". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30336/document.
Texto completo da fonteRibosome biogenesis is a complex process that requires the production and the correct assembly of the 4 rRNAs with 80 ribosomal proteins. In Human, the production of the two subunits, 40S and 60S, is initiated by the transcription of a pre-ribosomal rRNA precursor to the mature 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNAs by the RNA polymerase I, which is chemically modified and trimmed by endo- and exoribonuclease, in order to form the mature rRNAs. The nascent pre rRNA associated with ribosomal proteins, small ribonucleoprotein particles (snoRNP) and so called co-factors leading to the assembly of an initial 90S particle. This particle is then split into pre-40S and pre-60S pre-ribosomal particles that fallow independent maturation to form the mature subunit into the cytoplasm. Production of eukaryotic ribosomes implies the transient intervention of more than 200 associated proteins and ribonucleoprotein particles, that are absent from the mature subunits. Synthesis of ribosome, globally conserved in eukaryotes, has been principally studied in yeast. However, recent studies reveal that this process is more complex in human compared in yeast. An important bottleneck in this domain is the lack of structural data concerning the formation of intermediate ribosomal subunits to understand the function of assembly factors. Determination of the structural remodeling of pre-ribosomal particles is crucial to understand the molecular mechanism of this complex process. So I have undertaken a structural study on the assembly of the small ribosomal subunit using cryo-electron microscopy and image analysis. The goal of my thesis is to determine the 3D structures of human pre-40S particles at different maturation stages to see the structural remodeling that occurs during the biogenesis of the small ribosomal subunit. We are collaborating with the group of Pr Ulrike Kutay at ETH Zurich, who purify human pre-40S particles. The 3D structures of human pre-40S particles purified at an intermediate and late maturation stages, has been determined with a resolution of 19 and 15Å respectively. Supplementary densities, compared to the mature subunit, indicate the presence of assembly factors and show the unexpected presence of the RACK1 protein in the precursor of the human small ribosomal subunit in the cytoplasm. The comparison of the 3D structures of human pre-40S particle allows showing the structural remodeling that occur during the maturation of the small ribosomal subunit. This work provides the first 3D structure of human pre-40S particles and laid the methodological foundations for future exploration of the structural dynamics of pre-ribosomal particles
Glavier, Marie. "Études structurales par cryo-microscopie électronique d’un système d’efflux multi-drogues bactérien, impliqué dans la résistance aux antibiotiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0239/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing appearance of multi-drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria to most available antibiotics is emerging as a global public health problem. Unfortunately, excessive use in both human and animal medicine has led to the emergence of multi-drug-resistant strains for most antibiotics available on the market. It is therefore urgent to better understand the underlying mechanisms by which bacteria resist to antibiotics to combat multi-resistance strains. In this context, this work aims at better understanding the molecular basis of active drug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is one of the most important mechanisms used by the bacterium to resist to several antibiotics. Efflux systems form protein complexes in the bacterial wall and actively expel antibiotics even before they reach their intracellular target, rendering them inactive. The structural study focuses on the MexA-MexB-OprM RND (Resistance-Nodulation and cell Division) system that is constitutively expressed in wild-type bacteria and is over-expressed in resistant strains. This tripartite complex is composed of a transporter inserted into the inner membrane, a channel protein inserted in the outer membrane and a periplasmic adapter protein that connects the other two proteins to form a sealed conduit through the periplasm. In the absence of knowledge of the structure of the tripartite complex, the aim of the thesis was to develop an original strategy to reconstitute the whole complex in vitro in a lipid environment from the three native components produced separately.The assembly of the tripartite complex is made by mixing MexA with MexB and OprM in Nanodisc mimicking the two lipid bilayers. The structure of this tripartite complex was obtained by combining cryo electron microscopy and the so-called 'isolated particles' approach. The three-dimensional structure of the complex, calculated at a resolution of less than 4 Å, was used to build an atomic model of the tripartite complex assembled between two Nanodiscs. The tripartite complex is composed of an OprM trimer, a MexB trimer and a MexA hexamer surrounding MexB and interacting with OprM. We solve the complete structure of MexA whose N-terminal part hitherto unknown because of a high flexibility and describe for the first time the anchoring of MexA in a lipid membrane. The conformational changes are observed on OprM and MexB when they are assembled in the complex with the opening of the periplasmic end of OprM and the spatial re-orientation of a MexB loop to establish additional contact with MexA.To integrate this tripartite structure into the antibiotic efflux cycle, it describes a state that is probably a resting state, knowing that no specific ligand was added during assembly. In addition, the complex forms an open channel at its extracellular end, providing the conduit to evacuate the drugs carried by MexB that uses the proton motive force as a source of energy. This work opens new perspective for structural studies of other conformational states of the efflux system in "energized" conditions to fulfill our understanding of the efflux cycle mechanism. Moreover, the knowledge of this first tripartite native complex structure constitutes the first step towards the development of molecules capable of blocking the assembly of the complex for therapeutic uses. Indeed, such molecules would inhibit active efflux and restore the lost efficiency of current antibiotics
Effantin, Grégory. "Etudes par cryo-microscopie électronique de la structure de virus : application aux bactériophages Gifsy-2 de Salmonella Typhimirium et T5 d'E. Coli". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10190.
Texto completo da fonteBacteriophage genomes are distinctly mosaic, and as more structures are solved, the phage morphologies also demonstrate a mosaic pattern. In a first project, we have solved capsid structures for several maturation intermediates of Gifsy-2, a phage infecting the bacteria Salmonella, by cryo-electron microscopy to resolutions up to 12 Ångstroms. On the genetic level we observe a long gene encoding the mature gifsy-2 capsid protein at the C-terminal end, and find striking homology with the Clp-P protease at the N-terminus including alignment of the catalytic triad. By analogy with related phage genomes the central domain encoding ~200 amino acids is expected to have scaffolding and/or decoration functions. This unique gene structure gives rise to a capsid maturation pathway that engages features from phages ? and HK97. In a second project, we have determined the E. Coli phage T5 structures of the icosahedral capsid to 19 Ångstroms resolution and the helical tail to ~30Å. We confirm the unusual trimeric symmetry of the tail tube. The capsid is composed of pentamers and hexamers of pb8 arranged with triangulation number t=13 and we localize the pb10 decoration protein to the exterior surface of the hexamers. Sequence comparison between pb8 and the HK97 capsid protein, together with modeling of the T5 capsid with HK97 atomic model, suggests that the T5 capsid likely adopts the same capsid protein fold as its smaller sibling, differing in size by the inclusion of additional hexamers. We propose that the precursor N-terminal domain of pb8 is involved in initial capsid assembly, as for HK97, specifically directing construction of the appropriately sized capsid
Lopez-Lozano, Nina. "Caractérisation structurale de nanomachines bactériennes impliquées dans l'adaptabilité et la virulence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0482.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is divided into two themes.The first theme focuses on the cag Type IV secretion system (cag-T4SS) of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This is a complex secretion machinery embedded in the bacterium's cellular envelope, enabling it to inject the CagA oncoprotein into human gastric epithelial cells. This toxin is considered a major virulence factor of H. pylori. It interacts with host proteins, disrupting cell signaling and leading to changes that can promote the development of gastrointestinal diseases, including gastric ulcers and cancers. The cag-T4SS is subdivided into three parts: (i) an inner membrane complex, composed essentially of ATPases providing the energy required for its assembly and/or its function; (ii) an outer membrane complex, or core complex, forming a channel that connects the inner and outer membranes; and (iii) an extracellular pilus, the existence of which is still controversial, and which would establish contact between the bacterium and its target, and possibly transfer substrates across the host membrane.The first project focuses on the extracellular pilus. The aim is to obtain data concerning a putative interaction between the CagI and CagL proteins, which are essential for secretion and are thought to be involved in the composition of the cag-T4SS pilus. We overexpressed recombinant versions of these proteins in Escherichia coli and co-purified them by affinity chromatography, demonstrating a direct interaction between them. The ability of DARPins and Nanobodies to bind this complex was tested. Analysis of these complexes was also undertaken by cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM).The second project focuses on the core complex, with the aim of obtaining its structure at high resolution in order to shed light on the remaining grey areas concerning this imposing assembly. Various techniques have been used to solubilize this complex. Its purification remains to be optimized before it can be analyzed by cryoEM. Obtaining such structures could lead to a better understanding of how cag-T4SS functions, and to consider strategies to inhibit its assembly and/or function, thus depriving H. pylori of a major virulence factor.The second theme concerns bacterial spirosomes. The AdhE enzyme is highly conserved in the bacterial kingdom and in certain eukaryotic organisms. It is a bifunctional alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme, responsible for the conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetaldehyde and then to ethanol during anaerobic alcoholic fermentation. This enzyme is commonly found in its oligomeric form, known as spirosome. Depending on the ligands present in the medium, E. coli spirosomes can have a compact or extended conformation, the latter constituting the active form of the enzyme. Unlike E. coli spirosomes, Streptococcus pneumoniae ones are naturally stabilized in their extended conformation.The aim of this project is to understand the mechanisms behind this conformational difference. CryoEM enabled us to obtain a high-resolution structure of the S. pneumoniae spirosome and thus comparing it with the extended E. coli spirosome. Functional mutagenesis experiments with complementation enabled us to determine which residues are involved in the extension of these spirosomes. As they are involved in pathogenicity and have been shown to be essential to bacterial physiology in the absence of oxygen, in-depth study of their conformation could lead to the discovery of molecules capable of regulating their activity, which could be of major interest in the fields of biotechnology and healthcare
Beinsteiner, Brice. "Origine et évolution des récepteurs nucléaires et étude structurale du premier stéroïdien, ERR". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ099.
Texto completo da fonteNuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors which bind to specific DNA sequences and activate gene transcription in response to the binding of specific ligands. Among all of the RNs involved in the etiology of cancers, ERR estrogen receptors play an important role in breast, ovarian, colon, endometrial and prostate cancers. This NR is said to be orphan because it does not have a natural ligand known to date. Using an integrative structural biology approach combining cryo-electron microscopy, bioinformatics and evolution, my PhD work focused on the structural study of ERR and the origin and evolution of RNs. In this context, three informatic tools have been developed. The results obtained allowed, on the one hand, the revision of fundamental knowledge on the origin of nuclear receptors and their evolution. On the other hand, structural study of ERR allow us to acquire new data on topology of steroid nuclear receptors fixed on an element of ERRE / ERE response as well as on the allosteric mechanism of the binding of the coactivator PGC-1α on the dimer of ERR. The resolution of the complex at the atomic scale by cryo-electron microscopy will open the way towards the design of new therapeutic molecules
Trépout, Sylvain Lambert Olivier. "Etude de l'assemblage du système d'efflux membranaire MexAB-OprM impliqué dans la résistance aux antibiotiques chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa caractérisation combinée par Microbalance à cristal de quartz avec mesure de dissipation et cryo-tomographie électronique /". S. l. : Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2008/TREPOUT_SYLVAIN_2008.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAmichi, Lynda. "Etude du dopage de type p dans des nanostructures de GaN par corrélation entre sonde atomique tomographique et holographie électronique hors axe optique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY088/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of the thesis is to develop a methodology for the investigation of Mg which acts as p-type doping in GaN. We relate the spatial distribution of the dopants with their electrical activity which is achieved by coupling two complementary approaches, Atom Probe Tomography (APT) and Off-axis electron holography. These measurements have also been combined with high-resolution electron microscopy (HR-(S)TEM) for the structural characterization. APT is a unique characterization technique, based on the field effect evaporation of individual atoms of a needle shape sample, allowing the analysis of nano-devices both in terms of morphology and composition in three dimensions at the atomic scale. Off-axis electron holography uses an electron biprism to form an interference pattern from which the electrostatic potential arising from the active dopants can be determined. In this work the experimental procedure has been optimized for both techniques including specimen preparation, the microscope parameters and data treatment to recover accurate information about the position and activity of the dopants. For the holography measurements, a careful analysis of the artifacts that are present in these specimen has been performed to understand the effects of specimen preparation and charging under electron irradiation. We have performed these experiments at high temperature in-situ in the TEM (400 °C) as this increases the ionized dopant concentrations and reduces the artifacts that are present in our measurements. Having developed the methodology, these two techniques are then used to study the effect of temperature and dopant concentrations on the growth of Mg-doped GaN by MOCVD. We have been able to show by APT the existence of precipitates of Mg which are present from a concentration of 3E19 cm-3 whose size and density depends on the growth temperature and the total nominal dopant concentration. Their presence reduces the concentration of dopants that are potentially active in the specimens. However, the measurements of active dopants by holography combined with simulations suggest that the presence of these precipitates do not dominate the electrical properties of the material and that even in very highly doped specimens up to 2E20cm-3 the total active dopant concentrations are still higher than expected from previously published studies. The correlation between these techniques will provide valuable information to improve the Mg activation GaN which is currently a big issue for device manufacture
Courjault, Nicolas. "Contribution à l'étude de solutions non destructives pour la détection et la localisation de défauts électriques dans les structures électroniques 3D". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30313/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis purpose was to explore several failure analysis techniques (Magnetic microscopy, Lock-in Thermography, X-rays Tomography, Time Domain Reflectometry) on their capabilities to localize the electrical defect (Short circuit, open circuit, resistive open, etc.) on 3D electronic component and system. Assessment possibilities of these techniques are suggested in order to ensure the defect localization in these new components. In particular, implementations of magnetic analysis in tilted sample as well as introduction of phase and amplitude magnetic images have been realized. This work also proposes to couple information obtain from magnetic microscopy to X-rays Tomography where the all system would be driven by 3D magnetic simulation
Shinde, Deodatta. "Utilisation de la sonde atomique tomographique laser pour les études spectroscopiques des matériaux pour l'énergie". Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES042.
Texto completo da fonteLaser assisted atom probe tomography (LaAPT) is a powerful technique for the structural and chemical analysis of materials at near atomic resolution and in 3-dimensions. Considering the nanoscale specimen and the use of ultra-fast laser pulses in the technique, this instrument can also be used to study light-matter interaction at the nanoscale. Hence the technique will not only give structural and chemical characterization at atomic scale of materials but also new insight on the optical and electrical properties at nano-scale. In this regard, the prime objective of this thesis is to study the feasibility of LaAPT as a versatile tool to investigate structural and optical properties of the nanoscale material with particular emphasis on materials for solar-energy plant, like METallic CERamics (CERMET), and for light emission, like InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The optical absorption properties of nanotips of Au-nanoparticles embedded in MgO and Fe2O3 matrix, have been studied coupling LaAPT analysis with optical and electron microscopy. Moreover, the heating process induced by the laser-energy absorption was also discussed. In the case of InGaN/GaN quantum wells, a novel correlative approach was introduced to study the direct correlation between structural and optical emission properties using LaAPT, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and micro-photoluminescence (µ-PL) spectroscopy
Attia-Sebban, Judith. "Auto-assemblages de linoléate et d'argent pour la synthèse par radiolyse de nano-objets organique-métalliques". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066110.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with the synthesis of organic-metallic nano-objects from linoleate and silver self-assemblies in liquid phase. The globular micelles structure, as the major phase before adding silver, is studied with neutron and x-ray small-angle scattering and molecular dynamics simulations as well. Concerning the mixture of the organic phase with the metallic ions solution, we show that two different processes occur. On the one hand, the silver ions replace sodium ions around the globular micelles, keeping the overall morphology of the self-assemblies intact, and on the other hand, we highlight a transition towards colloids, due to silver hydroxide formation, assembled into the organic phase. We study how these new self-assemblies are organized as well as their composition. They exhibit shapes of fibers made out of strings of colloids organized into a face centered cubic structure. The topology is displayed through cryo-electron microscopy images and deduced from small-angle x-ray scattering data. We then study the reduction of metallic cations through gamma-ray-induced radiolysis over both systems. The first case leads to the synthesis of hollow silver nano-shells of small dimensions (core and shell of 1. 0 and 3. 0-nm-radii). The mold effect is likely to account for this result. In the second case, one mainly obtains silver colloids usually associated to the destruction of the fibers. Relying on the in situ study of plasmon resonance from the formed nano-objects, simultaneously to the scattering measures, we compare the impacts of x-rays with the radiolytic synthesis from gamma radiations
Ruedas, Rémi. "Méthodologie pour l'obtention de structures par cryo-EM de complexes anticorps-antigènes appliquée aux deux protéines sHER2 et NS4". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASQ059.
Texto completo da fonteSingle particle analysis (SPA) from cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) nowadays allows structural analysis in the native state of a broad range of proteins and macromolecular complexes. It is particularly attractive for complexes for which structure prediction remains intractable, such as antibody-antigen complexes. In the second chapter of this manuscript, we cover several validation points at the pre-microscope, in-microscope and post-microscope stages for the studies of such complexes by cryo-EM. We detail a wide range of biophysical analyses allowing a detailed description of the biochemical properties of samples in solution. Following these analyses, we discuss the optimal approach for preparing and screening Cryo-EM grids. The last part is devoted to data processing, with exhaustive analyses of the effect of the grid material on the sample. We also present a practical application of current software to deal with continuous conformational heterogeneity. This part shows how we manage to obtain the first experimental map bellow 3 Angstroms resolution of the flexible ternary complex "HTP" between the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and the antigen-binding fragments (Fab) of two distinct therapeutic antibodies, pertuzumab and trastuzumab. Our map, which is better defined than previous ones, has brought to light a previously neglected interaction that could explain the synergistic effect of the antibodies.The third chapter takes up the approach developed with the HTP complex by applying it to the non-structural norovirus protein NS4. This section provides the first comprehensive results on the biochemical properties of the NS4 protein. It also outlines the limitations of using monoclonal antibodies as structural analysis tools. Finally, it shows how we have succeeded in obtaining a diversified catalogue of artificial proteins "alpharep" targeting NS4, as well as the first possible applications
Phan, Minh-Son. "Contribution à l'estimation de la similarité dans un ensemble de projections tomographiques non-orientées". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD041/document.
Texto completo da fonteCryo-electron microscopy is a tomographic technique allowing to reconstruct a 3D model of complex structure in biology from a set of acquired images. These images are known as the tomographic projections and are taken at unknown directions. The advantage of the cryo-electron microscopy is the 3D reconstruction at very high resolution. The reconstruction procedure consists of many steps such as projection alignment, projection classification, orientation estimation and projection refinement. During these steps, the distance between two projections is frequently measured. The work in this thesis aims at studying the distances mesured between two unknown-direction projections with the objective of improving the reconstruction result in the cryo-electron microscopy. The contribution of this thesis is the developement of a method for estimating the angular difference between two projections in 2D and 3D. Our method is based on the construction of a neighborhood graph whose vertices are the projections, whose edges link the projection neighbors and are weighted by a local approximation of the angular difference. The calculation of the weights relies on the projection moment properties. The proposed method has been tested on simulated images with different resolutions and at different noise levels. The comparison with others estimation methods of angular difference has been realised