Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Croissance de la Chine"
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Simayi, Zibibula Zibibula. "La croissance urbaine de Korla, Xinjiang-Chine". Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20030.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is a study divided into four parts. The first part is dedicated to the autonomous region Oui͏̈gour, Xinjiang, the situation of which it presents geo-economic and the transport system. The second part studies the demographic evolution and the urbanization, urban system of the city of Korla, prerequisite necessary for the third part which analyzes the urban economy and the alterations of this town. Finally, the last part proposes an analysis of the spatial economic planning of the territory of Korla. It is about, understanding and analysing the geographic dimensions of the economy of this city. Thus this subject analyzes, around these four research main axis, the place of the city of Korla in the urban economy of Xinjiang
Xu, Zelai. "Urbanisation et Croissance des Villes en Chine". Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266936.
Texto completo da fonteNotre étude suggère que la Chine a connu un retard de l'urbanisation dû aux stratégies d'industrialisation particulières (biais de l'industrie lourde avant les réformes et industrialisation rurale après les réformes) et au caractère incomplet des marchés des facteurs de production (le travail et la terre, entre autres) ; les villes ne sont pas assez grandes pour exploiter les économies d'agglomération. Avec l'approfondissement des réformes économiques, la Chine doit poursuivre cette transformation structurelle rurale/urbaine car le développement de l'économie urbaine va constituer l'un des moteurs de la croissance économique du pays. Les politiques destinées à promouvoir l'urbanisation doivent consister à améliorer les institutions sur les marchés des facteurs de production, et à relâcher les restrictions sur la taille des villes.
Karkanis, Dimitrios. "Mutations économiques et démographiques en Chine : croissance ou développement ?" Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10017/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe process of economic growth in China during the last decades, mainly driven by the dynamics of the export sector, is accompanied by a simultaneous and rapid population growth. This growth contributes, in turn, to the creation of a vast amount of potential consumers, as well of a large human resources reservoir, at a national level. Being part of the group of countries well known as “emerging”, the case of China is of special interest, in order to examine if and how economic growth can result in a simultaneous development process, the latter concept being closely related to the improvement of human life.This PhD thesis is structured mainly in three parts. The first part concerns the analysis of economic and demographic changes in China over the last decades, especially since the rise to the country’s leadership of Deng Xiaoping in the year 1978. The analysis carried out first distinguishes the processes of economic globalization and liberalization, at the same time with the evaluation of population trends related to the demographic transition process. Later in the same part, an analysis of institutional changes becomes available, associated with the national policies applied in this highly evolving economic and demographic context. During the second part, the construction of a “diagnosis base” concerning selected risks and opportunities, related to the challenges on China’s development in the current period, allows us to formulate the key assumptions of this research. Finally, the third part comes exactly to evaluate our identified key assumptions, while attempting to define the proposed distinction between the concepts of growth and development. Apart from the construction and the evaluation of our key assumptions, the corollary epistemological posture of this thesis is to examine, through a disciplinary openness, the phenomenon of the co-evolution between economic and demographic variables in the Chinese case. The questions raised about the concept of development require, in fact, a bi-disciplinary approach, both from an economic and demographic view
Liu, Chenxiang. "Transformation du système financier et croissance en Chine". Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100114.
Texto completo da fonteThe Chinese economy is growing steadily and rapidly since the reform and opening 1978. However, a failing banking system because of many non-performing loans granted to state-owned enterprises and the underdevelopment of capital markets hinder the healthy economic development. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the financing of the economy and improving performance in the financial sectors. To this end, our thesis is structured around six chapters. In the first, we discuss the different components of growth. It is rather driven by exports and investment, consumption remains relatively low. The second chapter is devoted to the recapitalization of large state-owned commercial banks, the consolidation of city commercial banks and the restructuring of rural credit cooperatives. The third chapter will discuss split-share structure reform in the primary stock market. Our analysis will be punctuated by empirical analysis of PER (price earning ratio) on the secondary market. The fourth chapter will discuss the recent development of the bond market and the imminent need of expansion. The penultimate chapter will present the financing of SME—the major driving force of growth and the important role of credit guarantee institutions. The final chapter will strive to analyze the creation of a well-functioning and sustainable rural financial system, which would address the diverse needs of “new socialist countryside” construction
Bian, Heng. "La croissance économique et l'investissement des entreprises en Chine". Paris 9, 1994. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1994PA090002.
Texto completo da fonteThe main part of the thesis is to describe the Chinese economic growth, to study the shift of system and institutions. In the first part, we study the evolution of system from the soviet model to the Chinese model which with the characteristic of the leading role of the budgetary policy in the income distribution and in the investment allocation. Then, we study the impact of reform at the economic system ; these reforms have followed the decentralized model, concerning many economic fields. The evolution of Chinese economic system then is inserted two important phenomenon : the rural industry and the zes. The evolution concerns, off course, the behaviors of organization. We take up particularly the behaviors of three enterprises subject to investment, because of the importance of this grandeur in Chinese economy
Démurger, Sylvie. "Ouverture et croissance : le cas de la République populaire de Chine". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010052.
Texto completo da fonteAt the end of the 70s the people's republic of China launched a reform and opening up process which led it to develop its external relationships and induced large benefits, among which a dramatic economic growth. This thesis focuses on the mechanisms which can explain the link between the chinese open-door policy and its impressively high economic growth. In order to give the analytical framework necessary to understand the enjeux and the mechanisms of the shift of china towards a market economy, it first examines the characteristics of the chinese growth in a long term perspective and proposes a panorama of the changes which occurred since the end of the 70s. It then presents a theoretical framework of the relationship between openness and growth which enables to examine the channels and the modalities through which international trade, either in goods or in technologies, may play a leading role in the growth process of an economy. It also develops a model of endogenous growth which highlights a dynamics between foreign investment and economic growth and which is used in the empirical analysis conducted in the last part of the thesis. The latter gives an explanation of the economic growth of chinese provinces based on one hand, on the dynamics between foreign investment and growth and, on the other hand, on a dynamics due to the geographical propagation of growth itself. The study of growth at a provincial level enables to identify the inflow of foreign capital, through the channel for technology transfer, as a main driving element in the chinese growth process. This analysis is finally completed with an evaluation of the interdependence of growth between chinese provinces and, within provinces, between cities. This last step allows to describe growth propagation phenomena and thus to give a complementary view of the chinese growth process
Lladser, Antinéa. "Système financier et croissance endogène : une application à l'économie chinoise". Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100085.
Texto completo da fonteCao, Hui. "Nouvelles tendances de l'urbanisation au Sichuan et à Chongqing : agglomérations urbaines et périmètres administratifs des villes". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070044.
Texto completo da fonteMeasuring and comparing urban population in different countries, including China, have been a well-known problem because the national statistical agencies of different countries may use different definitions of "urban populations. " In this thesis, we use the e-Geopolis urban population statistics to uncover new trends of urbanization in Sichuan and Chongqing, two shengji divisions situated in the southwestern part of China, between 2000 and 2010. Our analysis shows that the urban population statistics estimated by e-Geopolis are very different from those reported by the National Bureau of Statistics, the official statistical agency of China. This comparison suggests that the official statistics can be misleading and can portrait an inaccurate picture of the actual extent of urbanization in China. For example, based on the e-Geopolis urban population statistics for Chongqing Zhixiashi and Sichuan Sheng, we find that the primacy index at shengji is higher. This situation can be explained by the concentration of capital in a labor-intensive economy where economies of agglomerations can reduce the costs of production. However, we cannot see the same patterns when we use the official urban population statistics provided by the National Bureau of Statistics. We view our results as the first step of using e-Geopolis to understand the urbanization patterns of China. When the complete set of e-Geopolis urban population statistics of China is available, it should be very useful for researchers and policy makers to better measure China's urbanization and also compare the urbanization experiences of China and other countries in the world
Schaffar, Alexandra. "Croissance et hiérarchie urbaines dans les pays émergents". Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861019.
Texto completo da fonteLuo, Xubei. "Impact des investissements en infrastructure sur la croissance régionale : le cas des provinces chinoises". Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF10262.
Texto completo da fonteThis Ph. D. Thesis concentrates on the study of the impacts of infrastructure investments on regional growth, in the case of the Chinese provinces. It focused on regional economy, enriching the theory of geographic economy. The objectives are to demonstrate the important role of geographic economic position in regional growth and to evaluate the efficiency of the infrastructure investment location policies on rebalanced development. This thesis includes three parts : the first part describes the unbalanced economic development of China after the reform of 1978 and examines the theoretical models. The second part centers on the empirical studies of the importance of infrastructure development level on transportation costs and the effects of market demand on regional development. The third part focuses on the empirical analyses of regional growth, convergence clubs and interregional interactions
Li, Wenliang. "Changement structurel, croissance économique et disparités régionales de la Chine post-réforme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLD022.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis investigates the interaction between structural change, economic growth, and regional disparities in post-reform China, providing empirical evidence at the provincial level. The results show that while China’s rapid economic growth has been accompanied by significant structural change, the direction of this change has been uneven across provinces. As a result, the benefits of labour reallocation in terms of productivity gains are unevenly distributed across regions, leading to a small structural bonus at the aggregate national level. The trajectory of structural change at the provincial level is self-adjusting rather than history-dependent, as the sectoral dynamics across provinces are explained more by the heterogeneity in sectoral TFP than by the inertia effect of the industrial structure. Moreover, the divergent structural change across provinces has accelerated regional convergence in terms of per capita income, especially conditional convergence. Meanwhile, within-sector TFP growth has slowed down the catching-up process for lagged provinces,both unconditionally and conditionally
Dessus, Sébastien. "Analyses empiriques des déterminants de la croissance à long terme". Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010063.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis begins with the premise that empirical studies on cross-sectional data aimed at testing the convergence hypothesis fail to identify comprehensively both the determinants of long-run growth, and the appropriate policies to encourage it. The first section is devoted to an econometric re-examination of such studies. It demonstrates that failure to consider the heterogeneity of production functions across countries biases the results. The heterogeneity is present in both the average factor productivity level and the marginal productivity of human capital. We explain international differences in human capital marginal productivity by estimating a convergence equation on panel data using a varyingparameter model. Our results suggest that the nature of trade regimes, the institutional capacity to defend property rights and the quality of the education system may explain such differences. Improving the estimation of the long-run growth path also significantly reduces the share of growth that is generally attributed to transitional growth. We conclude that long run growth depends to a large extent on the capacity of economies to mobilise available resources in an efficient manner. The second section uses cointegration techniques to try to identify the policies that permitted taiwan to achieve rapid growth. It appears that total factor productivity accounted for half of per capita income growth. This may be explained by the combination of appropriate policies: the encouragement of public and private investment, in order to benefit from human capital and the opportunities presented by external markets; the promotion of basic education; the massive importation of foreign technologies, facilitated by the promotion of the export industry; the development of several policies aimed at enhancing labour market allocative efficiency, in order to benefit from the new comparative advantages resulting from technological progress
Vallette, Anne. "Les formes spatiales du développement urbain en Chine : l'apport de la télédetection (villes de Suzhou et Wuxi)". Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUEL446.
Texto completo da fonteThe hinterland of Shanghai is the field of a strong urban development since the eighties. The studied area is located along the shore of the Tai lake, between the cities of Suzhou and Wuxi. The study is based mainly on the SPOT satellite imagery, sustained by field inquiries. The tests have been applied to the Suzhou area, which includes the greater variety of differentiated neighbourhoods : old city, commercial streets and CBD, renovated neighbourhoods, Chinese gardens, blocks of flats, old industrial districts, new development parks of technology and industry, gated communities. Several possible treatments of the remote sensing images for the study of the transformations of the urban land use have been investigated : filters, neo-canals, supervised and unsupervised classifications. Due to the results obtained, the maximum likelihood classification has been applied to the whole studied area and has allowed, in addition with photo-interpretation techniques, the cartography of the land use. Two different types of urban extension have been made obvious : a development of heavy industries along the Great Canal, and an establishment of the CBD in the old city, in Wuxi, whereas the old city has been preserved in Suzhou, together with a specification of the neighbourhoods according to sectors, and the development of new commercial poles. Along the shore of the lake the diachronic analysis shows the creation of vacation resorts, thematic leisure parks, cemeteries and an extension of aquaculture, together with the pollution of the water
Bois-Laurent, Marie-Aude. "Capital humain et croissance : conditions et modalités d'émergence des marchés du travail en Chine". Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020058.
Texto completo da fonteThe economic growth in china is caracterised by the introduction of market mecanisms. The economic transformations stressed the rural urban desequilibrium. Population movements, which have different characteristics than in the other developping countries, are developping more and more. Our work consists to characterise the individual behaviour of migration and to study its repercussions on chinese growth. Begining with the theory of risk adversion of von neumannand morgenstern and with the xu's model (1991), our research used two different directions. First, we studied individual behaviour of migration, using the models of harris and todaro. We took into account, in a random environment, the multitude of the migration pools and the dichotomy of the different sectors on the labour market. Second, we observed the growth in china. We used, in an environment of endogenous growth, the theory of von neuman and morgenstern, the hypothetis of the probabilist models and the possibility of the multitude of migration pools
Bégin, Stéphane. "Le tourisme en Chine, croissance urbaine et développement hôtelier à Xiamen, 1949-1996". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0016/NQ43696.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteDées, Stéphane. "Compétitivité, investissement direct étranger et croissance : le succès économique chinois expliqué par la politique d'ouverture (1978-1998)". Bordeaux 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR40022.
Texto completo da fonteThis study shows then the merits of the development strategy chosen by china. The 'open door' policy implemented by deng xiaoping in 1978 has allowed china to benefit from technology transfer necessary to technical progress growth. During the 1980s, this transfer was realised through the imports of manufactured goods, machinery and equipment. Knowing the role of fdi in the foreign technology acquisition, the chinese authorities have led an exchange rate policy based on the undervaluation of the yuan from the end of the 1980s. In addition to the creation of current surpluses, this undervaluation has attracted fdi inflows coming from the mncs motivated by the weak relative costs that china proposed. These huge fdi inflows came mostly from the asian nics. The east asian mncs have relocated their production in china, not to reach an expending market, but to benefit from these weak costs in order to re-export, after transformation in china, products that have been previously imported. Even if these fdi inflows were not technology intensive, they allow china to acquire knowledge proper to market economies, mainly in the management and the use of resources. This strategy has then been limited to foreign trade and fdi. Based on the absence of capital account openness, china has protected itself from the open economy sensitivity to short term capital flows (particularly speculative). This choice is justified by the specificity of the chinese economic system. China was face to the following problem : how to open the economy toward the rest of the world with a financial system which is inoperative ? By limiting its openness to foreign trade and long term capital, china has benefited from the positive effects of openness on economic development (via the stimulation of technology transfer) without suffering from contagion risk after any problem on the neighbour's financial markets
Meunié, André Jean. "La soutenabilité de la croissance économique : le cas de la Chine : analyse théorique et vérifications empiriques". Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40042.
Texto completo da fonteJing, Xuewen. "La Croissance économique et le bonheur : le système de protection sociale en Chine et les idées inspirées de l'Europe". Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/150239548#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is dedicated to the welfare system in China and the inspired ideas of Europe, rather in the social sciences, not for technical methods. We support a role for social protection during the modernization of China. Currently the issue of social protection is at the heart of Chinese society. Three reasons for this unprecedented attention paid to social protection system in China : first, we often find the absence of a policy of welfare for the population and secondly, economic growth brings a revival of ideology, many Chinese turning their attention to certain social problems to build a democratic society that a welfare state can be established, and thirdly, the history of Europe shows that social protection is an economic investment. A relatively just society through a system of comprehensive social protection is a sound basis for economic construction. The European social model is distinguished by a high level of social protection. But the level of the Chinese system is too low, especially in vast rural areas, there is almost no social protection. The purpose of economic growth is to make the happiness of the population. In a context of radical social change, China needs to catch up on social protection by the functions of the State
Liu, Chun-Ya. "Régimes politiques, développement économique et croissance urbaine de Taiwan". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H015.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis provides a macro-regional reading of the urbanization process in Taiwan since its origins, over a period or four centuries. The characteristics or city growth arc captured in relation to the development strategies of the various regimes on the island. The method intersects a historical approach with geographic information techniques (QGIS software) to spatialize historical processes. The Taiwanese territory has been essentially dominated by exogenous or colonial powers, while al the same time being the support of intense ethnic mixing, notably by the influx of migrants from the Chinese mainland. Taiwan's economic and urban development has thus found itself at the interface of Western and Eastern spatial strategies of domination. The Western powers developed port cities as part of a colonial strategy embedded in world trade, while the Eastern countries pursued a more continental strategy. The country's capital, Taipei, experienced a less pronounced process or urban primacy than its East Asian counterparts. This betrays a more balanced urban growth, concentrated however in the western part of the island, along a north-south continental transport axis linking two major port hubs. The thesis shows that Taiwan met the criteria or a "developmental state" (Johnson, 1982) productivist strategy during the authoritarian period of the KMT, but that this is no longer the case in the democratic era due to the weakening of the economic pilot agency and the relocation of a large part of the Taiwanese industrial apparatus to China
Dao, Seydou. "Trois essais sur le commerce Chine - Afrique : impacts sur la croissance et le secteur manufacturier en Afrique subsaharienne". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF10486.
Texto completo da fonteThe intensification of trade relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in recent decades lead to a complex and diverse implications on the economy of the African continent. This thesis examined three major issues relating to the impact of China-Africa trade relations on SSA economies: growth, production and manufacturing employment, and finally intra-African exports. After analyzing the different dimensions of the Chinese presence in Africa (Chapter 1), the thesis highlights a set of results. First, trade and FDI between China and Africa have a positive impact on African growth through increased technical efficiency of production factors (Chapter 2). Second, competition from Chinese manufactured goods has had a limited impact on production and manufacturing employment in SSA (Chapter 3). Third, the crowding-out effect of Chinese exports on intra-African trade remains limited to a few countries and few manufacturing sectors (Chapter 4)
Fei, Yue. "Essays on Venture Capital and Innovation". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10030.
Texto completo da fonteThis dissertation investigates the firm incentives to participate in entrepreneurial and innovative activities. The first chapter examines and evaluates the private sector’s response to public involvement in venture capital. The second chapter studies and estimates the performance gap between government linked and private venture capitalists and the determining factors of this performance gap. The third chapter provides a theoretical framework to understand and analyze the firm-level innovation incentives in the industrial networks. In Chapter 1, titled "Can Governments Foster the Development of Venture Capital?", I examine the role of government intervention in the emergence of venture capital (VC) in China during 1999-2013 using a novel dataset and a unique policy experiment. The difference-indifference analysis shows that the central government program leads to an increase in local investment from both government and private VCs. In Chapter 2, titled "(Under)performance of government venture capitalists: Evidence and explanations", using the sample from the same source as in Chapter 1, I find that startups backed by government VCs are less likely to have Initial Public Offering (IPO) exits than private VCs. Evidence shows that the performance gap is narrowed down when the VC market develops into a more mature stage. In Chapter 3, titled "Firm Level Match under Imperfect Information Along the Global Value Chain", (joint with Rui Zhang), we develop a 1-m frictional positive assortative matching (PAM) model along the global value chain. We show the existence of multiple equilibria where a supplier could be matched to different headquarters, but at different stages on the value chain. Our model also features countervailing forces of firm innovation incentives and we predict a nonmonotonic pattern between innovation and firm productivity
Li, Bing. "Patrimoine et mutation urbaine dans le cadre du développement touristique : le cas de Lijiang, province du Yunnan, Chine". Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010660.
Texto completo da fonteÖzyurt, Selin. "Croissance, productivité et les retombées positives de l’ouverture aux investissements directs étrangers et au commerce international en Chine". Paris 9, 2009. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2009PA090024.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the issues associated with China’s rapid economic development and reform initiative over the past three decades. The study presents new empirical evidence which relies on comprehensive data sets and recently developed parametric methods. The major objective of the thesis is to provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of China’s recent economic growth and productivity performances. The main focus is directed to the investigation of spillovers to Chinese economy arising from openness to foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade. The major findings of the study are: (i) Over the past three decades, physical capital accumulation has been the main driving force of China’s rapid economic growth, while productivity and technical efficiency gains have also contributed to economic growth; (ii) openness to FDI and international trade exert a positive impact on growth and productivity; (iii) the spatial econometric analyses highlight that regional dynamics and spatial interactions play a crucial role in the process of economic development
Côté, Patricia. "L'impact des changements institutionnels dans le secteur de la protection environnementale en Chine". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19916.
Texto completo da fonteHuang, Wei Ye. "Fluctuation du taux de la croissance d'investissement en Chine : 1953-1989 : étude sur les facteurs explicatifs et les comportements des agents économiques". Paris, EHESS, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EHES0085.
Texto completo da fonteAfter studing the theories about the cyclical fluctuation of the investment in the centrally planned economies (cpes), we try to apply them in the chinese practice. Through the observation and analysis of the statistical data as well as the studies about the behaviors of economic agents in the country, we can reach a conclusion, that is, the cyclical characteristics concerning the investment evolution did exist during the period of 1953-1989. The non-budgetary investments engaged particularly by the regions and the enterprises play an important role in a relatively stable way in the cyclical fluctuation notably in the 1980's. The cyclical fluctuation of the growth rate of investment shows itself in a context changedby the economical reforms and the open to the world since 1978 in china
Ragueneau, Sylvie. "Pékin : ville de projet, ville vécue". Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0071.
Texto completo da fonteThe first question here is the true meaning of city project and city planning in the current context of urban explosion-¬implosion. For cities are not only the result of the work of architects and city planners, but are also produced through a long process which involves, in a mixture of dynamism and inertia, all kinds of forces. Thus, architects and city planners are more often spectators than authors of the transformations of cities. But on the other hand, city planners, architects and developers con front the real purpose of a city: to be the life-space for a great number of people. The question is thus: how can the new city be inhabited? The quality of urban life depends not only on urban form and its aesthetic and fonctional quality, but also on the adaptability of space, that is to say, the capacity and opportunity given to people to build links with surrounding built and non-built space. The second question is thus: what about those links, how do they work ? And then, what is the relationship between these two questions? If living in the city is difficult, urban production should also be questioned from that point of view. As an example, the phenomenal change in Beijing's (Peking's) appearance in the last years, especially before the 2008 Olympic Games, contrasts with the mythic history and eternal picture of the old city. Changes of scale, the disappearance of antique features, has shocked a great many people, in particular those who have visited the city before, ten or twenty years ago. All over the city, new developments are revealing highways, skyscrapers and the frenzy of commercial and financial business. . . . Money making became the main goal offered to the Chinese through the reform and opening policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping. But something seems to have been forgotten: human beings. A double hiatus appears and grows between the city project, the real built city and the ability of the people to live there to inhabit this place
Le, Hir Rozenn. "Développement hétéroblastique et croissance rythmique chez le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) : étude de l'implication du métabolisme glucidique et de régulateurs de croissance". Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0041.
Texto completo da fonteThe study of shoot rhythmic growth was approached in common oak (Quercus robur L. ) through the study of the heteroblastic development which is the production by the meristem of laminate, aborted lamina and scale leaves. Morphological, biochemical and molecular approaches were used on plants expressing or not the heteroblastic development. Our results showed that when the aborted lamina leaves started their differentiation, apex is characterised by a sucrose and IAA deficiency due to a diversion by young laminate leaves. Then, ABA coming from laminate leaves, increases in apex while formation of scale leaves occurs, suggesting an ABA involvement in the conversion from aborted lamina to scale leaves. This work proposes therefore that heteroblastic development and rhythmic growth result from short-term competitions for sucrose, IAA and ABA between apex and young laminate leaves
Juncker, Bertrand. "Le chêne (quercus robur l. ) in vitro : propagation, mode de croissance". Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10014.
Texto completo da fonteSong, Jialin. "Architecture génétique des traits de croissance et de ramification du chêne". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AGPT0010.
Texto completo da fonteEpicormics may seriously impair the wood quality of oaks which are the most important hardwoods in French forestry. Successive projects have been carried out to understand the ontogenic and silviculture effects on sequential and epicormic branching. Effects of environment and genetics have been reported in the literature, but the knowledge about the genetic architecture of branching on oak and on epicormics in general is still limited. This last project quantifies this genetic architecture on growth, branching and especially epicormics traits. It takes advantage of observations from computed tomography (CT) or externally recorded, the genetic map of oak being built and a full-sib progeny installed in two experimental designs. The aim was to analyze and localize the Quantitative Trait Locus (QTLs) of the growth and branching traits on the genetic map of pedunculate oak, in order to contribute to characterize the genetic architecture of the sequential and epicormic branching on oak. A full-sibs offspring from an interspecific crossing of Quercus robur was planted at two sites in north-eastern France (CH) and south-western France (BR) with quite different environments and silvicultural intervention. In a first study, 1m-long logs from BR were scanned by CT; wood quality and branching traits were deduced on which a QTL analysis was performed. In a second study, QTL analysis was performed with traits deduced from external observation made on standing trees at the two sites. The QTL stability in two sites was evaluated. Finally, we questioned the impact of the tree growth on the branching through the QTLs detected. The QTL analysis revealed a moderate genetic control for latent bud production mainly. The interaction between the QTLs and the sites was highlighted especially concerning the development of epicormic branches. An independent genetic control was assumed for the sequential branches. Several “hot-spots” were identified on the genetic map of oak for the epicormic and growth traits. We suggest that some genetic controls of these regions are related to the axillary meristem initiation and that some genetic controls of the epicormic branching are probably involved also in the control of the tree growth. These results showed that the genetic control of epicormic branching is moderate and that the environment effect is likely involved more in the fate of these latent buds in interaction with the genetic effect. Since the oak genome was recently sequenced, a bioinformatics analysis is being performed on these regions for testing whether the candidate genes involved in plant hormones could explain the genetic mechanisms underlying these genomic regions related to the epicormic branching traits of the oak
Martini, Jean-François. "Expression du gène du récepteur de l'hormone de croissance". Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA11T027.
Texto completo da fonteChoulet, Flavien. "Mécanismes et évolution des chaînes d'accrétion. Exemple des chaînes paléozoïques d'Asie Centrale (Junggar Occidental, N-O de la Chine)". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658776.
Texto completo da fonteGatfaoui, Jamel. "Modeling Chinese provincial business cycles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1110.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis deals with the Chinese provincial growth cycles over the period 1989-2009. First, we use a variety of techniques to examine the nature and degree of comovement among Chinese provincial growth cycles. We detect different properties of the provincial growth cycles. Using a model-based clustering methodology, we find that provinces can be classified among five major clusters as a function of standard measures of cyclical characteristics. Although the majority of provinces experienced the recession that occurred around the Asian crisis, the nation as whole experienced an expansionary phase. Moreover, all the provinces experienced the recession related to the subprime crisis that occurred in 2007/2008 except Jiangsu and Tianjing. However, All coastal provinces except Hainan are significantly synchronized with the national cycle. Furthermore, we find that the main four national recessions are well diffused across the country. Then, we analyse the co-cyclicality between provinces in each of the six regions defined by Groenewold et al. (2008). We rely on trend-cycle decomposition by using both univariate and multivariate unobserved component model. The majority of provincial cycles reflect demand rather than supply-side shocks. By examining the commonality of provincial growth cycles within each region, we ask whether the definition of these regions is supported by statistical analysis. We find mixed results. Finally, we use a Markov switching model that allow for the identification of business/seasonal cycle interaction
Eka, Fred. "La contribution de la Chine au développement économique des pays d' Afrique Sub Saharienne". Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU2035/document.
Texto completo da fonteOver the past 15 years, the Sino-African relationship has profoundly changed the African continent, which many Western governments have abandoned. Central Africa has many commodities including oil, copper, cobalt and iron ore. Many, including some African, suspect what they consider to be a neo-colonial landholding, in which the Chinese state illustrated through its 2,200 companies, extract minerals in return for infrastructure.Nevertheless, there is a consensus that the Chinese presence has mainly benefited Africa. A few figures illustrate the change. In 2000, trade between China and Africa was only $ 10 billion. By 2014, this has increased more than 20 times to $ 220 billion, according to the China Africa Research Initiative at the School of International Studies. An interest that is reflected by the presence of Chinese actors, public and private, more and more numerous, precisely in the direct investments (stocks of 10 to 45 billion dollars), according to the sources.Yet there is anxiety about the rise of Chinese influence. Several political leaders are concerned that Africa has recently shifted to the trade deficit with China. African governments are so indebted to China that they could cause economic dependence on the future of their countries.My research explores the impact of China on the economic development of SSA countries. The aim is to show how the countries of Central Africa, notably CEMAC, which lag behind other regions of SSA must use the complex changes in the Chinese economy to boost their economic growth and boost their development and attract foreign investors, job creators and a major player in the dynamization and industrialization of territories. We analyzed and compared the choice of the mode of location of Chinese and French greenfield IDEs in Central Africa. Our results show the decisive role of the main trading potential driving the strategies of internationalization of Chinese firms in Central Africa
Chang, Chung-Pai. "Reconstruction de la croissance d'une chaine de montagnes : le sud de taiwan". Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066046.
Texto completo da fonteMansour, Anas. "Etude de la rythmicité de la croissance en épaisseur et de la formation des faux-cernes chez de jeunes plants de chêne pédonculé et de chêne-liège cultivés en conditions favorables : rôle des feuilles". Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10261.
Texto completo da fonteA kinetic study of growth, notably of radial growth, and an histological study of wood and cambial region were carried out in young seedlings of Quercus robur and Quercus suber grown in favourable conditions, where they were regularly flushing. The two species presented a rhythmic radial growth of the stem, resuIting from a rhythmic cambial activity. This rhythm was synchronous with the apical growth rhythm. The increase in diameter of stem and in length of leaves was in opposition, the minima of the former corresponding to maxima of the latter and vice versa. At each apical growth cycle, a false-ring was formed in wood throughout the stem. False-rings were characterized by periodic changes of the intensity of lignification, probably in the deposition of gaïacyl lignins, but not in the deposition of syringyl lignins. There was a close relationship between false-ring area and photosynthesizing area. Leaves played an essential role in determining radial growth pattern and in the appearance of false-rings. In Quercus robur, leaf blades at the stage of rapid growth determined the decreasing phase (up to the arrest) of the radial growth rhythm, while leaf blades at an early stage (5-9 mm length) determined the deposition of lignins highly reactive to Phloroglucinol-HCl, but did not act on the deposition of syringyl lignins (test of Mäule). Both species of oak trees studied behaved in the same way as for the rythmicity of radial growth and the formation of false-rings, but the resumption of their radial growth after a winter rest had different patterns. Indeed, it spread basipetally in Quercus robur, and simuItaneously in the whole stem in Quercus suber
Cheung, Diana. "Four essays on inequality and social reforms in China". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010094.
Texto completo da fonteLiu, Haoyang. "L'urbanisation de l'est de la Chine : entre mégalopolisation et métropolisation". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV099/document.
Texto completo da fonteChina is in the process of accelerated urbanization. The National Bureau of Statistics has reported the population of 1.3 billion at the end of year 2010, at least half of them live in the urban area. The Chinese urbanization since 1949 shows a specific model by the historical heritage of the centralized planned economy. After the economic transition of 1978, the system of residence notebooks, the hukou, which keeps the peasant population in the rural areas is gradually relaxed to allow, without changing the status, to mobilize rural workforce for serving the gigantesque construction of urban agglomeration. The movement took its real start in 1990. China has entered a new urban stage: that the megalopolization. The object of this thesis is to understand, to analyze, through the nature and the evolution of principal Chinese megalopole, the specialty of Chinese urban model, with the institutional characteristics and the public politics, and of lighting all the diversity of real situations in the object for the urbanization and the economic development of China more stable and durable. We study to explain China’s by agglomeration economics, especially to examine the characteristics of urban grow during this recent period of strong urbanization pour understand why in China the megalopolization is taken on the metropolization. During this discussion, both theoretical and empirical, we have require in which scale the Chinese urbanization strategy can do object of comparison with others emerging countries, surtout with India who is the same grand population of China, to enrich the urban development model for the others countries in developing
Sallenave, Audrey. "Mésalignements des taux de change et croissance économique : quatre essais empiriques". Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100144.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis attempts to shed new light on the link hotly debated and contested between exchange rates fluctuations and economic growth. We sought to report under various empirical exercises the impact of misalignments on economic growth in many developed, emerging and developing countries since the 1980s until the most recent period. The four empirical applications of this thesis and all intended to answer this question, but from different angles of view. Three main contributions come from our thesis. The first on is to identify the impact of exchange rate misalignments on economic growth, and its evolution accross time. We have shown that misalignments are harmful for growth throughout the following period (1980-2010) and the gradual reduction of their magnitude is accompanied by a reduction of their impact on economic growth in the major economies G7. The second contribution of this thesis lies in the search for a possible non-linearity in the misalignment-growth nexus. Using a threshold model, we have highlighted the existence of non-linearities in the relationship between misalignments and growth. The third contribution of this thesis lies in the analysis of the international transmission of currency misalignments on economic growth for both developed and emerging markets. Thus, using a GVAR model, we investigate the effects of overvaluation and undervaluation of the dollar, the euro and the renminbi on their own growth, but also that of their partners. The results highlight the leadership of the U.S. economy in global growth, but it also appears that the reduction of global imbalances is not linked to an adjustment of the dollar
Bontemps, Jean-Daniel. "Evolution de la productivité des peuplements réguliers et monospécifiques de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica L. ) et de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Liebl. ) dans la moitié Nord de la France au cours du XXe siècle". Paris, ENGREF, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENGR0007.
Texto completo da fonteHistorical evolution of forest productivity is investigated for the French main two social broadleaved species – common beech (Fagus sylvatica L. ) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl. ) – in pure even-aged stands from State forests, with an aim of description and quantification at stand scale. The analysis therefore focuses on dominant height growth, a classical proxy for forest productivity. Using a retrospective approach (stem analysis), increments were sampled from two generations of stands associated in couples to ensure control of site conditions. The evolution of growth rate is estimated by statistical modelling of increments, accounting for the effect of stand developmental stage and site differences between couples. Growth trends were assessed at a regional scale, leading to the constitution of 2 samples for beech (Normandie/Picardie, Lorraine/Alsace) and 4 samples for oak (Normandie, val de Loire, plaine d’Allier, Lorraine/Alsace). The increase in dominant height growth rate is widespread on the territory, although its intensity varies along a longitudinal gradient. Whereas it appears to be more pronounced in the Northeastern area for both species, it remains weak or recent in the Northwestern area. Most of the evolution formed in the second half of the century. The secular increase in dominant height growth rate varies between +20% and +100% in extreme situations and reaches an approximate +50-60% common to both species in Northeastern France when eluding the effect of recent years. A multi-causal determinism is suggested. Faster growth rate evolution in recent decades, together with its organisation in space and the sensitivity of species to trophic conditions, emphasize the possible key role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the response to environmental changes
Bakker, Mark. "Effet des amendements calciques sur les racines fines de chêne (Quercus petraea et robur) : conséquences des changements dans la rhizosphère". Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0276_BAKKER.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteTrencia, Jacques. "Sylviculture et production du chêne sessile en France". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10486.
Texto completo da fonteSeydi, Lansana. "Le commerce international de la Chine et du Brésil après l’ouverture du marché : La voie vers le développement ?" Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030014.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis analyzes the application of the theory of international trade in emerging countries of Asia and Latin America in particular in China and Brazil, in a process of globalization. This policy is done differently in China and Brazil in relation to regional and national, sometimes related to the comparative advantages of each country, leading one or the other, to adopt a policy based on export of low technological content [primary products], as is the case of Brazil. This primarization of Brazilian industry compared to that of China’s original interest rate policy very high in Brazil and China. The valuation of the Brazilian currency against the dollar affects its industry and is not conducive to the competitiveness of goods exported to the world market, thereby encouraging the entry of speculative capital inflows [not productive]. Although there is an improvement in macroeconomic indicators the Brazilian currency remains very valued against the dollar while the Chinese currency is valued very little. The empirical results obtained in this thesis indicate that China exports more goods to technology-and that Brazil has a higher opening
Barbaroux, Cécile. "Analyse et modélisation des flux de carbone de peuplements forestiers pour la compréhension de la croissance de deux espèces feuillues Quercus petraea et Fagus sylvatica". Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112084.
Texto completo da fonteSeveral dendroecological studies (inter-annual variations of the tree-rings width according to the climate) of the sessile oak (ring porous species) and of the beech (diffuse porous species) put into evidence their interrelationships with the climatic signal of the year and differed effects of the climate or the growth. These differed effects are often more obvious and older on oaks. Our objectives are to verify if the anatomies and/or the contrasted phenology (setting up of leaves, resuming of wood growth) of these two species entail a different management of carbohydrate reserves, and of specific carbon allocation pattern, at intra- and in inter-annual scales. To reach these objectives, we have developed a pluridisciplinary approach associating dendrochronology, ecophysiology, dendrometry and modeling of water and carbon functioning of oaks and beeches stands. The analysis of the inter-annual variations of radial growth of the oak and of the beech was based on the last 30 years measurements on 900 varied trees in terms of fertility and age in the Fontainebleau forest. Dendroclimatic study puts into evidence a strong dependence of the beeches stands productivity on the soil water availability during the season of vegetation of the year and the previous year. For oaks stands, the productivity is correlated to the soil water availability during the season of vegetation and to the growth of the previous year. The biochemical analysis of carbohydrate reserves (starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose), made on two pure stands of oaks and beeches of 35 years old in Lorraine, reveals a seasonal dynamics of reserves more obvious as well as an higher concentration for the oak. These differences of reserve management correspond to the important needs in growth of the oak during the phase of carbon heterotrophy. Analyzing the reserves quantities and yearly growth in biomass of the population on several years required preliminary works to describe intra- and inter-trees variability and then to up-scale the studied tree to the stand. Knowledge acquired on the seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate reserves quantities, as well as on the growth phenology of the oak and the beech, have been integrated in a model of stand carbon balance (CASTANEA, E. Dufrêne). The possible changes of carbon allocation to the growth between years can be tested thanks to the model, through hypotheses of interactions between dynamics appropriate in reserves and growth. These modifications have been tested on the Fontainebleau site. .
Lempereur, Morine. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la croissance du chêne vert méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement climatique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS075/document.
Texto completo da fonteTree secondary growth is responsible for woody biomass accumulation and is a major component of carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Environmental constraints on secondary growth in Mediterranean ecosystems must, however, be described in more to details to better understand how they will be modified by climate change. This dissertation aims at studying the functional responses of Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) to seasonal and inter-annual climate variations through the study of carbon allocation to secondary growth. Different experimental approaches, at spatial scales ranging from tree rings to the ecosystem and at temporal scales from the day to several decades, were used to identify the main environmental constraints (water availability, temperature warming, competition) to secondary growth and carbon isotopic composition of tree rings. The phenology of stem growth shows evidence for a direct environmental control on annual growth by winter temperature and summer drought that is more limiting than the carbon supply from photosynthesis. Climate change from 1968 to 2013 resulted in earlier water limitation on secondary growth, which was compensated by earlier growth onset, due to warmer winter temperature, and higher water use efficiency, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thinning reduced tree mortality and increased stem growth, so thinning management in old holm oak coppices could prepare the ecosystem to better withstand the increasing drought forecasted for the Mediterranean region
CHAAR, MATEM. "Analyse et modelisation des composantes de la croissance en hauteur de jeunes plants de chene sessile". Paris, ENGREF, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENGR0001.
Texto completo da fonteParmentier, Cécile. "Étude physiologique et biochimique de la croissance rythmique endogène du chêne pédonculé : recherche de son déterminisme". Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10360.
Texto completo da fonteZhang, Shang Hong. "Contribution à l'étude de la croissance en diamètre du chêne vert (Quercus ilex L. ) en relation avec le climat". Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20141.
Texto completo da fonteHeuret, Patrick. "Analyse et modélisation de séquences d'événements botaniques : applications à la compréhension de la régularité d'expression des processus de croissance, de ramification et de floraison". Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10001.
Texto completo da fonteAndré, Georgina. "Temporalité de la métropolisation et appropriations locales : les mutations des secteurs résidentiels à Wuhan, une grande ville chinoise de l'intérieur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H010.
Texto completo da fonteFollowing the national central cities policy launched in 2006, Wuhan Municipality, one of the biggest cities of Chinese interior provinces, has engaged into a metropolisation process. This dynamic differs from the metropolisation process of the costal Chinese cities : postponed for about 15 years, it selects some areas within itsmunicipal territory to enter an accelerated phase of development. The studies of residential neighbourhoods give some insights on the effects of this pace of development. Even though urban local areas are inequally integrated to the transport networks and to the urban modernity, local residential life benefits from enhanced urban services, facilities, employment opportunities and from the variety of available urban practices and urban environments. Still, this development fails to overcome accessibility gap between different urban residents especially between resident from and outside of Wuhan municipality. The overwhelming production of a standardized lifestyle and the steep increase of the cost of urban life challenge long-term prospect of a development that may benefit every resident
Diaby, Fodé Siré. "Les stratégies des entreprises chinoises en Afrique : quels objectifs, quelle coopération ?" Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0010/document.
Texto completo da fonteFor the last three decades, the Chinese economy has multiplied it GDP by 15. In order to maintain a strong home economical growth and insure a constant supply of raw material and energy, China turned towards the African continent by quickly and firmly multiplying its foreign direct investments during the last ten years. By becoming the second largest business partner of Africa, as well as a strategic investor, a financial supplier and associated for the development; China has now overturned the balance of powers which had been established since the decolonization of Africa. The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of the Chinese FDI on the growth rate of 38 African countries between 2003 and 2011. We have centred our reflection on the following questions: What are the impacts of the economical cooperation between China and African countries on poverty, unemployment and; does this cooperation encourage the possibility to start a real process of economic development in Africa? In order to come to a conclusion on this matter, we have analyzed the way through which China achieves economical growth, the foundations of China’s African Policy, as well as the reasons for Chinese companies to invest in Africa and the political and economical impacts of China’s Policy in Africa. Finally, we led an empirical study measuring the effects of the Chinese FDI in Africa. Thanks to our econometric study, we came to the conclusion that the Chinese FDI has no significant effect on the GDP per capita of these 38 African countries. Because they are invested in sectors which end up creating less local employments and which, eventually do not allow a real transfer of technologies …