Bibliografias temáticas / Cotesia plutellae

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Cotesia plutellae"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 31 de janeiro de 2023

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Cotesia plutellae"

Hussain, Azhar, G. H. Abro, T. S. Syed, M. S. Awan, I. Khanzada, L. B. Jarwar, M. Sattar e A. Sartaj. "Toxicity of Insecticides against the Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. and Its Parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae, on Cauliflower Crop." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 4, n.º 1 (13 de março de 2015): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v4i1.4296.

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Field studies on efficacy of different insecticides against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. and their toxicity to parasitoid,Cotesia plutellae on cauliflower crop were carried out on farmers fields. The insecticides tested were abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lufenuran, spinosad, endosulfan, profenophos, and a mixture of endosulfan +lufenuran. The pretreatment observation was taken 24 hrs before and post treatment observations were recorded 48, 72 and 96 hrs, 7 and 15 days after application of insecticides. On overall basiss abamectin and emamectin benzoate were found to be the most effective insecticides against Plutella xylostella, followed by profenophos and lufenuron with P. xylostella population of 1.75, 2.12, 3.69, and 4.12 insects per plant, respectively. While, spinosad and lufenuron were found comparatively less toxic to parasitoid, C. plutellae, followed by endosulfan with parasitism of 36.74, 36.72 and 35.65%, respectively. Whereas, abamectin was highly toxic to C. plutellae, with parasitism of 19.83% only.

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Liu, Shu-Sheng, Xin-Geng Wang, Shi-Jian Guo, Jun-Hua He e Zu-Hua Shi. "Seasonal abundance of the parasitoid complex associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in Hangzhou, China". Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, n.º 3 (junho de 2000): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300000341.

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AbstractAn investigation of insect parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella(Linnaeus), in brassica vegetable crops in the suburbs of Hangzhou was conducted during five periods from 1989 to 1997. Eight species of primary parasitoids were recorded: Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov, Microplitis sp., Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov, Diadromus collaris(Gravenhorst), Itoplectis naranyae (Ashmead), Exochus sp. and Brachymeria excarinata Gahan. Seven species of hyperparasitoids were also collected. Rates of parasitism of eggs of P. xylostella were usually very low. However, rates of parasitism of larvae and pupae were substantial and showed two peaks each year, around June–July and September–November respectively. Rates of parasitism during peaks were usually 10–60% and reached over 80% on a few occasions. Cotesia plutellae, O. sokolowskii and D. collaris were the major larval, larval-pupal and pupal parasitoids respectively. In the field, C. plutellae was active throughout the year. Oomyzus sokolowskii was active from May to October, entered a quiescent pupal stage in October–November to overwinter and did not emerge until next April–May. Diadromus collariswas recorded from April to July and October. Rates of parasitism of P. xylostellain radish and mustard fields were usually higher than those in cabbage and Chinese cabbage fields in the same locality. Negative correlations of parasitism rates between C. plutellae and O. sokolowskii indicate a competitive relationship for host larvae between these two larval parasitoids.

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Mitchell, E. R., G. Y. Hu, J. S. Okine e J. E. Carpenter. "Parasitism of Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Larvae by Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Cabbage Fields after Inundative Releases of C. plutellae2". Journal of Entomological Science 34, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1999): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-34.1.101.

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Cocoons of Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were released for nine consecutive wk along the margins of two commercial cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. bravo L.) fields near Bunnell, Flagler Co., FL, in spring 1996. The larval parasitism of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), by C. plutellae and by the native parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) was evaluated in release fields and in nearby cabbage fields using two methods-sentinel collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) or sentinel cabbage plants and non-sentinel plants. Total parasitism of diamondback moth larvae on sentinel plants in the release and adjacent fields was 35.7%. There were no significant differences in the level of parasitism by C. plutellae among sentinel plant locations within the release fields. In non-release fields, parasitoids spread as far as 1,500 m from the nearest release site during the release period, but parasitism of larvae on sentinel plants decreased as the distance from the release area increased. Parasitism of diamondback moth larvae by D. insulare was 8.3% in C. plutellae release and adjacent fields, but 14.6% in the nearby fields. Sampling of non-sentinel cabbage plants for diamondback moth larvae demonstrated a total of 37.4% larval parasitism by C. plutellae in the release and adjacent fields, similar to that recorded on sentinel plants. However, C. plutellae were detected only as far as 800 m from the release site on non-sentinel cabbage plants, and total parasitism in the dispersal fields also was very low. Diadegma insulare contributed only 1.1% parasitism of larvae sampled from non-sentinel plants in all cabbage fields. Cotesia plutellae was more effective than D. insulare in attacking diamondback moth larvae in this study where field populations of diamondback moth were low (<0.1 larva per cabbage plant).

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Cai-ling, LIU, ZHU Xiang-xiong, FU Wen-jun e ZHAO Mu-jun. "GENOMIC FEATURES OF COTESIA PLUTELLAE POLYDNAVIRUS". Insect Science 10, n.º 2 (junho de 2003): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7917.2003.tb00371.x.

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Haseeb, M., T. X. Liu e W. A. Jones. "Effects of selected insecticides on Cotesia plutellae, endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella". BioControl 49, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2004): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:bico.0000009377.75941.d7.

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Takeda, Tomoko, Yutaka Nakamatsu e Toshiharu Tanaka. "Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae enhances detoxifying enzyme activity in Plutella xylostella". Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 86, n.º 1 (setembro de 2006): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.11.012.

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Cha, Wook Hyun, Yonggyun Kim e Dae-Weon Lee. "Calreticulin in Cotesia plutellae suppresses immune response of Plutella xylostella (L.)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 18, n.º 1 (março de 2015): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2014.11.001.

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Liu, Shu-sheng, e Li-hui Jiang. "Differential parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae by the parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two host plant species". Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2003): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002208.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to examine host selection by Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov when larvae of its host, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), fed on Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis and those fed on common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata were provided simultaneously, and to investigate the roles of plant and host volatiles in mediating host selection. When C. plutellae were provided with equal numbers of host larvae on plants of the two species in one arena, the parasitoid parasitized 4- to 15-fold more host larvae on Chinese cabbage than on common cabbage. This preference changed little with host density. However, an experience of searching coupled with an oviposition in a host larva on a leaf of the less-preferred plant, common cabbage, significantly increased the preference for parasitizing host larvae on this plant and resulted in twice as many host larvae parasitized on this plant than on Chinese cabbage. Dual choice tests with a Y-tube olfactometer showed that plant volatiles from Chinese cabbage were more attractive to female C. plutellae than those from common cabbage when plants of both species were either intact or infested. In parallel to the increased parasitism on common cabbage following experience, oviposition in a host larva on this less-preferred plant significantly increased the response to volatiles emanating from that plant. These results indicate that host plants may strongly influence the foraging behaviour of C. plutellae, but their differential attractiveness to the parasitoid may be altered by experience of the parasitoid.

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Mahmood, A. R., S. S. Liu, Z. H. Shi, X. H. Song e M. P. Zalucki. "Lack of intraspecific biological variation between two geographical populations of Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval–pupal parasitioid of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, n.º 2 (abril de 2004): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003284.

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AbstractThe chalcid, Oomyzus sokolowskii Kurdjumov has been recorded in many parts of the world as a major larval–pupal, gregarious endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), a serious pest of brassica vegetable crops worldwide. This study investigated intraspecific variation between two populations of O. sokiolowskii, one from Cape Verde Islands, West Africa and the other from Hangzhou, China. In all crosses and backcrosses between the two geographical populations, the numbers of progeny and sex ratio of progeny were similar to those obtained within each of the populations, demonstrating complete reproductive compatibility between the two populations. The two populations showed similar responses to temperature with respect to development time and survival of immature stages. Observations on the interactions between the two O. sokolowskii populations and Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), another major parasitoid of P. xylostella, showed that neither population could achieve successful parasitism of P. xylostella larvae already parasitized by C. plutellae. However, both O. sokolowskii populations could achieve hyperparasitism by ovipositing into a mid-late stage larva of C. plutellae developing inside the primary host. Contrary to earlier reports, no evidence of intraspecific variations in ability to hyperparasitize between these two populations of O. sokolowskii was found.

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Lee, Sunyoung, Neil A. Basio, Dong Su Kim e Yonggyun Kim. "Proteomic Analysis of Parasitization by Cotesia plutellae against Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 8, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2005): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1226-8615(08)60071-0.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Cotesia plutellae"

Wang, Xin-geng. "Patch exploitation by the parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (L.): from individual behaviour to population dynamics". Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw2464.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-230). Investigates the behaviour and ecology of the two major larval parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella; Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum.

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Rincon, Claudia. "Différenciation populationnelle chez le parasitoïde Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) : génétique, comportement et évolution". Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0010.

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La lutte biologique représente une alternative durable pour lutter contre les populations de la teigne des Brassicacées Plutella xylostella (L. ) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), actuellement résistantes aux insecticides de synthèse. Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), le principal parasitoïde, est introduit à travers le monde dans les zones ou il absent ou peu efficace. Les résultats de ces introductions sont toujours incertains, souvent négatifs. Dans l'objectif d'avancer des éléments pour l'amélioration de la gestion des introductions, nous avons étudié la différenciation entre populations du parasitoïde, du point de vue taxonomique et du point de vue comportemental. Du point de vue taxonomique, des analyses morphométriques et génétiques montrent l'existence d'au moins deux groupes au sein de l'espèce. Les études morphométriques ont mis en évidence que le dimorphisme sexuel est plus accentué dans le premier groupe que dans le deuxième. Un marqueur moléculaire nucléaire a montré la monophyllie du premier groupe. Pour le deuxième, on observe une polytomie basale. Ces deux groupes sont partiellement incompatibles reproductivement. La nature de ces isolements semble d'origine génétique mais influencée par l'infection par Wolbachia. Seuls des isolements reproductifs de type post-copulatoires ont été mis en évidence, conformément à l'hypothèse d'une différenciation en allopatrie. Du point de vue comportemental, j'ai étudié la différentiation entre populations de la réponse à différents stimuli environnementaux. Je me suis intéressée à la réponse fonctionnelle, à la réponse à l’interférence, au déterminisme du sexe ratio et au comportement superparasitisme. Toutes les réponses comportementales se sont avérées différenciées de façon cohérente avec la différenciation taxonomique. Le caractère adaptatif de la différenciation a été abordé par des simulations théoriques. Nos travaux suggèrent que C. Plutellae a évolué en deux écotypes comportementaux, peut-être par sélection naturelle. Leur utilisation en lutte biologique est discutée.

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Roux, Olivier. "Système de reconnaissance hôte-parasitoïde et différenciation de populations au sein de l'interaction spécifique Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) et Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera, braconidae)". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30100.

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La culture de Brassicacées est une des productions agricoles les plus importantes au monde. L'un de ses principaux ravageurs est la Teigne des crucifères, Plutella xylostella (Linné, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) dont les chenilles attaquent les feuilles et peuvent causer jusqu'à 90% de perte de production. La lutte contre la teigne est rendue difficile par le développement de résistances envers la quasi-totalité des insecticides existants. Afin de répondre en partie à ce problème, de nombreux moyens de lutte alternatifs ont été mis en place, impliquant principalement des insectes parasitoïdes. Parmi eux, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) est l'un des plus employés mais son introduction dans certaines régions du monde n'est pas toujours efficace. Les hypothèses le plus souvent avancées mettent en cause des phénomènes de compétition, d'adaptation déficiente du parasitoïde à son nouvel environnement ou encore l'usage simultané d'insecticides, mais les capacités du parasitoïde à reconnaître son hôte n'ont jamais été remises en cause. C'est autour de ce dernier point qu'est axée la problématique de notre travail. Dans un premier temps, à partir d'analyses comportementales, d'analyses chimiques et d'une étude en microscopie électronique à balayage, nous avons pu mettre en évidence trois points importants du système de reconnaissance du parasitoïde envers son hôte. (i) Les femelles de C. Plutellae détectent et reconnaissent leur hôte à partir de leur signature chimique, composée par les lipides cuticulaires. (ii) Le stimulus chimique constituant le signal de reconnaissance est composé de plusieurs molécules appartenant à deux classes de lipides et agissant en synergie. (iii) Ce stimulus est perçu par des sensilles gustatives principalement implantées sur les faces dorsales et latérales des antennes des femelles du parasitoïde. Dans un second temps, l'étude de la variabilité de cette signature chimique entre différentes populations d'hôtes nous a permis de mettre en évidence de très fortes disparités pouvant être à l'origine des différences de parasitisme observées suite à des lâchers de parasitoïdes. .
Brassicaceae crops make up a key vegetable production on a world scale. One of its most destructive pests is the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae), whose caterpillars attack leaves and can cause almost 90% crop loss. Resistance toward many insecticides leads to more difficulties for DBM management. Among the numerous alternative control techniques, parasitoids are the most used, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov, 1912) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) being a prime example. However, numerous attempts to introduce it into various areas of the world have often yielded mediocre results. Explanations of these results often involve notions of competition, maladaptation to the new environment and the use of non-selective insecticides. However, the host recognition capacities of the parasitoid have been never questioned. This was the object of the present study. .

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Grbin, Lynne C. "Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its natural enemy, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov : implications for resistance management". Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg785.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 165-188. This research examines biological and behavioural interactions among the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. A deterministic simulation model is developed describing the influence of C. plutellae on the evolution of resistance to Bt in a diamond-back moth poulation.

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Karnam, Venkatachalapathy Hariprasad. "Effect of plant resistance in glasshouse and field grown brassicas to Plutella xylosta and its larval endoparasitoid Cotesia plutellae, with special reference to insecticide tolerance". Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288729.

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Guilloux, Thomas. "Etude de la variabilité biologique, biochimique et génétique de populations d'origines géographiques différentes de Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) (hymenoptera : braconidae), parasitoi͏̈de de la teigne des Brassicacees Plutella Xylostella (L. )(lepidoptera : Yponomeutidae)". Montpellier 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON30066.

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Gaines, David N. "Studies on Conura torvina (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) Reproduction and biology in Relation to Hosts in Brassica Crops". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30496.

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Conura torvina (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is a solitary pupal endoparasite of numerous insect species. In Brassica crops it acts as a parasite of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and was found as a hyperparasite of Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and several other parasitoid species. Cotesia rubecula was introduced into Virginia in 1987 as a biological control agent for Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and because C. torvina was thought to have eliminated this population of C. rubecula, studies of C. torvina's reproductive biology and behavior were initiated. A study using plants laden with "trap hosts" to detect C. torvina activity in the spring indicated no activity until late June, but proved trap host sampling to be an efficient and effective method of monitoring C. torvina activity. Studies of C. torvina's ability to reproduce in C. rubecula pupae of different ages indicated that C. torvina can successfully parasitize pupae at all stages of development, but was most successful in young to middle aged pupae. Studies of C. torvina's host species preference indicated the larger host species such as P. xylostella were preferred. Equal numbers of P. xylostella and C. rubecula were parasitized, but a greater proportion of fertile eggs were laid in P. xylostella. Smaller host species were often ignored. Host dissection studies indicated that caged C. torvina were inefficient at host finding and oviposition. Superparasitism was common, but declined as the females gained oviposition experience. Experienced C. torvina produced an average of 8.25 progenies per day for a period of 12 days when provided with 13 P. xylostella hosts each day. Conura torvina produced up to 14 progenies a day when provided 3 26 hosts. Dissection of C. torvina ovaries indicated three ovarioles per ovary with a mean of 9.2 and maximum of 15 mature eggs per female. Host dissection indicated that a mean of 18 and maximum of 30 eggs could be laid per day. New eggs were produced as oviposition occurred. Significantly larger eggs were laid in P. xylostella than in C. rubecula, and significantly more eggs were laid in C. rubecula than in P. xylostella. From these data and data from earlier studies I concluded that C. torvina has a poor reproductive ability and its impact as a hyperparasite is limited to the summer months. This makes C. torvina an unlikely cause of C. rubecula's disappearance.
Ph. D.

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Arvanitakis, Laurence. "Interaction entre la teigne du chou Plutella xylostella (L.) et ses principaux parasitoïdes en conditions tropicales : approche éthologique, écologique et évolutive". Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984578.

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L'espèce Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) défoliatrice des choux constitue surtout un problème dans les régions tropicales et subtropicales. La lutte chimique a rapidement montré ses limites du fait de l'apparition de résistance dans les populations. Des moyens de lutte alternatifs ont été mis en place, impliquant principalement des insectes parasitoïdes, parmi lesquels Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae) et Cotesia vestalis (Haliday) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) qui sont les plus couramment utilisés en raison de leur spécificité envers P. xylostella. Afin de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du contrôle de la teigne en région tropicale, nous avons étudié les relations hôteparasitoïde entre P. xylostella et O. sokolowskii d'une part, et P. xylostella et C. vestalis d'autre part, en conditions de laboratoire et sur le terrain au Sénégal et au Bénin. Au Sénégal, quatre espèces de parasitoïdes sont présentes sur les chenilles : O. sokolowskii, Apanteles litae, C. vestalis et Brachymeria citrae. Au Bénin, seule l'espèce C. vestalis est présente. Au Sénégal comme au Bénin, les facteurs climatiques contribuent au développement de la teigne et les précipitations ne régulent pas les populations du ravageur. Dans ces deux pays, la teigne n'est pas contrôlée par ses ennemis naturels. La lutte biologique par conservation y est à prendre en considération et l'utilisation de plantes compagnes cultivées en association avec le chou peut être envisagée pour réduire les populations de la teigne. Les études en laboratoire ont montré qu'Oomyzus sokolowskii est un parasitoïde larvo-nymphal performant. ConcernantC. vestalis, les femelles détectent et reconnaissent leur hôte grâce aux lipides cuticulaires émis par les chenilles. Des marqueurs moléculaires (isozymes et ISSR) ont confirmé une forte variabilité entre les populations de P. xylostella à l'échelle mondiale, les populations d'Australie et du Japon étant très différentes des autres et formant deux groupes distincts. La structuration des populations semble influencée par le type de climat : tropical et non tropical.

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Wang, Xin-geng. "Patch exploitation by the parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (L.): from individual behaviour to population dynamics / Xin-geng Wang". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21743.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-230).
xvi, 230 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Investigates the behaviour and ecology of the two major larval parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella; Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Applied and Molecular Ecology, 2001

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Grbin, Lynne C. "Sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its natural enemy, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov : implications for resistance management / by Lynne Grbin". Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19046.

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Bibliography: leaves 165-188.
ix, 188 leaves, [2] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
This research examines biological and behavioural interactions among the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. A deterministic simulation model is developed describing the influence of C. plutellae on the evolution of resistance to Bt in a diamond-back moth poulation.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1998

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Cotesia plutellae"

Mukiri, Mukembu Joan, Johnson Nyasani, Shadrack Muvui Muya, Steven Ger Nyanjom, Fathiya M. Khamis, Fidelis Levi Ombura, Sevgan Subramanian, Brigitte Nyambo, Sunday Ekesi e Saliou Niassy. "Establishment of an Exotic Parasitoid Cotesia vestalis in Coastal Areas of Kenya as Biological Control Agent of Plutella xylostella". In Sustainable Management of Invasive Pests in Africa, 107–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41083-4_10.

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