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1
Ioelovich, Michael, e Alex Leykin. "Structural investigations of various cotton fibers and cotton celluloses". BioResources 3, n.º 1 (12 de janeiro de 2008): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.3.1.170-177.
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Macro- and crystalline structure, as well as chemical composition of fibers related to various types and sorts of Israeli cottons, both white and naturally colored, were investigated. The differences in structural parameters and chemical compositions of the cotton fibers were eval-uated. Samples of cotton of the “Pima”-type had long, thin and strong fibers with highly ordered supermolecular structure. Fibers of middle-long and hybrid cottons had some lower-ordered structural organization in comparison to long-length cotton, while fibers of naturally colored cotton were characterized with disordered supermolecular and crystalline structure. Dependence of tensile strength on orientation of nano-fibrils towards the fiber axis was found. Conditions of cellulose isolation from the different cotton fibers were studied. Structural characteristics of isolated cotton celluloses and obtained MCC are discussed.
2
Liu, Youngliang, e Christopher D. Delhom. "Effect of Instrumental Leaf Grade On HVI Micronaire Measurement In Commercial Cotton Bales". Journal of Cotton Science 22, n.º 2 (2018): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/nuui3300.
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The high volume instrument (HVITM) instrumental leaf grade index has been accepted in both domestic and international cotton fiber trading. There is interest in how trash content in cotton samples impact the HVI measurements. In this investigation, HVI micronaire attribute was measured on commercial cotton bales representing instrumental leaf grade categories one to six, pre- and post- Shirley Analyzer (SA) cleaning process. The SA system was used since it is a traditional gravimetric cotton trash reference method, and also plays a role as a small-scale cotton trash cleaner. This study first examined the variations of five repeated HVI micronaire measurements within one pre-SA or post-SA cleaned cotton, and it revealed an insignificant effect of trash presence in high instrumental leaf grade cottons on HVI micronaire measurement repeatability. A comparison of HVI micronaire between pre-SA and post-SA cleaned cottons indicated a good agreement, suggesting minimal effect of cotton trash presence in commercial cottons on their HVI micronaire determination. Meanwhile, higher instrumental leaf grade cottons were observed to show lower micronaire values.
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SORO, Siofougowary Mariam, e N’guettia René YAO. "Effet de l’apport au sol de déchets issus de l’égrenage du coton graine sur l’humidité du sol et la production en coton graine au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire". Journal of Applied Biosciences 150 (30 de junho de 2020): 15477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.150.8.
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Objectif : Pour tenter de réduire les effets de ces changements climatiques sur les productions, un apport au sol avant les mises en place des cultures de 12 t/ha de déchets de coton graine ou de compost associé à la moitié de la dose d’engrais minéral recommandée (200 kg/ha de NPK + 50 kg/ha d’urée) a permis d’améliorer l’humidité du sol sans aucun effet sur l’eau utile du sol. L’apport de déchets de coton graine ou de compost a permis aussi d’améliorer le nombre de capsules par plante, le nombre de capsules mûres récoltées, la qualité sanitaire des capsules mûres et surtout le rendement en coton graine. Conclusion : L’apport de 12 tonnes/ha de déchets de coton graine associés à de l’engrais chimique à la dose de 100 kg/ha de NPK et 25 kg/ha d’urée constituent un niveau optimum d’utilisation des déchets de coton graine en coton culture. Mots clés : Déchets de Coton graine, Humidité du sol, Rendement du cotonnier, Côte d’Ivoire. Effect of ginned cotton-seed waste application to the ground on soil moisture and cotton yield in northern Côte d'Ivoire ABSTRACT Objective: In an attempt to reduce the effects of climate change on production, an application to the ground prior to the establishment of 12 t/ha of ginned seed cotton waste associated with half of the recommended mineral fertilizer dose (200 kg/ha of NPK + 50 kg/ha of urea) improved soil moisture without any effect on the soil available water capacity. The supply of seed cotton waste or compost has also improved the number of capsules/plant, the number of mature capsules harvested, the sanitary quality of mature capsules and, above all, the yield in seed cotton. Conclusion: The supply of 12 tons/ha of seed cotton waste associated with chemical fertilizer at the dose of 100 kg/ha of NPK and 25 kg/ha of urea constitutes an optimum level of use of cotton seed waste in cotton farming. Keywords: Seed Cotton Waste, Soil Moisture, Cotton Yield, Ivory Coast.
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Lei, Z., T. X. Liu e S. M. Greenberg. "Feeding, oviposition and survival of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Bt and non-Bt cottons". Bulletin of Entomological Research 99, n.º 3 (8 de outubro de 2008): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308006317.
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AbstractThe effects of Bt transgenic cottons (Bt-I expressing cry1Ac and Bt-II expressing cry1Ab and cry2Ab or cry1Ab and cry1Fa) and non-Bt cottons on feeding, oviposition and longevity of adults, and development and survival of Liriomyza trifolii larvae were studied under laboratory conditions; and infestation on four Bt and two non-Bt cotton traits were investigated under field conditions. Laboratory choice and no-choice tests showed that L. trifolii adults were capable of distinguishing between Bt cottons and non-Bt cottons. In a choice test on younger plants (4–5 leaves), the adults were found more often and made more feeding punctures (FP) on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons. On older plants (8–9 leaves), adults made the most FP on non-Bt cotton followed by those on Bt-II cottons and the least on Bt-I cotton. The females oviposited more eggs (6.7 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (1.7 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (0.8 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and oviposited similar numbers of eggs (0.7–1.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. In a no-choice test, the females also fed more FP on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons on both younger and older plants. The females oviposited more eggs (15.6 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (8.2 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (6.5 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and similar numbers of eggs (2.5–3.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. Larval and puparial survivals were not different among Bt and non-Bt cottons. The occurrence and damage of leafminers on cottons in the field showed that L. trifolii infested more plants and leaves and had more mines on non-Bt cotton than on Bt cottons.
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Perkins, Henry H. "Spin Finishes for Cotton". Textile Research Journal 58, n.º 3 (março de 1988): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800308.
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Cotton has an exceptional natural finish, but under adverse conditions of weathering, this finish may deteriorate to the extent that processing quality is altered. Changing technologies involving higher processing speeds and new spinning systems have placed increased demands on the fiber properties of all cottons. Spin finishes could reasonably improve the processing qualities of both damaged cottons and cottons in general. The history of effective finish usage (additives) in both ginning and textile processing of cotton has been reviewed. Cottons harvested both before and after significant weathering in the Mississippi Delta, with and without added finishes, were evaluated for spinning quality. The cottons harvested before and after weathering had similar traditional fiber properties of length, strength, and micronaire, but the weathered cottons were poorer in grade, color, and trash. The processing performance of the unweathered cottons was superior to that of the weathered cottons. A hydrocarbon plus surfactant additive improved the processing performance of the weathered cottons in relation to processing waste and dust generation, but did not improve spinning end breakage or yarn strength.
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Parker, C. D., V. J. Mascarenhas, R. G. Luttrell e K. Knighten. "Survival Rates of Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae Exposed to Transgenic Cottons Expressing Insecticidal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner". Journal of Entomological Science 35, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2000): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-35.2.105.
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The insecticidal activity of transgenic cottons expressing endotoxin protein of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt cotton) was quantified by measuring survival of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae caged on different plant structures for varying lengths of exposure. Percentages of larvae surviving were measured on Bt cottons expressing Cry1Ab and CrylAc protein. Plant structure (terminal, leaf, square or boll) did not affect larval survival, and survival did not differ significantly between CrylAb and CrylAc cottons. Larvae exposed to Bt cotton for only 24 h had higher initial survival than larvae exposed for 48, 72 and 96 h. Larvae first exposed to Bt cotton at 4 d of age had higher survival than those first exposed as neonate or 2-d-old larvae. Survivorship of neonate and 4-d-old larvae exposed to CrylAc cotton was significantly reduced with only 48 h of exposure to the insecticidal plants. Seven-day-old larvae exhibited no significant reduction in survivorship with exposure to CrylAc cotton for 48 h.
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Brushwood, Donald E. "Effects of Heating on Chemical and Physical Properties and Processing Quality of Cotton". Textile Research Journal 58, n.º 6 (junho de 1988): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800601.
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Optimum quality from cotton at the textile mill depends on the need for improvements in a number of handling areas. Processing and yarn quality problems sometimes occur through overdrying practices. Excessive heating of cotton causes discoloration (yellowing), reductions in strength, and increased fiber breakage. The severity of damage increases as exposure time and temperature increase. Chemical and physical tests were conducted on heated cottons of high, medium, and low Micronaires to determine changes that may affect cotton processability and overall quality. Mechanical processing of cotton immediately after heating (at reduced moisture levels) had a greater adverse effect on physical fiber properties than did mechanical processing after heating and allowing time for moisture regain. Compared to yarn from unheated cottons, yarns from heated cottons had increased levels of neps and reduced strength and uniformity.
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Agalati, Barnabé, e Pamphile Degla. "Effet des coûts de transaction sur la performance économique et l’adoption du coton biologique au Centre et Nord du Bénin". International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, n.º 4 (17 de agosto de 2020): 1416–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i4.20.
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Face au défi de la dégradation de l’environnement et des problèmes sanitaires liés à la production du coton conventionnel au Bénin, la production du coton biologique initiée depuis quelques décennies peine à se développer. Cet article s’intéresse à l’analyse de l’effet des coûts de transaction (CT) sur la performance économique et l’adoption du coton biologique au Centre et au Nord du Bénin. Basée sur un échantillon aléatoire de 408 producteurs dont 168 adoptants du coton biologique, l’étude a utilisé l’approche d’estimation des CT, la régression logistique et le test t de Student pour l’analyse des données. Les résultats montrent que les CT, plus élevés dans le système du coton biologique réduisent considérablement la performance économique de ce système et affectent négativement la probabilité de son adoption. Outre cet effet, il ressort également l’influence négative d’autres facteurs tels que le sexe, le niveau de rendement, la distance domicile-exploitation, le nombre d’années d’expérience dans la production cotonnière et le mode de faire valoir direct sur l’adoption du coton biologique. La formation technique dans la production du coton biologique et la situation géographique exercent par contre une influence positive sur l’adoption du coton biologique.Mots clés : Déterminants, système de production, économie néo-institutionnelle, agriculture biologique
English Title: Effect of transaction costs on the economic performance and the adoption of organic cotton in central and northern Benin
Regarding the environmental degradation challenge and health problems due to the production of conventional cotton in Benin, organic cotton production initiated several decades ago is struggling to develop. This paper focuses on analyzing the effect of transaction costs on the economic performance and the adoption of organic cotton in central and northern Benin. The study is based on a random sample of 408 producers, including 168 adopters of organic cotton. The transaction costs estimation approach, the logistic regression and the Student's t-test were used for data analysis. The results show that the high transaction costs in the organic cotton system significantly reduce the economic performance of this system and negatively affect the probability of adoption of organic cotton. In addition, there is the negative influence of other factors such as gender, the level of yield, the distance from home to farm, the years of experience in cotton production as well as the direct tenure mode in the adoption of organic cotton. On the other side, technical training in the production of organic cotton and the geographic location have a positive influence on the adoption of organic cotton.Keywords: Determinants, production system, new institutional economics, organic production.
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Allen, Luttrell, Little, Parys e Perera. "Response of Bt and Non-Bt Cottons to High Infestations of Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) and Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens (F.)) under Sprayed and Unsprayed Conditions". Agronomy 9, n.º 11 (15 de novembro de 2019): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110759.
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Early-maturing and full-season Bt and non-Bt cottons were exposed to high densities of tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens (F.)) and bollworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) in 0.04 ha field cages during the summers of 2011 and 2012 to measure the possible need for supplemental use of insecticides on Bt cotton. Fruit survival within-season and at-harvest was carefully mapped on individual plants within comparative plots of all cottons untreated and sprayed with lambda-cyhalothin (0.0448 kg a.i./ha) or chlorantraniliprole (0.1009 kg a.i./ha) following insect infestations. Differences in lint yields among cotton maturity groups were not always detected, but early-maturing Bt cottons were among the higher yielding experimental plots for both years. Depending on the insecticide treatment, average harvested fruit ranged from 0.3 to 7.1 open bolls per plant for non-Bt cotton plots, while Bt cotton plots ranged from 1.8 to 7.5 open bolls per plant during the two-year study. Bt cottons generally protected fruit from insect damage and resulted in final yields comparable to those of insecticide sprayed Bt and non-Bt cottons. Unsprayed non-Bt cottons were significantly damaged by insects in these high-infestation environments.
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Berni, R. J., P. E. Sasser, L. N. Domelsmith, H. H. Perkins e W. R. Goynes. "Chemical and Microscopical Analyses of Rained-on Cotton". Textile Research Journal 58, n.º 9 (setembro de 1988): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758805800904.
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Late season rains on the 1984 crop in the Mississippi Delta cotton-growing areas prompted increased research of this weathered cotton. Cotton Incorporated and USDA quickly noted the detrimental effects on quality caused by the heavy rains after boll opening in the fields. The cooperative research efforts reported here deal with the chemical and microscopical changes that occurred in these cottons, and analyses of selected ginned cotton are included.
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Kriger, Colleen. ""THE IMPORTANCE OF MANDE TEXTILES IN THE AFRICAN SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC TRADE, CA. 1680-1710"". Mande Studies 11, n.º 1 (2009): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/mnd.2009.a873558.
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Abstract: Production and trade of cotton textiles in West Africa go back at least a millennium, creating a 'cotton culture' that spawned centers producing cottons for export. This article focuses on a number of such centers that were located in the hinterlands of Senegambia and the Southern Rivers regions of the Upper Guinea Coast in the seventeenth century. Speakers of Mande languages were among the producers and traders of these textiles, which Europeans recognized as items that were essential in the coastal and trans-Atlantic trade. Archival sources documenting this trade reveal some of the names of the trade cloths, their prices, and their vital role as commodity currencies that paid for goods and services. Locally made cotton textiles were for the most part relatively lower in price than overseas imports and thus were able to successfully compete with them in the marketplace. En Afrique de l'Ouest, la production et le commerce des tissus de cotton remonteaumoins à un millénaire. En résultent une Œculture du coton qui voit le développement de centres de production pour l'exportation. Cet article traite de certains de ces centres situés dans l'arrière-pays de la Sénégambie et desRivières du Sud au XVIIème siècle. Des locuteurs de langue mande font partie desproducteurs et commerçants de ces textiles, considérés par les Européens commedes produits importants du commerce côtier et atlantique. Des sources d'archives mentionnent certaines informations: les noms de certaines pièces, leurs prix, et le rôle fondamental joué comme moyen de paiment pour les biens et les services. Produits localement, les textiles de coton étaient moins chers que les importations et pouvaient doncles concurrencer avec succès.
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Zhou, Li Ming, e Yu Gao Zhang. "Cotton Woven Fabric with Less Energy Consumption during Home Laundry". Advanced Materials Research 441 (janeiro de 2012): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.619.
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Cotton woven fabrics were treated with resin and hydrophobic agent for reducing the water retention value and improving the drying speed. The relationship among resin dosage, water retention value and drying speed were studied. The different fabrication methods of hydrophobic cottons were emphasized. When incorporating part of hydrophobic cottons in the fabric, the water retention value and drying speed of the fabric can be further improved, while the wearing comfort of the cotton fabrics can remain. By these treatments, the cotton apparels can be more easily washed and dehydrated and will consume less energy during home laundry and drying.
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Rylander, R. "Plant constituents of cotton dust and lung effects after inhalation". European Respiratory Journal 1, n.º 9 (1 de outubro de 1988): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.01090812.
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Experiments were performed to assess pulmonary reactions after inhalation of cotton dusts with different levels of tannins, terpenoid aldehydes and bacterial endotoxins. Guinea-pigs were exposed to cotton dust. Free lung cells were obtained by lavage 24 h later. A dose-response relationship was found between the number of neutrophils and the amount of endotoxin in the dust. No influence of terpenoid aldehyde or tannin levels could be detected. Cotton mill workers were exposed to dust from glanded and glandless cottons in an experimental cardroom. The average decreases in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) over the workday after carding the two cottons were the same, although levels of dust, tannin or terpenoid aldehydes were different. The level of airborne endotoxin was, however, equal. The results support observations from other studies on the importance of endotoxin for the development of the acute reactions observed after cotton dust exposure.
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Bhardwaj, H. L., J. B. Weaver e R. F. Severson. "Presence of water-soluble materials on cotton terminals as related to bollwoxm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance". Journal of Agricultural Science 109, n.º 1 (agosto de 1987): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600081156.
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Bollworms (Heliothis zea Boddie and H. virescens F.) are serious cotton pests. During 1980, the cotton crop in U.S.A. suffered an 8·73% loss due to insect pests; 3·07% of this loss was due to the damage caused by bollworms. This 8·73% loss in cotton production occurred despite control measures adopted by cotton growers at an average cost of $36.27 per acre (Anon. 1981). Four plant characteristics impart varying degrees of host-plant resistance against bollworms in cotton (Maxwell, 1977). The bollworm moths exhibit an oviposition nonpreference towards glabrous and nectarless cottons. Presence of high gossypol and ‘X-factors’ in plant parts detrimentally affects the growth and survival of bollworm larvae. The ‘X-factors’ are unknown chemical substances that impart host-plant resistance against bollworms in cotton. This resistance was shown to be heritable by Lukefahr et al. (1974).
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Vishwanath Gowdru, Nithya. "A Resources use efficiency analysis of Bt and Non Bt cotton farmers in Karnataka, India". Journal of Global Economy 9, n.º 3 (3 de outubro de 2013): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v9i3.283.
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Cotton is the major commercial crop amongst all cash crops in India and provides livelihood to more than 60 million people in its cultivation, processing and textile industry. Cotton crop is infested by various pests causing significant yield losses therefore Bt cotton was introduced in India to reduce pesticide consumption and also increase productivity. Since introduction there has been ongoing debate on the superiority and/ or inferiority of Bt cotton over non Bt cotton. Therefore the present study was undertaken to examine the Bt cotton technology on output and efficiency of inputs used in cotton cultivation in Karnataka state of South India during 2007. Primary data was collected from 90 farmers cultivating Bt and non-Bt cotton in Haveri district, Karnataka, India. The Cobb-Douglas production and decomposition analysis techniques were used to estimate the influence of factors and Bt technology on output change. The production function analysis indicated that the co-efficients of expenditure on fertilizers, labour, plant protection chemicals and land were significant in case of Bt cotton cultivation. The result of Resource use efficiency analysis showed that efficient use of labour, fertilizers and seeds had contributed the most to the difference in returns between Bt-cotton and non-Bt cotton cultivation. Contribution of differences in the quantity of inputs used to higher returns from Bt cotton to the measured difference in gross returns between Bt and non-Bt cotton was 56.56 per cent, while that of the efficiency in the use of inputs was 23.83 per cent. Key words: Bt cotton, Resource use efficiency, Decomposition analysis
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Drouillard, Ken G., Amanda Tomkins, Sharon Lackie, Scott Laengert, Allison Baker, Catherine M. Clase, Charles F. De Lannoy, Dora Cavallo-Medved, Lisa A. Porter e Rebecca S. Rudman. "Fitted filtration efficiency and breathability of 2-ply cotton masks: Identification of cotton consumer categories acceptable for home-made cloth mask construction". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 3 (22 de março de 2022): e0264090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264090.
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The objective of this study was to characterize commercially-available cotton fabrics to determine their suitability as materials for construction of cloth masks for personal and public use to reduce infectious disease spread. The study focused on cottons because of their widespread availability, moderate performance and they are recommended for inclusion in home-made masks by international health authorities. Fifty-two cottons were analyzed by electron microscopy to determine fabric characteristics and fabric weights. Sixteen fabrics were selected to test for breathability and to construct 2-ply cotton masks of a standard design to use in quantitative fit testing on a human participant. Cotton mask fitted filtration efficiencies (FFEs) for 0.02–1 μm ambient and aerosolized sodium chloride particles ranged from 40 to 66% compared with the mean medical mask FFE of 55±2%. Pressure differentials across 2-ply materials ranged from 0.57 to > 12 mm H2O/cm2 on samples of equal surface area with 6 of 16 materials exceeding the recommended medical mask limit. Models were calibrated to predict 2-ply cotton mask FFEs and differential pressures for each fabric based on pore characteristics and fabric weight. Models indicated cotton fabrics from 6 of 9 consumer categories can produce cloth masks with adequate breathability and FFEs equivalent to a medical mask: T-shirt, fashion fabric, mass-market quilting cotton, home décor fabric, bed sheets and high-quality quilting cotton. Masks from one cloth mask and the medical mask were re-tested with a mask fitter to distinguish filtration from leakage. The fabric and medical masks had 3.7% and 41.8% leakage, respectively. These results indicate a well fitted 2-ply cotton mask with overhead ties can perform similarly to a disposable 3-ply medical mask on ear loops due primarily to the superior fit of the cloth mask which compensates for its lower material filtration efficiency.
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Li, Zhaoguo, Zhen Liu, Yangyang Wei, Yuling Liu, Linxue Xing, Mengjie Liu, Pengtao Li, Quanwei Lu e Renhai Peng. "Genome-wide identification of the MIOX gene family and their expression profile in cotton development and response to abiotic stress". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 7 (9 de julho de 2021): e0254111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254111.
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The enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) catalyzes the myo-inositol into glucuronic acid. In this study, 6 MIOX genes were identified from all of the three diploid cotton species (Gossypium arboretum, Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium raimondii) and Gossypioides kirkii, 12 MIOX genes were identified from two domesticated tetraploid cottons Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, and 11 MIOX genes were identified from three wild tetraploid cottons Gossypium tomentosum, Gossypium mustelinum and Gossypium darwinii. The number of MIOX genes in tetraploid cotton genome is roughly twice that of diploid cotton genome. Members of MIOX family were classified into six groups based on the phylogenetic analysis. Integrated analysis of collinearity events and chromosome locations suggested that both whole genome duplication and segmental duplication events contributed to the expansion of MIOX genes during cotton evolution. The ratios of non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates revealed that purifying selection was the main force driving the evolution of MIOX genes. Numerous cis-acting elements related to light responsive element, defense and stress responsive element were identified in the promoter of the MIOX genes. Expression analyses of MIOX genes based on RNA-seq data and quantitative real time PCR showed that MIOX genes within the same group shared similar expression patterns with each other. All of these results provide the foundation for further study of the biological functions of MIOX genes in cotton environmental adaptability.
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Yachmenev, Val G., Linda Kimmel e Chris Delhom. "Thermal Insulation Properties of Nonwoven Composite Materials Made from Naturally Colored Cottons". International Nonwovens Journal os-11, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 1558925002OS—01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925002os-01100407.
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Naturally colored cottons do not require chemical dyeing. This offers important processing advantages including less water, chemical and energy consumption. Brown, green, and white (Maxxa) cottons, all from domestic sources, were used to construct needlepunched nonwoven composites. Four different designs representing pure cotton, cotton scrim-reinforced, and Lyocell and Amicor AM-blend constructions were manufactured on laboratory-scale equipment. A Fox 200 Heat Flow Meter was used for measurement of thermal conductivity and thermal transmittance of samples of the nonwoven needlepunched batts. The data show that thermal insulation properties of nonwoven materials made from naturally colored cottons vary significantly, depending on the type of the fibers, design of the nonwoven composites, and the resulting density of the composites.
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Kalkan, İsmet Ege, Elçin Emekdar-Karaman, Zuhal Karacayır, Gökhan Ünsal e Umut Kıvanç Şahin. "Sustainable Denim Design Using Giza Cotton". European Journal of Research and Development 4, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2024): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/ejrnd.v4i1.419.
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Designing denim fabrics that will have a longer wear life by combining Giza cotton, one of the best cottons in the world, with yarn technology, without using any reinforced synthetic fibers. Giza cotton will be used in the products to be developed specifically for the project. High strength yarns will be obtained with the fiber length of Giza cotton and the appropriate twist value to be applied. It is aimed that the fabrics produced from these threads will have a longer lifespan than normal cotton threads. One of the most important steps for the continuity of sustainable production will be that the produced product is recyclable and can be used for a longer time. In this way, a significant decrease in the carbon and water footprint resulting from production will be achieved. The environmental impact of production will be minimized.
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Waly, A., A. T. El-Aref, F. A. Abdel-Mohdy, N. E. Zamzam e A. Hebeish. "Synthesis and Application of Phosphorylated Glucose in Flame Retardancy Finishing". Engineering Plastics 2, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200104.
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An organo-phosphorus compound, namely, phosphorylated glucose (PG) was synthesized. Four chemically modified cottons, namely, carbamoylethylated, acrylamidomethylated, cellulose carbamate, and cyanoethylated cotton bearing comparable amounts of nitrogen were also prepared. The effect of incorporation of PG into a finishing formulation containing Pyrovatex CP and etherified methylolated melamine (EMM) on flame-retardancy and other properties of these modified cottons was studied when the application was carried out under different conditions. The synergistic effect of N/P ratio was thoroughly investigated through an estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and their impact on flame-retardancy properties, crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation at break of the finished cotton products determined.
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Waly, A., A. T. El-Aref, F. A. Abdel-Mohdy, N. E. Zamzam e A. Hebeish. "Synthesis and Application of Phosphorylated Glucose in Flame Retardancy Finishing". Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1994): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200104.
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An organo-phosphorus compound, namely, phosphorylated glucose (PG) was synthesized. Four chemically modified cottons, namely, carbamoylethylated, acrylamidomethylated, cellulose carbamate, and cyanoethylated cotton bearing comparable amounts of nitrogen were also prepared. The effect of incorporation of PG into a finishing formulation containing Pyrovatex CP and etherified methylolated melamine (EMM) on flame-retardancy and other properties of these modified cottons was studied when the application was carried out under different conditions. The synergistic effect of N/P ratio was thoroughly investigated through an estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and their impact on flame-retardancy properties, crease recovery, tensile strength and elongation at break of the finished cotton products determined.
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KOMORI, KAZUHIRO. ""Nature Cotto" Organic Cotton for Textile Blend". FIBER 65, n.º 7 (2009): P.237—P.241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.65.p_237.
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Zhang, Hong-Bin, Yaning Li, Baohua Wang e Peng W. Chee. "Recent Advances in Cotton Genomics". International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (23 de janeiro de 2008): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/742304.
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Genome research promises to promote continued and enhanced plant genetic improvement. As a world's leading crop and a model system for studies of many biological processes, genomics research of cottons has advanced rapidly in the past few years. This article presents a comprehensive review on the recent advances of cotton genomics research. The reviewed areas include DNA markers, genetic maps, mapped genes and QTLs, ESTs, microarrays, gene expression profiling, BAC and BIBAC libraries, physical mapping, genome sequencing, and applications of genomic tools in cotton breeding. Analysis of the current status of each of the genome research areas suggests that the areas of physical mapping, QTL fine mapping, genome sequencing, nonfiber and nonovule EST development, gene expression profiling, and association studies between gene expression and fiber trait performance should be emphasized currently and in near future to accelerate utilization of the genomics research achievements for enhancing cotton genetic improvement.
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Liu, Yongliang, e Christopher Delhom. "The relationship between instrumental leaf grade and Shirley Analyzer trash content in cotton lint". Textile Research Journal 88, n.º 10 (10 de março de 2017): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517697641.
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With the increasing acceptance of high volume instrument (HVI™) instrumental leaf grade index in both domestic and international trading, there is a continued interest in the relationship between instrumental leaf grade and equivalent trash gravimetric content (% percent by mass) from cotton customers and regulators. Due to the complexity of not only trash type, size, and its weight distribution but also the nature of HVI and gravimetric methods, it is an on-going challenge to examine such a relationship. In this study, the Shirley Analyzer (SA) was used to determine the gravimetric cotton trash in percent by mass (%). This system is the traditional cotton trash reference method that is still utilized as a routine tool in the cotton industry, despite being a destructive process that is both labor-intensive and time-consuming. This study first investigated the correlations between three SA trash readings ( SAvisible, SAinvisible, and SAtotal) and respective leaf grade categories, and it revealed a general trend of increasing SAvisible and SAtotal trash content with elevating leaf grade. Then, comparison of SAvisible trash content in the current study to that in separate studies indicated a good agreement for low leaf grade cottons (<4). Next, the principal component analysis of near infrared spectra from SAvisible trash portions revealed a different pattern in PC1 score between low leaf grade (1–4) and high leaf grade (5 and 6) SA visible trash remains, implying a general change of more leaf-related trash in low leaf grade cottons to more non-leaf-related trash in high leaf grade cottons.
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Gangaiah, B., IPS Ahlawat e MBBP Babu. "Response of nitrogen fertilization on Bt and non-Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) hybrids". SAARC Journal of Agriculture 11, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2014): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18389.
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A field experiment was conducted during 2006 and 2007 (June- December) at New Delhi to assess the performance of three cotton hybrids of which two Bt (MRC 6304 & RCH 317) and one non-Bt cotton hybrid LHH 144 (North zone check) in response to nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1). Based on pooled analysis, both Bt hybrids produced similar seed cotton yield (SCY). Bt hybrid have produced 7.1 bolls/plant (on an average) and bolls 0.48 g heavier than non Bt hybrid LHH 144 that lead to 1.07 t ha-1 higher SCY of Bt hybrids than non-Bt hybrid (1.93 t ha-1). Though the N uptake by cotton hybrids was statistically similar N harvest index (NHI) was higher in Bt hybrid (57.85) as compared to non-Bt hybrid (40.5). The agronomic N use efficiency (ANUE) was highest in MRC 6304 Bt (6.44) and least in LHH 144 non-Bt cotton (3.91). Cotton growth, yield attributes, SCY, and N uptake increased with each successive increase to the highest level of 180 kg ha-1 however, the N response of cotton was quadratic in nature with optimum dose of 173.0 kg ha-1. The NHI decreased with increase in N dose i.e. from the highest of 56.3 in control to the lowest of 48.8 with 180 kg ha-1 N fertilization. ANUE and physiological NUE that was highest with 60 (5.73) and 120 kg N fertilization (17.05), respectively and decreased with further increase in N dose. The cotton hybrid x N interaction effect revealed that Bt cottons have quadratic N response while non-Bt cotton has linear N response. From the economic point of view, Bt hybrids with 120 kg Nha-1 could be optimum dose for cotton cultivation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v11i1.18389 SAARC J. Agri., 11(1): 121-132 (2013)
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Jagannath, Patil Sanjaykumar, e Dr Pandit Yashwant Mali. "Is Cotton a Real Cash Crop ? Cotton Growing Frmer’s Perspectives". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2012): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2013/46.
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Zhu, Shouhong, Xiuli Yu, Yanjun Li, Yuqiang Sun, Qianhao Zhu e Jie Sun. "Highly Efficient Targeted Gene Editing in Upland Cotton Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2018): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103000.
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The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing system has been shown to be able to induce highly efficient mutagenesis in the targeted DNA of many plants, including cotton, and has become an important tool for investigation of gene function and crop improvement. Here, we developed a simple and easy to operate CRISPR/Cas9 system and demonstrated its high editing efficiency in cotton by targeting-ALARP, a gene encoding alanine-rich protein that is preferentially expressed in cotton fibers. Based on sequence analysis of the target site in the 10 transgenic cottons containing CRISPR/Cas9, we found that the mutation frequencies of GhALARP-A and GhALARP-D target sites were 71.4–100% and 92.9–100%, respectively. The most common editing event was deletion, but deletion together with large insertion was also observed. Mosaic mutation editing events were detected in most transgenic plants. No off-target mutation event was detected in any the 15 predicted sites analyzed. This study provided mutants for further study of the function of GhALARP in cotton fiber development. Our results further demonstrated the feasibility of use of CRISPR/Cas9 as a targeted mutagenesis tool in cotton, and provided an efficient tool for targeted mutagenesis and functional genomics in cotton.
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Armijo, Carlos B., Derek P. Whitelock, Joe W. Thomas, Sidney E. Hughs e Marvis N. Gillum. "COTTON GINNERS HANDBOOK: Roller Ginning". Journal of Cotton Science 21, n.º 3 (2017): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/vmim5000.
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Roller ginning provided the first mechanical means of separating cotton lint from seed. The first true roller gin was the Churka gin, which produced up to 2.3 kg (5.0 lb) of lint/day. In 1840, the McCarthy gin was invented to gin extra-long-staple (ELS) cotton. Although the ginning capacity of the McCarthy gin was a major improvement over the Churka gin, capacity was limited to about 18 kg (40 lb) of lint per hour. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, a rotary-knife roller gin was developed. The rotary-knife roller gin had a ginning rate 12 times higher than the McCarthy gin, though the rotary knife gin still processed cotton at only about one-fifth the rate of a saw gin with an equivalent width. Around 2005, commercial development of a high-speed rotary-knife roller gin was accomplished. The high-speed roller gin processes cotton at approximately the same rate per unit width as a saw gin. The high-speed roller gin not only allows ELS cotton (such as Pima) to be ginned more efficiently, but also permits high-quality Upland cotton to be roller ginned at a rate more comparable with the saw gin while achieving the benefits of better fiber quality resulting from roller ginning. Although variations of the McCarthy gin are used today in many countries to gin ELS cottons, the rotary-knife roller gin is the only type of roller gin used in the U.S.
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Koleva, Minka, e Valentina Dimitrova. "Stability analysis of the new cotton lines". Agricultural Sciences 13, n.º 31 (17 de novembro de 2021): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.31.013.
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The genotype × environment interaction and the stability of eight cotton lines and the standard variety were studied during 2014-2017. The years of the study appeared to be as different ecological environments. The stability variances (2i and S2i) of Shukla (1972) and YSi index of Kang (1993) were calculated. It was found that the cotton genotypes tested interacted significantly with the environmental (year) conditions in terms of seed cotton yields, boll weigt, fiber length and lint persentage. For an effective selection of these traits, the genotypes had to be tested in different years at diverse environmental conditions and a calculation of the phenotypic stability parameters was necessary for a more precise selection. Based on Sukla’s variance stability parameters the breeding usefull stability was observed for all studed traits. Some lines were stable for more than one traits. Line 553 was found to be stable for the seed cotton yield, boll weight and lint percentage, lines 489 and 457 – for the boll weight and fiber length. These lines appeared to be very suitable for inclusion in crosses. According to Kang’s YSi index the complex breeding value (the average level of trait and stability) was found in: line 553 for the seed coton yield, boll weight, fiber length and lint percentage; line 489 for the boll weight, fiber length and lint percentage; line 535 for the seed coton yield and boll weight; line 449 for the boll weight and fiber length; line 457 for the fiber length. These lines are very suitable for the cotton breeding programs to create genotypes with a high expression and high stability of the traits.
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Chen, Lei, Yanhua Yuan e Zhanxiong Li. "Preparation of fluoropolymer with gem-bis-fluoroalkylated side-chain and its application on cotton fabric finishing". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2019): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0761.
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In this study, three types of fluorinated polyacrylates (PBFB, PBFS, and PMFA) were synthesized by 4-gem-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentyl)-1-butene, 4-gem-bis(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentyl)-methine-1-styrene, and 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluorohexyl acrylate, respectively, as monomers via emulsion polymerization. Particle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential were tested to assess the emulsion stability. Afterwards, the latexes were coated onto fabrics to obtain gem-bis(fluoroalkyl)-cotton. The surface properties of the treated cotton fabrics were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and water contact angle. It was found that, when controlling the fluorine content level to be similar, the water contact angles of gem-bis(fluoroalkyl)-cottons were 127° ± 0.5° and 134.9° ± 0.7°, respectively, which were both higher than that of mono-fluoroalkyl-cotton (PMFA-cotton of 125.2° ± 0.2°). This showed that gem-bis-fluoroalkyl groups could provide better hydrophobic performance than the mono-fluoroalkyl group, especially when the rigid benzene was used as a side-chain bridged group.
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Njouenwet, Ibrahim, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Stephanie Vanessa Ngono Ashu e Robert Nouayou. "Contributions of Seasonal Rainfall to Recent Trends in Cameroon’s Cotton Yields". Sustainability 13, n.º 21 (2 de novembro de 2021): 12086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112086.
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Cotton yields in the Sudano-Sahelian region contribute to food security through their role in agricultural productivity. Daily precipitation data and cotton yield data were synthesized from nine agricultural regions obtained from the “Société de Développement du Coton (SODECOTON)”. The following seasonal rainfall indices—from Cameroon’s cotton zone—were mapped with geographic information systems for spatial analysis: wet season onset and retreat date, rainfall amount, number of rainy days, rainfall intensity (SDII), heavy-rainfall events (R95p), consecutive dry days (CDD), annual highest daily precipitation (Rx1day) and number of very heavy precipitation days (R20mm). Linear regressions were used as statistical tools for analysis. The strongest relationships were observed between cotton yields and the heavy-rainfall events, closely followed by seasonal rainfall amount. An increase in consecutive dry days (CDD) and heavy events, and a decreased seasonal rainfall amount, have a negative impact on cotton yield trends. Overall, the critical breakpoint analysis between cotton yields and all rainfall indices showed that the cotton yield was particularly negatively impacted before a 251 retreat date, 591 mm seasonal rainfall amount and 33 rainy days. By contrast, an onset date, rainfall intensity, heavy rainfall, CDD, Rx1day and R20mm of 127, 12.5 mm·day−1, 405 mm, 27 days, 67 mm and 22 days, respectively, were identified for an optimum cotton yield. These results can be used as information for agricultural activity and management, civil planning of economic activities and can also contribute to furthering our understanding of the management impacts on future food security.
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Gore, Jeffrey, e John J. Adamczyk. "Characterization of Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Tolerance to Bollgard® Cotton: Implications for Resistance Management". Journal of Entomological Science 39, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2004): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.2.235.
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The soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), is an occasional pest of cotton and an annual pest of soybean in the southern United States. The development of resistance by soybean looper to the Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ac protein in Bollgard® cotton could potentially influence the efficacy of foliar B. thuringiensis products in soybean. Soybean looper larvae and pupae collected from plots of Bollgard cotton weighed less than larvae and pupae collected from non-Bollgard cotton. Soybean loopers collected from non-Bollgard and Bollgard cotton were maintained separately in the laboratory. No differences were observed in the susceptibility of the subsequent generation (F1) of soybean looper larvae from non-Bollgard and Bollgard cottons to Cry1Ac based on concentration-mortality data. Neonates from each of these colonies were allowed to complete development on non-treated and Cry1Ac-treated (1.0 μg/ml) meridic diet. Larval weights at 9 d and pupal weights were lower on Cry1Ac-treated diet than on non-treated diet. There were no apparent vigor differences in the two colonies based on development on non-treated diet. In addition, developmental times of larvae from both colonies were longer on Cry1Ac diet than on non-treated diet. These data indicate that development of soybean looper on Bollgard cotton has no effect on the tolerance of subsequent soybean looper generations to Cry1Ac.
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Thorp, K. R., S. Ale, M. P. Bange, E. M. Barnes, G. Hoogenboom, R. J. Lascano, A. C. McCarthy et al. "Development and Application of Process-based Simulation Models for Cotton Production: A Review of Past, Present, and Future Directions". Journal of Cotton Science 18, n.º 1 (março de 2014): 10–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/oovc6073.
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The development and application of cropping system simulation models for cotton production has a long and rich history, beginning in the southeastern U. S. in the 1960s and now expanded to major cotton production regions globally. This paper briefly reviews the history of cotton simulation models, examines applications of the models since the turn of the century, and identifies opportunities for improving models and their use in cotton research and decision support. Cotton models reviewed include those specific to cotton (GOSSYM, Cotton2K, COTCO2, OZCOT, and CROPGRO-Cotton) and generic crop models that have been applied to cotton production (EPIC, WOFOST, SUCROS, GRAMI, CropSyst, and AquaCrop). Model application areas included crop water use and irrigation water management, nitrogen dynamics and fertilizer management, genetics and crop improvement, climatology, global climate change, precision agriculture, model integration with sensor data, economics, and classroom instruction. Generally, the literature demonstrated increased emphasis on cotton model development in the previous century and on cotton model application in the current century. Although efforts to develop cotton models have a 40-year history, no comparisons among cotton models were reported. Such efforts would be advisable as an initial step to evaluate current cotton simulation strategies. Increasingly, cotton simulation models are being applied by nontraditional crop modelers, who are not trained agronomists but wish to use the models for broad economic or life-cycle analyses. Although this trend demonstrates the growing interest in the models and their potential utility for a variety of applications, it necessitates the development of models with appropriate complexity and ease-of-use for a given application, and improved documentation and teaching materials are needed to educate potential model users. Spatial scaling issues are also increasingly prominent, as models originally developed for use at the field scale are being implemented for regional simulations over large geographic areas. Research steadily progresses toward the advanced goal of model integration with variable-rate control systems, which use real-time crop status and environmental information to spatially and temporally optimize applications of crop inputs, while also considering potential environmental impacts, resource limitations, and climate forecasts. Overall, the review demonstrates a languished effort in cotton simulation model development, but the application of existing models in a variety of research areas remains strong and continues to grow.
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Armijo, Carlos B., Efrem Bechere, Derek P. Whitelock e Paul A. Funk. "Cotton Genotype Differences in Seed Coat Fragments Related to Seed Fragility and Fiber-Seed Attachment Force". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, n.º 3 (2022): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14325.
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HighlightsRelationships between seed coat fragments and other seed and fiber properties were examined among cotton genotypes.Genotypes in the study had a broad range of properties that were significantly different among genotypes.Seed coat fragment levels were significantly correlated with cottonseed fragility, fiber-seed attachment force, and ginning energy.Longer, stronger cottons tended to have higher seed coat fragment levels.Abstract. Seed coat fragments (SCF) are difficult to remove from ginned lint. Cotton genotypes vary in SCF levels, but details are lacking regarding the cause of SCF. This study examined ten genotypes with highly variable levels of SCF to find relationships between SCF and cottonseed rupture force, fiber-seed attachment force, and net gin stand energy. Results showed that the attachment force of the fiber to the seed increased significantly with SCF levels, and net gin stand energy consumption increased with SCF levels, suggesting fibers more strongly attached to seed were prone to SCF formation. Cottonseed rupture force was measured, but only one genotype with very low seed rupture force had increased SCF; otherwise, SCF increased with cottonseed rupture force. Unexpectedly, fiber length, strength, and micronaire were significantly correlated with SCF levels, indicating that the longer, stronger, cottons with lower micronaire in the premium range tended to have higher SCF levels. These results show that multiple, otherwise desirable factors may contribute to cotton containing high SCF levels. Keywords: Seed coat fragments, Cottonseed fragility, Cotton attachment force, Gin stand energy, Fiber quality.
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Cao, Junfeng, Chaochen Huang, Jun’e Liu, Chenyi Li, Xia Liu, Zishou Zheng, Lipan Hou et al. "Comparative Genomics and Functional Studies of Putative m6A Methyltransferase (METTL) Genes in Cotton". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 22 (15 de novembro de 2022): 14111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214111.
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N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification plays important regulatory roles in plant development and adapting to the environment, which requires methyltransferases to achieve the methylation process. However, there has been no research regarding m6A RNA methyltransferases in cotton. Here, a systematic analysis of the m6A methyltransferase (METTL) gene family was performed on twelve cotton species, resulting in six METTLs identified in five allotetraploid cottons, respectively, and three to four METTLs in the seven diploid species. Phylogenetic analysis of protein-coding sequences revealed that METTL genes from cottons, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Homo sapiens could be classified into three clades (METTL3, METTL14, and METTL-like clades). Cis-element analysis predicated the possible functions of METTL genes in G. hirsutum. RNA-seq data revealed that GhMETTL14 (GH_A07G0817/GH_D07G0819) and GhMETTL3 (GH_A12G2586/GH_D12G2605) had high expressions in root, stem, leaf, torus, petal, stamen, pistil, and calycle tissues. GhMETTL14 also had the highest expression in 20 and 25 dpa fiber cells, implying a potential role at the cell wall thickening stage. Suppressing GhMETTL3 and GhMETTL14 by VIGS caused growth arrest and even death in G. hirsutum, along with decreased m6A abundance from the leaf tissues of VIGS plants. Overexpression of GhMETTL3 and GhMETTL14 produced distinct differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in A. thaliana, indicating their possible divergent functions after gene duplication. Overall, GhMETTLs play indispensable but divergent roles during the growth of cotton plants, which provides the basis for the systematic investigation of m6A in subsequent studies to improve the agronomic traits in cotton.
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Wei, Yangyang, Zhaoguo Li, Tom C. Wedegaertner, Susan Jaconis, Sumei Wan, Zilin Zhao, Zhen Liu et al. "Conservation and Divergence of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Gene Family in Cotton". Plants 11, n.º 11 (31 de maio de 2022): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111482.
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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is an important enzyme in plants, which regulates carbon flow through the TCA cycle and controls protein and oil biosynthesis. Although it is important, there is little research on PEPC in cotton, the most important fiber crop in the world. In this study, a total of 125 PEPCs were identified in 15 Gossypium genomes. All PEPC genes in cotton are divided into six groups and each group generally contains one PEPC member in each diploid cotton and two in each tetraploid cotton. This suggests that PEPC genes already existed in cotton before their divergence. There are additional PEPC sub-groups in other plant species, suggesting the different evolution and natural selection during different plant evolution. PEPC genes were independently evolved in each cotton sub-genome. During cotton domestication and evolution, certain PEPC genes were lost and new ones were born to face the new environmental changes and human being needs. The comprehensive analysis of collinearity events and selection pressure shows that genome-wide duplication and fragment duplication are the main methods for the expansion of the PEPC family, and they continue to undergo purification selection during the evolutionary process. PEPC genes were widely expressed with temporal and spatial patterns. The expression patterns of PEPC genes were similar in G. hirsutum and G. barbadense with a slight difference. PEPC2A and 2D were highly expressed in cotton reproductive tissues, including ovule and fiber at all tested developmental stages in both cultivated cottons. However, PEPC1A and 1D were dominantly expressed in vegetative tissues. Abiotic stress also induced the aberrant expression of PEPC genes, in which PEPC1 was induced by both chilling and salinity stresses while PEPC5 was induced by chilling and drought stresses. Each pair (A and D) of PEPC genes showed the similar response to cotton development and different abiotic stress, suggesting the similar function of these PEPCs no matter their origination from A or D sub-genome. However, some divergence was also observed among their origination, such as PEPC5D was induced but PEPC5A was inhibited in G. barbadense during drought treatment, suggesting that a different organized PEPC gene may evolve different functions during cotton evolution. During cotton polyploidization, the homologues genes may refunction and play different roles in different situations.
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V, CHELLAMUTHU. "FLOWERING AND EARLINESS IN COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING AND FERTILIZER LEVELS UNDER RAINFED BLACK SOILS". Madras Agricultural Journal 76, April (1989): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02048.
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Studies were conducted at Cotton and Millets Experiment Station, Kovilpatti during Rabi 1983 and 1984 to study the effect of spacing (45x30cm and 60x30cm) and fertilizer levels (NoPo Nao P20 NeoPo and NeoPs0 kg/ha) on flowering and earliness in four hirsutum Cotten varieties viz., KC. 1: Supriya, MCU. 10 and LRA. 5166. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between the varieties studied. The earliness of cotton varieties was significantly influenced by both spacing and fertilizer levels. Days taken for first flowering and 50 per cent flowering were also influenced by fer- tilizer levels. In respect of Bartlett's index, N.,P2, kg/ha was found optimum considering the kapas yield. The normal and abnormal rainfall during the later part of the crop had no effect on the earliness of cotton.
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Kim, Hee Jin, Yongliang Liu, Gregory N. Thyssen, Marina Naoumkina e James Frelichowski. "Phenomics and transcriptomics analyses reveal deposition of suberin and lignin in the short fiber cell walls produced from a wild cotton species and two mutants". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 3 (9 de março de 2023): e0282799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282799.
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Fiber length is one of the major properties determining the quality and commercial value of cotton. To understand the mechanisms regulating fiber length, genetic variations of cotton species and mutants producing short fibers have been compared with cultivated cottons generating long and normal fibers. However, their phenomic variation other than fiber length has not been well characterized. Therefore, we compared physical and chemical properties of the short fibers with the long fibers. Fiber characteristics were compared in two sets: 1) wild diploid Gossypium raimondii Ulbrich (short fibers) with cultivated diploid G. arboreum L and tetraploid G. hirsutum L. (long fibers); 2) G. hirsutum short fiber mutants, Ligon-lintless 1 (Li1) and 2 (Li2) with their near isogenic line (NIL), DP-5690 (long fibers). Chemical analyses showed that the short fibers commonly consisted of greater non-cellulosic components, including lignin and suberin, than the long fibers. Transcriptomic analyses also identified up-regulation of the genes related to suberin and lignin biosynthesis in the short fibers. Our results may provide insight on how high levels of suberin and lignin in cell walls can affect cotton fiber length. The approaches combining phenomic and transcriptomic analyses of multiple sets of cotton fibers sharing a common phenotype would facilitate identifying genes and common pathways that significantly influence cotton fiber properties.
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Bel, Patricia Damian, e Bugao Xu. "Measurements of seed coat fragments in cotton fibers and fabrics". Textile Research Journal 81, n.º 19 (26 de setembro de 2011): 1983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511407370.
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Seed coat fragments (SCFs) are the parts of a seed coat that have been broken from the surface of either mature or immature seeds during mechanical processing. SCFs can cause spinning problems and fabric defects, which ultimately cause financial losses to the cotton industry. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an image-analysis tool that detects SCFs on fabrics and compares various methods of detection of SCFs in fiber and fabric. The first part of this paper looks at 12 international cottons (a broad range of cottons from distinctly different regions). The version called AFISPro is used in these studies. The SCFs in these fibers were measured by hand sorting, the Shirley Analyzer and the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS). The SCFs in the fabrics (made from the same cottons) were measured by hand counting and an automated image-analysis system (Autorate). The Autorate SCF fabric data had a high correlation with the hand-counting SCF fabric data. The same 12 international cotton samples and an additional 12 international cottons were used for the AFISPro studies, since AFISPro is much faster than hand sorting. Comparison of the fiber and fabric data showed a promising relationship between the AFIS SCF measurement and the SCF fabric data.
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Delhom, Christopher D., Vikki B. Martin e Martin K. Schreiner. "COTTON GINNERS HANDBOOK: Textile Industry Needs". Journal of Cotton Science 21, n.º 3 (2017): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/zelz3209.
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The immediate customers of cotton gins are the producers; however, the ultimate customers are textile mills and consumers. The ginner has the challenging task to satisfy both producers and the textile industry. Classing and grading systems are intended to assign an economic value to the bales that relates to textile mill demands and the quality of the end product. International textile mills currently are the primary consumers of U.S. cotton lint where it must compete against foreign origins. International textile mills manufacture primarily ring-spun yarns, whereas domestic mills manufacture predominantly rotor spun yarns. Producers and ginners must produce cottons to satisfy all segments of the industry, i.e., domestic and international. Many fiber quality attributes are important to the textile industry including those that are included in HVI-based classing, i.e., strength, length, micronaire, trash, and grade. There are other important fiber quality attributes that are not included in HVI-based classing such as short-fiber content, fiber maturity, stickiness, fiber cohesion, and neps. The general steps of textile processing: opening, cleaning, carding, drawing, spinning, and fabric production have not changed in many years. However, manufacturing systems have become highly automated, and production speeds have dramatically increased. Contamination-free cotton has always been important to the textile industry, but recent changes in harvesting systems in conjunction with higher production speeds and global competition from synthetic fibers and other growths of cotton have increased the industry demand for contamination-free cotton. The ginner plays a vital role in preserving and improving the quality of cotton to meet the demands of the textile industry.
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Aifa, Emile. "Approche Strategique pour Rentabilite Economique du Coton dans la Commune de Banikoara au Benin: la Cuma comme une Response Alternative?" European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, n.º 25 (31 de agosto de 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n25p48.
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Avec une production qui ne cesse de croître depuis 2016, le coton place actuellement le Bénin au rang du premier pays producteur du coton en Afrique. Pour maintenir cette tendance profitable à l’économie nationale, il est nécessaire de la rendre plus rentable aux producteurs, surtout avec la mise en œuvre de réformes visant la mécanisation de l’agriculture. C’est ce qui justifie cette étude ayant pour centre d’intérêt, la rentabilité économique de la production du coton, avec comme cadre expérimental, la localité de Banikoara, qui en est le premier producteur au plan national. L’objectif visé est de faire une analyse de la rentabilité économique du coton dans un contexte d’investissement en matériel de production. La méthode de direct costing a servi de modèle économique pour cet exercice qui a mis en exergue les stratégies d’association de cultures, de financement partiel de l’équipement sur emprunt et de promotion des CUMA (Coopérative d’Utilisation de Matériel Agricole). Au regard des résultats obtenus, on observe que la mise en œuvre de ces stratégies assure une rentabilité certaine aux producteurs.
With production that has continued to grow since 2016, cotton currently ranks Benin as the leading cotton-producing country in Africa. To maintain this profitable trend for the national economy, it is necessary to make it more profitable for producers, especially with the implementation of reforms aimed at the mechanization of agriculture. This is what justifies this study whose focus is the economic profitability of cotton production, with the experimental setting of the locality of Banikoara, which is the leading producer at the national level. The objective is to analyze the economic profitability of cotton in the context of investment in production equipment. The direct costing method served as an economic model for this exercise which highlighted the strategies of association of cultures, partial financing of equipment on loan and promotion of CUAE (Cooperative for the Use of Agricultural Equipment). In view of the results obtained, we observe that the implementation of these strategies ensures a certain profitability for the producers.
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van der Sluijs, Marinus H. J., Christopher Delhom, J. Wanjura e Greg A. Holt. "A Preliminary Investigation into the Feasibility of Gin Blending". Journal of Cotton Science 23, n.º 1 (2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/amjd2168.
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The biggest discounts to the grower are for grade, length and micronaire. Since round modules do not blend cotton from multiple parts of a field as conventional modules did, some round modules may fall below base grade. This study was initiated as a preliminary evaluation to determine the effect of gin blending on fiber, yarn and fabric processing performance and quality and the potential economic return to the grower. One lot of irrigated and dryland stripper-harvested seed cotton, with different pre-determined micronaire and length properties, were blended together in four different ratios (80/20%, 60/40%, 40/60% and 20/80%) at the gin and at the textile mill. The resulting two cottons and four blends were carded, ring spun, knitted, scoured, bleached and dyed. Based on the 2016 CCC loan schedule, gin blending can benefit the grower with the biggest economic benefit, about $5 per bale, obtained from the 80/20 and 60/40 blend ratios when using seed cotton with these particular qualities from this one-year study. Processing performance and yarn and fabric quality of the gin blended product were not different from that of the unblended cotton and the mill blended fiber, indicating no serious consequences associated with gin blending, cotton with this micronaire and length range, to the spinner.
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Chinnusamy, Nithya, e Chinnusamy Chinnagounder. "Evaluation of Weed Control Efficacy and Seed Cotton Yield in Transgenic Cotton". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n.º 6 (1 de outubro de 2011): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/june2013/3.
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Gilmore, Brian. "Cotton". Callaloo 21, n.º 1 (1998): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.1998.0057.
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Dugan, Mary. "Cotton". Journal of Agricultural & Food Information 10, n.º 2 (11 de maio de 2009): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496500902802742.
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Bryner, Jeanne. "Cotton". Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, n.º 2 (março de 1996): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0736-4679(95)02097-7.
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Edelson, J. V., e M. Peters. "Cotton Aphid Control on Cotton, 1996". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1997): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.248.
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Reynolds, Nancy Y. "NATIONAL SOCKS AND THE “NYLON WOMAN”: MATERIALITY, GENDER, AND NATIONALISM IN TEXTILE MARKETING IN SEMICOLONIAL EGYPT, 1930–56". International Journal of Middle East Studies 43, n.º 1 (24 de janeiro de 2011): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743810001194.
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AbstractThe specific ways that cloth—“foreign silks,” “durable Egyptian cottons,” and “artificial silks”—emerged as a potent and visible symbol through which to contest the relations of colonialism and establish national community in Egypt varied with the changing realities of Egypt's political economy. The country's early importation of textiles despite its cultivation of raw cotton, the growth of its state-protected local mechanized industry working long- and medium-staple cotton for a largely lower-class market, and that industry's diversification into artificial silk technologies all helped structure a shift from “foreign silks” to “the nylon woman” as tropes in popular and political discourse defining the limits of the national community and the behaviors suitable for it. Although artificial fibers considerably lowered the cost of hosiery and other goods, thereby expanding consumption, the use of synthetics like nylon rather than cotton subverted the goal of national economic unity between agriculture and industry.
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All, J. N., P. L. Guillebeau, A. Javid e J. D. All. "Cotton, Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budworm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control, 1986". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1987): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.225.
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Abstract Cotton was planted 16 May at the University of Georgia Experiment Station at Midville, GA, in Dothan loamy sand soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 6 row plots × 100 ft long × 38 inch row width × 15 ft alleys with 4 replicates. Plants were treated with a high cycle sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 60 psi in a final volume of 10 gal/acre. The test was sprayed 9 times beginning on 26 Jun, and continuing 3 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 31 Jul, 7 Aug, 14 Aug, and 21 Aug. Twenty-five squares or small bolls per replicate in each teatment were examined for worm or weevil damage and the presence of live worms or weevils on 26 Jun, 3 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, 31 Jul, 7 Aug, 14 Aug, 21 Aug, and 26 Aug. Yield was determined by machine harvesting one middle row per plot on 16 Oct.
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All, J. N., A. Javid, P. L. Guillebeau, J. R. Chamberlin e J. D. All. "Cotton, Cotton Bollworm, Tobacco Budwobm and Cotton Boll Weevil Control, 1984". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1985): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.222a.
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Abstract Cotton seed was planted 28 Apr, ’84, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Midville, GA. Soil type was Dothan loamy sand. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, with 6-row plots x 33 m long x 1 in row width and 5 m alleys with 4 replicates. Plants were treated with a high cycle sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles per row at 60 psi in a final volume of 50 1/ha. Plots were sprayed 12 times on 3 Jul continuing 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug 7, 13, 21, 28, Sep 4, 11, and 18. Twenty squares or small bolls per replicate in each treatment were examined for worm or weevil damage and the presence of live worms or weevils prior to spraying on each date.