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Wang, Xin. "Online health monitoring of photovoltaic panels by converter-based impedance spectroscopy". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2024_0039_WANG.pdf.
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Pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques croissants à travers le monde et dans un objectif de développement durable, l'utilisation de l'énergie solaire entraine une augmentation significative de l'installation de panneaux photovoltaïques (PV) permettant une production d'électricité propre et renouvelable. Cependant, les panneaux PV sont susceptibles de présenter des défauts dus aux menaces environnementales, aux facteurs humains ou à des périodes de fonctionnement prolongées. Ces défauts peuvent entraîner des pertes de puissance, une faible efficacité, une instabilité du système et présenter un risque de sécurité. La surveillance de l'état de santé peut atténuer ces problèmes et améliorer la fiabilité globale et l'efficacité de fonctionnement des panneaux PV. Parmi les outils de surveillance de l'état de santé existants pour les panneaux PV, la spectroscopie d'impédance (IS) offre un moyen puissant et non destructif d'acquérir l'impédance interne des panneaux PV sur une large plage de fréquences. L'IS basée sur le convertisseur peut aider à réduire les coûts globaux du système et à faciliter les applications en ligne, car aucun équipement supplémentaire n'est nécessaire. Cependant, la stratégie de contrôle du convertisseur doit être spécifiquement conçue. Tout d'abord, étant donné que l'injection du signal de perturbation est réalisée en contrôlant les signaux de commutation, la largeur de bande du convertisseur limitera la fréquence maximale du signal de perturbation. Obtenir un spectre IS complet avec une précision suffisante peut donc être un défi. Deuxièmement, pour garantir une puissance de sortie quasi maximale des panneaux PV même pendant la mise en œuvre de l'IS, un schéma de contrôle coopératif entre le suivi du point de puissance maximale (MPPT) et le mode IS doit être envisagé. Une stratégie de contrôle à deux niveaux du convertisseur. Le contrôle de niveau supérieur réalise le contrôle coopératif des différents modes de fonctionnement, notamment les modes MPPT, de suivi du point d'injection et IS. Le contrôle de niveau inférieur comprend le contrôle séparé de chaque mode. En particulier, pour le mode IS, les contrôles en boucle ouverte et en boucle fermée ont été étudiés et comparés systématiquement. Sous le contrôle en boucle ouverte, une analyse de la résonance intrinsèque du convertisseur et de la limitation de fréquence du signal de perturbation est effectuée. De plus, une méthode de configuration adaptative pour l'amplitude du rapport cyclique en courant alternatif est proposée pour éliminer l'influence de la résonance et améliorer la validité et la précision de la mesure IS. Sous le contrôle en boucle fermée, basé sur trois contrôleurs de compensation couramment utilisés en contrôle linéaire de systèmes, deux méthodes de contrôle, appelées contrôle unifié et contrôle séparer, sont conçues et comparées. Dans le contrôle unifié, un seul contrôleur proportionnel-intégral régule les composantes CC et CA ensemble pour atteindre les objectifs de contrôle. Dans le contrôle séparé, un filtre passe-bas segmenté est conçu. Un contrôleur proportionnel et un contrôleur quasi-proportionnel résonant sont ensuite appliqués séparément pour contrôler la composante CA. Basée sur les mesures IS acquises, un AC-ECM simplifié du panneau PV est proposé. Cet AC-ECM offre une approche d'ajustement pour le spectre incomplet obtenu par le biais de l'IS basée sur le convertisseur. De plus, quatre caractéristiques de l'état de santé sont extraites et définies pour surveiller les états de santé du panneau PV dans diverses conditions de fonctionnement. Enfin, une plateforme expérimentale a été développée. Une étude expérimentale a été menée pour vérifier que sous les stratégies peuvent être obtenues. Dans diverses conditions de fonctionnement, l'efficacité de la méthode de surveillance IS en ligne basée sur les caractéristiques extraites du panneau PV est également vérifiéeTo meet the world's growing energy needs and with a view to sustainable development, the use of solar energy is leading a significant increase in the installation of photovoltaic (PV) panels, enabling the production of clean and renewable electricity. However, the PV panels are susceptible to faults during operating. These faults can result in power losses, low efficiency, system instability, even pose a risk of security. Health monitoring can mitigate these issues and improve the overall operating reliability and efficiency of PV panels. Among existing health monitoring tools for PV panels, impedance spectroscopy (IS) provides a powerful, non-destructive way to acquire PV panels' internal impedance over a wide frequency range. Compared with specific workstation-based IS, converter-based IS can help reduce overall system costs and facilitate online applications, as no additional equipment is required. However, the control strategy of the power converter needs to be specifically designed. Firstly, the bandwidth of the converter will limit the maximum frequency of the perturbation signal. Obtaining a complete IS spectrum with sufficient accuracy can thus be challenging. Secondly, to ensure a quasi-maximum output power of PV panels even during IS implementation, a cooperative control scheme between maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and IS modes should be considered. The major objectives of this research are twofold: (1) to propose a systematic design guideline for control strategies of converter-based IS implementation; (2) to establish an appropriate AC equivalent circuit model (AC-ECM) for PV panels and extract valuable health indicators for online health monitoring of PV panels. In one aspect, a bi-level control strategy of the power converter including an upper-level and a lower-level control is proposed. The upper-level control achieves the cooperative control of different operating modes, including MPPT, injection point tracking (IPT) and IS modes. The lower-level control includes the separate control of each mode. Particularly, for the IS mode, both open-loop control and closed-loop control have been systematically studied and compared. Under open-loop control, an analysis of the intrinsic resonance of the converter and the frequency limitation of the perturbation signal is performed. Furthermore, an adaptive configuration method for the amplitude of the AC duty cycle is proposed to eliminate the influence of the resonance and enhance the accuracy of IS measurement. Under closed-loop control, based on three commonly used compensation controllers, two control methods, named unified control and separated control, are designed and compared. In the unified control, a single proportional-integral (PI) controller controls the DC and AC components together to meet the control objectives. Meanwhile, in the separated control, a segmented lower pass filter (LPF) with a variable cut-off frequency is designed to effectively separate the DC component of the PV panel current from the AC perturbation signal. A proportional (P) and a quasi-proportional resonant (QPR) are further applied separately to control the AC component. In the other aspect, based on the acquired IS measurements, a simplified AC-ECM of the PV panel is proposed. This AC-ECM offers a fitting approach for the incomplete spectrum obtained through converter-based IS. Additionally, four health features are extracted and defined for monitoring the health states of the PV panel under various operating conditions. Finally, an experimental platform has been developed for online IS implementation. An experimental study has been conducted to verify that under the proposed control strategies, reliable and accurate IS measurements can be achieved. Under various operating conditions, the effectiveness of the online IS monitoring method based on the extracted features of the PV panel is verified as well
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Ocaña, Tejada Cristina. "Aptasensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/305103.
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En els últims anys, a causa de la necessitat de diàgnostics ràpids i de millores en sensat, s’han utilitzat nous elements de reconeixement en biosensors. Un tipus d’aquests nous elements de reconeixement són els aptàmers. Els aptàmers són cadenes sintètiques de ADN o ARN les quals són seleccionades in vitro i tenen la capacitat d’unir-se a proteïnes, ions, cèl.lules, fàrmacs i lligands de baix pes molecular, reconeixent les seves molècules diana amb alta afinitat i especificitat. Diversos biosensors basats en aptàmers, també anomenats aptasensors, han sigut desenvolupats recentment. D’entre totes les tècniques de transducció utilitzades en biosensors, l’Espectrocòpia Electroquímica d’Impedància ha sigut àmpliament emprada como a eina per caracteritzar la superficies de sensors i estudiar esdeveniments en el biosensat en la superficie d’elèctrodes. La característica més important que presenta aquesta tècnica és que no requereix cap espècie marcada per a la transducció, per tant, aquesta tècnica de detecció pot utilitzar-se per dissenyar protocols de detecció directa sense marcatge, evitant assajos més cars i laboriosos.
El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser el desenvolupament d’aptasensors utilitzant la tècnica electroquímica d’impedància esmentada anteriorment. Per a això, diferents tipus d’elèctrodes van ser utilitzats, tals com elèctrodes de compòsit grafit-epoxi, elèctrodes de biocompòsit grafit-epoxi modificats amb molècules d’avidina i elèctrodes comercials serigrafiats de nanotubs de carboni de paret múltiple.
El treball es va dividir principalmente en dues parts d'acord amb la detecció de dues proteïnes diferents.
La primera part es va focalitzar en la detecció de trombina. Primer de tot, es van comparar i avaluar diversos aptasensors de detecció directa sense marcatge basat en diferents tècniques d'immobilització dels aptàmers, tals com: adsorció física humida, afinitat avidina-biotina i enllaç covalent mitjançant activació electroquímica de la superfície de l'elèctrode i mitjançant inserció electroquímica. Posteriorment, els elèctrodes de biocompòsit van ser comparats com a plataformes en genosensat i aptasensat. Amb la finalitat d'amplificar el senyal impedimètric obtingut utilitzant elèctrodes de biocompòsit, un protocol sàndwich va ser emprat incloent nanopartícules d'or modificades amb estreptavidina i tractament amplificador de plata.
La segona part de l'estudi es va basar en la detecció de citocrom c. Primerament, es va realitzar un simple aptasensor de detecció directa sense marcatge per a la detecció d'aquesta proteïna utilitzant la tècnica d'immobilització d'adsorció física humida. Finalment, i amb l'objectiu d'amplificar el señal impedimètric, es va desenvolupar un assaig tipus sándwich híbrid d’aptàmer i anticòs utilitzant elèctrodes serigrafiats de nanotubs de carboni de paret múltiple.
D'aquesta manera, la tesi explora i compara una àmplia gamma de procediments d'immobilització, l'ús de detecció directa sense marcatge o nanomaterial modificat amb biomolècules en diferents protocols directes o d'amplificació, i l'ús de reconeixement directe i sándwich per amplificar la sensibilitat i/o la selectivitat de l'assaig.In the recent years, due to the need for rapid diagnosis and improvements in sensing, new recognition elements are employed in biosensors. One kind of these new recognition elements are aptamers. Aptamers are synthetic strands of DNA or RNA which are selected in vitro and have the ability to bind to proteins, ions, whole cells, drugs and low molecular weight ligands recognizing their target with high affinity and specificity. Several aptamer-based biosensors, also called aptasensors, have been recently developed. Among all the transduction techniques employed in biosensors, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy has widely used as a tool for characterizing sensor platforms and for studying biosensing events at the surface of the electrodes. The important feature presented by this technique is that it does not require any labelled species for the transduction; thus, this detection technique can be used for designing label-free protocols thus avoiding more expensive and time-consuming assays. The main aim of this PhD work was the development of aptasensors using the electrochemical impedance technique previously mentioned for protein detection. For that, different types of electrodes were used, such as Graphite Epoxy Composite electrodes (GECs), Avidin Graphite Epoxy Composite electrodes (AvGECs) and commercial Multi-Walled carbon nanotubes screen printed electrodes (MWCNT-SPE). The work was divided in two main parts according to the detection of the two different proteins. The first part was focused on thrombin detection. First of all, different impedimetric label-free aptasensors based on several aptamer immobilization techniques such as wet physical adsorption, avidin-biotin affinity and covalent bond via electrochemical activation of the electrode surface and via electrochemical grafting were developed and evaluated. Then, AvGECs electrodes were compared as a platform for genosensing and aptasensing. With the aim to amplying the obtained impedimetric signal using AvGECs, an aptamer sandwich protocol for thrombin detection was used including streptavidin gold-nanoparticles (Strep-AuNPs) and silver enhancement treatment. The second part of the study was based on cytochrome c detection. Firstly, a simple label-free aptasensor for the detection of this protein using a wet physical adsorption immobilization technique was performed. Finally, with the goal to amplify the impedimetric signal, a hybrid aptamer-antibody sandwich assay using MWCNT-SPE for the detection of the target protein was carried out. In this way, the thesis explores and compares a wide scope of immobilization procedures, the use of label-free or nanocomponent modified biomolecules in different direct or amplified protocols, and the use of direct recognition and sandwich alternatives to enhance sensitivity and/or selectivity of the assay
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Mosunmola, Faloye Omolola. "Design and Implementation of A Three-Level Boost converter for Battery Impedance Spectroscopy". Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32664.
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Lithium-ion batteries are the most are widely used as electrical storage device in various applications such as portable electronics, electric vehicles, Photovoltaic application, telecommunication etc due to the characteristics of the batterie such as high-power density, long cycling and high-power efficiency. Extensive condition monitoring of the battery should be implemented due to the usage of the battery so that there will be an increase in all the overall performance and expectancy. This research is focused on implementing an online condition monitoring on the Li-ion battery using a signal injection through a power converter. The implemented technique in this research is known as the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS is a widely known technique used in determining the internal impedance of a battery cell. The estimated impedance can be used to determine the state of charge (Soc) and State of health (SoH) of a battery. The EIS is used to characterize the electrochemical behaviour thereby monitoring the change in the impedance of the cell of the battery. The EIS technique is accomplished by sinusoidally injecting current at different frequencies and measuring the voltage response. A standard Frequency Response Analyser (FRA) is used as an offline test while the battery is disconnected from the Load. The limitation of this standard FRA analyser is that it is bulky and Expensive. Attempts have been made to migrate the techniques to online operations, each having their own challenges. For an online Implementation, the interfacing power converter is used for Signal injection to measure the impedance of the battery. This work explores the low current ripple advantage of a threelevel boost converter to implement EIS on lithium ion battery.
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Ha, Sungjae. "A malaria diagnostic system based on electric impedance spectroscopy". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66030.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71).
Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum infection is one of the major threats to world health and especially to the community without proper medical care. New approach to cost-efficient, portable, miniaturized diagnostic kit is needed. This work explores electric impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on a microfluidic device as a means of malaria diagnosis. This work introduces a microfabricated probe with microfluidic channel, and a high speed impedance analyzer circuit board. Combination of microfluidic device and circuit board resulted in a small-sized EIS system for micro-particles such as human red blood cell (RBC). After invasion by the parasites, RBC undergoes physiological changes including electrical property of cytoplasm and membrane. Detection of infected RBC is demonstrated as well as differentiation of micro-beads by surface charge density using EIS-based diagnostic system. Diagnosis based on EIS has merits over other diagnostic methods since it is label-free and quantitative test and applicable to whole blood, and also the test does not need bulky optical and electrical equipments.
by Sungjae Ha.
S.M.
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Lagares, Lemos Miguel. "Matlab Based Specific Impedance Spectroscopy Simulator for Suspension of Cells". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19348.
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By means of the analytical formula of specific impedance for the spherical cells in suspensionintroduced by Kenneth S. Cole in 1928, a bioimpedance simulator has been developed for thegeneration of specific impedance spectrums of suspension of cells. With the help of the simulatorthe user can obtain different impedance spectrums according with the biophysical parameters ofthe cell suspension. Then, generate different kind of plots in order to understand and interpret allthe resulting information.With the selection of different values and range of the biophysical parameters to obtain thespectrums, it is possible to simulate different kinds of physiological process and observe theirelectrical bioimpedance behaviour in a certain range of frequencies. The performance of thesimulator has been validated simulating Cellular Edema and Haemorrhage has been alsosimulated.
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Guermazi, Mahdi. "In-Vitro Biological Tissue State Monitoring based on Impedance Spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2016. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20484.
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The relationship between post-mortem state and changes of biological tissue impedance has been investigated to serve as a basis for developing an in-vitro measurement method for monitoring the freshness of meat. The main challenges thereby are the reproducible measurement of the impedance of biological tissues and the classification method of their type and state.
In order to realize reproducible tissue bio-impedance measurements, a suitable sensor taking into account the anisotropy of the biological tissue has been developed. It consists of cylindrical penetrating multi electrodes realizing good contacts between electrodes and the tissue. Experimental measurements have been carried out with different tissues and for a long period of time in order to monitor the state degradation with time. Measured results have been evaluated by means of the modified Fricke-Cole-Cole model. Results are reproducible and correspond to the expected behavior due to aging. An appropriate method for feature extraction and classification has been proposed using model parameters as features as input for classification using neural networks and fuzzy logic.
A Multilayer Perceptron neural network (MLP) has been proposed for muscle type computing and the age computing and respectively freshness state of the meat. The designed neural network is able to generalize and to correctly classify new testing data with a high performance index of recognition.
It reaches successful results of test equal to 100% for 972 created inputs for each muscle. An investigation of the influence of noise on the classification algorithm shows, that the MLP neural network has the ability to correctly classify the noisy testing inputs especially when the parameter noise is less than 0.6%. The success of classification is 100% for the muscles Longissimus Dorsi (LD) of beef, Semi-Membraneous (SM) of beef and Longissimus Dorsi (LD) of veal and 92.3% for the muscle Rectus Abdominis (RA) of veal.
Fuzzy logic provides a successful alternative for easy classification. Using the Gaussian membership functions for the muscle type detection and trapezoidal member function for the classifiers related to the freshness detection, fuzzy logic realized an easy method of classification and generalizes correctly the inputs to the corresponding classes with a high level of recognition equal to 100% for meat type detection and with high accuracy for freshness computing equal to 84.62% for the muscle LD beef, 92.31 % for the muscle RA beef, 100 % for the muscle SM veal and 61.54% for the muscle LD veal.Auf der Basis von Impedanzspektroskopie wurde ein neuartiges in-vitro-Messverfahren zur Überwachung der Frische von biologischem Gewebe entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen stellen dabei die Reproduzierbarkeit der Impedanzmessung und die Klassifizierung der Gewebeart sowie dessen Zustands dar. Für die Reproduzierbarkeit von Impedanzmessungen an biologischen Geweben, wurde ein zylindrischer Multielektrodensensor realisiert, der die 2D-Anisotropie des Gewebes berücksichtigt und einen guten Kontakt zum Gewebe realisiert. Experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden an verschiedenen Geweben über einen längeren Zeitraum durchgeführt und mittels eines modifizierten Fricke-Cole-Cole-Modells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse sind reproduzierbar und entsprechen dem physikalisch-basierten erwarteten Verhalten. Als Merkmale für die Klassifikation wurden die Modellparameter genutzt.
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Yaremyk, R. Ya. "DSP-Based Information-Measuring Microdevice for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/47278.
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Guermazi, Mahdi. "In-Vitro Biological Tissue State Monitoring based on Impedance Spectroscopy". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-206710.
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The relationship between post-mortem state and changes of biological tissue impedance has been investigated to serve as a basis for developing an in-vitro measurement method for monitoring the freshness of meat. The main challenges thereby are the reproducible measurement of the impedance of biological tissues and the classification method of their type and state. In order to realize reproducible tissue bio-impedance measurements, a suitable sensor taking into account the anisotropy of the biological tissue has been developed. It consists of cylindrical penetrating multi electrodes realizing good contacts between electrodes and the tissue. Experimental measurements have been carried out with different tissues and for a long period of time in order to monitor the state degradation with time. Measured results have been evaluated by means of the modified Fricke-Cole-Cole model. Results are reproducible and correspond to the expected behavior due to aging. An appropriate method for feature extraction and classification has been proposed using model parameters as features as input for classification using neural networks and fuzzy logic. A Multilayer Perceptron neural network (MLP) has been proposed for muscle type computing and the age computing and respectively freshness state of the meat. The designed neural network is able to generalize and to correctly classify new testing data with a high performance index of recognition. It reaches successful results of test equal to 100% for 972 created inputs for each muscle. An investigation of the influence of noise on the classification algorithm shows, that the MLP neural network has the ability to correctly classify the noisy testing inputs especially when the parameter noise is less than 0.6%. The success of classification is 100% for the muscles Longissimus Dorsi (LD) of beef, Semi-Membraneous (SM) of beef and Longissimus Dorsi (LD) of veal and 92.3% for the muscle Rectus Abdominis (RA) of veal. Fuzzy logic provides a successful alternative for easy classification. Using the Gaussian membership functions for the muscle type detection and trapezoidal member function for the classifiers related to the freshness detection, fuzzy logic realized an easy method of classification and generalizes correctly the inputs to the corresponding classes with a high level of recognition equal to 100% for meat type detection and with high accuracy for freshness computing equal to 84.62% for the muscle LD beef, 92.31 % for the muscle RA beef, 100 % for the muscle SM veal and 61.54% for the muscle LD vealAuf der Basis von Impedanzspektroskopie wurde ein neuartiges in-vitro-Messverfahren zur Überwachung der Frische von biologischem Gewebe entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Herausforderungen stellen dabei die Reproduzierbarkeit der Impedanzmessung und die Klassifizierung der Gewebeart sowie dessen Zustands dar. Für die Reproduzierbarkeit von Impedanzmessungen an biologischen Geweben, wurde ein zylindrischer Multielektrodensensor realisiert, der die 2D-Anisotropie des Gewebes berücksichtigt und einen guten Kontakt zum Gewebe realisiert. Experimentelle Untersuchungen wurden an verschiedenen Geweben über einen längeren Zeitraum durchgeführt und mittels eines modifizierten Fricke-Cole-Cole-Modells analysiert. Die Ergebnisse sind reproduzierbar und entsprechen dem physikalisch-basierten erwarteten Verhalten. Als Merkmale für die Klassifikation wurden die Modellparameter genutzt
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Moore, Sean. "Online condition monitoring of lithium ion batteries by performing impedance spectroscopy using a DC-DC converter". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29186.
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Li-Ion batteries are currently being used extensively in a variety of applications such as portable electronics, electric vehicles and grid storage applications, due to the high demand for high power and high energy density storage batteries. However, the usage of Li-Ion batteries requires extensive condition monitoring to increase overall performance and life expectancy. This research is focused on implementing rapid online condition monitoring techniques, using signal injection via the associated power converter in the battery management system. The technique implemented in this work is known as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is a well-known technique, that has been used to characterize an electrochemical cell’s behaviour and state by monitoring changes in the cell's impedance. This is accomplished by injecting currents at different frequencies into the battery and measuring the voltage response. This technique is conventionally implemented, using standard Frequency Response Analysers (FRA), while the battery is disconnected from the load (offline) due to the long procedural times involved. This has limited the use of EIS to laboratory testing. In recent years, there has been literature regarding incorporating EIS testing into the battery system, which is done in mainly 2 ways, by including a linear amplifier into the system to inject the current perturbations directly, or by using the existing circuitry in the BMS (typically the DC-DC converter) to inject the current perturbations using various control techniques. Although, these strategies have been applied in literature for online systems, they are still riddled with a lengthy EIS measurement time issue. This work seeks to significantly reduce the associated testing time with the use broadband signals to implement Impedance Spectroscopy for online systems via the associated BMS converter. Broandband Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS) is implemented by injecting a signal with multiple frequencies concurrently as this allows for quicker measurement. The main contribution of this work is the real-time implementation of a multi-sine broadband excitation via a bi-directional converter that can be used in a varying system. The results obtained were compared to results from an industry standard FRA and showed to produce Nyquist plots with a reasonable error.
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Bhatnagar, Purva. "A microcontroller-based Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Platform for Health Monitoring Systems". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439307617.
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Pali, Madhavi L. "Detection of Small Molecule Analytes with Biosensors based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1651.
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Several different approaches were studied to improve and understand the sensitivity and detection limit that could be obtained for biosensors that utilize electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for signal transduction. The first project involves the detection of fish hormones by applying Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) techniques. Detection of three fish hormones, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and vitellogenin is studied by both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and the EIS (QCM) detection limits are 7.9 (0.50) μM, 3.0 (2.4) nM, and 43 (13) pM, respectively, in PBS buffer. Thus, the two detection methods, EIS and QCM, have similar sensitivity, but QCM is four times more in magnitude while it comes to sensitiveness consideration, which is consistent with the published literature. The molecular weights of cortisol, IGF-1, and vitellogenin are 362.5 Da, 7.3 kDa, and 440.5 kDa, respectively. For both EIS and QCM, the sensitivity and detection limit improve dramatically with increasing molecular weight, reflecting the larger change in polymer-protein film thickness at the Au electrode upon recognition and binding of larger analytes. Potential applications to the understanding of fish physiology are discussed, including hormone detection in fish blood plasma, and ambient water.
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Ateh, Davidson Day. "Study of epithelial cells on polypyrrole based conducting polymers using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1749.
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Polypyrrole (PPy) is a conjugated polymer that displays special electronic properties including conductivity. It may be electrogenerated with the incorporation of any anionic species including negatively charged biological molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides. For this thesis, variously loaded-PPy films were prepared on gold sputter-coated coverslips. The growth and characteristics of epithelial cells, namely keratinocytes, were studied on these films by microscopy, biochemical assay, immunocytochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Keratinocyte viability was found to be PPy-load dependent. For chloride, polyvinyl sulphate, dermatan sulphate and collagen-loaded PPy films, polycarbonate and gold, keratinocyte viability, as assessed by the AlamarBlueTM assay, was respectively 47%, 60%, 88% and 23%, 75% and 61% of tissue culture polystyrene controls after 5 days. This was found to require a previously unreported polymer washing step prior to cell seeding due to the observed toxicity of untreated films. Keratinocytes stained positive for proliferation (PCNA), suprabasal differentiation (K10) and hyperproliferation (K16) markers although cell morphology was poor for organotypical cultures on dermatanloaded PPy compared with de-epidermalised dermis. Cell-induced impedance changes were detected in a three-electrode format over PPy modified electrodes. Results obtained showed the effects of cell density, cell type and monitoring frequencies. In particular, it was seen that lower cell densities could be detected on PPy compared to unmodified gold electrodes. Keratinocyte confluence as determined by impedimetric analysis was reached more rapidly on PPy than bare gold in agreement with AlamarBlueTM measurements. Electrical equivalent circuit analysis using parameters whose contributions may be directly mapped to intracellular and intercellular spaces, and membrane components suggested that the technique can be extended to cell morphology discrimination. This work shows that PPy biocomposites are attractive candidates for tissue engineering applications since they may incorporate biomolecules and are electrically addressable with the potential to both direct and report on cell activities.
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Abdur, Rahman Abdur Rub. "CellMap: An Automated Multielectrode Array Cell Culture Analysis System Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002185.
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Yu, Ronghua. "Impedance-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Metal-Protective Coating Evaluation". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28837.
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Research has focused on the influences of flowing fluid on the corrosion of bare metals, but there is little emphasis on the degradation of metal-protective coating. Evaluating the metal-protective coating usually uses the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method. This paper presents a new impedance-based wireless sensor network for metal-protective coating evaluation. This wireless sensor network consists of two parts: impedance-based wireless sensor nodes and a wireless data base that are equipped with a network analyzer (AD5933) and a RF transceiver (CC1111/CC1110). In the experiment, three coating panels are immersed in flowing deionized water (DI water) and one coating panel immersed in stationary DI water. Experimental results demonstrate that this wireless sensor network is capable of evaluating the coating degradation.
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Kumar, Girdhari. "Development and characterization of novel organic coatings based on biopolymer chitosan". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164589725.
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Wang, Hanqing. "Design and control of a 6-phase Interleaved Boost Converter based on SiC semiconductors with EIS functionality for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA009/document.
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Cette thèse traite l’étude et le contrôle d’un hacheur élévateur à 6 phases entrelacées basé sur des semi-conducteurs en carbure de silicium (SiC) et des inductances couplées inverses pour véhicules électriques à pile à combustible (FCEV). . L'ondulation du courant dans la pile est combustible est considérablement réduite et la durée de vie de celle-ci peut être prolongée. Les semi-conducteurs en SiC, en raison de leurs faibles pertes, permettent de meilleures performances thermiques et une fréquence de commutation plus élevée. Les volumes des composants passifs (inductances et condensateurs) sont ainsi réduits. Grâce aux inductances à couplage inverse, les pertes du noyau magnétique et du bobinage sont réduites.La stratégie de contrôle par mode glissant est développée en raison de sa grande robustesse face aux variations de paramètres. La fonctionnalité de détection en ligne de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique (SIE) est intégrée avec succès à l’algorithme de contrôle par mode glissant.La validation HIL (Hardware In the Loop) en temps réel du convertisseur proposé est obtenue en implémentant la partie puissance dans le FPGA et la partie commande dans le microprocesseur du système de prototypage MicroLabBox de dSPACE. La comparaison entre la simulation hors ligne et la validation HIL a démontré le comportement dynamique du convertisseur proposé et validé la mise en œuvre du contrôle dans un contrôleur en temps réel avant de futurs tests sur un banc d'essai expérimental à échelle réduiteThe objective of this thesis work is devoted to the design and control of a DC/DC boost converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) application. A 6-phase Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) based on Silicon Carbide (SiC) semiconductors and inversed coupled inductors of cyclic cascade structure is proposed. The input current ripple is reduced significantly and the lifespan of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) can be extended. Low power losses, good thermal performance and high switching frequency have been gained by the selected SiC-based semiconductors. The volumes of passive components (inductors and capacitors) are reduced. Thanks to the inverse coupled inductors, the core losses and copper losses are decreased and the compact magnetic component is achieved.Sliding-Mode Control (SMC) strategy is developed due to its high robust to parameter variations. on-line Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) detection functionality is successfully integrated with SMC. No additional equipment and sensor is required.The real-time Hardwar In the Loop (HIL) validation of the proposed converter is achieved by implement the power part into the FPGA and the control into the microprocessor in the MicroLabBox prototyping system from dSPACE. The comparison between off-line simulation and HIL validation demonstrated the dynamic behavior of the proposed converter and validated the implementation of the control into a real time controller before future tests on experimental test bench
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Kikkeri, Kruthika. "Passivated-Electrode Insulator-Based Dielectrophoretic Chips for Rare Cell Analysis". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96587.
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The analysis of potentially harmful biological particles is imperative for the mitigation of disease. As a result, there is a growing need for tools which can characterize, detect, and separate biological particles for the alleviation of a multitude of disease. One powerful technique for the analysis of cells is the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces for the manipulation of particle movement. DEP is a particle transport phenomenon, induced by the presence of non-uniform electric fields. The dependence on intrinsic electrical properties of cells, have enabled DEP force to be utilized for numerous biological analyses. This thesis presents the investigation of breast cancer, pathogen, neuronal and glial cells and their DEP profiles. The drug response of various breast cancer cell lines when exposed to a variety of chemical stimuli were analyzed using shifts in their DEP profiles in relation to control groups. These results were supplemented with gene expression analysis to identify biophysical changes which could contribute to the DEP shifts. Additional experiments were conducted for the monitoring of pathogens. Live/dead bacteria mixtures were evaluated using an integrated system with DEP enrichment and impedance spectroscopy. Another application of DEP which was investigated was the separation of heterogeneous mixtures. Through the use of a novel microfluidic channel design, the separation of simulated circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from diluted blood and neuron cells from glial cells was demonstrated. The wide range of applications examined in this thesis highlights the versatility of DEP and the flexibility of the reported devices.MS
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Sörensen, Sören Per. "Development of a cell-based drug screening platform : extracellular recording and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy on microelectrode array chips". Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486476.
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Two established methods, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and extracellular recording, were implemented into a technology platform for non-invasive whole-cell biosensing. Electrical activity of cardiomyocytes and cell-substrate interaction of human ovarian cancer cells was monitored on electrode array chips. The performance of cells inside a microfluidic or closed low volume environment was investigated. Prior to the development of the entire microfluidic platform the two transducing methods were evaluated in single experiments. Processes as cellular attachment and detachment were monitored using EIS and single frequency impedance sensing. Electrodes of different size and structure were employed and compared for their impedance response. It was shown that small electrodes (A = 9·10-6 cm²) are more sensitive to cell-substrate interaction than larger ones (A = 9·10-5 cm²) and that the frequency used for analysis has a profound influence on the sensitivity. Data were modelled using a common equivalent circuit that represents a cell layer on an electrode resulting in an increase of the impedance magnitude by <170 % due to cell attachment. In order to demonstrate the potential of this method for biomedical applications, experiments related to anti-cancer strategies were performed. Cell detachment was induced by addition of synthetic integrin ligands and by hypericin mediated photodynamic therapy and monitored with impedance-based biosensing. Electrical activity of cardiomyocytes cultured on microelectrode arrays was monitored inside a microfluidic system. The chronotropic drug isoproterenol was applied using a robotic dispensing machine, and the resulting changes in spike rate and duration were compared with results gained by experiments with a large scale MEA chip. The experimental findings inspired the development of a technology platform that was finally evaluated by monitoring extracellular signals from myocytes in response to Isoproterenol. Another topic was the comparison of cell-substrate interaction monitored on various electrode structures.
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Jolly, Pawan. "Oligonucleotide-based biosensors for the detection of prostate cancer biomarkers". Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.704811.
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The introduction of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing about 3 decades ago led to the possibility of early detection of prostate cancer (PCa). Although PSA testing reduced the mortality rate, it is also associated with high risk of over diagnosis in patients with and without PCa. Despite the current drawbacks, it would be a challenge to replace PSA testing entirely. Instead, there is a need to develop parallel testing of other potential biomarkers that can complement the results from PSA tests. To address alternative biomarker sensing, this thesis highlights on the development of oligonucleotide-based biosensors for the detection of different biomarkers of PCa. Using PSA as a gold standard, the first study of this dissertation investigates the use of DNA aptamers to detect PSA using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The study compares 6-mercapto 1-hexanol chemistry with sulfo-betaine chemistry for the development of PSA aptasensor in terms of performance and selectivity. The second study focuses on glycoprofiling in order to complement PSA quantification as an additional information for reliable PCa diagnosis. This strategy was developed in a microfluidic channel with an optical read out using chemiluminescence. This study addresses one of the major problems of cross-reactivity with lectins in glycoprofiling, which can be solved using DNA aptamers. A third study concentrates on the development of an aptasensor for Alpha-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMACR). AMACR has been reported for its high specificity and sensitivity to PCa. For the fabrication of the biosensor, a new strategy using polyethylene glycol was developed by electrochemical grafting it to a polypyrrole film. Since PCa diagnosis can be improved by looking at different biomarkers, an electrochemical platform for miRNA/DNA detection using a gold nanoparticle amplification strategy was also investigated. The sensor was fabricated using peptide nucleic acids (PNA) probes on gold electrodes. The study presents non-Faradaic EIS and amperometric techniques in order to exploit the inherent charges of nucleic acids. In conclusion, this thesis wants to serve as a potential orientation for overcoming the shortcomings of the current PCa testing and contribute towards the development of oligonucleotide-based biosensors for PCa biomarker detection and hopefully enhance the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa.
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Guermazi, Mahdi [Verfasser], Olfa [Gutachter] Kanoun, Nabil [Gutachter] Derbel e Olfa [Akademischer Betreuer] Kanoun. "In-Vitro Biological Tissue State Monitoring based on Impedance Spectroscopy / Mahdi Guermazi ; Gutachter: Olfa Kanoun, Nabil Derbel ; Betreuer: Olfa Kanoun". Chemnitz : Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1213815606/34.
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Ukyo, Yoshio, Kayo Horibuchi, Hiroki Kondo, Hideaki Oka, Yuji Kojima, Kazuyoshi Tatsumi e Shunsuke Muto. "Effect of Mg-doping on the degradation of LiNiO2-based cathode materials by combined spectroscopic methods". Elsevier, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20830.
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Holmér, Camilla. "Study of green film-forming corrosion inhibitor based on mussel adhesive protein". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143553.
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Today there are numerous methods to slow down a corrosion process of metallic materials. However, due to environmental effects and health risk issues, several traditional corrosion inhibitors have to be phased out. Hence, it is of great importance to develop new corrosion inhibitors that are “green”, safe, smart and multifunctional. In this essay, the focus is on mussel adhesive protein (MAP) and its possibility to reduce the rate of the corrosion process. The protein exhibit great adhesive strength and protective properties, allowing it to adhere to a multitude of different surfaces and is therefore of great interest of corrosion science. The protein Mefp-1, derived from the blue mussel´s foot, had been pre-adsorbed on the carbon steel surface and provided good corrosion inhibition in a basic chloride solution for a short exposure time. The protection was further improved with the assist of iron and ceria ions by formation of protein/ions complexes within the surface films and thus enhanced the corrosion protection for longer exposure time. Ceria nanoparticles were used in order to create a multi-layer composite film with an even higher corrosion protection. The results suggest a denser film compared to previous samples and a more uniform surface.
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Pesce, Gianluca. "Study of carbonation in novel lime based materials". Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629662.
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This research advances the current understanding of the carbonation reaction in porous materials by investigating pH changes during the hardening process of lime, the role of pore-water in the dissolution process of calcium hydroxide and the effects of pore size on precipitation of calcium carbonate solid phases. To achieve this, carbonation is studied within a thin film of an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide, that simulates the conditions existing in porous media once most of the liquid water has evaporated. The research introduces novel approaches such as the use of specially manufactured micro-electrodes used to measure pH variations during the carbonation process. The effect of pore size on the solid phases precipitated by carbonation is investigated using a novel lime based material called nano-lime. Influence of pore-water on the hardening process of lime is studied in formulated lime using impedance spectroscopy: an electrochemical technique which is new in the study of lime based materials. Overall, results demonstrate that the micro-electrodes can operate reliably in very alkaline environments such as those produced by the dissolution of lime. Their potentiometric response, in fact, was found to be Nernstian up to pH 14. Furthermore, the electrode response proved to be sufficiently sensitive and reproducible to differentiate, on the basis of pH, between the formation of calcite and vaterite. It is likely that these micro-electrodes are currently the only analytical tools capable of monitoring high pHs in confined places and, for this reason, they can be considered highly valuable for the study of chemical processes involving very alkaline waters. The study on the role of pore-water in the hardening process of formulated lime has, instead, demonstrated the potential of impedance spectroscopy as a non-destructive technique for real time in situ monitoring of the reaction between lime and hydraulic additives.
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Tuccori, Elena. "Development of biosensors based on Odorant Binding Proteins". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/development-of-biosensors-based-on-odorant-binding-proteins(7ce472da-bfbf-4fb0-a0bc-ed61d0d3be49).html.
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This PhD project aimed to investigate the possibility of using Odorant Binding Proteins (OBPs) as sensing layers of chemical sensors, for the detection of organic compounds in both vapour and liquid phases. OBPs are small soluble proteins present in high concentrations in the olfactory system of vertebrates and insects. OBPs are attractive in the biosensor field since they can bind odorants and pheromones in a reversible way. They are resistant to high temperatures and protease activity and they can be easily expressed in large amounts. OBPs belonging to different species of mammals and insects were utilised for developing biosensors relied on different transduction mechanisms. Recombinant OBPs were grafted on the gold electrode of transducers by using Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols. The efficiency of the immobilisation method was proved by using electrochemical techniques. Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) and interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) were employed for developing three types of OBP-based biosensors. I. QCMs functionalised with OBPs were tested against pheromones (i.e. bombykol and bombykal) and volatile compounds found in foodstuffs (i.e. pyrazine derivatives and geosmin) in vapour phase. The QCM based biosensors showed a good degree of selectivity and a detection limit of the order of parts per billion, in air. II. In liquid phase, impedimetric biosensors based on SPEs also showed a good selectivity and sensitivity being able to detect analyte concentrations of the order of 10-9 M. III. OBPs immobilised on the gold electrodes of IDEs were instead tested against S-(+) carvone vapour, proving that the binding activity of the proteins was preserved in vapour phase and can be quantified as variation of capacitance. The developed OBP biosensors showed good selectivity, sensitivity and stability over time in both liquid and vapour phase. The responses of the sensors were reversible, allowing to the device to be used several times. Moreover, the biosensors were label-free, hence the interaction between OBPs and ligand was directly detected without using auxiliary probes/species. With these findings, we envisage the use of our biosensors in several applications, including monitoring of the quality of food along the transportation and storage, controlling of pests and useful insects in agriculture, or as analytical devices for studying the dynamics in binding processes.
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Sadli, Idris. "Modélisation par impédance d'une pile à combustible PEM pour utilisation en électronique de puissance". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL091N/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation dynamique d’une pile à combustible (PàC) PEM en vue de son utilisation en électronique de puissance. Un modèle statique basé sur une expression de la tension en fonction du courant débité est tout d’abord présenté. Le modèle dynamique est élaboré ensuite. Il est montré que l’impédance électrochimique de diffusion-convection (Zd) s’apparente à une ligne de transmission de type RC. Une discrétisation en un nombre fini d’éléments a été effectuée. Afin d’obtenir un modèle simple, deux branches RC différentes sont considérées pour l’impédance Zd auxquelles sont ajoutées la capacité de double couche, les résistances de transfert et de la membrane. Ce modèle est validé sur deux PàC de 500 W et 5 kW sur une gamme de fréquence 5 mHz à 2 kHz, lors d’échelons de courant et lors du débit sur un hacheur élévateur. Il est montré que l’utilisation du découpage haute fréquence du convertisseur permet un diagnostic de l’état d’humidification de la membraneThis thesis deals with dynamic modelling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a view to integrate it into power electronics environment. Firstly a static model based on an expression that links current and voltage is presented. The dynamic model is then obtained. It is shown that the electrochemical diffusion-convection impedance (Zd) is similar to a RC transmission line. A discretization on a short number of elements is carried out. In order to obtain a simple model, two different RC branches for Zd impedance, a double layer capacitor, a transfer resistance, and a membrane resistance are considered. This modelling is validated on two 500 W and 5 kW PEMFC, for frequencies varying from 5 mHz to 2 kHz. The model is validated for both fuel cells during current step responses and operation with a boost converter. In this case it is shown how the high frequency switching of the converter can be used to obtain a diagnostic on the humidification state of the membrane
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Kumar, Girdhari. "Development and characterization of novel organic coatings based on biopolymer chitsan". The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1164589725.
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Kashyap, Aditya Jagannath. "Conducting Polymer Based Gel Electrolytes for pH Sensitivity". Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7824.
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The evaluation of concentration of ions and molecules with the help of biosensors have been regarded as an emerging technology. Bio and chemical sensors have a variety of applications in the field of medicine, military, environmental and food industries alike. With an estimated investment growth of over 4.31% in the development of pH sensors in the next five year, the objective of a developing a robust measurement system is all the more required. The scope of this research is to evaluate the ability of conducting polymer-based gel electrolytes for pH sensitivity, as a function of the transistor characteristics using an Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor or a conducting film in an electrochemical cell. Polymer gels were prepared by dissolving a suitable conducting polymer in an acidic media. The interaction of the gel with a buffer solution of known pH was collected as electric signals using a glassy carbon as an electrode. The electrochemical cell was further connected to the gate of a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect transistor (MOS-FET). The drain current was measured under two conditions; a) voltage across the gate (VGS) was kept constant, with varying voltage across the drain (VDS) and b) voltage across drain was fixed, while gate voltage changed. The drain current versus voltage of the transistor was plotted as a function of the ion interaction between the gel and the buffer. Different plots were recorded for different values of pH solutions. Final results were plotted to calculate the change in threshold voltage, for every change in pH of the observed solution. pH sensitivity of the gels was further tested through the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy method, using a potentiostat and a three-electrode electrochemical cell. With a small excitation, the AC current flowing through the circuit at different frequencies were recorded and the plots discussed, to evaluate sensitivity to pH.
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Loison, Pierre. "Development of a smart coating based on hollow nanoparticles for corrosion detection and protection". Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS009.
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Dans de nombreux domaines, et particulièrement dans le secteur aérospatial, la corrosion est un problème majeur qui engendre d’importants coûts de maintenance et de réparation. Il est donc crucial de protéger les pièces soumises à des environnements agressifs. Dans ce but, une solution originale et prometteuse consiste à détecter et ralentir la corrosion dès ses prémices, en utilisant des revêtements capables de réagir dès son initiation. Récemment, de nombreuses études ont été réalisées en ce sens, développant des revêtements sensibles aux processus électrochimiques liés à la corrosion, faisant partie de la catégorie des revêtements dits « intelligents ». Les travaux présentés, financés par ArianeGroup, visent à développer des nanocapsules contenant un inhibiteur de corrosion. Ces capsules, formées suivant un procédé de mini-émulsion, sont ensuite intégrées à un revêtement organique, appliqué sur un substrat d’acier ou d’alliage d’aluminium. Lors d’une élévation locale de pH, observée lors de la corrosion des substrats métalliques, ces capsules sont capables de relarguer leur contenu. Les travaux présentés décrivent la synthèse et la caractérisation des nanocapsules, ainsi que leur incorporation dans une matrice organique à base aqueuse. Des capsules à cœur hydrophile et hydrophobe ont été envisagées avant de concentrer les recherches sur des capsules de silice à cœur hydrophobe dont le diamètre moyen est d’environ 180 nm. L’encapsulation et le relargage d’un inhibiteur de corrosion, le 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, sont décrits et les propriétés inhibitrices mises en évidence. Dans un deuxième temps, l‘impact de l’addition de capsules sur les propriétés du polymère est étudié, principalement par spectroscopie d’impédance électrochimique. Le système présenté peut potentiellement être adapté à la détection de la corrosion en remplaçant l’agent inhibiteur par un capteur de corrosionIn various domains, but especially in the space industry, protection of metallic structures against corrosion is a foremost objective because of maintenance and fixing costs in harsh environments. In order to preserve their integrity, a promising and original solution consists in detecting and slowing down corrosion as soon as it appears by developing a corrosion-sensitive and reactive coating. Recently, numerous studies have searched for the development of functional surfaces able to locally react to corrosion-related stimuli, belonging to the category of smart coatings. This PhD project, granted by ArianeGroup, is focused on this objective and deals with the development of nanocapsules containing corrosion inhibitors. These nanocapsules, formed through a miniemulsion process, are incorporated within an organic coating, applied on top of either steel of aluminum alloy substrates. The formed nanocapsules are then able to release their payload using a pH increase as a trigger. A pH change is indeed expected during cathodic activity, appearing at the early stages of the substrate degradation. This work describes the synthesis and characterization of nanocapsules, as well as their incorporation within an organic waterborne matrix. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic-core capsules have been investigated before focusing on oil-core silica nanocapsules with diameter ca. 180 nm. In the first part, the release of a model inhibitor, namely 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) has been investigated and the inhibiting properties demonstrated. Then, the impact of capsules addition on coating integrity and properties has been studied using mainly electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Potential enhancements of the proposed system are discussed. This system could be adapted and used for early detection of corrosion, using a corrosion sensor instead of the encapsulated inhibitor
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Chen, Yan-Fang. "Investigation of interfacial and bulk physical properties of hybrid perovskite-based devices". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0268/document.
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Les Pérovskites hybrides organique-inorganique (PHOIs) ont suscité d’intenses recherches au coursdes dernières années. Dans cette thèse, nous avons dans un premier temps mis au point les différentsprocessus de préparation des échantillons et réalisé une caractérisation complète des films parmicroscopie à force atomique, spectroscopie photo-électronique par rayons X, mesure du potentiel desurface par sonde de Kelvin et mesure de la mobilité des charges par temps de vol. La distribution despièges à l'interface PHOI/Au a été étudiée via des mesure J-V-L en fonction de la températurecombinées avec des simulations numériques. Les relaxations diélectriques dans les PHOIs, tels que lamigration des ions et l’orientation du dipôle du cation organique, ont été étudiés par spectroscopied’impédance en fonction de la température. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous présentons uneétude originale qui démontre un mouvement des protons du groupement ammonium des cationsorganiques à l’interface avec le PEDOT : PSSHybrid-organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have provoked intense research over the recent years.In this thesis, we contribute to this investigation by first examining the results of different solutionpreparation processes, followed by characterizing the films using atomic force microscopy, X-raydiffraction, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Kelvin probesurface potential measurement, and time-of-flight mobility measurement. The state distribution of theHOIP/Au interface was then studied by low temperature J–V–L measurement combined withnumerical simulation. In the process of these characterizations, it became clear that the dielectricrelaxations in HOIPs, such as ion migration and organic cation dipole orientation, play an importantrole in the material, and the next part of the thesis presents an analysis of these mechanisms with thehelp of temperature dependent impedance spectroscopy measurement. These studies built thefoundations for the final part of the thesis, where we investigated a so far elusive subject in HOIPs, themigration of protons
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SACCO, ADRIANO. "Novel Dye-sensitized Solar Cell architecture based on microfluidic housing system". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2506378.
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The present work is focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of a novel dye-sensitized
solar cell architecture exploiting some microfluidic concepts. By using this innovative
approach, it became possible to fabricate small laboratory test-cells with a high degree of assembly
reproducibility, and develop some interesting applications, like the analysis of the cell components
over time, without compromising the cell integrity. The proposed architecture has been used in the
experimental test of some innovative materials. The study is of experimental nature and supported
by different photoelectrochemical analytical techniques, in order to study the cell behavior.
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Sunday, Christopher Edozie. "The design of ultrasensitive immunosensors based on a new multi-signal amplification gold nanoparticles-dotted 4-nitrophenylazo functionalised graphene sensing platform for the determination of deoxynivalenol". Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3361.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDA highly dispersive gold nanoparticle-dotted 4-nitrophenylazo functionalised graphene nanocomposite (AuNp/G/PhNO2) was successfully synthesised and applied in enhancing sensing platform signals. Three label-free electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin (DON) based on the systematic modification of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) with AuNp/G/PhNO2 was effectively achieved. General electrochemical impedance method was employed for the sensitive and selective detection of DON in standard solutions and reference material samples. A significant increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the sensing interface was observed due to the formation of insulating immune-complexes by the binding of deoxynivalenol antibody (DONab) and deoxynivalenol antigen (DONag). Further attachments of DONab and DONag resulted in increases in the obtained Rct values, and the increases were linearly proportional to the concentration of DONag. The three immunosensors denoted as GCE/PDMA/AuNp/G/PhNH2/DONab, GCE/Nafion/[Ru(bpy)3]2+/AuNp/G/PhNH2/DONab and GCE/Nafion/[Ru(bpy)3]2+/G/PhNH2/DONab have detection range of 6 – 30 ng/mL for DONag in standard samples. Their sensitivity and detection limits were 43.45 ΩL/ng and 1.1 pg/L; 32.14ΩL/ng and 0.3 pg/L; 9.412 ΩL/ng and 1.1 pg/L respectively. This result was better than those reported in the literature and compares reasonably with Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) results. The present sensing methodology represents an attractive alternative to the existing methods for the detection of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin and other big biomolecules of interest due to its simplicity, stability, sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, and inexpensive instrumentation. And they could be used to develop high-performance, ultra-sensitive electrochemiluminescence, voltammetric or amperometric sensors as well.
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Sadli, Idris. "Modélisation par impédance d'une pile à combustible PEM pour utilisation en électronique de puissance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPL091N.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la modélisation dynamique d’une pile à combustible (PàC) PEM en vue de son utilisation en électronique de puissance. Un modèle statique basé sur une expression de la tension en fonction du courant débité est tout d’abord présenté. Le modèle dynamique est élaboré ensuite. Il est montré que l’impédance électrochimique de diffusion-convection (Zd) s’apparente à une ligne de transmission de type RC. Une discrétisation en un nombre fini d’éléments a été effectuée. Afin d’obtenir un modèle simple, deux branches RC différentes sont considérées pour l’impédance Zd auxquelles sont ajoutées la capacité de double couche, les résistances de transfert et de la membrane. Ce modèle est validé sur deux PàC de 500 W et 5 kW sur une gamme de fréquence 5 mHz à 2 kHz, lors d’échelons de courant et lors du débit sur un hacheur élévateur. Il est montré que l’utilisation du découpage haute fréquence du convertisseur permet un diagnostic de l’état d’humidification de la membraneThis thesis deals with dynamic modelling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with a view to integrate it into power electronics environment. Firstly a static model based on an expression that links current and voltage is presented. The dynamic model is then obtained. It is shown that the electrochemical diffusion-convection impedance (Zd) is similar to a RC transmission line. A discretization on a short number of elements is carried out. In order to obtain a simple model, two different RC branches for Zd impedance, a double layer capacitor, a transfer resistance, and a membrane resistance are considered. This modelling is validated on two 500 W and 5 kW PEMFC, for frequencies varying from 5 mHz to 2 kHz. The model is validated for both fuel cells during current step responses and operation with a boost converter. In this case it is shown how the high frequency switching of the converter can be used to obtain a diagnostic on the humidification state of the membrane
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Aygun, Seymen Murat. "Gas Sensors Based on Ceramic p-n Heterocontacts". Ames, Iowa : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Ames Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/837264-2ckydm/webviewable/.
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Thesis (M.S.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 19 Dec 2004.Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2498" Seymen Murat Aygun. US Department of Energy 12/19/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Safa, Meer N. "Poly (Ionic Liquid) Based Electrolyte for Lithium Battery Application". FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3746.
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The demand for electric vehicles is increasing rapidly as the world is preparing for a fossil fuel-free future in the automotive field. Lithium battery technologies are the most effective options to replace fossil fuels due to their higher energy densities. However, safety remains a major concern in using lithium as the anode, and the development of non-volatile, non-flammable, high conductivity electrolytes is of great importance. In this dissertation, a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) consisting of ionic liquid, lithium salt, and a polymer has been developed for their application in lithium batteries. A comparative study between GPE and ionic liquid electrolyte (ILE) containing batteries shows a superior cyclic performance up to 5C rate and a better rate capability for 40 cycles for cells with GPE at room temperature. The improvement is attributed to GPE’s improved stability voltage window against lithium as well as higher lithium transference number. The performance of the GPE in lithium-sulfur battery system using sulfur-CNT cathodes shows superior rate capability for the GPE versus ILE for up to 1C rates. Also, GPE containing batteries had higher capacity retention versus ILE when cycled for 500 cycles vii at C/2 rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies reveal interfacial impedances for ILE containing batteries grew faster than in GPE batteries. The accumulation of insoluble Li2S2/Li2S on the electrodes decreases the active material thus contributes to capacity fading. SEM imaging of cycled cathodes reveals cracks on the surface of cathode recovered from ILE batteries. On the other hand, the improved electrochemical performance of GPE batteries indicates better and more stable passivation layer formation on the surface of the electrodes. Composite GPE (cGPE) containing micro glass fillers were studied to determine their electrochemical performance in Li batteries. GPE with 1 wt% micro fillers show superior rate capability for up to 7C and also cyclic stability for 300 cycles at C/2 rate. In situ, EIS also reveals a rapid increase in charge transfer resistance in GPE batteries, responsible for lowering the capacity during cycling. Improved ion transport properties due to ion-complex formations in the presence of the micro fillers, is evidenced by improved lithium transference number, ionic conduction, and ion-pair dissociation detected using Raman spectroscopy.
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Mini, Sixolile. "Silica Coated Core-Shell Quantum Dot-based Electro-Immunosensor for Interferon Gamma TB Disease Biomarker". University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7597.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScTuberculosis (TB) is a disease that results from infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is regarded the most common infecting organism. TB has killed countless numbers of people particularly in underdeveloped countries. TB bacteria can remain inactive or in dormant state for years without causing symptoms or spreading to other subjects, but as soon as the immune system of the host becomes weakened, the bacteria become active and infect mainly the lungs along with other parts of body. TB cases are further aggravated by other illnesses that affect the immune system, such as human immune virus (HIV), which is very prevalent in resource-poor countries. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a TB biomarker that has found to have all the qualities that are needed to help and cure Tuberculosis disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential measures for effectively controlling the disease. Traditional microbial culture-based tests are the most common methodologies currently used. Usually, these methods involve cell culture, cell counts, and cell enrichment, but this process is time-consuming and laborious, especially for the slow-growing bacteria like M. tuberculosis. Sputum smear is one of the methods currently used to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) in clinical specimens or fluorescent staining. It is a cost-effective tool for diagnosing patients with TB and to monitor the progress of treatment especially in developing countries. The traditional method of inoculating solid medium such as Lowerstein-Jensen (L-J) or 7H10/7H11 media is also used currently it is slow and takes 6-8 weeks of incubation to diagnose the infection and further more time to determine the susceptibility patterns. The microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) assay they are also used currently they rely on light microscopy to visualize the characteristic cording morphology of M. tuberculosis in liquid culture. MODS has shorter time to culture positivity (average 8 days) compared with LJ medium (average ~26 days), they are very expensive. The Gen-Probe assay specific for M. tuberculosis complex is a rapid detection that is also used, nucleic acid amplification (NAA) test results can be obtained as fast as in two hours (provided if a positive culture is present); it also has a high sensitivity of 99% and specificity of 99.2%. It holds the disadvantage of needing of positive culture that can take several days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is a test that uses antibodies and colour change to identify a substance. ELISA is an assay that uses a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect the presence of a substance, usually an antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample. It can be used to detection of Mycobacterium antibodies in tuberculosis. The Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test (AMTDT) is used for the detection of M. tuberculosis it enables the amplification and detection of M. tuberculosis rRNA directly from respiratory specimens. The diagnostic methods employing genetechnology based on the amplification of DNA or RNA are expected to improve the speed, sensitivity, and specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. TB rapid cultivation detection technique, such as MB/BacT system, BactecMGIT 960 system and flow cytometry. The BACTEC MGIT960 system (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) performs incubation and reading of the tubes continuously inside the machine using a predefined algorithm to interpret the fluorescent signal and giving the results as positive or negative. When performing DST, the BACTEC MGIT960 interprets the results as susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic under study. Results are available within 8 days. A recent meta-analysis of the published studies found high accuracy and high predictive values associated with the use of BACTEC MGIT960. These methods are more sensitive and rapid than the traditional microbial culture-based methods. However, they cannot provide the detection results in real-time and most of these methods are centralized in large stationary laboratories because complex instrumentation and highly qualified technical staff are required. Recently, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved two new assays that were introduced. These two assays detect in vitro a specific immune response to M. tuberculosis. These tests are the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (Cellestis/Qiagen, Carnegie, Australia) and the T-SPOT.TB assay (Oxford Immunotec, Abingdon, United Kingdom). Both assays use whole blood from the patient and measure the production of interferon gamma after the whole blood is exposed to specific antigens from M. tuberculosis. These tests are based on the knowledge that IFN-γ is a product of an active cell-mediated immune response induced by M. tuberculosis. However, TB detection remains a major obstacle due to several drawbacks of these methods. To date, the number of diagnosis approaches for TB has increased as the disease continues to be a major public health problem worldwide and most conventional detection technologies present difficulties in recognizing the presence of M. tuberculosis, since they are time consuming, do not provide clinically reliable results and significantly lack of sensitivity. This thesis focusedon developing two binary and one ternary-electrochemically quantum dots, all synthesised at room temperature in aqueous media for detecting (IFN-γ). Copper telluride (CuTe) and Zinc telluride (ZnTe) was prepared to check how does the two quantum dot behave individual and also to check on how they behave when they are combined and formed ternary quantum dots (CuZnTe). The electrochemical studies of the binary CuTe quantum dots, ZnTe quantum dots and the ternary CuZnTe core-shell quantum dots reveal that ternary quantum dots were stable and showed a significant enhancement in the conductivity of CuZnTe core-shell solution compared to that of CuTe and ZnTe, all studied in solution. The three different quantum dots were capped with three different capping reagents which are tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), thioglycolic acid (TGA), (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPS). In the study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) was prepared for the first time using ternary quantum dots. The biosensor consists of water-soluble silica coated Copper Zinc telluride (CuZnTe core-shell) quantum dots conjugated to a gold electrode. The antibody-antigen were then conjugated on the CuZnTe core-shell QD modified gold electrode. Results from synthesis of two different binary quantum dots are also presented in the study and compared to the results of the CuZnTe core-shell QDs. The CuTe quantum dots had a small average size which was confirmed through HRTEM, SAXS and XRD analysis
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Sampson, Zaiyaan Begum. "Tungsten Telluride Quantum dot-based Biosensor for Alpha-Methylacyl CoA Racemase – An Emerging Prostate Cancer Biomarker". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7709.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScProstate cancer, commonly referred to as adenocarcinoma of the prostate, is the leading cause of cancer death in men in 46 countries, and it was estimated that by the end of 2018 there would approximately be 1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer worldwide. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved biomarker for prostate cancer disease diagnostics Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is not specific to the disease itself but extends to other cases such as Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) a condition in which the prostate grows uncontrollably. This biomarker is then detected in blood samples via conventional methods which require a qualified individual to operate and are often time consuming. Examples of these methods are spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Hence, a more efficient biomarker and method of detection is needed for prostate cancer disease diagnostics, as early detection of the disease means early treatment, which could ultimately save lives. Currently, an emerging biomarker for prostate cancer known as Alpha-Methyl CoA Racemase (AMACR) has shown to be more specific to the disease with advantages such as being a non-invasive biomarker. AMACR has been reported to be present in urine, and thus may be detected via a non-invasive method. This study proposed an economical, non-invasive electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of AMACR based on mercaptosuccinic acid capped tungsten telluride (MSA-WTe3) quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterial has shown promise in terms of increasing the sensitivity and specificity of sensors. MSA-WTe3 QDs was successfully synthesized using easy, inexpensive method and was studied by various techniques such as High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) where the size was confirmed to be within the nanometer scale and was reported to be 2.65 nm with a good crystallinity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural properties and chemical composition of the QDs and it is reported that the QDs are rich in both tellurium and tungsten and comprise of a hexagonal structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful immobilization of aptamer sequence specific to AMACR onto the electrode surface by showing a distinct conformational change when aptamers were introduced to the QDs under study. This study reports the successful detection of AMACR using an MSA-WTe3 QDs based aptasensor immobilized onto a screen printed glassy carbon electrode, with a detection limit of 0.35651 ng/mL and a limit of quantification calculated to be 1.08033 ng/mL.
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Quintans, De Souza Gabriel. "A comparison between aqueous and organic electrolytes for lithium ion batteries". Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302287.
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Många batteriers användningsområden kräver att batterierna har hög upp- och urladdningshastighet samt låg kostnad. För dessa användningsområden är vattenbaserade laddningsbara batterier (ARB) ett möjligt alternativ i och med att de är svårantändliga, har god jonledningsförmåga, lägre inre resistans, billigare elektrolytlösning och tillverkning och har potentiellt högre upp- och urladdningshastigheter. Genom att utgå från en cell med LiMn2O4 och V2O5 som katod respektive anod, utvecklades en cell med en spänning på 1 V och prestanda för 2 mol/L LiTSFI i organisk respektive vattenlöslig lösning jämfördes i ett SEI-fritt system. Prestandan kvantifierades med avseende på urladdningskapaciteten vid olika urladdningshastigheter samt fördelningen av de interna överpotentialerna. Vid C/4 behöll den organiska elektrolyten 88,3% av den initiala kapaciteten efter 10 cykler medan den vattenlösliga behöll 98,8%. En gräns på 20 °C påvisades för den organiska elektrolyten och vid försök att gå över denna hastighet svällde pouch cellen upp. Den vattenlösliga elektrolyten, å andra sidan, bevarade 37 mAh/g vid 50 °C. Skillnaden i potentialfördelning i de två systemen analyserades även genom att använda tunnare elektroder. Den organiska elektrolyten visade då en förbättring av prestandan vid höga hastigheter, med en urladdningskapacitet på 8,8 mAh/g vid 50 °C, jämfört med 30 mAh/g för den vattenlösliga elektrolyten. IR-fallet var 7 gånger högre för den organiska elektrolyten. Eventuell skillnad i laddningsöverföring och por-resistans kunde inte analyseras då flera processer ägde rum på samma gång i systemen, vilket gav ett impedansspektrum med en komplex associerad ekvivalent krets.For several battery applications, high dis-/charge rate and low cost are imperatives. It is for these applications that aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARB) rise as potential candidates given the non-flammability, potentially higher ionic conductivity and dis-/charge rates, lower internal resistances and lower price of the electrolyte solvents and manufacture. By benchmarking a cell with LiMn2O4 and V2O5 as cathode and anode, respectively, a cell with an operating voltage window of 1 V was developed and the performance of 2 mol/L LiTFSI in organic and aqueous solvent compared in a SEI-free system. This performance was quantified in terms of discharge capacity at different rates of discharge and the distribution of internal overpotentials. At C/4, the organic electrolyte held 88.3% of the initial capacity after 10 cycles while the aqueous, 98.8%. A limit of 20 °C for the organic electrolyte was seen, and at the attempt of cycling above this rate, swelling of the pouch cell took place. The aqueous electrolyte, on the other hand, conserved 37 mAh/g at 50 °C. The difference of overpotentials distribution in both systems was also assessed by employing thinner electrodes. The organic electrolyte showed then an improvement on high-rate performance, reaching 50 °C, but with a discharge capacity of 8.8 mAh/g, against 30 mAh/g for the aqueous electrolyte. The IR-drop was 7 times higher for the organic electrolyte. The differentiation between charge-transfer and pore resistance, however, was not possible, because of the presence of several processes taking place at similar time-scales in both systems, yielding an impedance spectra with a complex associated equivalent circuit.
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Cooper, Celeste Eaton. "Degradation in Performance of Lanthanum Strontium Manganite Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes Under Accelerated Testing". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1485524881843845.
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Muchindu, Munkombwe. "Electrochemical ochratoxin a immunosensors based on polyaniline nanocomposites templated with amine- and sulphate-functionalised polystyrene latex beads". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3815_1306752491.
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Polyaniline nanocomposites doped with poly(vinylsulphonate) (PV-SO3 &minus
) and nanostructured polystyrene (PSNP) latex beads functionalized with amine (PSNP-NH2) and sulphate (PSNP-OSO3 &minus
) were prepared and characterised for use as nitrite electro-catalytic chemosensors and ochratoxin A immunosensors. The resultant polyaniline electrocatalytic chemosensors (PANI, PANI|PSNP-NH2 or PANI|PSNP-OSO3 &minus
) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Brown-Anson analysis of the multi-scan rate CV responses of the various PANI films gave surface concentrations in the order of 10&minus
8 mol/cm. UV-vis spectra of the PANI films dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide showed typical strong absorbance maxima at 480 and 740 nm associated with benzenoid p-p* transition and quinoid excitons of polyaniline, respectively. The SEM images of the PANI nanocomposite films showed cauliflower-like structures that were <
100 nm in diameter. When applied as electrochemical nitrite sensors, sensitivity values of 60, 40 and 30 &mu
A/mM with corresponding limits of detection of 7.4, 9.2 and 38.2 &mu
M NO2 &minus
, were obtained for electrodes, PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNP-SO3 &minus
, respectively. Immobilisation of ochratoxin A antibody onto PANI|PSNP-NH2, PANI and PANI|PSNPSO3 - resulted in the fabrication of immunosensors.
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Pan, Ke. "A Systematic Methodology for Characterization and Prediction of Performance of Si-based Materials for Li-ion Batteries". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1578038345015173.
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Gong, Yun. "Structure-property relationships of dyes as applied to dye-sensitized solar cells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/275007.
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This work investigates the correlation of structural and photovoltaic properties of dyes used in dye-sensitized solar cells. Experimental methods, including ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are employed to study optical and electrochemical properties of dye molecules. Computational methods, including density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory, are used to validate and predict the optical and electronic properties of dye molecules, in their isolated state and once embedded into a working electrode device environment that comprises a dye...TiO2 interface. The results chapters begin with the presentation of a series of quinodimethene dyes that are experimentally validated for their photovoltaic application, and associated computational studies reveal that an inner structural factor - a phenyl ring rotation occurring during the optical excitation process - leads to the competitive photovoltaic device performance of these dyes. Carbazole-based dyes are then systematically studied by computation, especially considering charge transfer paths and binding modes of these dyes on a titania surface. The theoretical models for the basic building block of this chemical family of dyes, known as MK-44, successfully support and explain structural discoveries from X-ray diffraction and reflectometry that impact of their function. A benzothiadiazole-based dye, RK-1, is then systematically studied by both experimental and computational methods, and the results show that the π-bridge composed of thiophene, benzothiadiazole and benzene rings leads to excellent charge separation; and the rotation of these rings during the optical excitation process may well be consistent with the fluorescence spectrum. Finally, the well-known ruthenium-based dyes are theoretically studied to determine the properties of different ligands connected to the metal core of the complex. Conformations with different NCS ligands are calculated in terms of energy and explain well the corresponding results from X-ray diffraction. Acid-base properties of carboxyl groups connected to pyridine ligands in N3 and N749 are theoretically calculated based on thermodynamics and density functional theory. Implicit and explicit models are both adopted to predict these acid dissociative constant values, which are generally in a good agreement with the reported experimental data. The thesis concludes with conclusions and a future outlook.
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Masikini, Milua. "The use of cyclodextrin template-based metal oxide nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical sensors for phenolic endocrine disruptor compounds". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2798_1307953880.
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Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta
-CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin (&beta
-CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between &beta
-CD and nanoparticles.
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Capute, Batalha Weverson. "Alliages amorphes à pseudo-haute entropie à base de fer : structure/microstructure, corrosion et propriétés mécaniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALI098.
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La quête de matériaux alternatifs pour remplacer l'acier inoxydable conventionnel dans les applications marines a récemment gagné en importance. Parmi les candidats émergents, les alliages amorphes à base de fer à faible teneur en chrome ont montré un grand potentiel, bien qu'ils nécessitent une compréhension plus approfondie de leur comportement. Cette recherche étudie l'effet de la dévitrification sur la corrosion et les propriétés mécaniques de deux compositions amorphes pseudo-entropiques novatrices à base de FeCrMoNbB et FeCrMoNiB, ainsi que leur comportement lorsqu'ils sont appliqués en tant que revêtements, mettant en lumière le rôle critique de la caractérisation du film passif.Dans la première étape, des rubans préparés par refusion ont été soumis à un recuit dans une atmosphère protectrice d'argon pour simuler la cristallisation. Des tests de corrosion ont été réalisés dans une cellule à trois électrodes, révélant la sensibilité des propriétés de corrosion au processus de dévitrification, en particulier pour la composition FeCrMoNbB aux premiers stades de cristallisation. Les deux compositions présentaient d'excellentes propriétés de corrosion à l'état amorphe, avec un plateau de passivation s'étendant sur plus de 800 mV par rapport à l'OCP. Les données de Spectroscopie d'Impédance Électrochimique (EIS) ont été validées par le logiciel du modèle de mesure, et le modèle de Loi de Puissance a été appliqué pour interpréter les diagrammes, permettant le calcul de la résistivité à l'interface métal/film (ρ0) pour les deux alliages. La valeur de ρ0 était plus élevée pour l'alliage contenant du Nb, de l'ordre de 1013 Ωcm2. La spectroscopie photoélectronique des rayons X a été utilisée pour l'étude du film passif, et la couche passive compacte composée de Cr, Nb et Mo a été liée à la meilleure résistance à la corrosion de l'alliage contenant du Nb par rapport à celui contenant du Ni.Le comportement d'érosion-corrosion a été évalué en utilisant un disque des deux compositions généré à partir du processus de formage par pulvérisation de précurseurs commerciaux. Malgré des défauts de surface tels que des pores inhérents et des fissures résultant du processus d'application du revêtement, les deux revêtements présentaient une dureté supérieure de plus de trois fois à celle des aciers inoxydables conventionnellement utilisés. Le comportement d'érosion-corrosion des échantillons semblait être significativement influencé à la fois par la porosité et l'oxydation des particules. D'un point de vue électrochimique, tel que déterminé par des mesures de Potentiel de Circuit Ouvert (OCP), il était impossible de différencier entre les deux échantillons analysés.Dans une étape ultérieure, des revêtements ont été appliqués à l'aide de la technique de pulvérisation magnétron à courant continu, créant deux films minces amorphes compacts avec une grande dureté. Les résultats des revêtements étaient comparables à ceux obtenus à partir des échantillons de ruban. L'analyse du film passif via l'EIS et la Spectroscopie Photoélectronique des Rayons X (XPS) a permis de caractériser les films passifs décrits par le modèle Young pour l'alliage contenant du Nb et le modèle de Loi de Puissance pour l'alliage contenant du Ni. Les piqûres étaient absentes dans le cas du revêtement contenant du Nb, qui présentait des propriétés nettement supérieures par rapport au substrat.Cette enquête complète sur ces alliages à base de fer offre des informations précieuses sur leur potentiel pour les applications marines et industrielles, en abordant les défis de corrosion et d'érosion-corrosion. Ces matériaux ont démontré des performances exceptionnelles et une résistance à la corrosion, ce qui les positionne comme des alternatives viables aux aciers inoxydables conventionnels dans des conditions de fonctionnement difficilesThe quest for alternative materials to replace conventional stainless steel for marine applications has gained prominence recently. Among the emerging candidates, low-chromium Fe-based amorphous alloys have shown great promise, albeit needing a deeper understanding of their behavior. This research investigates the effect of devitrification on the corrosion and mechanical properties of two novel FeCrMoNbB and FeCrMoNiB pseudo high entropy amorphous compositions and their behavior when applied as coatings, shedding light on the critical role of passive film characterization.In the first stage, ribbons prepared through melt-spinning were subjected to annealing in an Ar protective atmosphere for simulation of crystallization. Corrosion tests were performed in a three-electrode cell, revealing the sensitivity of corrosion properties to the devitrification process, especially for the FeCrMoNbB composition in the first stages of crystallization. Both compositions presented outstanding corrosion properties in the amorphous state with a passivation plateau extending over 800mV relative to OCP. Electrochemical Spectroscopy Impedance (EIS) data was validated by Measurement Model software, and the Power Law model was applied to interpret the diagrams, allowing the calculation of resistivity at the metal/film interface (ρ0) for both alloys. The value of ρ0 was higher for the Nb-containing alloy, on the order of 1013 Ωcm2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was applied for passive film study, and the compact passive layer composed of Cr, Nb, and Mo was linked to the superior corrosion resistance of the Nb-containing alloy compared to the Ni-containing one.Erosion-corrosion behavior was assessed using a disk of both compositions generated from commercial precursors' spray-forming process. Despite surface defects such as inherent pores and fissures resulting from the coating application process, both coatings exhibited hardness greater than three times that of conventionally used stainless steels. The erosion-corrosion behavior of the samples appeared to be significantly influenced by both porosity and particle oxidation. From an electrochemical perspective, as determined through Open Circuit Potential (OCP) measurements, it was impossible to differentiate between the two analyzed samples.In a subsequent step, coatings were applied using the DC magnetron sputtering technique, creating two compact, amorphous thin films with high hardness. The results from the coatings were comparable with those obtained from the ribbon samples. The passive film analysis via EIS and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy XPS enabled the characterization of the passive films described by the Young model for the Nb-containing alloy and the Power Law model for the alloy containing Ni. Pitting was absent in the case of the Nb-containing coating, which exhibited markedly superior properties compared to the substrate.The comprehensive investigation of these Fe-based alloys offers valuable insights into their potential for marine and industrial applications, addressing corrosion and erosion-corrosion challenges. These materials have demonstrated outstanding performance and corrosion resistance, positioning them as viable alternatives to conventional stainless steels in harsh operating conditions
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Cheekati, Sree Lakshmi. "GRAPHENE BASED ANODE MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1302573691.
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Wong, Yan Chiew. "Impedance matching and DC-DC converter designs for tunable radio frequency based mobile telecommunication systems". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9656.
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Tunability and adaptability for radio frequency (RF) front-ends are highly desirable because they not only enhance functionality and performance but also reduce the circuit size and cost. This thesis presents a number of novel design strategies in DC-DC converters, impedance networks and adaptive algorithms for tunable and adaptable RF based mobile telecommunication systems. Specifically, the studies are divided into three major directions: (a) high voltage switch controller based DC-DC converters for RF switch actuation; (b) impedance network designs for impedance transformation of RF switches; and (c) adaptive algorithms for determining the required impedance states at the RF switches. In the first stage, two-phase step-up switched-capacitor (SC) DC-DC converters are explored. The SC converter has a simple control method and a reduced physical volume. The research investigations started with the linear and the non-linear voltage gain topologies. The non-linear voltage gain topology provides a higher voltage gain in a smaller number of stages compared to the linear voltage gain topology. Amongst the non-linear voltage gain topologies, a Fibonacci SC converter has been identified as having lower losses and a higher conversion ratio compared to other topologies. However, the implementation of a high voltage (HV) gain Fibonacci SC converter is complex due to the requirement of widely different gate voltages for the transistors in the Fibonacci converter. Gate driving strategies have been proposed that only require a few auxiliary transistors in order to provide the required boosted voltages for switching the transistors on and off. This technique reduces the design complexity and increases the reliability of the HV Fibonacci SC converter. For the linear voltage gain topology, a high performance complementary-metaloxide- semiconductor (CMOS) based SC DC-DC converter has been proposed in this work. The HV SC DC-DC converter has been designed in low voltage (LV) transistors technology in order to achieve higher voltage gain. Adaptive biasing circuits have been proposed to eliminate the leakage current, hence avoiding latch-up which normally occurs with low voltage transistors when they are used in a high voltage design. Thus, the SC DC-DC converter achieves more than 25% higher boosted voltage compared to converters that use HV transistors. The proposed design provides a 40% power reduction through the charge recycling circuit that reduces the effect of non-ideality in integrated HV capacitors. Moreover, the SC DC-DC converter achieves a 45% smaller area than the conventional converter through optimising the design parameters. In the second stage, the impedance network designs for transforming the impedance of RF switches to the maximum achievable impedance tuning region are investigated. The maximum achievable tuning region is bounded by the fundamental properties of the selected impedance network topology and by the tunable values of the RF switches that are variable over a limited range. A novel design technique has been proposed in order to achieve the maximum impedance tuning region, through identifying the optimum electrical distance between the RF switches at the impedance network. By varying the electrical distance between the RF switches, high impedance tuning regions are achieved across multi frequency standards. This technique reduces the cost and the insertion loss of an impedance network as the required number of RF switches is reduced. The prototype demonstrates high impedance coverages at LTE (700MHz), GSM (900MHz) and GPS (1575MHz). Integration of a tunable impedance network with an antenna for frequency-agility at the RF front-end has also been discussed in this work. The integrated system enlarges the bandwidth of a patch antenna by four times the original bandwidth and also improves the antenna return loss. The prototype achieves frequency-agility from 700MHz to 3GHz. This work demonstrates that a single transceiver with multi frequency standards can be realised by using a tunable impedance network. In the final stage, improvement to an adaptive algorithm for determining the impedance states at the RF switches has been proposed. The work has resulted in one more novel design techniques which reduce the search time in the algorithm, thus minimising the risk of data loss during the impedance tuning process. The approach reduces the search time by more than an order of magnitude by exploiting the relationships among the mass spring’s coefficient values derived from the impedance network parameters, thereby significantly reducing the convergence time of the algorithm. The algorithm with the proposed technique converges in less than half of the computational time compared to the conventional approach, hence significantly improving the search time of the algorithm. The design strategies proposed in this work contribute towards the realisation of tunable and adaptable RF based mobile telecommunication systems.
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Chhor, Sarine. "Etude et modélisation de l'interface graphite/électrolyte dans les batteries lithium-ion". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI067/document.
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Cette thèse se positionne dans le domaine des batteries lithium-ion. Elle a pourobjectif de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de l’électrode négative de graphiteen étudiant le processus de formation du film de passivation, couramment appeléSEI (Solid Electrolyte Interface) créé à l’interface avec l’électrolyte. Ce travail nousa conduit à proposer des modèles pouvant expliquer comment se forme la SEI et àidentifier les phénomènes qui entrent en jeu dans le fonctionnement de la batterie.La SEI résulte de la réaction entre l’électrode de graphite, les ions lithium et les moléculesorganiques de l’électrolyte qui survient lors du premier processus d’insertion.Elle est principalement composée des produits de décomposition de l’électrolyte etles ions lithium consommés ne sont plus échangeables. Elle est donc responsable dela capacité irréversible observée lors du premier cycle de formation, correspondantà la différence de capacité entre le processus d’insertion et le processus de désinsertion.Il est donc essentiel de mieux comprendre les paramètres qui l’influencentpour pouvoir ainsi la contrôler et limiter la perte irréversible de capacité. Les performancesen capacité de l’élément lithium-ion sont directement liées à cette valeurde capacité irréversible, elle doit être limitée afin de maximiser la quantité d’ionslithium échangée entre l’électrode négative et l’électrode positive. La stabilité dela SEI conditionne ensuite le comportement en cyclage de l’électrode au cours dutemps.Dans ce mémoire de thèse, nous avons choisi de caractériser le comportement del’électrode de graphite en faisant varier la nature de l’électrolyte et la taille desparticules de graphite tout en restant le plus proche possible du fonctionnementd’une vraie batterie. Au travers des techniques de caractérisations électrochimiques(cyclage galvanostatique, spectroscopie d’impédance) associées à des techniques decaractérisation de surface (spectroscopie de photoélectrons X, microscopie électroniqueà balayage), les résultats obtenus ont permis de proposer un nouveau modèlede formation de la SEI.Pour l’électrolyte, nous avons choisi de ne regarder que l’effet du solvant (le carbonatede propylène) et de l’additif (le carbonate de vinylène). Ces deux composésentrent dans la composition des électrolytes utilisés dans les éléments lithium-ioncommerciaux. Pour l’électrode de graphite, le choix des particules s’avère primordialpuisque chaque type de particules possède une chimie de surface spécifique (plans223basaux ou plans prismatiques) susceptible de réagir différemment vis-à-vis de l’électrolyte.Deux particules de graphite, de taille et de morphologie différentes, ont étéétudiées. Elles sont utilisées séparément en tant que matière active dans les électrodesnégatives des batteries lithium-ion. Notre spécificité est d’avoir préparé desélectrodes constituées par un mélange de ces deux particules et de les avoir ensuitecaractérisées en formation. L’application de conditions de fonctionnement différentescomme le régime de cyclage et la température d’essai ont mis en évidence les valeursidéales conduisant à minimiser la dégradation de l’électrolyte et à optimiser laqualité du film.Nous avons abouti, au travers de l’ensemble des méthodes de caractérisations misesen oeuvre, à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de formation du film depassivation permettant ainsi d’améliorer cette étape essentielle à la pérennité desperformances de l’électrode dans le temps. Ce travail a donc un réel impact auniveau industriel. Le modèle de formation proposé apporte un éclairage nouveau auprocessus de formation et peut permettre également d’aider en amont à la fabricationdes particules de graphiteThis work relates to the lithium ion battery field. The purpose of this study is tobetter understand the behavior of graphite electrodes by focusing on the formationof a passive layer named Solid Electolyte Interface (SEI) which is formed at thegraphite/electrolyte interface. This work has led us to put forward models whichcan explain the SEI formation and identify the reactions which take place in alithium ion battery.The SEI results from reactions between graphite electrode, lithium ions and organicmolecules from the electrolyte during the first charge of the lithium ion battery. It ismainly composed of decomposition products from the electrolyte. Consumed lithiumions can no longer be used in the next cycle. The SEI is therefore responsible for theirreversible capacity during the first formation cycle which is the charge loss betweenthe intercalation process and the deintercalation process. It is necessary to betterunderstand the impact of the formation conditions and other parameters in orderto control and limit the irreversible charge loss. Lithium ion battery performancesdepend on this irreversible capacity, this value has to be reduced in order to maximizethe amount of exchanged lithium ions between negative and positive electrodes. TheSEI stability will determine the electrode behavior upon cycling.In this thesis, we chose to study the graphite behavior by testing several electrolytecompositions and graphite particle sizes in electrochemical cells similar to areal battery. Electrochemical techniques (galvanostatic cycling and electrochemicalimpedance spectroscopy) and surface analyses (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy) will be combined. These results helped us to developa new model of the SEI formation.For the electrolyte, we chose to study the effect of the solvent (propylene carbonate)and the additive (vinylene carbonate). Both components are commonly used inthe electrolyte for commercial lithium ion batteries. For the graphite electrode, thechoice of graphite particles is essential because each graphite family has its ownsurface chemistry (basal and prismatic surfaces) which can react in many wayswith the electrolyte. Two graphite particles, with specific sizes and morphologiesare studied. They are separately used as active materials for negative electrodes inlithium ion batteries. Our unique approach is to prepare graphite electrodes basedon a mix of both particles with various compositions and then test the electrode225performances. After testing several formation conditions such as the cycling rateand the temperature, we found the ideal formation conditions for minimizing theelectrolyte decomposition and optimizing the film quality.Finally, based on all the characterization methods, we came to a better understandingof the film formation process. In this way, we have improved this essentialpreliminary step which can now lead to more durable cycling performances overtime. This study can have a major impact on the industrial level. The formationmodel cast a new light on the formation process and can therefore help to makeefficient graphite electrodes
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Sanli, Abdulkadir. "Synthesis and Characterization of Strain Sensitive Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes/Epoxy based Nanocomposites". Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2017. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20878.
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Among various nanofillers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a significant attention due to their excellent physical properties. Incorporation of a very low amount of CNTs in polymer matrices enhances mechanical, thermal and optical properties of conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) tremendously. For mechanical sensors, the piezoresistive property of CNTs/polymer nanocomposites exhibits a great potential for the realization of stable, sensitive, tunable and cost-effective strain sensors. Achieving homogeneous CNTs dispersion within the polymer matrices, understanding their complex piezoresistivity and conduction mechanisms, as well as the response of the nanocomposites under humidity and temperature effects, is highly required for the realization of piezoresistive CNTs/polymer based nanocomposites.
This research primarily aims to synthesize and characterize CNTs/polymer based strain sensitive nanocomposites, which are cost-effective, applicable on both rigid and flexible substrates and require a non-complex fabrication process. A comprehensive understanding of the complex conduction and piezoresistive mechanisms of CNTs/polymer nanocomposites and their responses under humidity and temperature effects is another purpose of this thesis.
For this purpose, synthesis and complex electromechanical characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy nanocomposites are realized. In order to realize strain sensors for the strain range up to 1 % the use of epoxy is focused due to its good adhesion, dimensional stability, and good mechanical properties. The nanocomposites with up to 1 wt.% MWCNTs are synthesized by a non-complex direct mixing method and the final nanocomposites are deposited on flexible Kapton and rigid FR4 substrates and their corresponding morphological, electrical, electromechanical, as well as the response of the nanocomposite under humidity and temperature influences, are examined. The deformation over the sensor area is tested by digital image correlation (DIC) under quasi-static uniaxial tension. Quantitative piezoresistive characterization is performed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) over a wide range of frequencies. Further, dispersion quality of MWCNTs in the epoxy polymer matrix is monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, in order to tailor the piezoresistivity of the strain sensor, an R-C equivalent circuit is derived based on the impedance responses and the corresponding parameters are extracted from the applied strain. Obtained SEM images confirm that MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites with different MWCNTs concentrations have a good homogeneity and dispersion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis show that the samples have relatively good surface topography and fairly homogeneous CNTs networks. Higher sensitivity is achieved in particular at the concentrations close to the percolation threshold. A non-linear piezoresistive behavior is observed at low MWCNTs concentrations due to the dominance of tunneling effect. The strain sensitive nanocomposites deposited
on FR4 substrates present high-performance strain sensing properties, including high sensitivity, good stability, and durability after cyclic loading and unloading. In addition, MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites show quite a small creep, low hysteresis under cyclic tensile and compressive loadings and fast response and recovery times. Nanocomposites provide an opportunity to measure 2-D strain in one position including amplitude and direction for complex configuration of structures in real-time systems or products. In contrast to present solutions for multi-directional strain sensing, MWCNTs/epoxy based nanocomposites give promising results in terms of durability, easy-processability, and tunable piezoresistivity. Unlike commercially-available approaches for crack/damage identification, MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites are capable of detecting the applied crack directly over a certain area. From the humidity influence, it has been found that resistance of nanocomposites increases with the increase of humidity exposure due to swelling of the polymer. Temperature investigations show that MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites give negative temperature coefficient (NTC) response due to thermal activation of charge carriers and the temperature sensitivity increases with the increase of filler concentration. The proposed approach can be further developed by combining differently fabricated sensors for realizing a compact structural health monitoring system or multi-functional sensor, where pressure, strain, temperature, and humidity can be monitored simultaneously.Unter den verschiedenen Nanofillern haben CNTs aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden physikalischen Eigenschaften eine bedeutende Aufmerksamkeit erregt. Die Einarbeitung einer sehr geringen Menge an CNTs in Polymermatrizen verbessert die mechanischen, thermischen und optischen Eigenschaften von CPNs enorm. Für mechanische Sensoren bietet die piezoresistive Eigenschaft von CNTs/Polymer-Nanokompositen ein großes Potenzial zur Realisierung stabiler, empfindlicher, abstimmbarer und kostengünstiger Dehnungssensoren. Die Erzielung einer homogenen CNT-Dispersion innerhalb der Polymermatrizen, das Verständnis ihrer komplexen Piezoresistivitäts- und Leitungsmechanismen sowie die Reaktion der Nanokomposite unter Feuchte- und Temperatureinflüssen ist für die Realisierung piezoresistiver CNTs/Polymer-basierter Nanokomposite unerlässlich. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, CNTs/polymerbasierte dehnungsempfindliche Nanokomposite herzustellen und zu charakterisieren. Diese Nanokompositen sollen kostengünstig, sowohl auf starren als auch auf flexiblen Substraten anwendbar sein und ein nicht komplexes Herstellungsverfahren erfordern. Ein umfassendes Verständnis der komplexen leitungs- und piezoresistive Mechanismen von CNTs/ Polymer-Nanokompositen und deren Reaktionen unter Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatureinflüssen ist ein weiteres Ziel dieser Arbeit. Zu diesem Zweck werden Synthese und komplexe elektromechanische Charakterisierung von MWCNTs/epoxy nanocomposites realisiert. Um Dehnungssensoren für den Dehnungsbereich bis zu 1 % realisieren zu können, wird der Einsatz von Epoxy aufgrund seiner guten Haftung, Dimensionsstabilität und guten mechanischen Eigenschaften fokussiert. Zufällig verteilte MWCNTs mit bis zu 1 wt.% MWCNTs-Konzentration ist durch ein direktes Mischen synthetisiert und die Nanokomposite werden auf flexiblen Kapton und starren FR4 Substraten durch Siebdruck appliziert und anschließend deren morphologische, elektrische, elektromechanische sowie die Reaktion des Nanocomposits unter Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatureinflüssen untersucht. Die Verformung über den Sensorbereich wird duch die Digital Image Correlation (DIC) Methode unter quasi-statischer uniaxialer Spannung getestet. Die quantitative piezoresistive Charakterisierung wird mit elektrische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) in einem breitem Frquenzspektrum durchgeführt. Ferner wird die Dispersionsqualität von MWCNTs in der Epoxidepolymermatrix durch Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) überprüft. Zusätzlich ist, um die Piezoresistivität des Dehnungssensors abzustimmen, eine RC-Äquivalenzschaltung auf der Grundlage der Impedanzantworten abgeleitet und die entsprechenden Parameter unter Belastung extrahiert. Erhaltene SEM-Bilder bestätigen, dass MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite mit unterschiedlichen MWCNTs-Konzentrationen eine gute Homogenität und Dispersion aufweisen. Die atomic force microscopy (AFM) Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Proben relativ gute Oberflächentopographie und ziemlich homogene CNT-Netzwerke aufweisen. Eine höhere Empfindlichkeit wird insbesondere bei den Konzentrationen nahe der Perkolationsschwelle erreicht. Eine nichtlineare Piezoresistivität wird bei niedrigen MWCNTs Konzentrationen aufgrund der Dominanz des Tunnelwirkungseffekts beobachtet. Die auf FR4-Substraten applizierten dehnungsempfindlichen Nanokomposite weisen ausgezeichnete Dehnungsmessungseigenschaften einschließlich hohe Empfindlichkeit, gute Stabilität und Haltbarkeit nach zyklischer Be- und Entlastung auf. Darüber hinaus zeigen MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite ein geringes Kriechen, eine kleine Hysterese unter zyklischen Zug- und Druckbelastungen, sowie schnelle Reaktionsund Wiederherstellungszeiten. Nanokomposite bieten die Möglichkeit, 2-D-Dehnungen in einer Position einschließlich Amplitude und Richtung innerhalb einer Materialstruktur in Echtzeitsystemen oder Produkten zu messen. Im Gegensatz zu aktuellen Lösungen für die multi-direktionale Dehnungsmessung, bieten die MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite vielversprechende Ergebnisse in Bezug auf Langlebigkeit, leichte Verarbeitung und einstellbare Piezoresistivität. Im Unterschied zu kommerziell verfügbaren Ansätzen wird festgestellt, dassMWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite zur Riss-/Schadenserkennung in der Lage sind, den angelegten Riss direkt über einen bestimmten Bereich zu detektieren. Aus dem Einfluss der Feuchtigkeit hat sich herausgestellt, dass die Resistenz von Nanokompositen mit zunehmender Feuchtigkeitsbelastung durch Quellung des Polymers zunimmt. Temperaturuntersuchungen zeigen, dass MWCNTs/Epoxide-Nanokomposite aufgrund der thermischen Aktivierung von Ladungsträgern auf Temperatureinflüsse reagieren und die Temperaturempfindlichkeit mit der Erhöhung der Füllstoffkonzentration zunimmt. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz kann durch die Kombination unterschiedlich hergestellte Sensoren zur Realisierung eines kompakten zur Überwachung des Zustands von Strukturen oder von multifunktionalen Sensoren weiterentwickelt werden, bei denen gleichzeitig Druck, Dehnung, Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit überwacht werden können.
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Frankeser, Sophia. "Monitoring of age-relevant parameters in an integrated inverter system for electrical drives based on SiC-BJTs". Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31470.
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The Silicon Carbide Bipolar Transistor is a device that is barely brought into real application so far. It features very low conduction losses and a high power density. The application is in some points different and unusual in comparison to the mainstream power semiconductors as IGBTs or MOSFETs. The Silicon Carbide Bipolar Transistor, the SiC-BJT, is a current driven device and the effort in driving is uncommonly high. As an outcome of the present work it can be said that it is more like a shift of requirements from the power semiconductor power unit to the driver stage. With consideration of all system losses, including driving losses, the final unoptimized COSIVU prototype inverter system gained an increase of efficiency of 40-60% in comparison to the IGBT-based reference system dependent on the applied load points.
In terms of reliability and possible failure modes, the SiC-BJT behaves differently from the mainstream devices. One result of the project is that the chips itself are quite robust but the packaging needs some improvements. Thermal impedance spectroscopy is a method for detecting possible deterioration in the cooling path of a device. A method for temperature estimation of the SiC-BJT during on-state will be presented in this work. The electronic hardware for thermal impedance spectroscopy has been developed to do the measurements in a non-laboratory setup in the inverter in real application. Furthermore, the hardware implementation was realized on a very small space for integration into an in-wheel motor inverter system.Der Siliciumkarbid Bipolartransistor ist ein leistungselektronisches Bauelement, was bis heute kaum über Labor- und Forschungsprojekte hinaus anwendungsnah zum Einsatz kam. Er verfügt über sehr geringe Durchlassverluste und eine hohe Leistungsdichte. Seine Verwendung und Anwendung ist in mancher Hinsicht anders und unüblich im Vergleich zu den etablierten leistungselektronischen Bauelementen wie IGBT und MOSFET. Der Siliciumkarbid Bipolartransistor, also der SiC-BJT, ist ein stromgesteuertes Bauteil, weswegen der Aufwand für die Treiber sehr hoch ist. Die praktische Arbeit im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „COSIVU“ mit den SiC-BJTs in Verbindung mit dem fertigen integrierten Invertersystem hat unter anderem gezeigt, dass es mehr eine Verschiebung der Anforderungen von der Leistungselektronik hin zu den Treibern für die Leistungselektronik ist. Unter Betrachtung der Verluste des gesamten Systems, einschließlich der Motor-, Treiber- und Steuerverluste, hat das fertige Prototyp-Invertersystem, welches durchaus noch Potential zur Optimierung besaß, eine deutliche Verbesserung des Wirkungsgrades erreicht. Gegenüber dem auf IGBT basierenden Referenz-Invertersystem, hat das COSIVU Invertersystem eine Verbesserung des Wirkungsgrades um 40-60 % erreicht. Eine Erkenntnis aus dem Forschungsprojekt in Bezug auf Zuverlässigkeit und mögliche Fehler und Defekte ist, dass der Chip selbst zwar ziemlich robust ist, aber dass die Gehäuse-, Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik angepasst und verbessert werden sollte. Thermische Impedanzspektroskopie ist eine Methode um Verschlechterungen im Kühlpfad eines leistungselektronischen Halbleiters zu erkennen, was ein Kriterium für die Alterung des Bauteils ist. Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Sperrschichttemperatur von SiC-BJTs während des normalen Durchlassbetriebes wird in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt. Die Platine für die thermische Impedanzspektroskopie wurde entwickelt, um die Messung in einem laborfernen Aufbau in einer echten Inverteranwendung durchzuführen. Zudem wurden die Platinenaufbauten auf sehr kleiner Fläche realisiert. Die Integration musste nämlich sehr kompakt gestaltet werden, da es sich um ein „in-wheel“ Motor-Inverter-System handelt, was zum größten Teil innerhalb eines Fahrzeugrades untergebracht ist.
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Bu, Junfu. "Advanced BaZrO3-BaCeO3 Based Proton Conductors Used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFCs)". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad processmetallurgi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-165073.
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In this thesis, the focus is on studying BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors due to that they represent very promising proton conductors to be used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (ITSOFCs). Here, dense BaZr0.5Ce0.3Y0.2O3-δ (BZCY532) ceramics were selected as the major studied materials. These ceramics were prepared by different sintering methods and doping strategies. Based on achieved results, the thesis work can simply be divided into the following parts: 1) An improved synthesis method, which included a water-based milling procedure followed by a freeze-drying post-processing, was presented. A lowered calcination and sintering temperature for a Hf0.7Y0.3O2-δ (YSH) compound was achieved. The value of the relative density in this work was higher than previously reported data. It is also concluded that this improved method can be used for mass-production of ceramics. 2) As the solid-state reactive sintering (SSRS) represent a cost-effective sintering method, the sintering behaviors of proton conductors BaZrxCe0.8-xLn0.2O3-δ (x = 0.8, 0.5, 0.1; Ln = Y, Sm, Gd, Dy) during the SSRS process were investigated. According to the obtained results, it was found that the sintering temperature will decrease, when the Ce content increases from 0 (BZCLn802) to 0.3 (BZCLn532) and 0.7 (BZCLn172). Moreover, the radii of the dopant ions similar to the radii of Zr4+ or Ce4+ ions show a better sinterability. This means that it is possible to obtain dense ceramics at a lower temperature. Moreover, the conductivities of dense BZCLn532 ceramics were determined. The conductivity data indicate that dense BZCY532 ceramics are good candidates as either oxygen ion conductors or proton conductors used for ITSOFCs. 3) The effect of NiO on the sintering behaviors, morphologies and conductivities of BZCY532 based electrolytes were systematically investigated. According to the achieved results, it can be concluded that the dense BZCY532B ceramics (NiO was added during ball-milling before a powder mixture calcination) show an enhanced oxygen and proton conductivity. Also, that BZCY532A (NiO was added after a powder mixture calcination) and BZCY532N (No NiO was added in the whole preparation procedures) showed lower values. In addition, dense BZCY532B and BZCY532N ceramics showed only small electronic conductivities, when the testing temperature was lower than 800 ℃. However, the BZCY532A ceramics revealed an obvious electronic conduction, when they were tested in the range of 600 ℃ to 800 ℃. Therefore, it is preferable to add the NiO powder during the BZCY532 powder preparation, which can lower the sintering temperature and also increase the conductivity. 4) Dense BZCY532 ceramics were successfully prepared by using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method at a temperature of 1350 ℃ with a holding time of 5 min. It was found that a lower sintering temperature (< 1400 ℃) and a very fast cooling rate (> 200 ℃/min) are two key parameters to prepare dense BZCY532 ceramics. These results confirm that the SPS technique represents a feasible and cost-effective sintering method to prepare dense Ce-containing BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton conductors. 5) Finally, a preliminary study for preparation of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ (SDC) and BZCY532 basedcomposite electrolytes was carried out. The novel SDC-BZCY532 based composite electrolytes were prepared by using the powder mixing and co-sintering method. The sintering behaviors, morphologies and ionic conductivities of the composite electrolytes were investigated. The obtained results show that the composite electrolyte with a composition of 60SDC-40BZCY532 has the highest conductivity. In contrast, the composite electrolyte with a composition of 40SDC-60BZCY532 shows the lowest conductivity. In summary, the results show that BaZrO3-BaCeO3 based proton-conducting ceramic materials represent very promising materials for future ITSOFCs electrolyte applications.QC 20150423
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Jimenez, Saldana Cristhian Carim. "Large Scale Analysis of Massive Deployment of Converter-based Generation equipped with Grid- forming Strategies". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292690.
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To mitigate the carbon footprint and the need to fulfil the energy goals in terms of sustainability, it is required to deploy a large integration of green energies. Therefore, in the previous and the coming years, there will be a high research and technological interest in the high penetration of converter-based generation. With the replacement and integration of power converters into the bulk power grid, new challenges and issues must be faced to maintain the system´s stability and reliability in terms of procedures for the transmission system operators. The main objective of this thesis project is to analyze and to implement the current- limiting techniques implemented in voltage source converters, which are equipped with grid-forming functionalities so that these electronic devices are safeguarded during a severe transient event as three-phase short-circuit and remain connected to the grid during the fault scenario. The model of the voltage source converter with grid-forming strategies is described as well as the grid-forming strategies (droop control, virtual synchronous machine (VSM) and dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC)) utilized in the outer loop. The low-inertia and zero-inertia system in the IEEE 9-Bus test system were exhibited to be resilient towards 3-phase fault events, and their behavior shows neither significant oscillations during and after the incident of the fault nor noticeable difference in their performance regarding the location. In this test system model, the current-limiting techniques were validated and analyzed results display good effectiveness for the current and frequency. The Hydro-Québec network model was employed to have a more practical approach in the behavior of the current limitation strategies in the power converters in a real power system. The fault location and the percentage of participation of the voltage source converters in the energy generation were the two main scenarios, in which the proposed control strategies for restricting the current work but simultaneously, it is required an appropriate control to keep the system´s stability.För att minska koldioxidutsläppet och uppnå energimålen med avseende på hållbarhet krävs integrering av hållbara energikällor. Därmed, under de föregående och kommande åren kommer stort fokus riktas mot forskning kring ökad penetration av kraftelektronikomriktare i kraftsystemet. När kraftelektronikomriktare ersätter traditionella generationsenheter uppkommer nya utmaningar och problem som behöver lösas för att upprätthålla systemets stabilitet och pålitlighet med avseende på tillvägagångssätt för systemansvariga för överföringssystemet. Avhandlingens huvudmål är att analysera och implementera strömbegränsande metoder för kraftelektronikomriktare av typen voltage source converters med en nätformande (”grid- forming”) funktionalitet. Strömbegränsaren ska säkerställa att kraftelektronikomriktaren skyddas under allvarliga transienta händelser och att kraftelektronikomriktaren förblir ansluten till nätet under händelsen. Modellen av kraftelektronikomriktaren med nätformande egenskaper är beskrivna tillsammans med nätformande kontrollstrategier, virtuella synkronmaskniner (VSM) och användande av avsändande virtuell oscillerande kontroll i den yttre slingan. Den låga trögheten och noll-tröghetssystemet i IEEE 9-Bus test-system visade sig vara motståndskraftig mot trefasfel eftersom testsystemets beteende visade varken signifikanta oscillationer under och efter felet eller märkbar förändring i dess prestanda beroende på var felet inträffade. I denna testsystemsmodell var strömbegränsande tekniker validerade och de analyserande resultaten visade på god effektivitet för strömmen och för frekvensen. Hydro-Québec nätverks-modellen användes för att få en mer praktisk inriktning med hänsyn till beteendet hos strömbegränsarna där olika strategier har använts. Felpositionen och andelen av kraftelektronikomriktare i energigenereringen var två huvudsakliga scenarion, där de föreslagna kontrollstrategierna för att begränsa strömmen fungerade men kräver samtidigt att en lämplig kontroll för att behålla systemets stabilitet.