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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Blondel, Marion. "Vulnerability as a Virtue: An Attempt to Transpose the Care Ethic in International Law". Baltic Yearbook of International Law Online 17, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2020): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22115897_01701_010.
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The utilisation of the concept of vulnerability in international law has risen exponentially. This contribution intends to analyse the issues underlying this phenomenon. Vulnerability is frequently used in a functional manner in order to enhance the protection of individuals. Therefore, even if vulnerability has been initially developed as a non-legal concept, it has now become integrated into legal discourse. As it inevitably supposes the contributions of other disciplines such as moral philosophy and legal sociology, vulnerability reshapes the ways in which individuals are protected by law. Hence, the reconsideration of several concepts, especially individual autonomy and international responsibility, paves the way for better protection of individuals.
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Ferguson, Magnus. "Hermeneutical Justice in Fricker, Dotson, and Arendt". Epoché: A Journal for the History of Philosophy 25, n.º 1 (2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche2020108168.
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I propose that Hannah Arendt’s hermeneutical philosophy can make important contributions to ongoing debates in the study of epistemic injustice. Building on Kristie Dotson’s concern that Miranda Fricker’s formulation of hermeneutical injustice is needlessly restrictive, I argue that Arendt’s concept of ‘thinking’ challenges us to imagine a form of hermeneutical virtue that is rigorously self-critical. The self-destructive tendency of Arendtian thinking may help to guard against the specific danger that Dotson identifies - namely, that an overly rigid approach to hermeneutical injustice and hermeneutical virtue can itself generate situations of epistemic injustice. Despite important differences that emerge, it is productive to bring together Fricker’s concept of hermeneutical virtue and Arendt’s concept of self-undermining thinking in order to reveal the ways in which these two corrective strategies might enrich and pose important challenges for the other.
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Ramsay, Hayden. "Natural Virtue". Dialogue 37, n.º 2 (1998): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300007009.
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RésuméJe discute dans le présent article le(s) concept(s) de vertu naturelle chez Aristote et Thomas d'Aquin. J'analyse l'idée de Thomas d'Aquin de vertus qui sont naturelles à tous les être humains en m'aidant de la théorie contemporaine de la loi naturelle; et je défends son idée de vertus qui sont naturelles à certains êtres humains en discutant quelques problèmes en éthique contemporaine de la vertu et en comparant ses conceptions à celles de David Hume. Finalement, je recours au concept de vertu naturelle pour examiner la question de l'unité des vertus et le problème du «courageux meurtrier nazi». Je comprends cette exploration du thème de la vertu naturelle comme une contribution à la réflexion sur la vertu en général et, plus particulièrement, au débat entre une éthique de la vertu et une éthique des principes.
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Garlington, Sarah B., Mary Elizabeth Collins e Margaret R. Durham Bossaller. "An Ethical Foundation for Social Good: Virtue Theory and Solidarity". Research on Social Work Practice 30, n.º 2 (18 de julho de 2019): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731519863487.
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Purpose: Virtue theorists debate qualities of society leading to human flourishing. Thus, aspects of scholarship on virtue theory may refine conceptualization of social good. We focus on the virtue of solidarity and its contributions to the ethical foundations of social good, providing a core connection to macro-level social work interventions and settings. Methods: We first identify a theoretical gap in the conceptual framework of social good, then use virtue theory and the example of solidarity to connect the concept of social good to social work professional values and macro practice. Results: Our primary critique of the concept of social good is the lack of a sufficient ethical frame that addresses social justice, value foundations, or power analysis. Discussion: Without this, the discussion of social good lacks tools needed to critically assess relevant systems of change and innovative technologies. Consequently, the work of social good risks reinforcing existing status quo and oppressive systems.
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Carvallo Monsalve, Yanary Emelina, e Nelson José Henríquez Almarza. "Aristothelic ethics as a competitive management strategy for Msmes in the province of El Oro". Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas 3, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.62452/5737vq55.
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This research intends through a documentary and theoretical investigation to determine the ethical foundations that must be sustained by the current manager in the MSMEs. The study of philosophy and moral thinking lead this Aristotelian study; evidencing his contribution to competitiveness through the concept of virtue and good. Ethics is an imperative necessity from a practical point of view in the face of a crisis of values and the prevailing system of conveniences and adjustments of doctrine, where Aristotelian virtue encompasses all areas of action in its two forms: ethical virtues and intellectual virtues. This study contributes to future research that seeks to establish strategies that are part of the manager and the workers to achieve competitiveness
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Wu Wenqing. "Interpretation of collaborative virtue ethics of scientists". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, n.º 3 (30 de junho de 2024): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.3.1657.
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This article argues for the integration of collaborative virtue ethics into modern life, highlighting its foundation in the practices of contemporary science. It posits that the respect commanded by modern science is not due to a superior objective foundation, but to its embodiment of human synergy based on weak rationality and moral virtue. Drawing on Polanyi's concept of "coordination by mutual adjustment," the article illustrates how scientific progress results from the collective efforts and consensus of many individuals. This collaborative ethic, historically rooted in the evolution of scientific research from individual endeavors to organized teamwork, underscores the importance of mutual respect and cooperation. The discussion emphasizes that fostering team spirit, nationwide collaborative efforts, and valuing collective contributions are essential for addressing complex challenges in modern society.
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Chernyak, Alexey Z. "Virtue Epistemology as Anti-luck Epistemology". Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, n.º 4 (2021): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158462.
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The idea that knowledge as an individual mental attitude with certain propositional content is not only true justified belief but a belief the truth of which does not result from any kind of luck, is widely spread in contemporary epistemology. This account is known as anti-luck epistemology. A very popular explanation of the inconsistency of that concept of knowledge with the luck-dependent nature of truth (so called veritic luck taking place when a subject’s belief could not be true if not by mere coincidence) presumes that the status of propositional knowledge crucially depends on the qualities of actions that result in the corresponding belief, or processes backing them, which reflect the socalled intellectual virtues mainly responsible for subject’s relevant competences. This account known as Virtue Epistemology presumes that if a belief is true exclusively or mainly due to its dependence on intellectual virtues, it just cannot be true by luck, hence no place for lucky knowledge. But this thesis is hard to prove given the existence of true virtuous beliefs which could nevertheless be false if not for some lucky (for the knower) accident. This led to an appearance of virtue epistemological theories aimed specifically at an assimilation of such cases. Their authors try to represent the relevant situations as such where the contribution of luck is not crucial whereas the contribution of virtues is crucial. This article provides a critical analysis of the corresponding arguments as part of a more general study of the ability of Virtue Epistemology to provide justification for the thesis of incompatibility of propositional knowledge with veritic luck. It is shown that there are good reasons to doubt that Virtue Epistemology can do this.
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Pardue, Stephen T. "Athens and Jerusalem Once More: What the Turn to Virtue Means for Theological Exegesis". Journal of Theological Interpretation 4, n.º 2 (2010): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26421308.
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Abstract This essay aims to explore the concept of interpretive virtue and to elucidate its significance for contemporary exegetes. Although several recent works have referenced the importance of the virtues in renewing biblical interpretation, a concise account of the options, benefits, and challenges associated with such a move remains elusive. To sketch this account, this essay explores virtue epistemology as an analogous (but not identical) trend in a sister discipline. Two models of virtue epistemology—the first from Linda Zagzebski, and the second from Robert C. Roberts and W. Jay Wood—offer several insights that should inform appropriations of virtue ethics in biblical interpretation. While there are surely important differences between epistemology and exegesis, Roberts and Wood in particular demonstrate the great potential that lies in a virtues approach to biblical interpretation that aims at improving the intellectual life by forming habits conducive to the acquisition of various interpretive goods. Though this approach is unlikely to provide a way of adjudicating interpretive disputes, it can significantly enrich our understanding of biblical exegesis by delineating its goals more clearly while also helping teachers to train students more effectively. While this reorientation must not be overhyped—virtue theory does not offer a complete picture of what makes good biblical interpretation—it holds significant promise. Finally, the essay addresses three common objections to virtue theory: that it represents a poor fit with the biblical witness, that it yields no substantial contribution to hermeneutics, and that it ineluctably results in problematic forms of relativism.
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Pardue, Stephen T. "Athens and Jerusalem Once More: What the Turn to Virtue Means for Theological Exegesis". Journal of Theological Interpretation 4, n.º 2 (2010): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jtheointe.4.2.0295.
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Abstract This essay aims to explore the concept of interpretive virtue and to elucidate its significance for contemporary exegetes. Although several recent works have referenced the importance of the virtues in renewing biblical interpretation, a concise account of the options, benefits, and challenges associated with such a move remains elusive. To sketch this account, this essay explores virtue epistemology as an analogous (but not identical) trend in a sister discipline. Two models of virtue epistemology—the first from Linda Zagzebski, and the second from Robert C. Roberts and W. Jay Wood—offer several insights that should inform appropriations of virtue ethics in biblical interpretation. While there are surely important differences between epistemology and exegesis, Roberts and Wood in particular demonstrate the great potential that lies in a virtues approach to biblical interpretation that aims at improving the intellectual life by forming habits conducive to the acquisition of various interpretive goods. Though this approach is unlikely to provide a way of adjudicating interpretive disputes, it can significantly enrich our understanding of biblical exegesis by delineating its goals more clearly while also helping teachers to train students more effectively. While this reorientation must not be overhyped—virtue theory does not offer a complete picture of what makes good biblical interpretation—it holds significant promise. Finally, the essay addresses three common objections to virtue theory: that it represents a poor fit with the biblical witness, that it yields no substantial contribution to hermeneutics, and that it ineluctably results in problematic forms of relativism.
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Yang-Yin, Linghan. "Doubts about Michael Slote’s Ethics of Empathy and its Responses". Scientific and Social Research 4, n.º 6 (20 de junho de 2022): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v4i6.4072.
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Throughout the history of western ethics, there has been a ceaseless debate between rationalism and sentimentalism. The two normative movements which born from the debate have caught our attention. The first one happened in the late 19th century, as represented by Kantian deontology and utilitarianism. Meanwhile, the other one is the revival movement of virtue ethics initiated by Hursthouse, MacIntyre, Michael Slote (Slote), and others, discussing the normativity and rationality of virtue ethics. During the second normative movement of virtue ethics, Slote proposed moral sentimentalism based on the ethics of empathy, which made him the focus on the academic attention. The doubts about the Ethics of Empathy constructed by Slote falls under three aspects, which are the concept of empathy, the process of empathy argumentation, and the reliability of using empathy ethics to answer Hume’s problem. Meticulous research on these doubts and Slote’s responses to them can help us to understand better on the construction of his ethical thoughts, their contributions, and limitations, which the author believes, is essential for the current development of moral sentimentalism.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Liu, Ningning. "Contributions to generic and affective visual concept recognition". Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECDL0038.
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Cette thèse de doctorat est consacrée à la reconnaissance de concepts visuels (VCR pour "Visual Concept Recognition"). En raison des nombreuses difficultés qui la caractérisent, cette tâche est toujours considérée comme l’une des plus difficiles en vision par ordinateur et reconnaissance de formes. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé plusieurs contributions, particulièrement dans le cadre d’une approche de reconnaissance multimodale combinant efficacement les informations visuelles et textuelles. Tout d’abord, nous avons étudié différents types de descripteurs visuels de bas-niveau sémantique pour la tâche de VCR incluant des descripteurs de couleur, de texture et de forme. Plus précisément, nous pensons que chaque concept nécessite différents descripteurs pour le caractériser efficacement pour permettre sa reconnaissance automatique. Ainsi, nous avons évalué l’efficacité de diverses représentations visuelles, non seulement globales comme la couleur, la texture et la forme, mais également locales telles que SIFT, Color SIFT, HOG, DAISY, LBP et Color LBP. Afin de faciliter le franchissement du fossé sémantique entre les descripteurs bas-niveau et les concepts de haut niveau sémantique, et particulièrement ceux relatifs aux émotions, nous avons proposé des descripteurs visuels de niveau intermédiaire basés sur l’harmonie visuelle et le dynamisme exprimés dans les images. De plus, nous avons utilisé une décomposition spatiale pyramidale des images pour capturer l’information locale et spatiale lors de la construction des descripteurs d’harmonie et de dynamisme. Par ailleurs, nous avons également proposé une nouvelle représentation reposant sur les histogrammes de couleur HSV en utilisant un modèle d’attention visuelle pour identifier les régions d’intérêt dans les images. Ensuite, nous avons proposé un nouveau descripteur textuel dédié au problème de VCR. En effet, la plupart des photos publiées sur des sites de partage en ligne (Flickr, Facebook, ...) sont accompagnées d’une description textuelle sous la forme de mots-clés ou de légende. Ces descriptions constituent une riche source d’information sur la sémantique contenue dans les images et il semble donc particulièrement intéressant de les considérer dans un système de VCR. Ainsi, nous avons élaboré des descripteurs HTC ("Histograms of Textual Concepts") pour capturer les liens sémantiques entre les concepts. L’idée générale derrière HTC est de représenter un document textuel comme un histogramme de concepts textuels selon un dictionnaire (ou vocabulaire), pour lequel chaque valeur associée à un concept est l’accumulation de la contribution de chaque mot du texte pour ce concept, en fonction d’une mesure de distance sémantique. Plusieurs variantes de HTC ont été proposées qui se sont révélées être très efficaces pour la tâche de VCR. Inspirés par la démarche de l’analyse cepstrale de la parole, nous avons également développé Cepstral HTC pour capturer à la fois l’information de fréquence d’occurrence des mots (comme TF-IDF) et les liens sémantiques entre concepts fournis par HTC à partir des mots-clés associés aux images. Enfin, nous avons élaboré une méthode de fusion (SWLF pour "Selective Weighted Later Fusion") afin de combiner efficacement différentes sources d’information pour le problème de VCR. Cette approche de fusion est conçue pour sélectionner les meilleurs descripteurs et pondérer leur contribution pour chaque concept à reconnaître. SWLF s’est révélé être particulièrement efficace pour fusion des modalités visuelles et textuelles, par rapport à des schémas de fusion standards. [...]This Ph.D thesis is dedicated to visual concept recognition (VCR). Due to many realistic difficulties, it is still considered to be one of the most challenging problems in computer vision and pattern recognition. In this context, we have proposed some innovative contributions for the task of VCR, particularly in building multimodal approaches that efficiently combine visual and textual information. Firstly, we have proposed semantic features for VCR and have investigated the efficiency of different types of low-level visual features for VCR including color, texture and shape. Specifically, we believe that different concepts require different features to efficiently characterize them for the recognition. Therefore, we have investigated in the context of VCR various visual representations, not only global features including color, shape and texture, but also the state-of-the-art local visual descriptors such as SIFT, Color SIFT, HOG, DAISY, LBP, Color LBP. To help bridging the semantic gap between low-level visual features and high level semantic concepts, and particularly those related to emotions and feelings, we have proposed mid-level visual features based on the visual harmony and dynamism semantics using Itten’s color theory and psychological interpretations. Moreover, we have employed a spatial pyramid strategy to capture the spatial information when building our mid-level features harmony and dynamism. We have also proposed a new representation of color HSV histograms by employing a visual attention model to identify the regions of interest in images. Secondly, we have proposed a novel textual feature designed for VCR. Indeed, most of online-shared photos provide textual descriptions in the form of tags or legends. In fact, these textual descriptions are a rich source of semantic information on visual data that is interesting to consider for the purpose of VCR or multimedia information retrieval. We propose the Histograms of Textual Concepts (HTC) to capture the semantic relatedness of concepts. The general idea behind HTC is to represent a text document as a histogram of textual concepts towards a vocabulary or dictionary, whereas its value is the accumulation of the contribution of each word within the text document toward the underlying concept according to a predefined semantic similarity measure. Several variants of HTC have been proposed that revealed to be very efficient for VCR. Inspired by the Cepstral speech analysis process, we have also developed Cepstral HTC to capture both term frequency-based information (like TF-IDF) and the relatedness of semantic concepts in the sparse image tags, which overcomes the HTC’s shortcoming of ignoring term frequency-based information. Thirdly, we have proposed a fusion scheme to combine different sources of Later Fusion, (SWLF) is designed to select the best features and to weight their scores for each concept to be recognized. SWLF proves particularly efficient for fusing visual and textual modalities in comparison with some other standard fusion schemes. While a late fusion at score level is reputed as a simple and effective way to fuse features of different nature for machine-learning problems, the proposed SWLF builds on two simple insights. First, the score delivered by a feature type should be weighted by its intrinsic quality for the classification problem at hand. Second, in a multi-label scenario where several visual concepts may be assigned to an image, different visual concepts may require different features which best recognize them. In addition to SWLF, we also propose a novel combination approach based on Dempster-Shafer’s evidence theory, whose interesting properties allow fusing different ambiguous sources of information for visual affective recognition. [...]
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Lalor, Clare. "Responsible Leadership : Developing the Concept of Leader Character from a Virtue Ethics Perspective". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75853.
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Abstract
This study of leader character located within the emerging construct of Responsible Leadership (RL) is conducted from a virtue business ethics perspective. A review of the leadership literature reveals that although there is a need for leaders of character, little is known about the concept of leader character from a research perspective. Leadership researchers note that current research methods are not satisfactory for gaining an understanding of the enigmatic nature of leader character. To address this shortcoming, this research examines the concept of leader character from a philosophical virtue ethics perspective. The emerging construct of RL is a normative theory of leadership that considers leaders’ responsibilities within our global societal context and resonates with the moral and societal themes of virtue ethics. The nature of this study of leadership is from a humanities perspective that seeks to apply moral philosophy to understand the whole of leadership, and is in contrast to a social science study of leadership. The works of the moral philosophers Aristotle and Alasdair MacIntyre are interpreted by applying the method of hermeneutics in gaining an understanding of character. This virtue understanding of the concept of character, which forms the foundation of the concept of leader character, is informed by business ethics research from an Aristotelian and MacIntyrean perspective. The conceptual foundation of RL is extended by exploring leader character, which lies at its core, taking the form of a virtue model of leader character.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Business Management
PhD
Unrestricted
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Tankha, Vijay. "The analogy between virtue and crafts in Plato's early dialogues /". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74591.
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This thesis investigates Plato's analogy between virtue and crafts, a comparison made extensively in the early dialogues. I first detail the model of technical knowledge that Plato uses as a paradigm of knowledge. An application of this model shows the inadequacies in some claims to know or to teach virtue. Applying the model to the Socratic dictum, 'Virtue is knowledge' enables us to understand what such knowledge is about. Such knowledge is identified as 'self-knowledge' and is the product of philosophy. Philosophy is thus revealed as the craft of virtue, directed at the good of individuals. One problematic aspect of the analogy between virtue and crafts is the possibility of misuse. Virtue conceived as self-knowledge enables Plato to explain both why such a craft cannot be misused and why it alone can be the basis for benefiting others.
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Brown, Pailyn. "Virtue of Attunement: Contributions of Yuasa Yasuo's Embodied Self-Cultivation Practices to Ted Toadvine's Ecophenomenology of Difference". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1516467964864505.
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Ma, Junheng. "Contributions to Numerical Formal Concept Analysis, Bayesian Predictive Inference and Sample Size Determination". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1285341426.
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LATOUR, JANKOWIAK DALIDA. "L'histoire du concept d'antiquité en France (XVe-XIXe siècles) : les contributions de l'histoire juridique et littéraire à l'émergence d'un concept périodologique". Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100110.
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Entendue communement aujourd'hui comme la periode historique s'etendant du ive millenaire avant l'ere chretienne au ve siecle apres j. -c. , l'antiquite comme concept prend naissance dans le milieu humaniste des la seconde moitie du xive siecle en italie, puis dans le reste de l'europe aux xve et xvie siecles. L'antiquite est d'abord une idee, forgee par l'interpretation humaniste et renaissante dela culture greco-romaine, et represente alors le temps mythique de la perfection originelle. De cette conception, issue pour une large part des acquis juridiques lies aux redecouvertes successives du prestigieux heritage du droit romain, etait ne un moyen age, ere intermediaire comprise comme decadence culturelle, que la renaissance cloturait precisement en reinventant les valeurs greco-romaines antiques. Cette vision tripartite du temps de l'histoire posait les fondements intellectuels de la periodisation en antiquite. Moyen age, temps modernes. Au cours des xviiie et xixe siecles, l'essor de l'archeologie historique mais aussi prehistorique fait eclater le cadre classique de l'antiquite jusque-la circonscrite a rome et athenes, et assure son passage d'un temps mythique a un temps historique. Les decouvertes de pompei, herculanum ou troie, ainsi que les progres graduels de la connaissance des civilisations egyptienne et mesopotamienne determinent la conscience d'un temps de l'histoire remontant largement au-dela de la grece et meme au-dela de l'histoire, en forgeant un temps de la prehistoire, distingue du precedent par le critere culturel de l'ecriture. A ce titre, la configuration contemporaine du concept periodologique d'antiquite est la traduction scientifique et didactique des mutations epistemologiques successives qui affecterent les temps anciens de l'histoire, et que refletent et consacrent tant la science de l'histoire du droit que les manuels scolaires republicains des dernieres decennies du xixe siecle, 'siecle de l'histoire', et du debut du xxe siecle.
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PINHEIRO, FELIPE VIANNA. "LE CORPS DANS LA PSYCHOSE ET LES CONTRIBUTIONS DU CONCEPT DE LETTRE CHEZ LACAN". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36851@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTITUIÇÕES COMUNITÁRIAS DE ENSINO PARTICULARES
La thèse ci-présente a pour objectif d introduire une discussion concernant le corps dans la psychose et les contributions du concept de lettre chez Lacan. Pour ce faire, nous ouvrons avec une réflexion à propos du concept de corps chez Freud et quelques différences fondamentales par rapport au corps organique tel qu il est pensé par la médecine. Nous introduisons ensuite des réflexions concernant la spécificité du corps dans la psychose à partir de Freud. Quelques contributions à propos du corps chez Lacan sont également abordées : sa relation avec la construction de l image spéculaire, le concept de phallus et d objet a. Nous apportons alors quelques contributions à propos du concept de lettre chez Lacan ainsi que son importance dans la discussion du corps dans la psychose. Le choix du concept de lettre chez Lacan est justifié par l intérêt de construire et de vérifier une hypothèse selon laquelle il peut être possible, pour le sujet psychotique, de construire un corps sans nécessairement passer par la référence phallique ni non plus par la métaphore délirante, mais par un travail d amarrage et de nouage des trois registres à partir d un bricolage des restes, des bouts de parole, ce que Lacan nomma la lettre.
Esta tese tem como objetivo introduzir uma discussão sobre o corpo na psicose e as contribuições do conceito de letra, em Jacques Lacan, para este tema. Para isso, abrimos uma reflexão sobre o conceito de corpo, em Sigmund Freud, e algumas diferenças fundamentais com relação ao corpo orgânico, tal como pensado pela medicina. Em seguida, introduzimos reflexões sobre a especificidade do corpo na psicose a partir de Freud. Também são abordadas algumas contribuições sobre o corpo, para Lacan, sua relação com a construção da imagem especular, o conceito de falo e de objeto a. Traremos, então, algumas contribuições sobre o conceito de letra, em Lacan, e sua importância para discussão sobre as possibilidades de construção de um corpo na psicose. A escolha pelo conceito de letra se justifica pelo interesse em construir e verificar uma hipótese, a saber, de que o sujeito psicótico pode construir um corpo sem passar pela referência fálica, nem pela metáfora delirante, mas sim por um trabalho de amarração e enodamento dos três registros – real, simbólico e imaginário –, a partir da bricolagem dos restos, cacos, pedaços da palavra, aquilo que Lacan chamou de letra.
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Rahnamaei, Seyed Ahmad. "The concept of self-realization in the educational philosophies of John Dewey and Allāma Ṭabāṭabāī : a compararative study". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35929.
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This study presents a comparative analytical investigation of two divergent yet parallel doctrines of self-realization. John Dewey, a distinguished American thinker, represents a naturalist pragmatist conception of self-realization on the one hand, and 'Allama Tabataba'i, a renowned Muslim philosopher, an Islamic perception on the other. While Dewey is considered a spokesperson for modern American pragmatist and humanist thought, 'Allama may be seen as typical of Islamic Shi'i thinking. In dealing with their conceptualizations of self-realization, the intention in this study is to focus on some significant aspects of the human self, to rediscover its potentiality and to determine the wisdom behind self-realization from a comparative perspective. After outlining the two thinkers' scholarly backgrounds, instructional contexts, sources, methods, works and purposes, the study examines certain specific issues. It investigates their understandings of human nature, and explores their positions on moral experience and human character, as well as on the arts and sciences as vehicles for self-realization. As its final chapter, the study elaborates the basic elements and manifestations of self-realization as depicted in Dewey's and 'Allama's systems of thought. This research aims at clarifying the parallels, similarities and differences that exist between the two scholars, through an in-depth comparison of their respective naturalist and Islamic approaches and attitudes.
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Kim, Yoon-Kyung. "The wind of virtue over the realm : the concept of feng as a legitimizing medium in Hanazono’s prefaces to the Fūgawakashū". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62916.
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This thesis explores the political messages contained in the seventeenth imperial anthology of Japanese poetry (waka), the Fūgawakashū (1346). Through reaffirmation of values presented in previous anthologies, imperial waka anthologies served as a source of mutual legitimization for the commissioning regime and the compiling poets. I examine how Retired Emperor Hanazono (1297-1348, r. 1308-1318), as the head of the Jimyōin faction and the guardian of the Kyōgoku school of poetry, establishes ties between the Fūgawakashū and canonical texts of Japan and China to legitimize his Kyōgoku-Jimyōin faction against the rival Nijō-Daikakuji faction.
I argue that Hanazono uses the Confucian concept of feng (風, J. fū) as the organizing principle for his claims in the Fūgawakashū. I discuss the origin of the title “fūga,” which pays homage to the Chinese anthology, the Shijing 詩經 (c. 600 BCE). In the two prefaces composed in kana and mana in the fashion of Kokinwakashū (c. 905) and ShinKokinwakashū (1205), Hanazono identifies governance through the virtue of great men, or feng, as the true function of poetry. By reiterating some arguments from the Kokinwakashū and ShinKokinwakashū prefaces and omitting some aspects to which the Nijō school adheres, Hanazono weaves a poetic lineage that connects the Shijing, Kokinwakashū tradition, and the Fūgawakashū. He proclaims his Kyōgoku school to be the legitimate heir to the spirit of feng represented in the canonized Chinese and Japanese anthologies; the commissioning Jimyōin line is the virtuous rulers abiding by the feng.
This thesis also offers some explanation as to the strong legitimacy claim and the explicit critique of the rival faction toward the end of the anthology. I follow evidence for Hanazono’s favourable assessment of Emperor GoDaigo in the early years, consider the turn of events from the perspective of the Jimyōin faction, and conclude that Hanazono’s disappointment in GoDaigo’s revolutionary manoeuvres result in the critical tone in the prefaces. By the assessment of Hanazono’s strategies this study offers to depart from the accepted interpretation of the Fūgawakashū as the Kyōgoku school’s innovative compilation and reconfigures the anthology within a longer tradition of Chinese and Japanese canons.Arts, Faculty of
Asian Studies, Department of
Graduate
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Andary, Sébastien. "Contributions à la commande des systèmes mécaniques sous-actionnés : du concept à l'implémentation temps réel". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20110/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la commande non linéaire des systèmes mécaniques sous-actionnés, ces systèmes possédant moins d'actionneur que de degrés de liberté. La dynamique interne de ces systèmes est souvent instable ce qui les rend difficiles à commander et requiert des méthodes de commande spécifiques. La contribution de cette thèse est la proposition de deux approches de commandes originales dont le but est la génération de cycle limites stables sur toutes les coordonnées du système mécanique sous-actionné. La première approche de commande est basée sur la linéarisation partielle par retour d'état et l'optimisation de trajectoires de référence. La seconde approche est basée sur les travaux récents sur la commande sans modèle, une technique de commande qui permet de contrôler un système sans avoir besoin de modèle mathématique préalable de sa dynamique. Ces deux approches de commande sont appliquées à un système mécanique sous-actionné particulier: le pendule inversé stabilisé par roue d'inertie. Plusieurs scénarios sont proposés, à la fois en simulation numérique et en temps-réel sur une plate-forme expérimentale. Les résultats obtenus attestent de la capacité des contrôleurs proposés à stabiliser le système autour de cycles limites stables en dépit de la présence de perturbations externesThis thesis is focused on non linear control of underactuated mechanical systems, thoses systems with less actuators than degrees of freedom. The internal dynamics of such system is often unstable making them particulary difficult to control. Thus specific care must be taken when designing controlers for such systems. The main contribution of this thesis is the design of two new control schemes for stable limit cycles generation on all coordinates of underactuated mechanical systems. First control approach is based on partial feedback linearization and reference trajectories optimization. Second approach is based on recent work on model free control,a control scheme which doesn't require prior mathematicalmodel of the controlled system dynamics. The proposed approaches are applied to an inertiawheel inverted pendulumtestbed. Several experimental scenarios are proposed, both in numerical simulation and in realtime implementation. Obtained results demonstrate the ability of both controllers to stabilize the system around stable limit cycles and to reject external disturbances
Livros sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Jaśtal, Jacek. Natura cnoty: Problematyka emocji w neoarystotelesowskiej etyce cnót. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, 2009.
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Mansfield, Harvey Claflin. Machiavelli's virtue. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
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Rand, Ayn. The Virtue of selfishness: A new concept of egoism. [U.S.]: Signet, 1992.
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Dahlstrom, Daniel O. Heidegger's concept of truth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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Frohnen, Bruce. Virtue and the promiseof conservatism: The legacy of Burke and Tocqueville. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
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Frohnen, Bruce. Virtue and the promise of conservatism: The legacy of Burke and Tocqueville. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
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Lutz, Mark J. Socrates' education to virtue: Learning the love of the noble. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
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Balaban, Oded. Plato and Protagoras: Truth and relativism in ancient Greek philosophy. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 1999.
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Polidori, Fabio. Necessità di una illusione: Lettura di Nietzsche. Milano: A. Guerini, 1995.
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Polidori, Fabio. Necessità di una illusione: Lettura di Nietzsche. Roma: Bulzoni, 2007.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Sirowy, Beata, e Kelvin Knight. "Cultivating Virtue: Neo-Aristotelian Concepts in Public Space Development". In Urban Agriculture in Public Space, 37–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41550-0_3.
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AbstractIn this chapter we demonstrate how the insights from contemporary Aristotelian ethical and political thought might inform urban planning and challenge its utilitarian norms. We propose the Aristotelian concepts of eudaimonia—which we translate as human well-being or flourishing—and of the virtues (excellences of character and understanding) and civic friendship as guiding concepts for today’s urban development, especially in the design and programming of urban public space.In determining how best to integrate the above-mentioned notions in urban development, we employ the neo-Aristotelian concept of practices, as distinct from organizational institutions, and introduce the concept of communities of virtue proposed by Alasdair MacIntyre. We argue that the development of urban public space should take account of citizens’ participative practices, rather than only of functions that are administratively conceived.We conclude with a discussion of urban agriculture as an example of a practice situated in urban public space—a cooperative activity that cultivates the ethical virtues, sociality, and productive skills of its participants in pursuit of a common good, whilst also contributing to the wider good of local communities.
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Uhl, André, e Edgar Göll. "The Use of Internal Crowdsourcing for Qualification and Competence Development in Organizations". In Contributions to Management Science, 169–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52881-2_10.
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AbstractThis article deals with the question of how internal crowdsourcing can be used as a tool to support employee qualification measures and help develop their competencies in organizations. The first chapter examines the current state of the competence research. A paradigm shift from ‘qualification and professional development’ towards ‘competencies’ and the implications for the concept are described. Chapter “An Introduction to Internal Crowdsourcing” deals with the analyses and work on the subject of competence acquisition and development, including considering the results of two interview series and two workshops. In chapter “Managing the Crowd: A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Internal Crowdsourcing”, the authors present a combined and practical approach to support competence development through internal crowdsourcing in organizations. Finally, the last chapter sums up main results and perspectives for competence development through a combination of virtual and face-to-face working processes.
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Hopkins, Burt C. "Heidegger’s Concept of Phenomenology". In Contributions to Phenomenology, 82–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8145-5_6.
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King, David, Nadeeshani Wanigarathna, Keith Jones e Joseph Ofori-Kuragu. "Bayes Theory as a Methodological Approach to Assess the Impact of Location Variables of Hyperscale Data Centres: Testing a Concept". In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 398–406. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.39.
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The theme of ’The Impact of Engineering Practices on a Sustainable Built Environment’ emphasises the importance of considering various dimensions of resilient infrastructure. Selecting the location for a Hyperscale Data Centre is a crucial process that involves assessing the impact of various location variables. To determine the viability of a location, it is essential to identify the potential risks associated with each variable. This paper presents a proprietary methodological approach that includes a Delphi study to identify risks, a Likert scoring system to assess prior probabilities, and a Bayesian theory-based decision tree to assess the impact through risk prediction. The paper's contributions are significant, and the proposed methodology makes it possible to predict the risk level of each location variable by identifying the appropriate contingency percentage. The study's findings indicate that the paper's proposed approach is an effective way to mitigate the risks associated with selecting a location for a Hyperscale Data Centre. Embracing this knowledge allows us to align research and practise with the conference’s call to studying the resilience of buildings and infrastructure to natural disasters and climate change, and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation, ensuring that these practises become integral to shaping the future of Data Centres
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King, David, Nadeeshani Wanigarathna, Keith Jones e Joseph Ofori-Kuragu. "Bayes Theory as a Methodological Approach to Assess the Impact of Location Variables of Hyperscale Data Centres: Testing a Concept". In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 398–406. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.39.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The theme of ’The Impact of Engineering Practices on a Sustainable Built Environment’ emphasises the importance of considering various dimensions of resilient infrastructure. Selecting the location for a Hyperscale Data Centre is a crucial process that involves assessing the impact of various location variables. To determine the viability of a location, it is essential to identify the potential risks associated with each variable. This paper presents a proprietary methodological approach that includes a Delphi study to identify risks, a Likert scoring system to assess prior probabilities, and a Bayesian theory-based decision tree to assess the impact through risk prediction. The paper's contributions are significant, and the proposed methodology makes it possible to predict the risk level of each location variable by identifying the appropriate contingency percentage. The study's findings indicate that the paper's proposed approach is an effective way to mitigate the risks associated with selecting a location for a Hyperscale Data Centre. Embracing this knowledge allows us to align research and practise with the conference’s call to studying the resilience of buildings and infrastructure to natural disasters and climate change, and developing strategies for adaptation and mitigation, ensuring that these practises become integral to shaping the future of Data Centres
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Deutsch, Eliot. "The Concept of the Body". In Contributions to Phenomenology, 93–109. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1612-1_7.
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Baumgärtner, Stefan. "The concept of joint production". In Contributions to Economics, 157–84. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57658-4_9.
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Greenwood, R. N. "The Machine and the Therapy Concept". In Contributions to Nephrology, 27–34. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000333624.
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Chuy, Stanislav, Igor Ilin, Carlos Jahn e Tessaleno Devezas. "Northern Sea Route Development Concept". In Contributions to Management Science, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92291-7_1.
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Lau, Kwok-Ying. "Patočka’s Concept of Europe: An Intercultural Consideration". In Contributions To Phenomenology, 229–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9124-6_18.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Graskemper, Michael David. "A BRIDGE TO INTERRELIGIOUS COOPERATION: THE GÜLENJESUIT EDUCATIONAL NEXUS". In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/aeaf6717.
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The Gülen movement’s educational mission is, at its core and in its praxis, remarkably simi- lar to the centuries-old Jesuit educational tradition. It can be argued that both educational movements are united in a shared mission today –a deep concern for the spiritual freedom of the individual and a commitment to the betterment of the world. Both movements seek to instil values such as honesty, dedication, compassion and tolerance. To achieve this goal, students are offered a narrative of the past as a foundation on which to build an understanding of the modern world. Furthermore, they are educated holistically – in ethics and social justice as well as the sciences – what Gülen calls a ‘marriage of mind and heart’. This paper focuses on four shared values of education: commitment, responsibility, virtue and service. Within this framework, themes found in the Gülen educational movement, such as the Golden Generation and the concept of hizmet, are compared to similar Jesuit notions such as A.M.D.G., cura personalis, and ‘Men and Women for Others’. Differences and nu- ances are also addressed in the paper. The discussion aims to highlight the importance of values-oriented education in the modern world. The Gülen–Jesuit educational nexus is one positive bridge to inter-religious understanding and, importantly, collaborative action. The educational endeavors associated with the Turkish-Muslim Gülen movement have popu- larized, possibly more than any other facet of the group, Fethullah Gülen’s mission to prom- ulgate and cultivate an individually transformative Islam in the modern world. As the teach- ers and business partners of the Gülen movement continue to work to form conscientious, open-minded and just students in different cultures across the world, they will continue to be challenged and influenced by a myriad of different perspectives, religions, and socio-political groups; and, in turn, they will succeed in positively influencing those same cultures, as they have in many cases already. Of the many groups with which the Gülen movement has inter- acted in its ever-expanding intercultural milieu, this paper will focus on one: the educational charge of a Roman Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus, a group more com- monly known as the Jesuits. This paper shows that the educational mission of the Gülen movement is, at its core, remark- ably similar to the mission of the centuries-old Jesuit Catholic educational tradition. In fact, it can be argued that the Gülen and Jesuit educational missions are, in theory and in praxis, united in a shared mission today; one that is rooted in a deep concern for the spiritual free- dom of the individual and dedicated to the betterment of the world. In analyzing this shared mission, this paper aims to discuss the importance of values-oriented education; particularly by addressing how the Gülen-Jesuit educational nexus can act as one positive bridge to inter- religious understanding and, importantly, cooperation and action in our transitioning world. In order to achieve this end, this paper begins with a short analysis of each movement’s back- ground with regard to education. Afterwards, the each movement’s notion of religious educa- tion is discussed. Finally, the focus turns to the mission themes the educational movements have in common. While there is a plethora of shared mission traits from which one could choose, for practical purposes this paper uses as its foundation for comparison four themes distilled by William J. Byron, S.J., from a mission statement from Georgetown University, the Jesuit university in Washington, D.C., which reads: Georgetown seeks to be a place where understanding is joined to commitment; where the search for truth is informed by a sense of responsibility for the life of society; where academic excellence in teaching...is joined with the cultivation of virtue; and where a community is formed which sustains men and women in their education and their conviction that life is only lived well when it is lived generously in the service of others (Byron 1997, 653). The first of these themes is a commitment to the understanding that God works in the world through people. The second is a responsibility to raise individual students to act justly in and for the world. The third is virtue, with the understanding that the way to achieve the mission of these schools is through educating students to be morally upright. Finally, the fourth theme is the need to be actively engaged in service to make the world a more peaceful, tolerant and just place to live. Commitment, responsibility, virtue, and service are, significantly, foundational for not only Jesuit schools, but Gülen schools as well.
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Capes, David B. "TOLERANCE IN THE THEOLOGY AND THOUGHT OF A. J. CONYERS AND FETHULLAH GÜLEN (EXTENDED ABSTRACT)". In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/fbvr3629.
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In his book The Long Truce (Spence Publishing, 2001) the late A. J. Conyers argues that tolerance, as practiced in western democracies, is not a public virtue; it is a political strat- egy employed to establish power and guarantee profits. Tolerance, of course, seemed to be a reasonable response to the religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, but tolerance based upon indifference to all values except political power and materialism relegated ultimate questions of meaning to private life. Conyers offers another model for tolerance based upon values and resources already resident in pre-Reformation Christianity. In this paper, we consider Conyer’s case against the modern, secular form of tolerance and its current practice. We examine his attempt to reclaim the practice of Christian tolerance based upon humility, hospitality and the “powerful fact” of the incarnation. Furthermore, we bring the late Conyers into dialog with Fethullah Gülen, a Muslim scholar, prolific writer and the source of inspiration for a transnational civil society movement. We explore how both Conyers and Gülen interpret their scriptures in order to fashion a theology and politi- cal ideology conducive to peaceful co-existence. Finally, because Gülen’s identity has been formed within the Sufi tradition, we reflect on the spiritual resources within Sufi spirituality that make dialog and toleration key values for him. Conyers locates various values, practices and convictions in the Christian message that pave the way for authentic toleration. These include humility, trust, reconciliation, the interrelat- edness of all things, the paradox of power--that is, that strength is found in weakness and greatness in service—hope, the inherent goodness of creation, and interfaith dialog. Conyers refers to this latter practice as developing “the listening heart” and “the open soul.” In his writings and oral addresses, Gülen prefers the term hoshgoru (literally, “good view”) to “tolerance.” Conceptually, the former term indicates actions of the heart and the mind that include empathy, inquisitiveness, reflection, consideration of the dialog partner’s context, and respect for their positions. The term “tolerance” does not capture the notion of hoshgoru. Elsewhere, Gülen finds even the concept of hoshgoru insufficient, and employs terms with more depth in interfaith relations, such as respect and an appreciation of the positions of your dialog partner. The resources Gülen references in the context of dialog and empathic acceptance include the Qur’an, the prophetic tradition, especially lives of the companions of the Prophet, the works of great Muslim scholars and Sufi masters, and finally, the history of Islamic civilization. Among his Qur’anic references, Gülen alludes to verses that tell the believers to represent hu- mility, peace and security, trustworthiness, compassion and forgiveness (The Qur’an, 25:63, 25:72, 28:55, 45:14, 17:84), to avoid armed conflicts and prefer peace (4:128), to maintain cordial relationships with the “people of the book,” and to avoid argumentation (29:46). But perhaps the most important references of Gülen with respect to interfaith relations are his readings of those verses that allow Muslims to fight others. Gülen positions these verses in historical context to point out one by one that their applicability is conditioned upon active hostility. In other words, in Gülen’s view, nowhere in the Qur’an does God allow fighting based on differences of faith. An important factor for Gülen’s embracing views of empathic acceptance and respect is his view of the inherent value of the human. Gülen’s message is essentially that every human person exists as a piece of art created by the Compassionate God, reflecting aspects of His compassion. He highlights love as the raison d’etre of the universe. “Love is the very reason of existence, and the most important bond among beings,” Gülen comments. A failure to approach fellow humans with love, therefore, implies a deficiency in our love of God and of those who are beloved to God. The lack of love for fellow human beings implies a lack of respect for this monumental work of art by God. Ultimately, to remain indifferent to the conditions and suffering of fellow human beings implies indifference to God himself. While advocating love of human beings as a pillar of human relations, Gülen maintains a balance. He distinguishes between the love of fellow human beings and our attitude toward some of their qualities or actions. Our love for a human being who inflicts suffering upon others does not mean that we remain silent toward his violent actions. On the contrary, our very love for that human being as a human being, as well as our love of those who suffer, necessitate that we participate actively in the elimination of suffering. In the end we argue that strong resonances are found in the notion of authentic toleration based on humility advocated by Conyers and the notion of hoshgoru in the writings of Gülen.
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Vicini, Fabio. "GÜLEN’S RETHINKING OF ISLAMIC PATTERN AND ITS SOCIO-POLITICAL EFFECTS". In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/gbfn9600.
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Over recent decades Islamic traditions have emerged in new forms in different parts of the Muslim world, interacting differently with secular and neo-liberal patterns of thought and action. In Turkey Fethullah Gülen’s community has been a powerful player in the national debate about the place of Islam in individual and collective life. Through emphasis on the im- portance of ‘secular education’ and a commitment to the defence of both democratic princi- ples and international human rights, Gülen has diffused a new and appealing version of how a ‘good Muslim’ should act in contemporary society. In particular he has defended the role of Islam in the formation of individuals as ethically-responsible moral subjects, a project that overlaps significantly with the ‘secular’ one of forming responsible citizens. Concomitantly, he has shifted the Sufi emphasis on self-discipline/self-denial towards an active, socially- oriented service of others – a form of religious effort that implies a strongly ‘secular’ faith in the human ability to make this world better. This paper looks at the lives of some members of the community to show how this pattern of conduct has affected them. They say that teaching and learning ‘secular’ scientific subjects, combined with total dedication to the project of the movement, constitute, for them, ways to accomplish Islamic deeds and come closer to God. This leads to a consideration of how such a rethinking of Islamic activism has influenced po- litical and sociological transition in Turkey, and a discussion of the potential contribution of the movement towards the development of a more human society in contemporary Europe. From the 1920s onwards, in the context offered by the decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Islamic thinkers, associations and social movements have proliferated their efforts in order to suggest ways to live a good “Muslim life” under newly emerging conditions. Prior to this period, different generations of Muslim Reformers had already argued the compat- ibility of Islam with reason and “modernity”, claiming for the need to renew Islamic tradition recurring to ijtihad. Yet until the end of the XIX century, traditional educational systems, public forms of Islam and models of government had not been dismissed. Only with the dismantlement of the Empire and the constitution of national governments in its different regions, Islamic intellectuals had to face the problem of arranging new patterns of action for Muslim people. With the establishment of multiple nation-states in the so-called Middle East, Islamic intel- lectuals had to cope with secular conceptions about the subject and its place and space for action in society. They had to come to terms with the definitive affirmation of secularism and the consequent process of reconfiguration of local sensibilities, forms of social organisation, and modes of action. As a consequence of these processes, Islamic thinkers started to place emphasis over believers’ individual choice and responsibility both in maintaining an Islamic conduct daily and in realising the values of Islamic society. While under the Ottoman rule to be part of the Islamic ummah was considered an implicit consequence of being a subject of the empire. Not many scientific works have looked at contemporary forms of Islam from this perspective. Usually Islamic instances are considered the outcome of an enduring and unchanging tradition, which try to reproduce itself in opposition to outer-imposed secular practices. Rarely present-day forms of Islamic reasoning and practice have been considered as the result of a process of adjustment to new styles of governance under the modern state. Instead, I argue that new Islamic patterns of action depend on a history of practical and conceptual revision they undertake under different and locally specific versions of secularism. From this perspective I will deal with the specific case of Fethullah Gülen, the head of one of the most famous and influent “renewalist” Islamic movements of contemporary Turkey. From the 1980s this Islamic leader has been able to weave a powerful network of invisible social ties from which he gets both economic and cultural capital. Yet what interests me most in this paper, is that with his open-minded and moderate arguments, Gülen has inspired many people in Turkey to live Islam in a new way. Recurring to ijtihad and drawing from secular epistemology specific ideas about moral agency, he has proposed to a wide public a very at- tractive path for being “good Muslims” in their daily conduct. After an introductive explanation of the movement’s project and of the ideas on which it is based, my aim will be to focus on such a pattern of action. Particular attention will be dedi- cated to Gülen’s conception of a “good Muslim” as a morally-guided agent, because such a conception reveals underneath secular ideas on both responsibility and moral agency. These considerations will constitute the basis from which we can look at the transformation of Islam – and more generally of “the religion” – in the contemporary world. Then a part will be dedicated to defining the specificity of Gülen’s proposal, which will be compared with that of other Islamic revivalist movements in other contexts. Some common point between them will merge from this comparison. Both indeed use the concept of respon- sibility in order to push subjects to actively engage in reviving Islam. Yet, on the other hand, I will show how Gülen’s followers distinguish themselves by the fact their commitment pos- sesses a socially-oriented and reformist character. Finally I will consider the proximity of Gülen’s conceptualisation of moral agency with that the modern state has organised around the idea of “civic virtues”. I argue Gülen’s recall for taking responsibility of social moral decline is a way of charging his followers with a similar burden the modern state has charged its citizens. Thus I suggest the Islamic leader’s pro- posal can be seen as the tentative of supporting the modernity project by defining a new and specific space to Islam and religion into it. This proposal opens the possibility of new and interesting forms of interconnection between secular ideas of modernity and the so-called “Islamic” ones. At the same time I think it sheds a new light over contemporary “renewalist” movements, which can be considered a concrete proposal about how to realise, in a different background, modern forms of governance by reconsidering their moral basis.
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Kouchmeshky, Babak, Peter Kroll e Ibukun Olubanjo. "Optimized Design of Composite Materials for Heat Transport Applications". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65299.
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Careful design of composite materials offers a chance for engineering phonon band gaps and controlling phonon scattering. Taking advantage of this strategy, we study properties of SiC composite materials for engineering applications in which the control of thermal transport is important. In particular, knowledge of the individual contributions of phonons on thermal transport provides us the necessary information to focus on most significant phonon frequencies. In our study, we select a series of candidate model geometries and use a virtual testing method for elevated temperatures to support the design process. Integrating atomistic non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to determine thermal conductivity we provide a proof-of-concept study and deliver best design scenarios of SiC composite materials with very low-thermal conductivity.
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Salehi, Vahid. "Application of Munich Agile Concept for MBSE Based Development of Automated Guided Robot Based on Digital Twin-Data". In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-110983.
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Abstract Simulation and Virtualization of robotic systems and Autonomous Guides Vehicle (AGV) is one of the most important aspects in the future development of such systems. This paper will contribute a framework and an entire toolchain to present a holistic and systematic approach for development of future robotic AGV systems. In the first section this paper will present the first descriptive study which is the literature survey and the definition of the scientific gaps and research questions related to systematic approaches based on Systems Engineering and Model Based System Engineering. In section number two this paper will present a new approach and framework called “Munich Agile Concept for Modell based Systems Engineering (MAGIC)” to develop entire virtual tool chains for virtualization and simulation of different functions in a virtual environment. This aspect is one of the important contributions of this paper. MBSE is based on three important core pillar which is 1) Methods/Processes, 2) Language and 3) Systems. The purpose of the new developed Munich Agile Concept Approach is to handle the complexity over the entire holistic information framework for simulation and virtualization of AGV function development from the system requirement definition process up to the test and validation of the system. Furthermore, with MAGIC there is a holistic approach and method to carry out the entire virtual development process by means of capable simulation and virtualization tools based on MAGICLOOP. The Munich Agile Concept contains six different levels which are System Requirement-, System Functional-, System Architecture-, System Validation-, System Test and the System-Usage-Level. For defining the first three-level, a graphical language called System Modelling Language (SysML) has been applied. The third chapter will apply the developed approach in an industrial Use Case which is based on simulation and virtualization of AGVs in a manufacturing environment. The last chapter will summaries the results of the applied Method. A lot of verification and testing are required robot and AGV development. ore the autonomous driving system can be deployed. However, testing in a real world will consume a lot of resources and may also bring security risks. Therefore, simulation is particularly important for autonomous driving systems.
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Oliveira, Cássia Maria Baptista de. "A Via Light: a educação pela beleza". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7858.
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O artigo toma o conceito de utopismo dialético apresentado por David Harvey no livro Espaços de Esperança para propor a pesquisa etnográfica com os citadinos nos espaços de convivência social localizados na Via Light, em Nova Iguaçu, como processos de sociabilidade em formas espaciais. O tema da pesquisa tem como foco os lugares de convivência social que produzem a intensificação do desenvolvimento geográfico desigual em termos de padrão e de perspectivas de vida, no sentido de refletir sobre as culturas emudecidas na contemporaneidade. Defende-se a ideia de que a pesquisa nos espaços de convivência social pode produzir a materialização do utopismo do processo social, promovendo o político da amizade, tendo como apoio as contribuições teóricas da filosofia de Agamben e de Foucault. The article takes the concept of dialectical utopianism presented in the book by David Harvey Spaces of Hope to propose ethnographic research with the townspeople in social living spaces located on Via Light in Nova Iguaçu, as processes in spatial forms of sociability. The theme of the research focuses on the places of social interaction that produce the intensification of uneven geographical development in terms of standard of living and prospects in order to reflect on the contemporary cultures muted. It defends the idea that research in the areas of social interaction can produce the materialization of social utopianism of process, promoting political friendship, having as support the theoretical contributions of philosophy of Agamben and Foucault
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Zhan, Pei, Uma Jayaram, Sankar Jayaram, OkJoon Kim e Lijuan Zhu. "Knowledge Representation and Ontology Mapping Methods for Product Data in Engineering Applications". In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-50135.
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This work seeks to create a semantic approach that uses ontologies for sharing knowledge related to product data in CAD/CAE applications and for integrating the design evaluation information that these applications individually provide. Our overall approach is coined OADE, Ontology-based Adaptive Design Evaluation. This paper reports on a piece of our ongoing work in this area. The key contributions of this paper include methods for the design of knowledge representation in product design and analysis, population of product data semantics, creation of ontology mapping methods and mapping representations, and mapping of product data semantics to the target application. The mapping method finds matching concepts between different ontologies based on three basic concept relation types: composition, inheritance, and attribute. A prototype implementation is being created using technologies such as OWL (representation tool), Jena (ontology builder), and Prote´ge´ (ontology editor) to demonstrate the approach for integrating a parametric CAD system, custom virtual assembly application, and an ergonomics engineering application. An example is given in this paper to illustrate how this approach can help integration between a product design application and an assembly simulation analysis application. The significance of this work is that it will provide the capability to create, share, and exchange knowledge for solving design evaluation challenges involving multiple applications and multiple viewpoints. A design decision can thus be described using the common concepts across the diverse entities.
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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Panagiotis Markopoulos, Akash Nandi, John Faraclas, Chris Leontopoulos, Stavros Meidanis, Dimitris Monioudis e Grigoris Filahtos. "The Impact of Digital Twins Technology in Maritime Fleet and Safety Management". In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004619.
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The integration of advanced technologies in areas such as safety, navigation, maintenance, security, supply chain management, and environmental impact can enable shipping maritime companies to enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, mitigate risks, and drive innovation in a highly competitive industry. This paper introduces the application of Digital Twins in the shipping and maritime sector, highlights its contributions to safety and fleet management with live ship monitoring on all operations and crew, and extends such applications with the integration of Virtual Reality and Artificial intelligence for immediate decision making, risk avoidance and corrective actions. Its concept is based on and follows the developments and improvements of SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea), the ISM (International Safety Management) and ISPS Codes (International Ship and Port Facility Security), and STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping). Furthermore, this work analyzes user requirements from different actors in the shipping and maritime industry (officers, ship-agents, ship owners and ship managers, insurance companies, charterers, etc.) and creates a high-level operations framework to guide the design and implementation of successful maritime digital twin projects. Lastly, it highlights the relationship between the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the digital twin adaptation strategy in the maritime and shipping sector. The paper concludes with the impact and contributions of such intelligent and interactive Digital Twins technologies in the maritime and shipping sectors from operational and environmental sustainability perspectives.
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Opiyo, Eliab Z., Imre Horva´th e Adrie Kooijman. "Virtual Prototyping by Using Holographic Displays: But What About Large Data Problems?" In ASME-AFM 2009 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2009-701.
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The work reported in this paper is part of the research that explores the viability of using holographic displays as part of virtual prototyping package of supporting tools. The focus is principally on handling of large data problems, which are among the common problems of most volumetric displays. The paper first reviews related works. After describing the large data related problems that designers might face in using holographic displays and identifying the conceptual design tasks that could be supported by using these displays, a concept for handling the large data problems through elimination of irrelevant image details is introduced. An application example showing how some elements of the proposed concept function in the real world is also presented. The main contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: (i) we have demonstrated that through simplifications, visual abstractions, data clustering or other generalization methods, less complicated holographic images that require less computing resources but yet suitable 3D for some conceptual design tasks or virtual prototyping can be created; and (ii) we have defined the steps of a scalable high-level algorithm, that can be expanded or tuned to suit visualization demands in various conceptual design tasks. In the ongoing work, we aim to develop built in procedures within the proposed algorithm that would reduce the amount of image details without significantly affecting the appropriateness of the overall virtual model. And because of the reduced image details, it would be possible to display less complicated 3D virtual objects and in this way computing resources could be saved.
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Schleich, Benjamin, Sandro Wartzack, Nabil Anwer e Luc Mathieu. "Skin Model Shapes: Offering New Potentials for Modelling Product Shape Variability". In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46701.
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The modelling of nominal product geometry by computer-aided design tools has gained immense attention in industry during the last decades and is nowadays an integral part of the virtual product development process. However, the established geometry representation schemes for CAD imply severe drawbacks regarding the modelling of geometric part deviations, which are inevitably observed on every manufactured artefact. As a response, the concept of Skin Model Shapes, which stems from international standards for geometric product specification and verification, has been developed as a novel approach for the consideration of product shape variability. It employs discrete geometry methods and computational techniques, such as point clouds, surface meshes and geometric processing, to model shape variability and to facilitate the communication of geometric product information throughout the product design, manufacturing, and inspection processes. This paper highlights the foundations of this concept, demonstrates its potentials for the representation of product geometry considering geometric variations along the product lifecycle, and illustrates main applications in the context of computer aided product and process development. In this regard, a focus is laid upon recent results and contributions, such as contact modelling, tolerance analysis, and motion tolerancing based on Skin Model Shapes. Furthermore, challenges for future research, such as the application to complex shapes and compliant parts, as well as the consideration of novel manufacturing processes, are discussed.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Contributions in concept of virtue"
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Pererva, Victoria V., Olena O. Lavrentieva, Olena I. Lakomova, Olena S. Zavalniuk e Stanislav T. Tolmachev. The technique of the use of Virtual Learning Environment in the process of organizing the future teachers' terminological work by specialty. [б. в.], julho de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3868.
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This paper studies the concept related to E-learning and the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) and their role in organizing future teachers’ terminological work by specialty. It is shown the creation and use of the VLE is a promising approach in qualitative restructuring of future specialists’ vocation training, a suitable complement rather than a complete replacement of traditional learning. The concept of VLE has been disclosed; its structure has been presented as a set of components, such as: the Data-based component, the Communication-based, the Management-and-Guiding ones, and the virtual environments. Some VLE’s potential contributions to the organization of terminological work of future biology teachers’ throughout a traditional classroom teaching, an independent work, and during the field practices has been considered. The content of professionally oriented e-courses “Botany with Basis of Geobotany” and “Latin. Botany Terminology” has been revealed; the ways of working with online definer (guide), with UkrBIN National Biodiversity Information Network, with mobile apps for determining the plant species, with digital virtual herbarium, with free software have been shown. The content of students’ activity in virtual biological laboratories and during virtual tours into natural environment has been demonstrated. The explanations about the potential of biological societies in social networks in view of students’ terminology work have been given. According to the results of empirical research, the expediency of using VLEs in the study of professional terminology by future biology teachers has been confirmed.
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Luomi, Mari, Fatih Yilmaz e Thamir Alshehri. The Circular Carbon Economy Index 2021 – Results. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, dezembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp021.
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There is an urgent need to align global carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions with climate-safe trajectories. A broad range of technologies and approaches are needed to achieve this cost-effectively and equitably. The circular carbon economy (CCE) concept provides a holistic, flexible and pragmatic framework for countries to plan their respective contributions toward the commonly agreed climate goals.
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Luomi, Mari, Fatih Yilmaz e Thamir Alshehri. The Circular Carbon Economy Index 2021 – Results. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, dezembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp21.
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There is an urgent need to align global carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions with climate-safe trajectories. A broad range of technologies and approaches are needed to achieve this cost-effectively and equitably. The circular carbon economy (CCE) concept provides a holistic, flexible and pragmatic framework for countries to plan their respective contributions toward the commonly agreed climate goals.
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Bernal, Raquel, e Marcela Eslava. Switching from Payroll Taxes to Corporate Income Taxes. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009369.
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The Colombian 2012 tax reform reduced payroll taxes and employer contributions to health insurance by 13.5%, while also increasing corporate income taxes, and leaving untouched the benefits to workers financed through these taxes. Shifting taxation from formal employment to other business activities is a policy recipe under heated discussion in Latin America. In this context, the reform offers an ideal laboratory to study empirically the potential distortions against formal employment associated with payroll taxes in contrast to other taxes to firms. Using monthly firm-level data on all formal employment in the country, and a difference-in-difference approach that takes advantage of the fact that a few sectors were exempt from the 2012 tax reform, we analyze the impact of the reform on employment and wages. We find a positive average effect of 4.3% on employment and of 2.7% on average firm wage, for the average firm. The employment effect is identified only for micro and small firms, while we do not find a significant employment effect for medium and large firms, where the bulk of the employment is concentrated. According to these estimates, between January and May of 2015 about 145K new jobs were created by virtue of the reform. Though our findings on employment are less robust than those on wages, they are generally supportive of efforts to reduce payroll taxes, which are still high in the country. Since the apparent lack of effect for medium and large employers may be due to these firms being more sensitive to the increase in corporate taxation that financed the reduction in payroll taxes, our results also raise concerns about this particular way of financing the reform, especially formedium and large firms, which according to our data represent 70% of formal employment.
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Stjernberg, Mats, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir e Mari Wøien Meijer. Unlocking the potential of silver economy in the Nordic Region. Nordregio, março de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/r2021:7.1403-2503.
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This report focuses on the concept of the silver economy, which has emerged as a response to population ageing in Europe in recent years. The silver economy refers to all economic activities linked to older age groups. The concept is based on the notion that many older people continue to make valuable economic and societal contributions after retirement, and that older citizens can provide significant economic and societal benefits, particularly if they are healthy and active. This report examines policies and initiatives to promote the silver economy and the closely related concepts of healthy ageing, active ageing and age-friendliness. The report seeks to uncover what are the preconditions for expanding the Nordic silver economy, and how cross-border collaboration can help enhance the potential of the silver economy in border regions.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Local Knowledge and Participation in the Covid-19 Response. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), maio de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.005.
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This report explores approaches to participation in humanitarian response and evidence on the contributions of community engagement in effective response and recovery efforts.It begins with a brief overview of decolonial perspectives on the Covid-19 pandemic to situate participation in the wider context and history of humanitarian and development theory and practice. This is followed by a brief summary of evidence on the role of participation in humanitarian activities andsituates the now ubiquitous concept of ‘Building Back Better’ (BBB) inthe discussion of participatory crisis response and recovery. The remaining sections of the report introduce participatory approaches that have been applied through the Covid-19 pandemic: decentralised decision-making, technological adaptations to engage local communities, and Southern-led research and participatory research methods.
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Kaawa-Mafigiri, David, Megan Schmidt-Sane e Tabitha Hrynick. Key Considerations for RCCE in the 2022 Ebola Outbreak Response in Greater Kampala, Uganda. Institute of Development Studies, novembro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.037.
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On 20 September 2022, an outbreak of the Sudan strain of Ebola Virus Disease – SVD – was announced as the first laboratory-confirmed patient was identified in a village in Mubende District in central Uganda. Uganda’s Ministry of Health (MoH) activated the National Task Force and developed and deployed a National Response Plan, which includes the activation of District Task Forces. The target areas include the epicentre (Mubende and Kassanda districts) and surrounding areas, as well as Masaka, Jinja and Kampala cities. This is of great concern, as Kampala is the capital city with a high population and linkages to neighbouring districts and international locations (via Entebbe Airport). It is also a serious matter given that there has been no outbreak of Ebola before in the city. This brief details how Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) activities and approaches can be adapted to reach people living in Greater Kampala to increase adoption of preventive behaviours and practices, early recognition of symptoms, care seeking and case reporting. The intended audiences include the National Task Force and District Task Forces in Kampala, Mukono, and Wakiso Districts, and other city-level RCCE practitioners and responders. The insights in this brief were collected from emergent on-the-ground observations from the current outbreak by embedded researchers, consultations with stakeholders, and a rapid review of relevant published and grey literature. This brief, requested by UNICEF Uganda, draws from the authors’ experience conducting social science research on Ebola preparedness and response in Uganda. It was written by David Kaawa-Mafigiri (Makerere University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (Institute of Development Studies (IDS)), and Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), with contributions from the MoH, UNICEF, the Center for Health, Human Rights and Development (CEHURD), the Uganda Harm Reduction Network (UHRN), Population Council and CLEAR Global/Translators without Borders. It includes some material from a SSHAP brief developed by Anthrologica and the London School of Economics. It was reviewed by the Uganda MoH, University of Waterloo, Anthrologica, IDS and the RCCE Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Rasiah, Rajah. Fostering Clusters in the Malaysian Electronics Industry. Inter-American Development Bank, novembro de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006838.
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The meaning of clusters has evolved considerably over several decades. This presentation seeks to use a synthesis of the concept from the time of Mill and Marshall (industrial districts), and Smith and Young on differentiation and division of labour to encompass the work of Brusco, Becatini, Sabel, Sengenberger, Zeitlin, Pyke, Richardson, North, Lorenz, Wilkinson and Piore to extract the influence of socio-economic relationships (a blend of markets and trust-loyalty), and subsequently the contributions of Porter (traditional and high tech clusters) and Best (organizational change, techno-diversity, open-system flows and speciation). This presentation examines clustering in the electronics industry in Malaysia with a policy focus on the embedding environment within which this process has evolved in the two main regions of Penang and Kelang Valley. This presentation was presented at the Latin America/Caribbean and Asia/Pacific Economics and Business Association (LAEBA)'s 2nd Annual Meeting held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on November 28th-29th, 2005.
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Phuong, Vu Tan, Nguyen Van Truong e Do Trong Hoan. Commune-level institutional arrangements and monitoring framework for integrated tree-based landscape management. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21024.pdf.
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Governance is a difficult task in the context of achieving landscape multifunctionality owing to the multiplicity of stakeholders, institutions, scale and ecosystem services: the ‘many-multiple’ (Cockburn et al 2018). Governing and managing the physical landscape and the actors in the landscape requires intensive knowledge and good planning systems. Land-use planning is a powerful instrument in landscape governance because it directly guides how actors will intervene in the physical landscape (land use) to gain commonly desired value. It is essential for sustaining rural landscapes and improving the livelihoods of rural communities (Bourgoin and Castella 2011, Bourgoin et al 2012, Rydin 1998), ensuring landscape multifunctionality (Nelson et al 2009, Reyers et al 2012) and enhancing efficiency in carbon sequestration, in particular (Bourgoin et al 2013, Cathcart et al 2007). It is also considered critical to the successful implementation of land-based climate mitigation, such as under Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), because the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector is included in the mitigation contributions of nearly 90 percent of countries in Sub-Saharan and Southern Asia countries and in the Latin American and Caribbean regions (FAO 2016). Viet Nam has been implementing its NDC, which includes forestry and land-based mitigation options under the LULUCF sector. The contribution of the sector to committed national emission reduction is significant and cost-effective compared with other sectors. In addition to achieving emission reduction targets, implementation of forestry and land-based mitigation options has the highest benefits for social-economic development and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (MONRE 2020). Challenges, however, lie in the way national priorities and targets are translated into sub-national delivery plans and the way sub-national actors are brought together in orchestration (Hsu et al 2019) in a context where the legal framework for climate-change mitigation is elaborated at national rather than sub-national levels and coordination between government bodies and among stakeholders is generally ineffective (UNDP 2018). In many developing countries, conventional ‘top–down’, centralized land-use planning approaches have been widely practised, with very little success, a result of a lack of flexibility in adapting local peculiarities (Amler et al 1999, Ducourtieux et al 2005, Kauzeni et al 1993). In forest–agriculture mosaic landscapes, the fundamental question is how land-use planning can best conserve forest and agricultural land, both as sources of economic income and environmental services (O’Farrell and Anderson 2010). This paper provides guidance on monitoring integrated tree-based landscape management at commune level, based on the current legal framework related to natural resource management (land and forest) and the requirements of national green-growth development and assessment of land uses in two communes in Dien Bien and Son La provinces. The concept of integrated tree based landscape management in Viet Nam is still new and should be further developed for wider application across levels.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor e Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, março de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.
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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.