Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Couche de diffusion (GDL)"
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Roussillo, Bertrand. "Préparation, caractérisation et modélisation de fibres carbonnées par électrofilage comme couche de diffusion des gaz (GDL) pour pile à combustible PEMFC". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP081.
Texto completo da fontePEM fuel cells represent the future of heavy electric vehicles. Improving the performance, cost and durability of its components constitutes key objectives for this technology. The gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays a critical role in fuel cell performance. Indeed, it ensures fluid transport, provides electrical and thermal conductivities, and must prevent cathode flooding while keeping the membrane well hydrated [1].The manufacture and characterization of electrospun GDL (eGDL) is investigated. Electrospinning allows for the creation of carbon fibers and pores in the range of hundreds of nanometers. This is two orders of magnitude smaller than the fiber and pore sizes of commercial GDL. Electrospinning has recently been used to design tailored porous media for PEMFC [2], [3]. The versatility of this innovative technique is exploited to produce eGDL with controlled microstructures, varying porosity, fiber and pore sizes [4]. High resolution imaging (synchrotron X-Ray tomography, FIB-SEM) is employed to analyse the microstructure of electrospun and commercial GDL. An advanced segmentation method by machine learning is used to separate the different solid phases of commercial GDL (hydrophilic fiber phase and hydrophobic binder/PTFE phase). A detailed characterization of fluid transport properties (diffusion, tortuosity, gas and liquid permeability, capillary pressure) is investigated from segmented 3D structures [5]. Water intrusion simulations are carried out, taking into account the mixed wettability of the different phases. The dependence on simulated liquid water intrusion and of compression is explored. Relationships between transport properties and microstructural parameters are established, evaluating the applicability of classical models such as Bruggeman and Karman-Kozeny. Finally, the results are related to the actual electrochemical performance of GDL by performing fuel cell tests. The microstructure of eGDL is optimized by adjusting the manufacturing parameters for improved fluid transport properties and performance. Performance close to those of commercial GDL (<10% difference) are obtained with binder-free and PTFE-free eGDL, thus reducing the complexity of the GDL. This thesis provides a better understanding of the relationships between microstructure, fluid transport properties and GDL performance.[1] A. Ozden, S. Shahgaldi, X. Li, and F. Hamdullahpur, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 74, pp. 50–102, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.pecs.2019.05.002.[2] S. Chevalier, N. Lavielle, B. D. Hatton, and A. Bazylak, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 352, pp. 272–280, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.03.098.[3] G. Ren, Z. Qu, X. Wang, and G. Zhang, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, p. S0360319923009254, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.093.[4] J. Xue, T. Wu, Y. Dai, and Y. Xia, Chem. Rev., vol. 119, no. 8, pp. 5298–5415, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00593.[5] J. Becker, R. Flückiger, M. Reum, F. N. Büchi, F. Marone, and M. Stampanoni, , J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 156, no. 10, p. B1175, 2009, doi: 10.1149/1.3176876
Desplobain, Sébastien. "Étude et réalisation de couches de diffusion de gaz en silicium poreux appliquées à la fabrication de micropiles à hydrogène". Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4030/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis work deals with porous silicon gas diffusion layer (GDL) fabrication process. The aim was to integrate this GDL into proton exchange membrane micro fuel cells (PEMFC). Consequently, the GDL must be localized in specific wafer areas. We have also developed 2D and 3D structures. To produce a GDL, we have anodized low doped N type silicon subrates. thus, we have fabricated macroporous GDL and double layer structures made up of a mesaporous layer on a macroporous one. Patterning of the GDL has been obtained through a hard mask (polysilicon on top of a silicon oxide layer) or using a localized doping. We have concluded this work by achieving micro fuel cell prototypes with macroporous silicon gas diffusion layers. After validation of micro PEMFC active layer mechanical stacking, we have measured a maximum power density of about 250 mW/cm²
Lenormand, Pascal. "Etude de l'évolution microstructurale de précurseurs d'oxyde de zirconium à l'état de gel, xérogel, couche mince et aérosol par diffusion de rayons X". Limoges, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIMO0043.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work, we are interested in zirconia precursors synthesised by the sol gel method : gel, xerogel, thin film and aerogel. The objective is to precise the specific role of the various states of aggregation of the elementary particles constituting these precursors on the evolution of their microstructure during a low temperature thermal processing
Sole, Joshua David. "Investigation of Novel Gas Diffusion Media for Application in Pem Fuel Cell Ribbon Assemblies". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36392.
Texto completo da fonteMaster of Science
Denicourt, Normand. "La diffusion latérale des phospholipides en couche monomoléculaire". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1990. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6782/1/000587544.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMorgan, Jason. "Towards an Understanding of the Gas Diffusion Layer in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells". Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/555.
Texto completo da fonteNeff, David N. "Integrated Bipolar Plate – Gas Diffusion Layer Design for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1261092610.
Texto completo da fonteCaston, Terry Brett. "Design of a gas diffusion layer for a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with a graduated resistance to flow". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34790.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Khoury Lara. "Diffusion Raman résonante des rayons X de molécules excitées en couche profonde". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066305.
Texto completo da fonteDieudonne, Eva. "Diffusion électromagnétique par des objets inhomogènes : de la couche à la structure complexe". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4304/document.
Texto completo da fonteElectromagnetic objects are designed by considering homogeneous materials properties (permittivity, permeability). However, during their realization real materials may present fluctuations of their properties. This work focuses on the development of tools able to estimate scattered fields produced by fluctuations. Three methods have been developed: EMFORS, ABE and RECY for the determination of the scattered field by fluctuations of permittivity and permeability. Taking into account permeability fluctuations is a significant advance. Indeed, there was no tool to estimate the scattered field by such a fluctuation, due to the absence of magnetic properties at optical frequencies.The RECY method is a method which allows to estimate the field in an object using the principle of reciprocity from the knowledge of the field in the object without defect and of the fluctuation function. This method allows, once the ideal field calculated by any method (analytic or digital), to obtain the scattered field from any structure.We applied RECY for structures such as elementary gratings, an industrial structure and photonic crystals
Sole, Joshua David. "Investigation of Water Transport Parameters and Processes in the Gas Diffusion Layer of PEM Fuel Cells". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27538.
Texto completo da fontePh. D.
Pillet, Guillaume. "Diffusion thermique de nanocarbones au voisinage d'une surface de polymère thermoplastique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30247.
Texto completo da fonteThe use of carbon nanotubes is growing fast since their limited bio-toxicity has been assessed. When embedded in a polymeric matrix, one can tailor the mechanical and electrical properties. In this thesis, we studied the formation and diffusion of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) thin films at the surface of a high performance thermoplastic polymer, poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) with a high temperature melting point (342 °C). The synthesis and characterization of the electrically conductive composite films consists of different preparation steps (dispersion in liquids, creation of interface by playing on the miscibilities) and the optimization of the annealing parameters followed by electrical and optical measurements. We analyzed in detail the diffusion of the polymer into the nanotube film and studied the diffusion front using electron microscopy. A simple model of the electrical conductivity can explain quantitatively the experimental observations. Correlating the electrical conductivity and optical transmittance of a given composite layer allows studying the diffusion as a function annealing time. Piezo-electrical properties of the fabricated thin composite film are only partially reversible due to limited transfer of mechanical stress to the carbon nanotube network. By controlling the impregnation of the agglomerated nanotubes by the polymer, it is possible to control the electrical properties of the surface which may have applications for the repair of composite surfaces and the restoration of electrical or mechanical surface properties. Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy have been used for the structural characterization. The presented work is definitively multidisciplinary covering synthesis, structural characterization and electronic transport measurements to understand the formation of electrically conducting surface composites
Ma, Wei. "Caractérisation du processus de réorganisation moléculaire en couche mince de copolymère à bloc et développement de la technique diffusion rayons X mous résonante". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066643.
Texto completo da fonteJinuntuya, Fontip. "Numerical investigation of the structure effects on water transportation in PEMFC gas diffusion layers using X-ray tomography based Lattice Boltzmann method". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16587.
Texto completo da fonteBolle, Bernard. "Etude par diffraction des rayons X de la formation d'une couche de laiton par dépôt d'une couche de cuivre et de zinc et diffusion". Metz, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1994/Bolle.Bernard.SMZ9463.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteIn this study are presented X ray difftaction methods for thin film analysis. Thin brass coating deposited on steel cord are obtained by a sequential deposition of copper and zinc followed by diffusion, leading to an heterogeneous brass. Quantitative analysis is extended to heterogeneous materials. We show the importance of the layer heterogeneity in the calculation of phases quantities. The Houska's method allowing to know the profile of concentration by using X ray line profile analysis is improved. We formulate a new approach of resolution giving directly the solution without the use of trial and error technics. This new formalism is applied to study the phase transformation [beta]'-[alpha]and the homogenisation of the alpha phase which occur during the diffusion in brass. Profiles of concentration determined by this method agree with those given by STIMS or GDL. A new method(ro-ryis) developed to measure residual stresses either in thin films or in bulk materials. Stresses observed in the brass layer appear when the steel is quenched after the thermodiffusion. This study showst hat XRD connected with XRF allows to know rapidly with accuracy the main diffusion parameters as concentration phases composition, stresses and their evolution during the diffusion process used in steel cord making
BOLLE, BERNARD HEIZMANN J. J. "ETUDE PAR DIFFRACTION DES RAYONS X DE LA FORMATION D'UNE COUCHE DE LAITON PAR DEPOT D'UNE COUCHE DE CUIVRE ET DE ZINC ET DIFFUSION /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1994. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/1994/Bolle.Bernard.SMZ9463.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBrahmi, Lynda. "De la Structure d'une flamme de diffusion soumise à un écoulement forcé laminaire". Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT2270.
Texto completo da fonteBen, Khemis Sirine. "Couche mince de silice amorphe dopée en alumine comme barrière de diffusion dans les verres fonctionnalisés". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS578.
Texto completo da fonteFunctionalized glasses with thin films are generally subjected to thermal treatments at high temperatures (550-650 °C). During this step, chemical diffusion phenomena can take place from the glass substrate towards the thin layers, which can lead to the degradation of the product’s performance. As such, barrier layers are often incorporated into the thin films stack to limit ion diffusion. Within this framework, the properties of alumina-doped silica thin films, used as a diffusion barrier layer, were investigated. The challenge of this study comes from the nanometric thicknesses and the amorphous nature of the silica films, which asked a special characterization development. The investigation of the atomic structure of the sputtered silica thin films is the first research axis of this thesis. Magnetron sputtering generates densification of the silica layer structure, which is characterized by a decrease in inter-tetrahedral angles and a drastic increase in the proportion of small three-membered rings. Understanding the impact of deposition pressure and the alumina doping into the silica layer network is the second focus of this structural study. In addition to the composition of the glass substrate, the structural properties of the silica layers are the key parameters controlling the alkali diffusion from the glass substrate towards the thin film. The Al2O3 doping of the silica film has been shown to strongly enhance the diffusion of alkali ions from the glass substrate, to ensure the charge compensation of the AlO4- tetrahedra. The increase in deposition pressure affects the kinetics of alkali diffusion by generating a porous, proton-rich, structure
Lemaire, Michaël. "Caractérisation de structures du type couche sur substrat par ultrasons-lasers". Valenciennes, 2008. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/513b930e-e6c1-459e-8b94-2fa873deb448.
Texto completo da fonteThe increasing use of surface coatings in fields such as electronic, microelectronic or optic makes the evaluation of their physical properties necessary. For the characterisation of elastic parameters and the thickness determination, the non-destructive ultrasonic testing can be used. More particularly, laser can generate and detect acoustic waves among which Rayleigh waves. The laser-ultrasound technique has the advantage of not requiring contact with the sample to inspect contrary to the conventional piezoelectric methods. In the coated structures, the Rayleigh wave is denatured by the layer and becomes dispersive. Several modes of propagation called Rayleigh modes can be studies. The purpose of this work was to help characterize these structures. A finite element method has been developed too in order to predict the propagation of the first Rayleigh mode. Results obtained by two complementary methods allowing a non-contact measurement in a large bandwidth (frm 5 MHz to 200 MHz) are presented, and the dispersion of the Rayleigh wave propagation velocity is analyzed to determine the thickness and elastic parameters of the considerated layers
Nouri, Salah. "Contribution à l'étude de la conductivité électrique membranaire et des couches de diffusion par chronopotentiométrie". Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990003948100204611&vid=upec.
Texto completo da fonteFor this study, we gave in state the GUILLOtJ's cdl and establish a membrane electric conductivity measurement protocol in DC current. The chronopotentiograms obtained present two distinct zones: A potential jump allowing to determine the purely ohmic resistance of the system. It was shown that the resistivity in DC current is lower than that in AC current. A slower variation testifies to the progressive formation of the diffusion boundary layers (DBL). The estimation of the DBL formation and disappearance times is donc by supposing that the membrane-solution system is equivalent to an electric model constituted by a capacity in parallel with a resistance. Modelling the chronopotentiograms with software developed under VBA by taking into account the KEDEM KATCHALSKY equations makes possible the estimation of the DBL thickness according to the current injected without having to reach the limiting current
Gallat, Francois-xavier. "Dynamique des protéines et de la couche d'hydratation étudiée par diffusion de neutrons et méthodes biophysiques complémentaires". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00758647.
Texto completo da fonteGallat, Francois-Xavier. "Dynamique des protéines et de la couche d'hydratation étudiée par diffusion de neutrons et méthodes biophysiques complémentaires". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENY061/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis work focused on the dynamics of proteins, surrounded by their hydration layer, a water shell around the protein vital for its biological function. Each of these components is accompanied by a specific dynamics which union reforms the complex energy landscape of the system. The joint implementation of selective deuteration, incoherent neutron scattering and terahertz spectroscopy allowed to explore the dynamics of proteins and that of the hydration shell. The influence of the folding state of protein on its dynamics has been studied by elastic neutron scattering. Globular proteins were less dynamic than its intrinsically disordered analogues. Themselves appear to be stiffer than non physiological unfolded proteins. The oligomerization state and the consequences on the dynamics were investigated. Aggregates of a globular protein proved to be more flexible than the soluble form. In contrast, aggregates of a disordered protein showed lower average dynamics compared to the soluble form. These observations demonstrate the wide range of dynamics among the proteome. Incoherent neutron scattering experiences on the hydration layer of globular and disordered proteins have yielded information on the nature of water motion around these proteins. The measurements revealed the presence of translational motions concomitant with the onset of the transition dynamics of hydration layers, at 220 K. Measurements have also shown a stronger coupling between a disordered protein and its hydration water, compared to a globular protein and its hydration shell. The nature of the hydration layer and its influence on its dynamics has been explored with the use of polymers that mimic the water behavior and that act as a source of flexibility for the protein. Eventually, the dynamics of methyl groups involved in the dynamical changes observed at 150 and 220 K, was investigated
Liu, Yu. "Simulation study on PEM fuel cell gas diffusion layers using X-ray tomography based Lattice Boltzmann method". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9254.
Texto completo da fonteSimonot, Lionel. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la diffusion de la lumière dans une couche de peinture colorée et translucide". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002238.
Texto completo da fonteSimionovici, Alexandre. "Contributions à l'étude de la diffusion inélastique résonnante des photons sur électrons liés : application à la couche L". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112011.
Texto completo da fonteSimionovici, Alexandre. "Contributions à l'étude de la diffusion inélastique résonnante des photons sur électrons liés application à la couche L /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37618551s.
Texto completo da fontePizzo, Yannick. "Caractérisation de la flamme de diffusion établie le long d'un combustible solide en convection naturelle par le nombre de transfert de masse". Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11042.
Texto completo da fonteThe rate of pyrolysis of a fire-exposed solid fuel is a key parameter to evaluate the intensity of fire and its effects on surroundings. The present study is experimental, theoretical and numerical. It focuses on the determination of the steady-state pyrolysis rate of a vertical slab of PMMA. An original experimental set-up is thus developed along with a specific procedure in order to locate the regressing surface of the solid material. A theoretical approach which is based on the reactive laminar boundary layer theory (LBL) assumptions and a numerical two-dimensional CFD model are used. Experimental results show that a three-dimensional behavior appears for small slab widths. In the laminar part of the flow, near to the leading edge, experimental and numerical results reveal a decreasing power-law of the pyrolysis rate, in agreement with the LBL theory. Radiative and convective effects that are not taken into account by the theory are responsible for discrepancies on scaling laws. The assumptions of the LBL theory are discussed. It is found that for free flows the pyrolysis rate is inversely proportional to the normal gradient of the gas velocity at the fuel surface. A transient pyrolysis model based on the mass transfer number is proposed, avoiding the calculation of the thermal and flow fields of the gas phase
Rouvreau, Sébastien. "Etude numérique d'une flamme de diffusion de gaz en microgravité sur une plaque plane soumise à un écoulement d'air parallèle à sa surface". Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2257.
Texto completo da fonteA numerical study of a laminar gas diffusion flame on a flat plate in a flow of air parallel to its surface is performed. The configuration is that of a low velocity flow of air, characteristic of ventilation systems in space stations, in a microgravity environment. Flows are calculated in Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and a mixture fraction model is used to simulate the combustion reaction. Two different regimes have been identified during this study: a boundary layer regime and a separated flow regime. A detailed study of the influence of both injection and heat release on the main stream flow is presented for flows representative of each regime. An explanation for the velocity overshoot first observed by Hirano is then given as well as a domain of validity for Emmons model for such flows
Borivent, Delphine. "Autostructuration par interdiffusion réactive de la phase Ni3Si3 en volume et couche mince". Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30017.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis presents a study of the reactive interdiffusion in the system nickel-silicon, which stresses the self-organization of the Ni3Si2 phase in volume and thin layer. Since the Ni silicides seem to be currently most promising for the applications in micro-electronics to carry out the contacts and the interconnections, it is indeed important to understand the origin of growth morphologies, especially when this one is not done in layer. The needle like growth of the Ni3Si2 phase in massive samples was mainly characterized by optical microscopy and X-ray microtomography. We showed that it is controlled by the diffusion of nickel in the Ni3Si2 phase and that the morphology of the needles is due to significant diffusion anisotropy, much faster according to the c direction. The concentric ring like self-organization of the Ni3Si2 phase in thin layer was analyzed by a coupling of experimental techniques. By X-ray diffraction in situ, in real-time, we could highlight the sequential formation of several nickel silicides (Ni31Si12, Ni2Si, NiSi) as well as the particular scenario which Ni3Si2 follows. The identification of the phases by microdiffraction, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy led us to consider a mechanism of the well-source type growth for Ni3Si2 in our experiments. In this approach, the growth of the rings like microstructures is limited by the silicon supply by diffusion. When this supply is insufficient, the monotonous growth of the circular shapes for the Ni3Si2 phase, in particular characterized by optical microscopy, becomes unstable against small growth perturbation. This generates an oscillation of the propagation velocity of the reactive interdiffusion front, and the formation of rings
Rolon, Juan Carlos. "Etude théorique et expérimentale de la flamme de diffusion à contre-courant". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ECAP0102.
Texto completo da fontePeverini, Luca. "Etude des procédés de croissance de couche et de décapage ionique par mesures de diffusion spéculaire et diffuse de rayons". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10022.
Texto completo da fonteA novel X-ray scattering technique and a dedicated apparatus have been conceived and realized at the optics beamline BM5 at the ESRF. The apparatus permits to study the surface roughness in-situ and in-real time via grazing incidence X-ray scattering. The interaction of X-rays with the surface was analyzed in the framework of the first order scalar perturbation theory expressing the surface's attributes through the power spectral density function. Information on the rms roughness, the correlation length, the roughness conformi and the scaling exponents characterizing the synthesis process could be extracted. The potential of the method was demonstrated for two particular cases : thin film deposition by magnetron sputtering and surface etching by ion beam bombardment. Finally, the obtained experimental results were discussed in the light of the present models of film growth an ion interaction with solids
Bennaceur, Iannis. "Etude numérique de la diffusion d'une onde acoustique par une couche de cisaillement turbulente à l'aide d'une simulation aux grandes échelles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0187/document.
Texto completo da fonteDuring open jet wind tunnel measurements, the acoustic waves emitted by a device or an acoustic source located inside the flow propagate inside the turbulent shear layer that develops at the periphery of the jet before being received by microphones located outside the flow. The acoustic wave interacts with the turbulent velocity field leading to a change of directivity, a phase and amplitude modulation as well as a spectral re-distribution of the acoustic energy over a band of frequencies. This phenomenon is known as acoustic scattering. This work has consisted in the study of the scattering of an acoustic wave by a turbulent shear layer using large-eddy simulation. The first step of the study has consisted in the large-eddy simulation of a turbulent shear layer in its self-similar state. In a second second step, the direct computation of the interaction between the acoustic wave and the turbulent flow has been performed in order to study the characteristics of the resulting scattered pressure field. It has been shown that the numerical simulation is able to accurately predict the frequencies on which the main part of the scattered energy is redistributed, as well as the shape of the scattered pressure spectrum. Finally, the turbulent velocity field which is correlated with the envelope of the scattered pressure field is reconstructed using the linear stochastic estimation method. This method has enabled the visualization of the large turbulent structures that mainly take part in the acoustic scattering mechanism
EMERY, VALERIE. "Ondes s diffractees a la base du manteau terrestre : modelisation de la diffusion par la structure heterogene de la couche d". Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112365.
Texto completo da fontePoret, Fabian. "Etude du mécanisme de diffusion d'impuretés dans un colamine de nickel (NiW/CiCr) influence sur l'adhérence d'une couche d'oxydes alcalino-terreux". Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS018.
Texto completo da fonteNdong, Mintsa Enguerran. "Interactions effectives de courte portée dans les dispersions colloïdales : rôle des spécificités du potentiel sur le ralentissement de la dynamique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066051/document.
Texto completo da fonteMolecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the role on the slowing down of the dynamics in certain colloidal dispersions of some characteristics of the short-range interaction potentials between the solutes. The variation with the physical parameters of the diffusion coefficient used as an indicator of the slowing down of the dynamics is compared with that of the bond lifetime of particle pairs in order to test the usual interpretation of gelation by par the formation of long-lived bonds between the colloidal particles. Two simple models were first considered: a standard potential with a repulsive part and a short-range attraction, and a model with a repulsive barrier after the well. For standard models, without barrier, a universal behaviour of the dynamics, governed by the second virial coefficient has been shown. This has been observed both for the diffusivity and the bond lifetime of particle pairs, provided that a common definition of the bonding length is used when comparing different potentials. In the presence of barriers, the diffusivity depends also on other characteristics of the interaction, such as the ratio of the well and barrier amplitudes. The effect of the barrier reinforces both the bonding in the well and the steric effect at a separation larger than the core diameter. Doubling its height increases the lifetime almost by an order of magnitude. In all cases the bond lifetime depends weakly on density in contrast with the diffusion coefficient. This different behaviours of diffusivity and bond lifetime shows the limits of a literal interpretation of the slowing down of the dynamics by the formation of long-lived bonds between particle pairs. The predictions relative to these generic potentials were next tested on the effective potentials computed from the integral equations for asymmetric binary mixtures. The complexity of the dynamics arising from the oscillatory nature of the potential is then illustrated by the behaviour of the number of pairs, depending on the bonding range being considered. The influence on the dynamics of residual interactions was next investigated from the attractive Yukawa potential, often used to model an attractive interaction arising from the overlap of the surface layers of the solutes potential and the repulsive Yukawa one, possibly modelling Coulomb interactions with very short screening length. We so showed the importance of such residual interactions on the non-ergodicity transition lines. The analysis of the situations in which the slowing down of the dynamics involves both components of the mixture, with the required methodological developments, is finally pointed out as a possible continuation of this work
Lin, Xiaofeng. "Toward nanofiltration membranes with layer-by-layer assembled and nano-reinforced separation layers". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAE012/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis work was devoted to the development of a novel and efficient nanofiltration membrane with improved properties (high flux and high retention, good mechanical strength) by coating Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembled films onto porous membrane support. After having systematically studied the growth mechanism of LbL-assembled films of chosen polyelectrolytes and the relationship between the structures of these films and the membrane performance of the resulting NF membranes, we successfully identified the best multilayer structures for constructing nanofiltration membranes (NF) of reference with optimal membrane performance. Furthermore, taking advantages of the LbL-assembly, we successfully introduced LbL-assembled lateral diffusion layer that is made of either cellulose nanofibrils or carbon nanotubes, which in turn led to membranes with 30% higher flux. In addition, the LbL-assembled films of chitosan and cellulose nanofibrils showed surprisingly strong tensile strength of up to 450 MPa and a high Young modulus of up to 50 GPa
Piettre, Kilian. "Procédé de dépôt de couche barrière-d'adhésion et de cuivre dans des structures 3D pour application microélectronique". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3498/.
Texto completo da fonteCopper is the most used material in microelectronic for preparation of conductive lines due to its good electric conductivity and resistance to electromigration. Several methods, physical (such as sputtering, thermal evaporation) and chemical (electrolytic, electroless deposition), are employed to form interconnections in microelectronic processes. New process requirements have recently appeared with the development of stacked conductive layers and the deposition of copper layers into silicon 3D structures. The chemical liquid route appeared to be a technological approach that could give the opportunity to simplify the copper deposition processes in microelectronic field and, at the same time, could possibly respond to technological requirements. (i. E. Conformal deposition in 3D structures). Mastering the techniques of molecular chemistry for the synthesis of novel precursors, and the decomposition process via a liquid route for the formation of either metallic layers or nanoparticles, has allowed us to explore two deposition strategies that are presented in this manuscript. The bibliographic chapter contains two parts. The first one presents the main trends in the chemical synthesis of copper nano-objects. The second presents the various copper deposition techniques and the formation of diffusion barrier layer of copper on silicon substrates. In the first experimental chapter, we have studied a deposition process based on the hydrogenolysis of a copper organometallic precursor in the presence of an organic silica precursor. The resulting copper layers are deposited on SiO2/Si substrates. We have focused on the study of the role of an addition of water in the medium on the resulting layer. In the second experimental part, we present the synthesis of copper nanoparticles stabilized by organic ligands, and their behavior during an exposure to ambient air. The deposition by spin-coating or dipping of these colloidal solutions of nanoparticles on functionalized silicon substrates by dendrimers is studied. Finally, we describe an innovative deposition method for the formation of a diffusion barrier layer and a copper layer by using an organometallic chemical liquid route. Such copper layers are adherent and highly conformal inside deep vias on silicon substrates
Avice, Jérémy. "Etudes des propriétés physico-chimiques de revêtements sol-gel par spectroscopie, optoacoustique et endommagement laser". Thesis, Le Mans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LEMA1028.
Texto completo da fonteWithin the framework of the simulation project, the Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) aims to reproduce the pressure and temperature conditions of a thermonuclear fusion with the Megajoule laser (LMJ). Some of the optical components of the LMJ, in particular some focusing lenses, are coated with an antireflective (AR) layer made by a sol-gel process. These films are composed of silica nanoparticles 10 nm in diameter with 55% porosity. To increase the mechanical strength of these layers, the films are exposed to water and ammonia vapors during a post-process. This post-treatment creates covalent bonds between the silica nanoparticles and thus strengthens the colloidal film. In order to give all the qualities of an optical coating, besides the key optical properties, we have set ourselves the objective of understanding the mechanical stability of these nanomaterials. In particular, we wanted, in the context of this thesis, to have a better understanding of the ammonia hardening process and for that we undertook a complete study of the physical and chemical parameters that govern the elasticity of this assembly of nanoparticles. In a second step, we highlighted the appearance of surface cracking causing optical diffusion and a decrease in mechanical reinforcement during the post-process. In order to minimize or even eliminate these surface cracks, we performed a parametric study to identify the elements responsible for this cracking
Larbi, Fadila. "Traitement de couches minces et de dispositifs à base de a-Si : H par un plasma d'hydrogène : Etude in situ par ellipsométrie spectroscopique". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS010/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis work is a contribution to the study of the interaction between hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films and hydrogen plasma in a PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) reactor. The kinetics of silicon etching by atomic hydrogen is monitored in situ by UV - visble ellipsometry .Several plasma parameters (temperature, RF power, H2 gas pressure, the doping of the material) that may impact the kinetics were probed. An analysis of the spectroscopic ellipsometry spectra, thanks to an appropriate optical model, allowed evidencing their effects on the time constant, the thickness and the hydrogen excess of the H-modified layer.The same hydrogen plasma treatment repeated on i/p and i/n H base junctions revealed a particular behavior of the etching kinetics in the junction zone. This effect is interpreted in the frame of a simple of hydrogen diffusion model under an electric field
Roger, Charles. "Developpement de cellules photovoltaïques à base de CIGS sur substrats métalliques". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965592.
Texto completo da fonteChaumont, Denis. "Etude structurale de la formation des sols et des gels de zircone en présence d'ultrasons". Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20087.
Texto completo da fonteHonoré, Cyrille. "Le signal complexe de la diffusion collective de la lumière et les écoulements turbulents". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00287591.
Texto completo da fonteL'effet Doppler implique qu'il est possible de mesurer la vitesse de l'écoulement: à travers le spectre du signal, on retrouve, sous certaines conditions, la distribution de probabilité de la vitesse moyenne sur le volume observé. De manière instantanée, on a étudié la dérivée de la phase du signal pour déterminer sous quelles conditions, cette dérivée approche la vitesse instantanée moyenne sur le volume. L'évolution temporelle de la vitesse moyenne sur le volume est alors connue. Son spectre peut être calculé. Un coefficient de diffusion turbulente peut être établi. Les expériences liées à cette étude, ont été faites sur une couche de mélange supersonique, dans la soufflerie S150 du LÉA de Poitiers.
La diffusion a aussi la propriété de sélectionner une longueur d'onde, donc une échelle du milieu observé. Cette information est présente dans le module du signal. Un dispositif permettant d'observer simultanément deux diffusions à des échelles différentes a été monté. L'expérience a porté sur un jet à symétrie axiale. L'étude des auto- et intercorrélations entre signaux à échelles différentes laisse apparaitre deux échelles de temps distinctes: un temps court, visible uniquement sur l'autocorrélation, propre à l'échelle observée, et un temps plus long, observable dans tous les cas. Ce dernier ne dépend que de l'échelle de production et de la vitesse moyenne. On a montré que ce temps long est propre aux grandes structures de la turbulence.
Fuentes, Andrés. "Interaction entre la zone réactionnelle et le champ de concentration des suies : cas de la flamme de diffusion laminaire ausein d'une couche limite". Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2346.
Texto completo da fonteThe concurrent spreading of a boundary layer type diffusion flame is studied. The impossibility of obtaining a low velocity laminar flow without any perturbation induced by buoyancy has lead to the development of an experimental apparatus for use in micro-gravity facilities. Based on previous experimental observations, an original numerical approach has been developed showing, first the dominating role of the radiative heat transfer on the structure of the flame and second the major role of the soot on the extinction phenomenon at the flame trailing edge. The influence of the forced flow velocity, the fuel injection velocity and oxygen concentration on the geometry of the flame has been examined by imaging of CH* and OH* radicals spontaneous emission. Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) is used to determine the soot field concentration in the flame. The soot formation has been studied by Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The interaction between the reaction zone and the field of soot formation/oxidation is taken into account to analyze the flame length. These results can be used as the experimental input data for a future complete validation of numerical model simulating the soot formation and oxidation in this kind of flame
Le, Carre Tristan. "Comportement mécanique de la couche de diffusion de gaz sous compression hétérogène dans les assemblages de piles à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI023.
Texto completo da fonteThe performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) is largely impacted by the compression of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) applied during initial assembly and then controlled by the clamping system. A GDL is typically a paper or felt of entangled carbon fibers bonded by adhesive contacts and treated with a hydrophobic agent (PTFE), with a thickness of a few hundred micrometers. On a macroscopic scale, its out-of-plane compression behavior is highly non-linear and irreversible. Several models have been proposed in the literature to describe this behavior, considering GDL as a continuous material with homogeneous behavior. In the PEMFC application, however, the GDL is not loaded under uniform compression, but undergoes significant heterogeneous deformation as it is compressed under the fluidic network patterns of the bipolar plates.The aim of this thesis work is therefore to identify the influence of patterns on the macroscopic behavior of GDL. Several pattern sizes are considered, in order to estimate their impact on the material’s response. A complex mechanical response was revealed compared to uniform compression. Following state-of-the-art methods, two homogeneous GDL models have been implemented using parameters fitted from uniform compression experiments. It is shown that the numerical results do not reproduce the effect of the experimentally observed pattern. The hypotheses for interpreting these results involve mechanisms at the microscopic scale of the fiber, such as fiber fracture, bond breakage and fiber rearrangement, which are locally exacerbated by the greater material deformation caused by heterogeneous loading. To further understand and validate the various hypotheses, a microstructure-scale compression model is finally implemented. In collaboration with Christophe Bouvet (ISAE Supaéro - Institut Clément Ader), the material model developed as part of F. Chatti PhD thesis is adapted to GDL. This model is calibrated on the basis of microstructure data, supplemented by trial-and-error tests to identify unknown parameters. Particular attention is paid to junction properties, which appear to drive the apparent behavior of GDL. It is then submitted to heterogeneous loading representative of the PEMFC application to identify the influence of different microstructure properties on the material's macroscopic response
Hocine, Tarek. "Détermination expérimentale de la double couche électrique et étude de son influence sur le transfert des ions chlorure dans les matériaux cimentaires". La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS272.
Texto completo da fonteThe corrosion induced by the penetration of the chloride ions in cement based materials remains one of the major causes of degradation of the structures, their durability is explained by the difficulty which have the aggressive agents to penetrate in the porous medium. This thesis treats the study of the influence of the electrocapillary phenomena through the electric double layer (EDL) on the ionic transfer in general and the transfer of the chloride ions in particular in cement based materials. Several studies on quantification of the EDL of the components of cement (clinker, C3S…) as well as the hydrates, the C-S-H mainly, were carried out, on the other hand, studies concerning cement based materials and their compounds are very few. At first to identify the surface charge of the walls of pores, measurements of zeta potential were performed then analysed on the different cement based materials (cement pastes, mortars and concretes) for various cement classes ; CEM I, II and V as well as aggregates. Then, a study of identification of the microstructure of cement based materials was carried out by the mercury intrusion porosimetry technique. Thereafter, the migration tests were performed on the cement pastes, mortars and concretes. The evolutions of the electrical current are presented and used in order to characterize the transfer of chloride ions within the porous medium. Finally, a one-dimensional numerical model and multi-species based on the Nernst-Plank equation integrating EDL phenomena was developed, the chemical reactivity of the cement based materials is taken into account through the adsorptions isotherms. This model allows simulating the diffusion and migration processes of chloride ions across saturated cement based materials according to the both cases; with and without taking into account of the EDL effect. The theoretical treatment of the EDL was performed from Poisson-Boltzmann theory. The adopted approach to highlight the influence of the electric double layer was to compare experimental chronoamperometry resulting from the migration tests with those simulated
Fall, Safall. "Fabrication et analyse de nanomatériaux à bases d'oxydes par des techniques de diffusion de rayonnement". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607031.
Texto completo da fonteNguyen, Dinh An. "Modélisation dynamique du "coeur" de pile à combustible de type PEM". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL035N/document.
Texto completo da fonteBeing a new source of supplying electrical and thermal decentralized energy, the fuel cells offer better energy efficiency and reduced emissions for sustainable development. This thesis deals with the physicochemical phenomena that occur in a single cell of fuel cell proton exchange membrane. A 2Ddynamic model was developed and solved numerically by the finite element method using thesoftware COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulated static and dynamic polarization curves are confronted with measurements made on a 100cm² single cell test bench that belongs to GREEN Laboratory. Aparametric study, such as the influence of operating conditions, different stress current has been simulated and tested. The single cell dynamic behavior to a current step and more particularly to adirect connection to capacitor has underlined the importance of the electrical double layer phenomenon, located at the membrane / electrode interfaces, to describe precisely fast transients.Finally, spectroscopy impedance as a tool widely used to characterize the cell has been implemented in simulation allowing the analysis of the effects of this measurement method on the local parameters
Bouyssou, Rémi-Xavier. "Perpétuation de la technique PVD pour les dépôts de barrière de diffusion et de couche de germination des interconnexions de cuivre des technologies CMOS avancées". Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0010.
Texto completo da fonteIn integrated circuits, interconnects are in copper. Their goal is to connect active components to external components. Dielectric is use to isolate these interconnects. A layer is deposit to prevent copper diffusion in dielectric and after seed layer is deposit to allow copper filling in interconnects. Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) is used for these two layers. But with technology evolution this technique shows some limits. In a first part, material characteristics and barrier layer integrity are studied. And in a second part, material characteristics and seed layer morphology are studied. During this work two evaluation techniques were developed, first for barrier layer integrity and second for seed layer morphology
Couzinie-Devy, François. "Cellules solaires à base de Cu(In,Ga)Se² : adaptation des propriétés de l'absorbeur à la couche tampon d'(In,Al)²S3 co-évaporée". Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2114.
Texto completo da fonteStandard Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CGISe) based solar cells have a thin, chemical bath deposited, cadmium sulfide buffer layer. Its replacement by a cadmium-free material deposited by a physical process (PVD) is among the challenges of the research community. In the present work, a dual approach has been followed working on both the properties of a new alternative buffer layer and the optimisation of the CIGSe layer. The new buffer layer investigated belongs to the indium sulfide family : In2-2xA12xS3. It is observed that the partial substitution of indium by aluminium yields a band gap increase of the material mainly affecting the conduction band states. Meanwhile, an accurate tuning of the CIGSe growth parameters allowed the control the films, grains orientation and roughness. This optimisation of the CIGSe led to the reach of national record 18 % efficiency cell. Furthermore, the combination of these progress with the understanding of the In2-2x-A12xS3, films properties makes it possible the realisation of 13 % efficiency devices with a PVD deposited (In,A1)2-S3 buffer layer
Moll, Adrien. "Élaboration et étude des propriétés thermoélectriques du disiliciure de chrome sous forme de monocristal, de couche mince et de nanofil". Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS128.
Texto completo da fonteThermoelectricity is a physical effect related to the direct conversion between thermal and electrical energy. To improve the thermoelectric efficiency, the electronic properties of the materials must be optimized to get a large Seebeck coefficient and a low electrical resistivity while lowering the thermal conductivity. One of the optimization ways is to reduce the dimensionality of the materials to decrease the phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity. Silicides are promising materials because of their low toxicity and cost. Among them, chromium disilicide, CrSi2, shows interesting electronic transport properties, but a too high thermal conductivity, limiting its performance. The objective of this thesis is to study the thermoelectric properties of this compound with various forms, single crystal, thin film and nanowire.For this purpose, the chromium disilicide was elaborated in the forms of single crystal by the Bridgman method, thin film by sputtering, and nanowires by chemical vapor deposition. These elaboration routes have been associated with characterization techniques specific to each form in order to study the relationship between the physical properties and the microstructure of the material. By coupling theoretical models with thermoelectric measurements, the mechanisms of electronic and thermal transports have been determined. The vibrational study was completed by the first inelastic neutron scattering measurement on CrSi2 single crystal and nano-powder. In the case of thin films, the effect of the crystallinity state and the thickness has been studied. Finally, in the case of nanowires, a micro-device has been designed to measure the properties of a single nanowire. The presented results open interesting perspectives to improve the thermoelectric properties of CrSi2