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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988, "The Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 18, n.º 3 (1989): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537345.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, "The Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 19, n.º 3 (1990): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537712.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1988, "The Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 18, n.º 3 (abril de 1989): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1989.18.3.00p01093.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1989, "The Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 19, n.º 3 (abril de 1990): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1990.19.3.00p0197x.
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Aka, Philip C. "The Country Reports on Human Rights Practices and us Human Rights Policy in a Changing World". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 14, n.º 1-2 (5 de janeiro de 2015): 238–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341343.
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To stem its diminishing dominance in the international political and economic system, the us must re-establish its leadership in international human rights. A starting point in that journey will be to streamline the Country Reports on Human Rights Practices published annually by the State Department. This article presents several avenues for such improvement, but posits that lasting improvement will come only if the us abandons the national arrogance of exceptionalism that, even in the age of Obama, still drives its human rights policy.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 21, n.º 3 (1992): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537534.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 20, n.º 3 (1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537550.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 23, n.º 1 (1993): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2537869.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1990, "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 20, n.º 3 (abril de 1991): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1991.20.3.00p0247n.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1991: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 21, n.º 3 (abril de 1992): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1992.21.3.00p0130i.
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State, U. S. Department of. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992: "Israel and the Occupied Territories"". Journal of Palestine Studies 23, n.º 1 (outubro de 1993): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.1993.23.1.00p0041n.
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Kabir, Md Humayun. "Corporate social disclosure by public enterprises: Evidence from a less developing African country". Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 3, n.º 3 (2013): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv3i3c1art1.
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The study investigates Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) information disclosure practices of a sample of public enterprises operating in a less developing African country (i.e. Swaziland) over the years 2008 and 2010. Corporate annual reports and other relevant documents were used to extract CSR disclosure information. The study used content analysis of CSR information appearing in the corporate reports. Content analysis was measured in accordance with number of words. The paper examines five major categories of CSR disclosure such as environmental performance and policies, human resources, community activities, fair business practices, and human rights. Findings show that the trend of increasing amounts of corporate social information disclosure amongst the enterprises from 2008 to 2010 has not increased significantly. Results show that human resources disclosure issues were greatest followed by community involvement and then by environmental related issues. There was no attempt to disclose human rights issues by the enterprises. This study contributes to the literature on CSR reporting practices by public enterprises in the context of less developing African countries.
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Oğuşgil, Vahap Atilla. "The Internal Security Package and Its Potential Impact on the EU–Turkey Relations within the Scope of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms". Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2016): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0004.
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AbstractBeing one of the core values of the European Union, human rights have been centrally located in the European Union-Turkey relations especially since the country gained the candidate status in 1999. In human rights practices, the actor who comes to the forefront most on behalf of the state against the citizens whose rights must be protected is the police force. Therefore, the security practices enforced by the police form a huge part of human rights practices in the state and thus play a decisive role in Turkey’s relations with the Union. This article presents an evaluation of the so-called ‘internal security package’, which has just passed into law, and its potential impact on European Union-Turkey relations. The package includes specific amendments regarding the police duties and authorities, which unarguably affect human rights practices in the country. As the Union lacks a uniform norm relating to the security practices the package in question contains, the answer to the question will be sought by screening two sources: EU progress reports on Turkey and relevant ECtHR decisions, which provide definite judgements regarding the threats and risks posed by the package under discussion.
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Bagozzi, Benjamin E., e Daniel Berliner. "The Politics of Scrutiny in Human Rights Monitoring: Evidence from Structural Topic Models of US State Department Human Rights Reports". Political Science Research and Methods 6, n.º 4 (24 de outubro de 2016): 661–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.44.
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Human rights monitoring reports play important roles both in the international human rights regime and in productions of human rights data. However, human rights reports are produced by organizations subject to formal and informal pressures that may influence the topics considered salient for attention and scrutiny. We study this potential using structural topic models (STMs), a method used for identifying the latent topical dimensions of texts and assessing the effects of covariates on these dimensions. We apply STMs to a corpus of 6298 State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (1977–2012), identifying a plausible set of topics including killings and disappearances, freedoms of expression and movement, and labor rights, among others. We find that these topics vary markedly both over time and space. We also find that while US domestic politics play no systematic role in shaping topic prevalence, US allies tend to receivemoreattention to violations of physical integrity rights. These results challenge extant research, and illustrate the usefulness of STM methods for future study of foreign policy documents. Our findings also highlight the importance oftopical attention shiftsin documents that monitor and evaluate countries.
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Pilacuan-Bonete, Luis, Pilar Macías-Suarez, Jesús Arcos Coba e Brenda Marín Cucalón. "Profitability and Sustainability Indicators of Ecuadorian Industries: Assessment using the Logistics Biplot approach". E3S Web of Conferences 532 (2024): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453201008.
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Sustainable development has gained relevance in the 21st century, raising concerns in the industry about industrial practices, preservation, and rights in the long term. This study analyzes 103 Ecuadorian companies between 2020 and 2021, using the external logistics biplot to interpret complex relationships between the sustainability indicators and their influence on various business sectors. The results reveal a significant relationship between the adoption of sustainable practices and the size of companies, as well as a greater incidence of sustainability reports aligned with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) in large corporations. The evaluated indicators show a remarkably high predictive capacity in both years, with classification accuracy percentages greater than 79%. In 2020, greenhouse gas emissions and human rights indicators showed the strongest correlations. In 2021, the social dimension emerged as the most prominent, highlighting the importance of considering social aspects such as labor rights and employee well-being. These findings provide valuable insights for future sustainability research and policies in Ecuador, underscoring the need to promote sustainable practices for the economic and social development of the country.
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Sharma, Hemang. "Rights against Torture in Nepal". International Human Rights Law Review 4, n.º 1 (11 de junho de 2015): 104–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00401001.
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Torture is a serious human rights problem in the world. Despite the absolute prohibition under the Convention against Torture (cat) and other international law, torture is still practiced in many parts of the world. The widespread prevalence of torture is a source of concern. Nepal is a party to the cat. The Interim Constitution of Nepal guarantees the rights against torture as fundamental rights. However, reports from various organisations provide chilling records and case studies about the widespread use of torture. The increasing link between national and international human rights organisations put pressure to the government to cease torture in practice. Strong political commitment, anti-torture measures along with addressing root-causes of torture are essential to protect the right to freedom from torture. This article examines the complexity of commitment and practical implementation of the cat in the least developed country of Nepal. The aim of the article is to contribute to reforming the normative framework and to make the government accountable for the prevention of torture.
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Hossain, Md Moazzem, Manzurul Alam, Muhammad Azizul Islam e Angela Hecimovic. "Do stakeholders or social obligations drive corporate social and environmental responsibility reporting? Managerial views from a developing country". Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 12, n.º 3 (3 de agosto de 2015): 287–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-10-2014-0061.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore senior managers’ perception and motivations of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) reporting in the context of a developing country, Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 senior managers of companies listed on the Dhaka Stock Exchange. Publicly available annual reports of these companies were also analysed. Findings – The results indicate that senior managers perceive CSER reporting as a social obligation. The study finds that the managers focus mostly on child labour, human resources/rights, responsible products/services, health education, sports and community engagement activities as part of the social obligations. Interviewees identify a lack of a regulatory framework along with socio-cultural and religious factors as contributing to the low level of disclosures. These findings suggest that CSER reporting is not merely stakeholder-driven, but rather country-specific social and environmental issues play an important role in relation to CSER reporting practices. Research limitations/implications – This paper contributes to engagement-based studies by focussing on CSER reporting practices in developing countries and are useful for academics, practitioners and policymakers in understanding the reasons behind CSER reporting in developing countries. Originality/value – This paper addresses a literature “gap” in the empirical study of CSER reporting in a developing country, such as Bangladesh. This study fills a gap in the existing literature to understand managers’ motivations for CSER reporting in a developing country context. Managerial perceptions on CSER issues are largely unexplored in developing countries.
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Diver, Alice, e with Jules Bradshaw. "The Grapes of Wrath". Steinbeck Review 18, n.º 2 (2021): 162–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/steinbeckreview.18.2.0162.
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Abstract The novel's central focus allows it to seek compassion for displaced, vulnerable groups. This does not detract from its complexity: it remains a well-crafted, increasingly relevant work, worthy of the praise, criticism, and controversies that continue to surround it. By documenting the harsh realities of the era, the novel calls to mind, however, those UN Country Reports that describe and denounce avoidable landscapes of poverty, hunger, homelessness, and dispossession against a framework of human rights law and policy. The novel's prescient warnings encompass not only the humanitarian crises brought about by climate change and unethical commercial practices, but also the ongoing global atrocities (wars, corrupt regimes, ethnic cleansing, and displacement of populations) that still serve to spark and underpin refugee existence and a chronic disregard for human dignity. As such, it requires the reader to judge those responsible and to evaluate the failings of the various global and domestic systems that enable and perpetuate such rights violations. The final scene, rich with symbolism, arguably, serves almost as quasi-courtroom: readers must serve as jurors rather than silent witnesses, if only to apportion blame for all that has gone before (or indeed continues to happen, almost a century later).
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Calderón Bentin, Sebastián. "The Politics of Illusion: The Collapse of the Fujimori Regime in Peru". Theatre Survey 59, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2018): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557417000503.
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Peru approached the twenty-first century a polarized country. In the year 2000, with increased authoritarian control over the legislative and judicial branches along with constitutional reforms paving the way for his re-reelection, President Alberto Fujimori campaigned for a third term in office. His main electoral opponent, Alejandro Toledo, along with opposition leaders, spearheaded massive demonstrations in Lima accusing the government of repression, corruption, drug trafficking, and electoral fraud. Opposition figures were joined by grassroots social movements, unions, students, and human rights activists who opposed the regime's repressive and corrupt practices, which included by now reports of torture and extrajudicial killings. When Fujimori first became president a decade earlier he had inherited a country ravaged by widespread poverty, hyperinflation, nearly depleted foreign reserves, a growing narcotics trade, and two armed terrorist groups: the MRTA (Tupac Amarú Revolutionary Movement) and the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso). Both were on the offensive across the country, the Shining Path most prominently, planting car bombs in the capital, kidnapping and killing civilians, and besieging towns and villages across the country. Looking for a way out of economic and terrorist violence, Peruvians were faced with two options in 1990: Alberto Fujimori, an ex-university president and agricultural engineer of Japanese descent, and Mario Vargas Llosa, a white, upper-middle-class novelist and liberal intellectual. Though Fujimori was less well-known, many Peruvians saw Vargas Llosa's center-right coalition as a repackaged version of the same traditional political groups that had lead the country into crisis. Fujimori would appear much like Hugo Chávez later in Venezuela, a populist outsider ready to challenge the traditional party system. Many saw Fujimori's succinct rhetoric as refreshing when contrasted with Vargas Llosa's elaborate speeches, especially since the former president, Alan García, who fled the country in 1992 on corruption charges, was also well-known for his loquacious disposition.
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Ali, Md Ayub. "Bangladesh’s Claim for Reparation from Myanmar due to Rohingya Influx: Options and Challenges". SocioEconomic Challenges 4, n.º 1 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.4(1).65-74.2020.
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The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific debate on the application of the principles and practices of international law to assess the compensation of a State’s damage as a result of the illegal acts and/or inaction of another State. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the causes of the crisis against the Rohingya ethnic group and to assess its likely devastating effects on Bangladesh. The systematization of literary sources and approaches to the settlement of international disputes of this kind indicate that in practice there are two approaches that can be used to file and pursue a claim for redress for Myanmar. The urgency of solving this scientific problem is that, as a neighboring country, Bangladesh has faced the need to resolve the issue of refugees from the region and accordingly takes an active part in resolving this protracted conflict caused by Myanmar’s actions against the Rohingya ethnic group, the persecuted ethnic minority in the world. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the unlawful and brutal actions of the Myanmar army have forced more than a million Rohingya refugees to flee their homes and migrate to Bangladesh, causing enormous negative effects on its economy, the environment and the rule of law. The study confirms that, under international law, Bangladesh has the right to sue Myanmar for unfair and cruel oppression of Rohingya rights. During the course of the study, the author has used such sources as periodicals, UN reports, and documents from Rohingya human rights organizations. The principles of international law on state liability are used as a methodological tool for assessing Myanmar’s liability. The results of the study may be useful for policymakers exploring the strategy of addressing the challenges of Myanmar’s compensation claims, as well as for international organizations that are addressing the Rohingya crisis. Keywords: cruelty, international wrongdoing, imperative norm, compensation, state responsibility, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Rohingya national migration, refugee rights, ethnic minorities, damages lawsuit.
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Ganji, Sarath K. "Leveraging the World Cup: Mega Sporting Events, Human Rights Risk, and Worker Welfare Reform in Qatar". Journal on Migration and Human Security 4, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2016): 221–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/233150241600400403.
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Qatar will realize its decades-long drive to host a mega sporting event when, in 2022, the opening ceremony of the Fέdέration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup commences. By that time, the Qatari government will have invested at least $200 billion in real estate and development projects, employing anywhere between 500,000 and 1.5 million foreign workers to do so. The scale of these preparations is staggering — and not necessarily positive. Between 2010 and 2013, more than 1,200 labor migrants working in Qatar's construction sector died, with another 4,000 deaths projected by the start of the event. Foreign workers are subject to conditions of forced labor, human trafficking, and indefinite detention. Advocacy groups cite deplorable living and working conditions, coupled with lax legal protections for workers, as the main culprits. Absent significant improvements in worker welfare, Qatar's World Cup will be remembered as a human rights tragedy. This article examines whether it is possible for Qatar's World Cup to forge a different legacy, as an agent of change on behalf of worker welfare reform. In examining the issue, the article takes a two-fold approach. First, it locates the policy problem of worker welfare abuses in the context of the migration life cycle. The migration life cycle represents the range of activities that mediate the relationship between an individual migrant and the labor migration system — from the time the migrant first considers working overseas to his employment abroad to his eventual return to the home country. An understanding of worker welfare abuses in Qatar does not begin or end with reports of migrant deaths. A much broader pattern of abuse exists that, if ignored, will undermine effective policy responses. Second, the article frames worker welfare as a matter that lies at the intersection of business and human rights. Mega events are large-scale, internationally recognized activities that aim to promote regional development and to advance universal values and principles. They also represent an important collaboration between stakeholders across sectors. The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, therefore, offer a framework for understanding how worker welfare reform might be in the interests of governmental and corporate actors alike. Ultimately, this paper outlines four policy proposals that may be undertaken by countries of origin, nongovernmental organizations, international organizations, and Qatari employers: (1) the development of a list of labor-supply agencies committed to ethical recruitment practices; (2) the devising of low-interest, preferential loans for migrants considering employment in Qatar; (3) the establishment of a resource center to serve as a one-stop shop for migrant information and services; and (4) the creation of training programs to aid migrants upon their return home. These options are not meant to diminish the role of the Qatari government in reform efforts, and indeed, the state can — and should — take steps to improve worker welfare, including strengthening worker welfare standards, closing labor law loopholes, and bolstering law enforcement capacity. But these measures are not enough. Therefore, the above four policy proposals put forward a process-specific, rather than actor-specific, approach to reform aimed at capitalizing on the spotlight of the World Cup to bring about lasting, positive change in Qatar's migrant labor practices.
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Stoyko, Igor, Roman Sherstyuk e Olha Dolubovska. "Corporate social responsibility in Ukraine during the war and post-war periods". Socio-Economic Problems and the State 27, n.º 2 (2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2022.nom2.093.
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The necessity for corporate social responsibility, its activation in war and post-war times, for business to maintain a balance between achieving economic efficiency and complying with social and environmental problems, which is a critically important factor of effective and efficient activity are substantiated in the article. The global community identified the principles of social responsibility in the UN Global Compact and International Standards SA 8000 and ISO 26000. The Ten Principles of Social Responsibility of the Global Compact, which establish the principles of human rights, labor principles, environmental principles and anti-corruption principles, were considered; requirements for social protection: child labor; forced labor; labor protection; freedom of association and the right to conclude a collective agreement; discrimination; disciplinary measures; working hours; salary; management systems of the International Standard SA 8000 “Social Responsibility”; a unified understanding of social responsibility and detailed instructions for all organizations of the International Standard ISO 26000:2010 “Guidelines for Social Responsibility”. It examines the key ways in which a company embraces social responsibility, which includes four types of social responsibility: philanthropy, promoting volunteerism, ethical labor practices, and environmental change. It was noted that by the beginning of 2022, more than 15,000 companies had published reports on social responsibility according to GRI standards. In Ukraine, non-financial social responsibility reporting has been used by Nibulon, Lifecell, Auchan Retail Ukraine, Metinvest, Obolon, SE “Antonov” and others for a relatively long time. As a result of the coronavirus epidemic, which took over the entire country, and especially the aggression of Russia, a difficult period of economic stagnation of Ukraine was caused. At the same time, the course towards European integration remains unchanged. This actualizes the issue of bringing the practices of Ukrainian enterprises closer to European norms and rules, as well as strengthens the need for them to report to society for the implementation of production programs, the development of various spheres and types of activity, as well as the solution of social and ethical problems of national revival.
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Gutiérrez-Ángel, Nieves, Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez, Isabel Mercader-Rubio, Judit García-Martín e Sonia Brito-Costa. "Digital Competence, Validation and Differential Patterns between Spanish and Portuguese Areas as Assessed from the Latest PISA Report as a Pathway to Sustainable Education and Social Concerns". Sustainability 14, n.º 19 (6 de outubro de 2022): 12721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912721.
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PISA reports aim both to analyze and describe the educational reality of each country and to assess different academic competences, including digital competence. In this paper, we are committed to the vision of digital literacy as an indispensable element of sustainable education and social concerns, which, together with the environment, the economy, social justice and human rights, form the basis of the concept of sustainability. From this point of view, it is considered that an improvement in digital competence has a positive impact on the use made of ICT and also on its link with sustainable development. The aim of this research is to comparatively analyze the results in terms of literacy itself, digital skills and digital resources and experiences according to the PISA 2018 report in four OECD countries: Spain, Portugal, Colombia and Brazil, specifically, two Latin countries (Brazil and Colombia) and two Hispanic countries (Spain and Portugal), and for the enjoyment in the use of digital devices between one country in each area (Brazil and Spain). The sample is composed of 54,323 participants (18,073 participants from Brazil and Colombia, Latin America, and 36,250 from Spain and Portugal, Iberian Peninsula), using as an instrument the surveys developed and implemented in the PISA 2018 dataset for the OECD sample, which is related to some aspect of digital skills. The main findings of this study confirm that the variables related to digital resources, digital literacy and digital skills are statistically significant in the four countries. Therefore, in view of this, we want to support the promotion of digital competence as a key element in the sustainable, educational and social development of a community. At a pedagogical level, this means that we are committed to different specific programs, innovative educational practices and the creation of resources that promote inclusion and educational quality, focusing on social concerns and the fit of each country and area for promoting sustainable education.
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Buse, Kent, Amy Bestman, Siddharth Srivastava, Robert Marten, Sonam Yangchen e Devaki Nambiar. "What Are Healthy Societies? A Thematic Analysis of Relevant Conceptual Frameworks". International Journal of Health Policy and Management 12 (7 de novembro de 2023): 7450. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2023.7450.
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Background: While support for the idea of fostering healthy societies is longstanding, there is a gap in the literature on what they are, how to beget them, and how experience might inform future efforts. This paper explores developments since Alma Ata (1978) to understand how a range of related concepts and fields inform approaches to healthy societies and to develop a model to help conceptualize future research and policy initiatives. Methods: Drawing on 68 purposively selected documents, including political declarations, commission and agency reports, peer-reviewed papers and guidance notes, we undertook qualitative thematic analysis. Three independent researchers compiled and categorised themes describing the domains of a potential healthy societies approach. Results: The literature provides numerous frameworks. Some of these frameworks promote alternative endpoints to development, eschewing short-term economic growth in favour of health, equity, well-being and sustainability. They also identify values, such as gender equality, collaboration, human rights and empowerment that provide the pathways to, or underpin, such endpoints. We categorize the literature into four "components": people; places; products; and planet. People refers to social positions, interactions and networks creating well-being. Places are physical environments—built and natural—and the interests and policies shaping them. Products are commodities and commercial practices impacting population health. Planet places human health in the context of the ‘Anthropocene.’ These components interact in complex ways across global, regional, country and community levels as outlined in our heuristic. Conclusion: The literature offers little critical reflection on why greater progress has not been made, or on the need to organise and resist the prevailing systems which perpetuate ill-health.
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Trovato, Maria Gabriella, Nayla Al-Akl e Dana Ali. "Understanding Syrian migration in Lebanon: a methodological framework". Open Research Europe 3 (13 de junho de 2024): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16261.2.
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Background Wars, crises, and climate change are just a few of the worldwide concerns that have resulted in the forced relocation of millions of people. After 12 years of conflict in Syria, millions of Syrians are still displaced in the neighbouring countries, and their conditions have worsened due to the economic and socio-political crisis of the region. This paper reports on a study conducted in Lebanon as part of the EU Horizon-funded project ADMIGOV – Advancing Alternative Migration Governance. It describes the methodological framework used to study Syrian migration in Lebanon and sheds light on the phenomenon's patterns, challenges, and impacts. Methods In our study, we opted for a mixed method. It is built on a large corpus of primary data collected over the course of years of intensive, in-depth fieldwork and the author's immersion in the community. Alongside observations, quantitative and qualitative phone interviews were conducted to obtain the perceptions of displaced Syrians living in informal tented settlements in rural Lebanon and an incomplete building in the city of Saida. This interview data is accompanied by primary and secondary data sources, including the findings of other European research projects, statistics from UNHCR and IOM, and academic and press articles. Results Our research revealed the difficulties Syrians displaced in Lebanon encounter while navigating the challenging situation they are trapped in. Based on a case study approach, it unveils similarities and differences determined by the government’s no encampment policy that led to self-settled practices across the country. This approach helped in understanding the challenging dynamic created by weak public institutions and their failure to guarantee the observance of basic human rights, compromising displaced Syrians safety. The weakness of public institutions and their failure to guarantee the observance of basic human rights has compromised displaced safety. Moreover, even though the development interventions and aid assistance have been necessary for Syrians' survival, they proved insufficient, and unequally distributed by location evidencing the inefficiencies of the majority of development aid projects. Conclusions The findings contribute to an enriched understanding of the situation of Syrians in Lebanon and offer insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working in the field of forced migration and humanitarian responses.
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Afshaneh, Afshaneh. "Role of Education in Conflict Management in Afghanistan". Journal of Conflict Management 3, n.º 1 (9 de abril de 2023): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/jcm.1921.
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Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of education in conflict management in Afghanistan.
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library.
Findings: The results show that education plays an important role in conflict management. Education is used to promote human rights, strengthen civil society and foster greater respect for the rule of law. Education is used to promote understanding between different cultures and beliefs and to reduce the potential for violence. The Afghan government has implemented a number of initiatives to improve the access to quality education for all Afghans such as to promote peace and reconciliation between different ethnic and religious groups, and to create a sense of national identity. Education has been a powerful tool in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, and the Afghan government should continue to prioritize education in its efforts to bring lasting peace and prosperity to the country.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practices and Policies: The educational theory and cognitive theory may be used to anchor future studies in the conflict management sector. The study results will also benefit other stakeholders such as the policy makers as well as researchers and scholars from different parts of the world. The top management of conflict management sector in the country will also use the study findings to improve leadership performance in all their activities and programs. The study recommends that the adoption of effective conflict management policies in the leadership sector will help to improve efficiency in their major operations and activities.
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Kagramanov, A. K. "Ethno-Regional Independence and Autonomy as Ways to Exercise the Right to Self-Determination". Lex Russica, n.º 2 (25 de fevereiro de 2022): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2022.183.2.009-023.
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The paper attempts to demonstrate (on the basis of international and national experience) that it is the federal structure that contributes to the successful resolution of the ethnical issue, the convergence of numerous ethnic groups on the basis of comprehensive understanding of their historical, socio-economic, cultural-linguistic and spiritual-religious features. Based on the study of best practices of institutional and management structures’ activities of federal states, the analysis of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors, a number of reports of the Venice Commission, the author concludes that there is no single model of federalism; each state has its own characteristics due to pecularities of historical and modern stages of development. In this regard, there can be no single, unified approach to resolving issues of self-determination of the peoples of constituent entities of the federation.The author pays special attention to Prof. Oleg Е. Кутафafin ideas devoted to the problems of federalism and the Russian statehood.The paper substantiates the statement concerning the need, in the conditions of the asymmetry of the federal structure of Russia, to pay attention to the proportional development of the regions while unconditionally maintaining the unity and integrity of the country. According to the author, the essence of the modern correct interpretation of the right to self-determination lies in the fact that each territorial community creates such a model for the development of its economic and socio-cultural life, such a management system that would comply with the democratically expressed will of the majority of the population, would meet its needs, guarantee individual human rights and would not contradict the general interests of the state. This is the only approach that can ensure implementation of the interests of ethnic, religious and other groups claiming self-determination within the mother state.The main factors of exercising the right to self-determination are described depending on the number of relevant ethnic groups, the compactness of their location, the level of socio-economic and cultural development, national self-identification and spirituality. At the same time, based on the principle of the state sovereignty that constitutes the foundation of modern international law, it is the prerogative of a State to resolve problems of the internal structure, to grant autonomous status to territorial units.
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Guragain, Govinda Prasad. "Best Practices of Human Rights in a Democratic Country". PRAGYAN A Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Journal 4, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pprmj.v4i1.67619.
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This article has displayed the state of human rights practices and provisions in a democratic nation, Nepal. Democracy, progress, the rule of law, and the preservation of human rights and fundamental freedoms are all inextricably linked and mutually reinforcing. Nepal, being a democratic nation hence ensures human rights to its citizen. From the past few decades to the present date, a number of progresses have been made in the practices and provisions. The backward and underprivileged groups have been rendered their rights in accordance with the 2015 Constitution. Nevertheless, the Nepalese government has continuously neglected the Commission's recommendations to examine and prosecute human rights violations in accordance with the obligations of the Constitution. The government of Nepal should focus on the human rights movement which is also facing enormous difficulties from numerous activities that contravene the essential spirit of the constitution, democratic norms, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This paper has presented the progression in human rights provisions and practices and even made suggestions to be more proactive in ratifying the Rome Statute as soon as feasible in order to improve Nepal’s international image.
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CINGRANELLI, DAVID, e MIKHAIL FILIPPOV. "Are Human Rights Practices Improving?" American Political Science Review 112, n.º 4 (13 de junho de 2018): 1083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055418000254.
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Has government protection of human rights improved? The answer to this and many other research questions is strongly affected by the assumptions we make and the modeling strategy we choose as the basis for creating human rights country scores. Fariss (2014) introduced a statistical model that produced latent scores showing an improving trend in human rights. Consistent with his stringent assumptions, his statistical model heavily weighted rare incidents of mass killings such as genocide, while discounting indicators of lesser and more common violations such as torture and political imprisonment. We replicated his analysis, replacing the actual values of all indicators of lesser human rights violations with randomly generated data, and obtained an identical improving trend. However, when we replicated the analysis, relaxing his assumptions by allowing all indicators to potentially have a similar effect on the latent scores, we find no human rights improvement.
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Medina, Cecilia. "The Role of Country Reports in the Inter-American System of Human Rights". Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 15, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1997): 457–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/092405199701500403.
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The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, one of the organs of the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights, has a variety of powers with which it carries out its function. This article deals with one of these powers that results in the issuance by the Commission of reports containing an examination of the general situation of human rights in a country. The article gives a brief description of the Commission's various powers and describes the development, out of the Commission's practice, of the very important procedure to prepare and publish country reports. The remarkable flexibility of this procedure is examined in the light of the contents of many reports produced by the Commission, and particularly of the 1994 Report on El Salvador. The reaction of the OAS political organs to the country reports is also examined, as well as a modality of country reports incorporated in the Commission's Annual Reports, which purport to monitor in a shorter manner the situation of human rights in some countries.
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Khan, Anoosh. "Human Rights For Women Or The Human Rights Of Women?: Pakistan, CEDAW And The Gatekeepers". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 10, n.º 1 (8 de março de 2015): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v10i1.223.
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This paper demonstrates why it is important to have a separate international covenant for the human rights protection of women or CEDAW. The paper begins by discussing the birth of human rights and its evolution to human rights of women in particular. Using Pakistan as an example, the paper discusses Pakistan’s CEDAW country reports to date. The key issues presented by the Government of Pakistan in it’s state CEDAW reports are highlighted. Then, applying the ‘gatekeeper theory’ some of the findings of the respective shadow reports are highlighted. Finally, there are suggestions for a plan of action that should be adopted by the Government of Pakistan to ensure human rights in general and the human rights of women in particular.
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Probohudono, Agung Nur, Yudha Aryo Sudibyo, Atmaji Atmaji e Muhammad Noor Kholid. "Human rights disclosure practices. Does ownership matter? (Evidence from Indonesia)". Corporate Board role duties and composition 11, n.º 2 (2015): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv11i2c1art1.
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The aim of this study is to determine the extent Human Rights disclosure practices in Indonesia. This study examines the impact of Ownership on Human Rights disclosure. Ownership is characterized by Foreign Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, and Public Ownership. This study analyse disclosure by an agregated disclosure index score from Human Rights Disclosure. This study examines of Human Rights disclosure practices in the annual reports of listed companies in Indonesia. The sample of this study are 328 firm year annual reports listed companies in Indonesia in the period of 2009 to 2012. The technique used is purposive sampling technique. The results show that foreign ownership and size are associated with Human rights disclosure in Indonesian listed companies.
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Anderson, Christopher J., Aida Paskeviciute, Maria Elena Sandovici e Yuliya V. Tverdova. "In the Eye of the Beholder?" Comparative Political Studies 38, n.º 7 (setembro de 2005): 771–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414004274399.
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Using cross-national survey data and information on government practices concerning human rights collected in 17 post-Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe, the authors examine the determinants of people’s attitudes about their country’s human rights situation. They find that not all people in countries that systematically violate human rights develop more negative opinions about their country’s human rights situation. However, results show high levels of disregard for human rights strongly affect evaluations of human rights practices among individuals with higher levels of education. Thus better educated respondents were significantly more likely to say there was respect for human rights in their country if they lived in a country with fewer violations of the integrity of the person or that protected political and civil rights; conversely, they were less likely to say so if they lived in a more repressive country or a country where political and civil rights were frequently violated.
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Sugawara, Emi. "Business and human rights in Japan: Rights holders’ perspectives". Open Access Government 40, n.º 1 (24 de outubro de 2023): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-10704.
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Business and human rights in Japan: Rights holders’ perspectives Emi Sugawara, Osaka University of Economics and Law, examines business and human rights issues in Japan with a focus on the priority issues from rights holders’ perspectives. The United Nations Working Group on Business and Human Rights conducted a research visit to Japan from 24 July to 4 August. Japan was the eighteenth country to be visited by the working group under its mandate to disseminate, promote and implement the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights. The working group is also mandated to exchange and promote good practices and lessons learned from the implementation of the guiding principles and assess and make recommendations thereon. One purpose of the working group’s visit to Japan was to examine business and human rights issues in the country. During the visit, the working group travelled all over Japan to Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi, Hokkaido and Fukushima, and engaged with the government and business sectors, civil society and various rights holders.
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Clay, K. Chad, Ryan Bakker, Anne-Marie Brook, Daniel W. Hill e Amanda Murdie. "Using practitioner surveys to measure human rights: The Human Rights Measurement Initiative’s civil and political rights metrics". Journal of Peace Research 57, n.º 6 (29 de outubro de 2020): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343320959688.
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Most cross-national datasets of civil and political rights practices have relied on internationally distributed English language secondary sources as the core source of information for their metrics. This approach has yielded data that are highly reliable, but also suffer from the fact that their information sources under-represent the overall level of abuse internationally and do so in a way that is biased across countries. The combined knowledge of the individual human rights practitioners working to directly monitor the abuses occurring within a country would likely serve to overcome much of this biased under-reporting, but it is difficult to compare that knowledge across country and cultural contexts. In this article, we discuss how we overcome these problems in the Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) civil and political rights data. Using an expert survey that contains anchoring vignettes in concert with Bayesian scaling techniques, we present a new methodology for collecting and aggregating data on the intensity and distribution of respect for eight separate civil and political rights.
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Li, Shaomin, e Ajai Gaur. "Financial giants and moral pygmies?" International Journal of Emerging Markets 9, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2014): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-09-2013-0143.
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Purpose – How should a multinational corporation (MNC) from a mature democracy deal with the human rights issues in a country with a poor human rights standard? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The authors develop a mathematical model to depict MNC's behavior in response to human rights violations in the host country. Findings – The authors show that, first, in a country with a high level of human rights abuses, a firm will have to lower its human rights standards to survive; but, second, a collective effort by all firms is essential to improve the human rights conditions in the host environment; and third, a firm's human rights practices may have a multiplicative effect that can significantly affect the momentum of human rights development in a host country. Originality/value – This study is one of the first attempts to provide a theoretical framework on the issue of MNCs and human rights in host countries.
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Pijoh, Feibe Engeline. "The Impact of Global Human Rights Advocacy on State Practices: A Multi-Country Study". Easta Journal Law and Human Rights 1, n.º 03 (30 de junho de 2023): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.58812/eslhr.v1i03.93.
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This study investigates the influence of international human rights advocacy on state practices in Indonesia and Malaysia. The research uses a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of human rights indicators and qualitative analysis of case studies and interviews. The findings show successes and challenges in the relationship between advocacy efforts and state behavior in both countries. The quantitative analysis shows improvements in certain areas, such as gender equality in Indonesia and legislative reform in Malaysia, while challenges remain in terms of freedom of expression, religious freedom, and minority rights. The qualitative analysis provides deeper insights, highlighting the important role of advocacy in raising awareness, promoting accountability, and pressuring governments to address human rights violations. However, barriers to effective implementation exist due to political resistance and societal divisions. A comparative analysis between Indonesia and Malaysia shows similarities and differences, with Indonesia showing a greater response to reform and Malaysia showing resistance that limits freedoms. This research contributes to the field by emphasizing the need for context-specific analysis and tailored approaches to address human rights challenges.
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Yoo, Eunhye. "International human rights regime, neoliberalism, and women’s social rights, 1984–2004". International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2011): 503–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715211434850.
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World polity scholars posit that the diffusion of world culture and norms increasingly influences human rights as well as women’s rights. However, previous research on women’s rights and policies often neglects women’s social rights and focuses mainly on women’s political rights. In part due to neoliberal restructuring, women’s social rights still lag behind women’s political rights. This research focuses on changes in women’s social rights, as measured by the CIRI human rights index, in 140 countries from 1984 to 2004. To interpret these data, I incorporate world institutionalism and neoliberalism into one single theoretical frame. My analysis reveals that the longer a country is exposed to a neoliberal structural adjustment program, the more governments’ practices regarding women’s social rights deteriorate. Among various linkages to the world polity, only the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) increases nation-states’ likelihood of having improved women’s social rights. These findings suggest that global neoliberal restructuring has a deleterious effect on women’s social rights and challenge the claim that the spread of global culture necessarily leads to improvements in governments’ practices relating to women’s social rights.
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Tigere, Patrick. "State Reporting to the African Commission: The Case of Zimbabwe". Journal of African Law 38, n.º 1 (1994): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011475.
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Under the legal regime established by the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, country reports “on the legislative or other measures taken with a view to giving effect to the rights and freedoms recognized and guaranteed by the present Charter” must be submitted every two years. If a state is serious in its approach to human rights it might be assumed that such reports would be prepared and submitted in a timeous and thorough manner. The case of Zimbabwe indicates that this is not always the case.
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Caust, Josephine. "Cultural Rights as Human Rights and the Impact on the Expression of Arts Practices". Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies 3, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2020): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcgs-2019-0004.
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AbstractCultural rights are becoming an increasingly important area of human rights discussion given the association between culture, identity and social equity. The subject is considered here in the context of how the absence of cultural rights influences both the recognition of the diversity of cultures and the capacity of some to access and practice art. Culture and arts practices are intertwined but certain arts practices are prioritised over others by funding bodies, governments and institutions. Recent examples from Australia are highlighted, in which changes to the cultural makeup of the country are occurring at a rapid rate without adequate responses from governments to address funding inequities. It is argued here that unless cultural rights are seen as a basic human right and embedded in the legal national framework, then sectors of the broader community are disenfranchised.
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Caust, Josephine. "Cultural Rights as Human Rights and the Impact on the Expression of Arts Practices". Journal of Citizenship and Globalisation Studies 3, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jcgs2019vol3no1art1051.
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Cultural rights are becoming an increasingly important area of human rights discussion given the association between culture, identity and social equity. The subject is considered here in the context of how the absence of cultural rights influences both the recognition of the diversity of cultures and the capacity of some to access and practice art. Culture and arts practices are intertwined but certain arts practices are prioritised over others by funding bodies, governments and institutions. Recent examples from Australia are highlighted, in which changes to the cultural makeup of the country are occurring at a rapid rate without adequate responses from governments to address funding inequities. It is argued here that unless cultural rights are seen as a basic human right and embedded in the legal national framework, then sectors of the broader community are disenfranchised.
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Kaur, Navpreet, e Roger W. Byard. "Menstrual health management: Practices, challenges and human rights violations". Medico-Legal Journal 89, n.º 4 (11 de novembro de 2021): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00258172211052111.
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Although it is a natural biological process, menstruation and associated menstrual practices still result in a number of social, cultural and religious restrictions in many countries which sometimes markedly interfere with the implementation of appropriate menstrual hygiene management. India has been chosen as a case in point, as there are approximately 355 million menstruating women and girls in the country, many of whom still face significant barriers to a comfortable and dignified experience with their menses including lack of access to appropriate clean water and washing facilities, and having appropriately priced sanitary products available. Social and religious stigmatisation may also be strict. It is suggested that illnesses related to a lack of clean water, basic sanitation and hygiene were responsible for the deaths of almost 800,000 females globally in a single year, making it the fifth largest killer of women. With increasing population movements, this may also be an issue encountered in migrant communities. There is a need to equip adolescent girls with sound knowledge regarding safe, hygienic menstrual practices to enable them to lead a healthy reproductive life. This human rights issue has significant medico-legal implications and has to be supported by both strong legislative and public health initiatives.
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Atuguba, Raymond A. "Homosexuality in Ghana: Morality, Law, Human Rights". Journal of Politics and Law 12, n.º 4 (28 de novembro de 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n4p113.
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This paper addresses the status of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) persons in Ghana. Firstly, it examines the effects of Ghana’s laws and law enforcement practices on the ability of members of the LGBT community to live openly and freely and to enjoy all the rights guaranteed other citizens. Secondly, it explores the current state of affairs within the country as regards the LGBT population, addressing specifically, how members of the community are treated by Ghanaian society. On the whole, the paper advocates for the recognition of members of the LGBT community as equal members of Ghanaian society, deserving of the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
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Hussain, Nazar, Wu Xi, Saifullah e Shumaila. "Islam and International Standards of Human Rights: An Analysis of Domestic Implementation of International Human Rights in Islamic Culture". Assyfa Journal of Islamic Studies 1, n.º 1 (24 de junho de 2023): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.61650/ajis.v1i1.150.
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The understanding of human rights concepts and laws has developed dramatically. Human rights concepts have shaped the moral, ethical, legal, political, and religious realities of many civilized nations. Modern nations give utmost significance to humans, and all laws of the states revolve around humans. Murder, terrorism, honor killing, and the denial of human rights are frequently blamed on Islam. This review paper focused on the practical conditions of human rights in Pakistan as an Islamic country, based on human rights reports and observations, and its relevance to the contemporary discourse on human rights within international standards of human rights. Islam advocates the peaceful co-existence of peoples, religions, and societies and guarantees individual and collective rights. Rather, human rights are a central feature of Islam. Islam as a religion recognizes two types of rights: rights that humans are obliged, by virtue of being the creations of God, to fulfill and obey, and rights that they are entitled to expect from their fellow human beings. Domestic implementation failure of human rights refers to moral collapse and state failure
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Duhaime, Bernard. "Women's Rights in Recent Inter-American Human Rights Jurisprudence". Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 111 (2017): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2017.38.
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While certain aspects of women's rights had been addressed in earlier OAS instruments and more generally in the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man and in the American Convention on Human Rights, many consider that the issue of women's rights was first incorporated in the normative corpus of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) with the 1994 adoption of the Belém do Pará Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women. This treaty obliges states to prevent, punish, and eradicate violence against women, taking special account of vulnerabilities due to race, ethnic background, migrant status, age, pregnancy, socioeconomic situation, etc. It defines the concept of violence against women and forces states to ensure that women live free of violence in the public and private sphere. It also grants the Commission and the Court the ability to process individual complaints regarding alleged violations of the treaty. Since 1994, the Commission has also established a Rapporteurship on the rights of women, which assists the IACHR in its thematic or country reports and visits, as well as in the processing of women's rights–related petitions. In recent years, the jurisprudence of the Commission and the Court has addressed several fundamental issues related to women's rights, in particular regarding violence against women, women's right to equality, and reproductive health.
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Latif, Birkah, Agung Syaputra, Nurul Zashkia e Rifda Aprilia Rusfayanti. "Society Differentiation, Can Human Rights be Protected?: Critical Study of the Tribes Castration on Community (Case Study of Laporo Buton)". Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, n.º 2 (31 de julho de 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmhu.2019.v08.i02.p01.
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In administering a country based on the rule of law, the main element is the enforcement of human rights. In every country still found, there are discriminatory discriminations against citizens, both those that are needed from state actions, and those needed from the community. With the existence of a convention on the protection of special human rights, the state must approve and protect its citizens. Problems that occur in pluralistic Indonesia is in preventing the social life in community. The research method of the paper is an empirical juridical method to answer whether Indonesia handling the enforcement of human rights and review human rights protection in Indonesia when dealing with communities which holding customary law in their community. If the practice of customary law turns out there is discriminatory practices against the tribe or sub-tribe in it, then how does the state uphold human rights?
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Holzer, Joshua. "The perils of plurality rule in democratic presidential systems: A replication and extension". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 1 (20 de janeiro de 2022): e0262026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262026.
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Recent research suggests that country-years where presidents won their previous election with an absolute majority are more likely to be associated with high government respect for human rights, in comparison to country-years where presidents won their previous election by a mere plurality. With this follow-up article, I replicate these findings with a greatly expanded dataset, and I explore whether country-years where presidents have been elected using a majoritarian system are more likely to be associated with high government respect for human rights, in comparison to country-years where presidents have been elected using a non-majoritarian system. Ultimately, I find that not only are presidents elected with a plurality associated with comparatively lower levels of human rights respect, but so are presidents elected via a non-majoritarian system. These findings suggest that policymakers seeking to improve human rights practices may want to consider directing their efforts towards promoting electoral reform with an emphasis on mandating a minimum of a majority in order to win an election.
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Kuosmanen, Sonja. "Human rights and ideology in foreign policy discourse: A case study of U.S. State Department Human Rights Country Reports 2000–2019". Discourse & Society 32, n.º 4 (10 de fevereiro de 2021): 426–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926521992146.
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The promotion of human rights has faced challenges in recent years in the United States and elsewhere. In this study, human rights discourses are examined in the context of strategic foreign policy rhetoric by the United States. The routine of foreign policy statements is meant to create audiences receptive to U.S. foreign policy aims, but also reveals underlying ideologies and assumptions. The analysis examines U.S. State Department Human Rights Country Reports between 2000 and 2019. The results show that the assumed ideal model of human rights is heavily based on U.S. political tradition. The performance of other countries is evaluated against the ‘exceptionalist’ U.S. model without consideration of different cultural or societal contexts. Linguistic choices are made to highlight the agency of authorities and events, which can be seen as a strategy of diplomatic face-saving. In some cases, countries are evaluated on an unequal basis based on political expediency.
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Heller, Léo, Catarina De Albuquerque, Virginia Roaf e Alejandro Jiménez. "Overview of 12 Years of Special Rapporteurs on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation: Looking Forward to Future Challenges". Water 12, n.º 9 (17 de setembro de 2020): 2598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092598.
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The year 2020 marks the 10th anniversary of the United Nations (UN) resolution that recognized the human rights to water and sanitation (HRtWS), and is the last year of the second mandate of the Special Rapporteurs (SRs), spanning 12 years in total. This paper discusses the challenges in the fulfilment of the rights through the work of the SRs, based on an analysis of the twenty-three country visits, seven follow-up reports, and twenty-two thematic reports elaborated during this time. While policy, regulation and finance receive the most attention from the SRs, the analysis of the follow-up reports show that the SRs’ recommendations alone might not be enough to trigger structural changes at country level. Aspects of accountability, equality and nondiscrimination also stand out in the work of the SRs. Based on the analysis, the last section identifies topics, settings, and groups that require further attention from a human rights perspective including: extraterritorial obligations, including transboundary waters; the UN and the HRtWS; climate change; public provision of water and sanitation services; drinking water quality control and surveillance; rural sanitation; indigenous peoples; sanitation workers; informal settlements; and capacity development.
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Karakamış, Murat, e Nazlı Karakamış. "Doğu Türkistan’da Yaşanan İnsan Hakları İhlalleri ve Uygulanan Ayrımcılık Politikaları". Journal of Social Research and Behavioral Sciences 8, n.º 17 (25 de dezembro de 2022): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52096/jsrbs.8.17.34.
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In this study, human rights violations and discrimination policies in East Turkestan, focusing on human rights violations in question-discrimination policies of the causes and consequences will be briefly discussed. As is known, it is completely prohibited by international law for a person to encounter preventive and restrictive behaviors due to his nationality and national origin, to be subjected to practices that involve discrimination. However, as is clearly seen in the practices of East Turkestan, the human rights violations and discrimination policies applied to the people of East Turkestan have become a regular method of assimilation. Ignoring and ignoring the basic human rights of the people of East Turkestan irreversibly deeply injures the national identity and dignity of the people of East Turkestan. In this study, a literature review was conducted using previously written scientific articles, books, journals, reports prepared by research organizations related to the region, news that have appeared in the media. Key Words: East Turkestan, Human Rights, Discrimination