Livros: "Continuité relative"

1

Tandt, Francine de. La loi relative à la continuité des entreprises. Bruxelles: Larcier, 2009.

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2

Piveteau, Jean-Luc. Temps du territoire: Continuité et ruptures dans la relation de l'homme à l'espace. Carouge-Genève: Editions Zoé, 1995.

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3

Council, East Dorset Community Health. Review of discharge from NHS continuing care: Views of relatives and carers. [Bournemouth]: the Council, 1997.

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4

Cam, Donaldson, Bond John 1947- e University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Health Care Research Unit., eds. Evaluation of continuing-care accommodation for elderly people.: Views of relatives and volunteers. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Health Care Research Unit, 1989.

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5

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration. Updating Senate Resolution 219, agreed to May 5, 1978, relating to the senior citizen intern program: Report (to accompany S. Res. 96). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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6

Yalew, Ingidayehu. The provision and organisation of continuing professional education in Ethiopia: (with special reference to four professions within the education system; and in relation to development). [s.l: The author], 1985.

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7

Alcaro, Francesco, Concettina Fenga, Enrico Moscati, Francesco Pernice e Raffaele Tommasini, eds. Valori della persona e modelli di tutela contro i rischi ambientali e genotossici. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-827-7.

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This book brings together studies produced during the implementation of the MIUR-PRIN 2005/2007 inter-university project on 'The individual in domestic and community legislation: new models for protection and management of environmental and genotoxic risks'. The managers of the working groups organised itinerant study days in Messina, Florence and Rome, also with a view to in-the-field verification of different experiences and realities. Within the framework of interdisciplinary liaison, the important contributions made by eminent scholars have enabled the in-depth study at legal and medical level of the most appropriate tools for guaranteeing preventive and restrictive mechanisms in relation to protection from the damage of potentially genotoxic environmental, occupational or individual factors. This is the most recent approach to the new code of the environment, utilising the principle of precaution which is intended to induce the jurist and the medical scientist to discern profiles of continuity and discontinuity in the promotion and protection of individual values.

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8

Britain, Great. An act for continuing several laws relating to the regulating the prices at which corn and grain may be exported from Great Britain ... and to the admission to entry of oil and blubber of Newfoundland ... London: Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Strahan, Printers to the King's Most Excellent Majesty, 2001.

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9

United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations., ed. 106-1 Markup: H. CON. RES. 295, Relating to Continuing Human Rights Violations and Political Oppression in The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 25 Years After The Fall of South Vietnam To Communist Forces, April 12, 2000. [S.l: s.n., 2000.

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10

United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations., ed. 106-1 Markup: H. CON. RES. 295, Relating to Continuing Human Rights Violations and Political Oppression in The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 25 Years After The Fall of South Vietnam To Communist Forces, April 12, 2000. [S.l: s.n., 2000.

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11

United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations, ed. 106-1 Markup: H. CON. RES. 295, Relating to Continuing Human Rights Violations and Political Oppression in The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 25 Years After The Fall of South Vietnam To Communist Forces, April 12, 2000. [S.l: s.n., 2000.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations, ed. 106-1 Markup: H. CON. RES. 295, Relating to Continuing Human Rights Violations and Political Oppression in The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 25 Years After The Fall of South Vietnam To Communist Forces, April 12, 2000. [S.l: s.n., 2000.

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13

Sultany, Nimer. Legal Continuity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768890.003.0006.

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This chapter critiques the binary dichotomy between the concepts of “continuity” and “rupture” within theoretical conceptualizations of the law. Whereas legal theories such as Kelsen’s emphasize rupture, theories such as Dworkin’s emphasize continuity. These theories fail to account for legal continuity and rupture because the law is neither a gapless system nor a coherent whole. Building on the comparative study of the role of law during revolutions, the chapter shows that a revolution maintains varying levels of legal rupture and continuity with the pre-existing legal order. Building on critical legal theory and social theory, it argues that the relation between revolution and legality cannot be represented systematically because law—whether prior to or after the revolution—is incoherent and thus generates a plurality of voices.

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14

Encel, Sol, e Leslie Stein. Continuity, Commitment, and Survival. Praeger, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400631610.

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Issues of continuity, survival, and identity have generated apparently unending debates throughout the Jewish world for centuries. While similar issues arise in all Jewish communities, there are significant differences between them. This collection was designed to highlight differences as well as similarities by devoting a chapter to each of seven countries: Argentina, Australia, Canada, France, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In four communities-those in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States-debates about continuity are mainly concerned with the loss of Jewish identity through assimilation. In Argentina and South Africa, the main issue is with physical survival in the face of chaotic social conditions. In France, although the situation is less dire, the community feels threatened by the rise of xenophobic political movements and the hostility of Arab groups. Apart from external factors, all the contributors review debates over the relative importance of religion and ethnic identity, and the contrasting positions taken by religious leaders and secularists. While the study offers no clear-cut answers, it does aim to broaden the debate by exposing national differences.

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15

Continuity and Discontinuity: Perspectives on the Relationship Between the Old and New Testaments. Crossway Books, 1988.

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16

Capussela, Andrea Lorenzo. Continuity and Instability: The Spiral Sets In. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796992.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the 1964–79 period, during which the social tensions accumulated over the previous decades erupted, a wave of political violence without parallel in Europe shook the country, and the steep rise of labour’s bargaining power caused a persistent wage shock. Political consensus was sustained by spending policies aimed at particularistic inclusion, leading to both a fragmented welfare system and growing budget deficits, which were largely monetized. Driven also by a challenging international environment, macroeconomic disequilibria accumulated. Although the country’s institutions were increasingly inappropriate, TFP growth and Italy’s convergence to the productivity frontier nonetheless continued, sustained also by the rise of industrial districts. Several mutually reinforcing vicious circles set in, however: the collusion between political and economic elites intensified, clientelism and corruption rose, organized crime strengthened, and after two decades of convergence the South resumed its decline relative to the rest of the country.

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17

Informationsstrategier Och Yrkesidentiteter: En Studie AV Sjukskoterskors Relation Till Fackinformation VID Arbetsplatsen. Not Avail, 2003.

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18

MacQueen, Hector L., ed. Continuity, Influences and Integration in Scottish Legal History. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474488761.001.0001.

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David Sellar (1941-2019) was a pioneering historian of Scots law who convincingly and conclusively rejected previous interpretations of the subject as a series of false starts and rejected experiments. He emphasised instead the continuity of legal development in Scotland, with change a process of integration of external influences with indigenous customs from very early times on. Thus down to the present Scots law embraces Celtic and other customary elements reaching far back into its past, while also having been open to innovation from the developing Canon, Civil, Feudal and English Common law since the middle ages. This too has left deep marks upon the law’s character as a “mixed legal system”. Sellar’s approach, articulated mainly through essays published in diverse places over four decades, had significant influence upon general understanding of legal history in Scotland as well as leading to appreciation elsewhere of its comparative significance. The major essays gathered together in this single collection demonstrate the scope and reach of Sellar’s overall contribution. Its distinguishing mark is the perspective that Sellar himself brought to bear, which was one no other previous writer in the field could achieve, especially in relation to Celtic and Canon law.

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19

Devney, Anne Marie. AN EXAMINATION OF THE CRISIS LEARNING PROCESS EXPERIENCED BY ADULT RELATIVES OF CRITICALLY INJURED PATIENTS. 1994.

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20

Continuing library education among school library media personnel in North Dakota: An examination into the practices, preferences, and perceptions relating to modes and methods of continuing education. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International, 1987.

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21

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts e Meg Hillier. Overseeing Financial Sustainability in the Further Education Sector: Thirteenth Report of Session 2015-16, Report, Together with Formal Minutes Relating to the Report. Stationery Office, The, 2015.

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22

Smith, Eleanor Frances. THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL MEASURES OF SELF-CONCEPT AND NURSING PERFORMANCE RELATIVE TO THREE CRITERION INDICATORS OF EFFECTIVE USE OF RESTRAINTS WITH PATIENTS IN AN ACUTE CARE HOSPITAL FACILITY. 1996.

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23

Murthy, Viren. Reading Lu Xun’s Early Essays in Relation to Marxism. Editado por Carlos Rojas e Andrea Bachner. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199383313.013.35.

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Lu Xun was claimed and canonized as a Marxist by the Chinese Communist Party, while Japanese and Western critics frequently read his work as a critique of modernity. Whereas the latter approach tends to trace the continuity in his writings, the Marxist approach largely brackets his earlier work. This chapter attempts to bring Marxist theory in dialogue with Lu Xun’s work in a different way, by focusing on his early writings and reading them in relation to various theorists. Through a close reading of two of Lu Xun’s early essays, “On the Destruction of Malevolent Voices” and “Imbalanced Cultural Development,” this chapter examines debates within the Marxist tradition, especially about issues related to global capitalism and the possibilities of a socialist future in countries on the periphery of the world-system. In this way, Lu Xun and Marxist theory can illuminate one another.

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24

King, Eden B., Adrienne J. Colella e Hannah Markell. In Conclusion. Editado por Adrienne J. Colella e Eden B. King. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199363643.013.29.

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The chapters in this book address the factors that give rise to discrimination, its manifestations and consequences, and strategies for its reduction. In so doing, evidence is synthesized and future directions encouraged. Yet it is critical that these pages be interpreted in light of the context in which they were written. This concluding chapter identifies themes that emerge across chapters within the context of the particular time of their publication and in relation to a highly visible discrimination case. In so doing, it considers dual signs of social progress and retreat that relate to workplace discrimination and envision continuing uneven improvements in the future.

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25

Sultany, Nimer. Law’s Contradictions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768890.003.0007.

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This chapter analyzes concrete Egyptian and Tunisian cases that showcase the interplay between continuity and rupture. These cases illustrate the lack of a systemic relation between law and revolution. On the one hand, the judiciary that interprets and applies the law is part of the very social and political conflicts it is supposed to resolve. On the other hand, the law is incoherent and there are often resources within the legal materials to play it both ways. Thus, the different forces at work use both continuity and rupture to advance their positions. Furthermore, legitimacy discourse mediates the contradictions between law and revolution in the experience of different legal and political actors. This mediation serves an ideological role because it presupposes a binary dichotomy between continuity and rupture, papers over law’s incoherence by reducing it to a singular voice, and reduces revolution to an event rather than a process.

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26

Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts e Margaret Hodge. 16- to 18-Year-old Participation in Education and Training: Thirty-First Report of Session 2014-15, Report, Together with the Formal Minutes Relating to the Report. Stationery Office, The, 2015.

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27

Thompson, Brian, Michael Gordon e Adam Tucker. Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law. 13^a ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198867883.001.0001.

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Cases & Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law is an invaluable resource. Extracts have been chosen from a wide range of historical and contemporary cases and materials to illustrate the reasoning processes of the courts and to show how legal principles are developed. The extracts from the leading cases in the field are combined with legal, political, and philosophical materials and linked together with explanatory text, alongside extensive notes and questions for discussion. The book takes a critical look at the main doctrines of constitutional law as well as the principles of administrative law, examining the operation of the constitution in relation to Parliament, the government, and the citizen. Incisive commentary throughout the text provides explanation and analysis of the key issues and challenges in constitutional and administrative law. The thirteenth edition has been fully revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in legislation, case law, and politics, including the process and implications of exiting the EU, and the UK’s new post-Brexit legal arrangements; continuing change and challenges to the devolution settlement in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland; major Supreme Court decisions in Miller (No.2) / Cherry, UNISON, the Scottish Continuity Bill Reference, and Privacy International; new developments in relation to ministerial responsibility and parliamentary accountability (including the impact of the coronavirus pandemic); proposed repeal of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011; and discussion of proposals for reforms of judicial review and tribunal appeal processes, as well as proposed reform of ombudsmen. This text continues to provide instant access to an unrivalled collection of up-to-date judgments, statutory provisions, official publications, and other policy materials.

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Deere Birkbeck, Carolyn. Intellectual Property, Development, and Access to Knowledge. Editado por Rochelle Dreyfuss e Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.36.

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This chapter examines debates on intellectual property (IP) and development in the wider context of issues relating to IP and the public interest. It also considers how calls for greater attention to development in the global IP system relate to campaigns for “access to knowledge” (A2K). After reviewing the longstanding debates on IP and public policy issues as well as the substance of debates on IP, development, and A2K, the article discusses the engagement of developing countries in the international IP system up until the end of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) negotiations. It proceeds with a review of post-TRIPS debates on the Agreement itself, before concluding with an analysis of the continuing challenges of addressing public interest and development concerns in the increasingly complex global IP system.

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29

Strawson, Galen. Psychological Connectedness. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0011.

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This chapter examines John Locke's notion of psychological connectedness. It suggests that Locke is interested in the (nontransitive) relation of psychological connectedness, and not interested in the (transitive) relation of memory-link-based psychological continuity that has drawn the attention of many of the “neo-Lockeans.” It also suggests the psychological connectedness that matters to Locke is narrower—more fine-grained—than psychological connectedness as ordinarily understood; and this is not simply because consciousness is not the same as memory. The chapter concludes by considering Locke's theory of personal identity as a theory of moral responsibility—given the assumption that the notion of moral responsibility is a coherent one at all.

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30

Lattig, Sharon. “A Music Numerous as Space”. Editado por Greg Garrard. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742929.013.028.

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This article examines the concept of cognitive environment in relation to ecocriticism. It discusses Gaston Bachelard’s analysis, in his The Poetics of Space, of historian Jules Michelet’s work depicting the building of a bird’s nest. It suggests that the corporeal act of nest-building may then be argued to imply the continuity of an organism and its environment and that the notion of enclosure is built into any ecology or Thoreavian economy.

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Fitzsimmons, RW, RH Martin e CW Wrigley. Australian Wheat Varieties Supplement No.1. CSIRO Publishing, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105461.

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With the continuing improvement of wheat, there is a need to provide assistance in the identification of newly registered wheat varieties. Sixteen such wheats are described in this Supplement according to the characters explained in 'Australian wheat varieties: identification according to plant, head and grain characteristics', Second Edition, by R. W. Fitzsimmons, R. H. Martin and C. W. Wrigley (CSIRO: Melbourne, 1983). In addition, descriptions of eight Australian triticales are provided in this Supplement as an appendix, in view of the increasing popularity of this close relative of wheat.

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32

Pieter Jan, Kuijper. Part III Observance and Application of Treaties, 16 The European Courts and the Law of Treaties: The Continuing Story. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588916.003.0016.

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This chapter presents a critical analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice and of the General Court relating to the application of the international law of treaties. It covers the some forty cases in which the Courts have referred explicitly to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, and a few more where this happened implicitly, during the period 1998–2010. Inevitably the emphasis falls on the application of the rules of treaty interpretation to the international agreements concluded by the European Union (EU), but also to the founding treaties of the EU itself. The Courts have been confronted with great regularity with questions relating to the law of treaties and thus have become increasingly sophisticated in their use of it. The recent accusation that the Court is adverse to international law seems to be based on a few dramatic cases, not on the steady stream of smaller cases in which the law of treaties plays a role.

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Burns, Tom, e Mike Firn. Service planning. Editado por Tom Burns e Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0028.

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This chapter aims to guide practitioners and managers in setting up and reviewing community outreach services for people with severe mental illness from a non-technical service planning perspective. Examples of different service configurations within a comprehensive local system are given, with some observations on their relative merits and drawbacks from evaluations. Service models and structures are important for providing a framework for delivering quality care, yet from the perspective of the service user, many of these service details—integrated care, specialization, caseload size, staffing mix, ownership of beds, and degree of shared caseload—are invisible. For people with severe mental health problems, patients and carers value the principles of good community-based care, such as access, responsiveness, consistency, and continuity.

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Merdjanova, Ina, ed. Women and Religiosity in Orthodox Christianity. Fordham University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823298600.001.0001.

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This volume seeks to redress a gap in the study of Orthodox Christianity, which has largely remained gender blind. It engages women’s lifeworlds, practices, and experiences in relation to Orthodox Christianity in multiple, varied localities, discussing both contemporary and pre-1989 developments. The contributions in the volume critically engage the pluralist and changing character of Orthodox forms of institutional and social life in relation to gender by using feminist epistemologies and drawing on original ethnographic research to account for previously ignored themes, perspectives, knowledges, and experiences of women in Orthodox Christian contexts. The volume pushes out the understanding of Orthodox Christianity in new directions by looking at Orthodox women of diverse backgrounds in different settings: parishes, monasteries, the secular spaces of everyday life, and under shifting historical conditions and political regimes—and by offering new theoretical insights. The volume combines the depth of ethnographic analysis with geographical breadth. Employing various research approaches and methodologies, the contributions engage two major intertwined lines of analysis—continuity and transformation—in social practices, demographic trends, and larger material contexts at the intersection between gender, Orthodoxy, and locality. To be sure, continuity contains the seeds of change, and transformation emerges within seemingly rigid structures and practices, in defiance to claims—coming both from within and without Orthodox Christianity—that Orthodox Christianity is immutable and fixed in time.

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Adjaye, Joseph K. Time in the Black Experience. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216025986.

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In the first book which deals entirely with the subject of time in Africa and the Black Diaspora, Adjaye presents ten critical case studies of selected communities in Africa, the Caribbean, and the American South. The essays cover a wide spectrum of manifestations of temporal experience, including cosmological and genealogical time, physical and ecological cycles, time and worldview, social rhythm, agricultural and industrial time, and historical processes and consciousness. The studies confirm the continuity of temporal experience among Africans from pre-colonial times, through the colonial period in Africa, across continents through slavery and Maroon societies, to present-day communities like the Gullah of the Sea Islands of South Carolina. The subject of time, now recognized to be relative rather than uniform, draws together evidence from a variety of disciplines, specifically history, linguistics, political science, anthropology, and philosophy.

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Moran, Dermot. Intentionality. Editado por Dan Zahavi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755340.013.36.

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This chapter traces the history of intentionality in the phenomenological tradition, from Brentano and Husserl through Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty to Iris Marion Young, emphasizing the continuity and deepening of the concept through the tradition. Brentano’s conceptions of the intentional relation and the intentional inexistence of the object were taken up and transformed in Husserl’s expansive conception of intentionality as the sense-apprehension and sense-making that runs through the whole of experiential and cognitive life. Intentionality, moreover, encompasses not just consciousness’s explicit relation to objects, but also the vaguer awareness of horizons and habitualities (“horizon-intentionality”). Heidegger radicalizes Husserlian intentionality by reframing it in terms of the transcendence of existence. Merleau-Ponty further expands Husserl’s conceptions of embodied and practical intentionality as ambiguous transcendence. Iris Marion Young adds an interesting new dimension through her concept of the socially constituted, inhibited intentionality of women’s bodies.

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Paschalis, Michael. Translations of Virgil into Ancient Greek. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810810.003.0010.

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This chapter traces the two-thousand-year-old tradition of translating Virgil into ancient Greek. It examines verse translations composed in late antiquity (Oratio Constantini) and in the Renaissance (Scaliger and Heinsius) as well as translations from the period of the modern Greek Enlightenment (Voulgaris) down to nineteenth-century modern Greece (Philitas and Ioannou). Paschalis investigates the elements of continuity and change in relation to translation techniques, adaptation to the genre’s conventional dialect, metrical and verbal equivalences between the translations and the original, the kinds of audience to which translations are addressed, and the role of ideology in determining the character of the translations.

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Aarts, Kees, e Maarten Arentsen. Nuclear Power and Politics in the Netherlands. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747031.003.0009.

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Nuclear power accounts for a low share only of electricity generation in the Netherlands. Plans for further expansion came to a halt due to a high-intensity nuclear energy debate and the Chernobyl accident. After a short resurgence in the early 2000s, political parties and voters shifted towards the anti-nuclear position after the Fukushima disaster. The chapter underlines the importance of path dependency in energy policy and concludes that government policies in consensus democracies with many political parties and coalition government are relatively unresponsive to public opinion and changes in the electoral performance of parties, because there is continuity in parts of the government’s composition in most cases.

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Arthur, Richard T. W. Passive Force and Corporeal Substance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812869.003.0007.

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This chapter treats various issues concerning Leibniz’s accounts of force and of corporeal substance: the status of passive force, given that substance is a thing that acts, how extension is founded in force, and the issue of substantial bonds. It is argued that Leibniz’s position is that an entelechy can never act in isolation: its action must always take into consideration the actions of the other created substances with which it coexists. Extension arises from the resistance to penetration resulting from the diffusion of entelechies and passive forces throughout matter, while the unity and continuity of body is relative to the observer. Leibniz does not propose substantial bonds out of dissatisfaction with this standard account, but in an attempt to satisfy the Jesuits’ demand for the real union of body and soul, which ultimately conflicts with the actuality of subordinate forms implicit in his own position.

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Fitzpatrick, Antonia. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790853.003.0006.

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This Conclusion is intended as a straightforward recapitulation of the principal arguments of this study: that Aquinas’s thought on the composition of human nature and the body in particular cannot be understood apart from the theological and social context that informed it; that Aquinas’s account of matter is far more subtle than is conventionally supposed; that Aquinas presents a clear account of the autonomy of the body relative to the soul, and that this revolves around the body’s accidental structural form, dimensive quantity; and that Aquinas’s thought on the postmortem continuity of the matter particular to individual bodies is muddled, and that this should not lower but if anything raise our opinion of him as a thinker, especially given his innovative exploitation of Averroes’ theory of matter and the doctrinal consequences of his thought on the body more generally, in the late thirteenth century and beyond.

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Iris, Glosemeyer, Shamiri Najib Abdul-Rehman e Würth Anna. Part 4 Constitutionalism and Separation of Powers, 4.4 Yemen: A Burgeoning Democracy on the Arab Peninsula? Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199759880.003.0022.

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This chapter examines constitutional developments in Yemen. It covers Yemeni constitutional history before unification, the fate of the 1991 Constitution, and the Constitution of 2001. It argues that despite the relative political continuity (in the sense that there have not been successful military coups or significant elite changes in decades), constitutionalism in the country may be characterized as being two-fold. First, numerous constitutional articles are ambiguous and amenable to adverse interpretations because they leave too much of the constitutional rights to be defined by laws, thereby undermining the effectiveness of the said articles. The same applies to ordinary parliamentary laws, for they refer many important details to executive regulations, by-laws, ministerial resolutions, or Islamic jurisprudence. Second, while there has been a tradition of constitutionalist thinking at least since the 1940s, central elements of constitutionalism are missing. Checks and balances are weak, and the rule of law is far from being reality. Separation of powers is not even constitutionally fully guaranteed, much less applied in practice.

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42

Escudier, Marcel. Engineering applications of the linear momentum equation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0010.

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In this chapter a method is shown for applying the linear momentum equation, together with the continuity equation and either Bernoulli’s equation or some other information about static pressure, to the analysis of a diverse range of practical problems. A key aim is to demonstrate that it is possible to establish a relatively simple theoretical basis which can give quite accurate and useful information about the performance of such complex machines as jet and rocket engines, the jet pump, and the Pelton turbine. Other examples include flow through a sudden enlargement, a convergent nozzle, a pipe bend, a pipe junction, and a cascade of guidevanes. For each example it is shown how to define a suitable control volume.

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Rynne, Colin. Water and Wind Power. Editado por Christopher Gerrard e Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.22.

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The inhabitants of most urban and rural communities in both Britain and Ireland during the later medieval period would have lived a relatively short distance from either a watermill or windmill. This chapter examines the most recent archaeological evidence for water- and wind-powered mills in later medieval Britain. The use of water power, in particular, was widespread in the later medieval period for a wide range of industrial activities. However, during this same period nearly all of the grain harvest was processed in either wind- or water-powered mills. The archaeological record also demonstrates a large degree of continuity, from the late Roman and early medieval periods, in the design of waterwheels and the mechanisms they actuated.

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Mann, Peter. Legendre Transforms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0033.

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This chapter introduces vector calculus to the reader from the very basics to a level appropriate for studying classical mechanics. However, it provides only the necessary vector calculus required to understand some of the operations perform in the text and perhaps support self-learning in more advanced topics, so the analysis is not be definitive. The chapter begins by examining the axioms of vector algebra, vector multiplication and vector differentiation, and then tackles the gradient, divergence and curl and other elements of vector integration. Topics discussed include contour integrals, the continuity equation, the Kronecker delta and the Levi-Civita symbol. Particular care is taken to explain every mathematical relation used in the main text, leaving no stone unturned!

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45

Sugden, Robert. Psychological Stability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 asks what properties a market economy must have if it is to be psychologically stable—that is, if it is to reproduce a general belief that its governing principles are fair. I argue that, because of the division of knowledge and because the opportunities open to each person depend on how other people choose to use their opportunities, full equality of opportunity is not compatible with a market economy. Psychological stability has to rest on continuing expectations of mutual benefit, defined relative to a baseline that evolves over time and that cannot be justified in terms of abstract principles of fairness. However, if the market is to be recommended to each individual separately, each individual must be able to expect to share in the benefits that markets create. Maintaining such expectations typically requires redistributive mechanisms.

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46

Forsdyke, Sara, Edith Foster e Ryan Balot. Introduction. Editado por Sara Forsdyke, Edith Foster e Ryan Balot. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199340385.013.19.

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This introduction, co-authored by the three editors, provides an overview of the entire Handbook, concentrating on the salient points of each chapter and on the interconnections among chapters. The introduction explains Thucydides’ continuing significance for political life, as well as for historical method and the historical understanding of ancient Greece. In addition, it introduces Thucydides as a literary author, and sets Thucydides’ historiographical achievement in its ancient context. Finally, the introduction provides a scholarly context within which to locate this collection of essays in relation to other recent collections that examine the diverse dimensions of the History, including its understudied Nachleben.

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Nichols, Stephen R. C. Jonathan Edwards’ Principles of Interpreting Scripture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190249496.003.0003.

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Stephen R. C. Nichols explores the principles of interpretation at play in Jonathan Edwards’ exegesis. He argues that the underlying principle of his exegesis was harmony. This principle carried several implications for interpreting Scripture: that Scripture is the best interpreter of Scripture (that is, Scripture is harmonious with itself); that the Bible exhibits doctrinal harmony; and that Scripture achieves a harmony with the regenerate reader. Despite this view of harmony and Edwards’ continuity with the Reformed and Puritan traditions of interpretation, Nichols also holds that he was willing to experiment with that tradition, particularly in relation to typology, sometimes blurring the line between typology and allegory. Nichols concludes that Edwards both functioned within the boundaries of his tradition and explored creative innovations.

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Allsop, Cheryl. Politics and Morality in Major Crime Reviews. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747451.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the politics in relation to major crime reviews inherent in the everyday workings of the review team, evident in the decision making relevant to what is to be reviewed and where money and resources will be expended. What becomes apparent is that the decision making of the team, in deciding whether and how to progress individual cases, is a mixture of pragmatism combined with moral reasoning when deciding whether particular cold cases are worth pursuing. The foundations on which the case has been built for creating and continuing to invest in cold case reviews is reiterated, and consideration is given to how successful the cold case reviews are, and how this might impact on the future of the review team. Their apparently modest level of success is considered in relation to the morale of the team and how review officers justify their work to themselves.

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Bartoloni, Paolo. Dante Alighieri. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0012.

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The Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) is invoked several times in the work of Giorgio Agamben, often in passing to stress a point, as when discussing the political relevance of désoeuvrement (KG 246); to develop a thought, as in the articulation of the medieval idea of imagination as the medium between body and soul (S, especially 127–9); or to explain an idea, as in the case of the artistic process understood as the meeting of contradictory forces such as inspiration and critical control (FR, especially 48–50). So while Agamben does not engage with Dante systematically, he refers to him constantly, treating the Florentine poet as an auctoritas whose presence adds critical rigour and credibility. Identifying and relating the instances of these encounters is useful since they highlight central aspects of Agamben’s thought and its development over the years, from the first writings, such as Stanzas, to more recent texts, such as Il fuoco e il racconto and The Use of Bodies. The significance of Agamben’s reliance on Dante can be divided into two categories: the aesthetic and the political. The following discussion will address each of these categories separately, but will also emphasise the philosophical continuity that links the discussion of the aesthetic with that of the political. While in the first instance Dante is offered as an example of poetic innovation, especially in relation to the use of language and imagination, in the second he is invoked as a forerunner of new forms of life. Mediality and potentiality are the two pivots connecting the aesthetic and the political.

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Flinter, Frances. Ethical aspects of genetic testing. Editado por Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0301_update_001.

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The increasing availability of genetic tests is transforming health care. Patients can benefit from earlier, more precise diagnosis and sometimes tailor-made treatment; their relatives can be offered pre-symptomatic, predictive tests and carrier tests. Physicians must balance confidentiality with duty to other individuals, and are responsible for using genetic tests for the benefit of patients in an ethical way. An offer of testing must balance potential additional benefit from potential downsides of testing including psychological effects, risk of error, continuing uncertainty, and cost. The ability to do multiple tests on many genes, even to sequence the whole genome, is rapidly approaching, and mainstreaming of tests means that geneticists are not necessarily involved. Further work and thinking needs to inform medical ethics in this area.

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