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1
Rouanet, Louis, e Ennio E. Piano. "Filling the ranks: the Remplacement Militaire in post-revolutionary France". European Review of Economic History 24, n.º 4 (9 de outubro de 2020): 696–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez014.
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Abstract Many economists have analyzed the efficiency of a volunteered army relative to a conscripted army. However, they have rarely studied the working of real-world alternative, market-based, military institutions where exemptions from military service are traded among the citizens. This paper fills this gap by studying the rise and fall of the Remplacement Militaire in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century France. This system endured for more than three quarters of a century until the French government progressively moved toward universal conscription after 1872. At times of military expansion, the State regulated the replacement market. We argue that the goal of such regulations was to limit the increase in fraud and avoid a deterioration in the quality of the soldiery associated with increases in the price of replacements.
2
Bessin, Marc. "L’armée et l’illettrisme : remarques sur la fonction de dépistage de la conscription militaire". Agora débats/jeunesses 15, n.º 1 (1999): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/agora.1999.1662.
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Brun, Jean-François. "Au crépuscule De l’Empire". Revue Historique des Armées 273, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2013): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rha.273.0073.
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Autant par ses conditions de création que par son action lors de sa brève existence, le 151 e de ligne présente une histoire relativement originale par rapport à la plupart des unités d’infanterie du Premier Empire, et mérite à ce titre d’être présenté plus en détail. En mars 1812, désireux d’accroître sa puissance militaire sans heurter trop largement l’opinion publique, sensible à l’alourdissement de la conscription, Napoléon décide de lever le premier ban de la Garde nationale. Chaque département sera tenu de fournir tout ou partie d’une cohorte, le 151 e en est issu.
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Drongiti, Angeliki. "Se donner la mort comme un homme : une analyse des suicides des appelés dans l’armée de terre grecque". Déviance et Société Vol. 48, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2024): 21–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ds.481.0021.
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En Grèce, les appelés, des hommes de 18 à 45 ans qui effectuent leur service militaire, se donnent la mort au moins trois fois plus que les civils. Comment une institution qui prétend viriliser les jeunes par des expériences extrêmes et par l’entraînement aux armes et à la guerre peut-elle héberger un phénomène de morts volontaires si remarquable ? À partir d’une mosaïque de données complémentaires les unes des autres (entretiens semi-directifs, analyse des discours, analyse des données statistiques, observation participante), cet article montre que les visions et les pratiques de la masculinité dans le contexte spécifique de l’armée grecque structurent les trajectoires suicidaires. En mobilisant la théorie de rapports sociaux de sexe examinant le service militaire comme une institution masculine qui vise à fabriquer de « vrais » hommes, ce texte analyse et propose une typologie durkheimienne des morts volontaires au sein des appelés grecs : des suicides de type fataliste au début de la conscription et des suicides de type altruiste vers la fin.
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Porteret, Vincent. "Les discours sur le service militaire � l�Assembl�e nationale (1962-1997)�: conscription et identit� nationale". Les Champs de Mars N�9, n.º 1 (2001): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lcdm1.009.0135.
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Murez, Jean-Baptiste. "La compagnie des volontaires de la Martinique dans l’expédition du Mexique (1862-1864)". Outre-Mers N° 420-421, n.º 2 (3 de abril de 2024): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/om.420.0213.
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Face aux maladies tropicales décimant le corps expéditionnaire français au Mexique, le commandement militaire ressent le besoin d’utiliser des troupes résistantes à ces affections et aux fortes chaleurs. Parmi celles-ci, une compagnie de volontaires recrutés à la Martinique, territoire colonial non soumis à la conscription. L’appel n’attire que peu de candidats, car ces troupes sont traitées différemment des autres unités françaises, malgré certaines mises en garde. Leur solde est moindre, leurs missions sont ingrates : garder les points principaux des terres chaudes littorales, surveiller les convois. Encadrés par des officiers des troupes de marine, ces volontaires s’acquittent toutefois bien de leur tâche, et leurs services sont appréciés. Pourtant, malgré une prise de conscience tardive, leurs conditions évoluent peu et, faute de volonté de se rengager, comme de nouveaux volontaires, la compagnie est dissoute après deux ans d’existence (1862-1864).
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Andrès, Bernard. "L’humour des Poilus canadiens durant la Grande Guerre (deuxième partie : Le Canard de Montréal)". Les Cahiers des dix, n.º 70 (26 de janeiro de 2017): 131–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038746ar.
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Malgré la crise de la conscription de 1917 et les tensions entre anglophones et francophones au sujet de l’engagement du Canada dans la Grande Guerre, plus de 30,000 Canadiens français partent pour le front. Ils s’illustreront notamment aux batailles d’Ypres, de Courcelette et de Vimy. Chez ces francophones dont la plupart se battent sous le drapeau britannique, on note une certaine ambivalence face « la » patrie (le Canada ? l’Angleterre ? la France ?). Défiance également envers la hiérarchie militaire et les autorités coloniales britanniques. De rares témoignages de première main publiés en français entre 1914 et 1920 permettent d’apprécier sous un angle nouveau —l’humour— cet épisode de l’histoire québécoise. Face à la censure de guerre et pour conjurer la mort, les récits recourent à ces stratégies d’évitement ou de subversion que sont l’humour, l’ironie et le sarcasme. On observe ces modes d’écriture dans les témoignages de quelques « Poilus » canadiens publiés entre 1914 et 1920. C’est ici le cas d’Une unité canadienne, “Coq‑à‑l’Âne” Sério-Comique, signé E. I. Oval, [pseudonyme de Joseph A. Lavoie], et E. Rastus [pseudonyme de Moïse Ernest Martin]. Cette charge illustrée est parue en feuilleton dans l’hebdomadaire satirique montréalais Le Canard, entre le 28 septembre 1919 et le 8 février 1920, puis dans une brochure de juin 1920. Les « justiciers masqués » Lavoie et Martin préfigurent nos actuels lanceurs d’alertes. Dénonçant avec humour les manquements à la sociabilité militaire, ils entendaient restaurer l’honneur de leur unité canadienne.
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Crépin, Annie. "De la nation armée au service militaire obligatoire : la conscription au XIXe siècle. Perspectives et méthodologie d'un champ historiographique". Annales historiques de la Révolution française 316, n.º 1 (1999): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahrf.1999.2251.
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Catros, Philippe. "« Tout Français est soldat et se doit à la défense de la patrie » (Retour sur la naissancede la conscription militaire)". Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n.º 348 (1 de junho de 2007): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ahrf.8993.
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Catros, Philippe. ""Tout français est soldat et se doit à la défense de la patrie" (retour sur la naissance de la conscription militaire)". Annales historiques de la Révolution française 348, n.º 1 (2007): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahrf.2007.3245.
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Andrès, Bernard. "L’humour des Poilus canadiens durant la Grande Guerre (première partie)". Les Cahiers des dix, n.º 69 (14 de março de 2016): 215–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035601ar.
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Malgré la crise de la conscription de 1917 et les tensions entre anglophones et francophones, au sujet de l’engagement du Canada dans la Grande Guerre, plus de 30 000 Canadiens français partent pour le front. Ils s’illustreront notamment aux batailles d’Ypres, de Courcelette et de Vimy. Chez ces francophones dont la plupart se battent sous le drapeau britannique, on note une certaine ambivalence face « la » patrie (le Canada ? l’Angleterre ? la France ?). Défiance également envers la hiérarchie militaire et les autorités coloniales britanniques. De rares témoignages de première main publiés en français entre 1914 et 1920 permettent d’apprécier sous un angle nouveau —l’humour— cet épisode de l’histoire québécoise. Face à la censure de guerre et pour conjurer la mort, les récits recourent à ces stratégies d’évitement ou de subversion que sont l’humour, l’ironie et le sarcasme. On observe ces modes d’écriture dans les témoignages de quelques « Poilus » canadiens publiés entre 1914 et 1920. La majorité d’entre eux servent sous l’uniforme anglais : Henri Chassé, Claudius Corneloup, Arthur J. Lapointe, A. et W. Audette, Joseph A. Lavoie et Moïse E. Martin. Paul Caron (le seul à mourir au front), s’est engagé, lui, dans l’Armée française : cet ardent nationaliste affirmait se battre pour la France et s’opposer au « navalisme et à l’impérialisme britanniques ».
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Byers, Daniel. "Mobilising Canada: The National Resources Mobilization Act, the Department of National Defence, and Compulsory Military Service in Canada, 1940-1945". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 7, n.º 1 (9 de fevereiro de 2006): 175–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031107ar.
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Abstract Compulsory military service took on the most organized, long-term form it has ever had in Canada during the Second World War. But few historians look beyond the politics of conscription to study the creation, administration or impact of a training system that affected more than 150,000 people. Faced with the Mackenzie King government's policy of conscripting manpower only for home defence, and their own need for overseas volunteers, Army leaders used conscripts raised under the National Resources Mobilization Act to meet both purposes. This paper explores the Army's role in creating and administering the compulsory military training system during the war, the pressures put on conscripts to volunteer for overseas service, and the increased resistance to volunteering that resulted by 1944. The consequences of the Army's management of conscription came very much to shape the political events that took place in 1944, and cannot be fully understood outside that context.
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Kuzmin, S. A., e L. K. Grigorieva. "Organization of anti-epidemic measures when conscripting citizens for military service during the pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19". Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), n.º 2 (31 de janeiro de 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2302-01.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has been officially declared an international emergency by the World Health Organization. During this period of time, the state task of conscripting citizens for military service was carried out in our country. When performing this task, anti-epidemic measures were taken. Medical examination of conscripts was carried out at all stages of their route, starting from the military conscription office of the municipality to the assembly point of the military conscription office of the region. All conscripts had their body temperature measured, and they were provided with personal protective equipment — masks and gloves, which were changed every two hours. A PCR test was carried out in the municipalities, and a laboratory blood test in order to detect IgG/IgM SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was carried out at the assembly point of the region. The taken measures contributed to the successful completion of the task of preventing the introduction of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 into the troops and the mass spread of the disease.
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Rakhmanov, Pavel S. "Accounting and conscription of former officers of the Russian Imperial Army in the Red Army during the Civil War (based on the materials of the Tambov Governorate)". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 3 (2022): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-3-794-804.
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The civil war and intervention necessitated a general mobilization in the controlled territories. There was an acute problem of manning the Red Army with qualified command personnel, including former tsarist officers (military experts). The purpose of the study is to consider the pro-cedure for conscripting former officers of the army of the Russian Empire to command positions in the Red Army during the Civil War. The problems of military mobilization work during the Civil War, including the involvement of former officers of the tsarist army in the Soviet service, have been studied to a greater extent at the all-Russian level. The regional specifics of the activities of organizations that carried out the registration and conscription of former officers, the problems of evading former officers from conscription and bringing them to justice for such acts are analyzed. It is concluded that in the course of the growing armed confrontation at the front, the Soviet military registration authorities went from a partial call-up of certain categories of military experts to a general total mobilization of all fit-for-service officers of the old army who lived on the territory of the RSFSR. The high level of education and qualifications of the majority of former officers allowed them to successfully cope with their duties in the civil service. This circumstance led to disagreements between the civil and military departments on the drafting of certain employees from among the former officers into the army.
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Cohn, Lindsay P., e Nathan W. Toronto. "Markets and Manpower". Armed Forces & Society 43, n.º 3 (26 de setembro de 2016): 436–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x16667086.
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Economic studies of military manpower systems emphasize the advantages of voluntarism under all but the most total threats, but this explains neither the persistence of institutionalized conscription in many states nor the timing of shifts from such conscription systems to volunteer militaries. Traditional explanations focus on external threat levels, but this has also proven unsatisfying. We theorize that threat variables establish the state’s baseline need for manpower, but structural economic variables determine whether the necessary manpower can be more efficiently obtained by conscription or voluntarism. Using a new data set of 99 countries over 40 years, we find that states with British origins are less likely and those experiencing greater external threat are more likely to employ conscripts. Most importantly, states with more highly regulated labor markets are more likely to employ conscripts, which suggests that, controlling for a number of relevant factors, labor markets matter in military manpower decisions.
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BORОDAI, E. "CLASSIFICATION OF METHODS OF MILITARY-PATRIOTIC EDUCATION OF SENIOR GRADE STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF PRE-CALL PREPARATION". ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, n.º 26 (7 de abril de 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2020.26.227427.
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The article considers the peculiarities of the classification of methods of military-patriotic education of high school students in the process of pre-conscription training, substantiates the feasibility of developing a comprehensive system of teaching methods for the subject "Defense of Ukraine". The traditional approaches to the classification of methods of military-patriotic education are considered. The diversity of views of scholars is consistent with a comprehensive approach to grouping the content and essence of methods, resulting in four groups of methods, their combinations and concepts characteristic of military-patriotic education: methods of forming patriotic consciousness, views and beliefs in pre-conscription youth, methods of organization military-patriotic activity and formation of personal experience of behavior of pre-conscription youth, methods of stimulation and motivation of military-patriotic activity and behavior of pre-conscription youth, methods of self-education and self-preparation of pre-conscription youth for military service.
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Waschefort, Gus. "Justice for Child Soldiers? The RUF Trial of the Special Court for Sierra Leone". Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1, n.º 1 (2010): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187815210x12766020140008.
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AbstractThe Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was the primary agitator during the decade-long civil war that ravaged Sierra Leone. One of the hallmarks of RUF tactics was the abduction and military use of children. The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) issued an indictment against the high-command of the RUF. Each of the accused was charged with the enlistment, conscription or use of child soldiers. The Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao case (RUF case) provides a cogent account of the crime of conscripting or using children younger than fifteen in hostilities. This paper tracks the development of the growing child soldier jurisprudence and plots the contribution of the RUF case. Specific emphasis is placed on the Court's application of abstract concepts to concrete situations, e.g. the determination whether a specific instance of child soldier use amounts to the child's 'active participation in hostilities'. The paper follows a progression whereby the chapeau requirements of Article 4 of the Statute of the SCSL are first assessed and thereafter the actus reus and mens rea elements of the substantive crime of enlisting, conscripting or using children in hostilities are examined in light of the RUF case.
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Røislien, Hanne Eggen. "Religion and Military Conscription". Armed Forces & Society 39, n.º 2 (16 de julho de 2012): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x12449429.
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Greene, Kenneth V., e Erol Balkan. "Military Conscription, Efficient Policies, and Transfers from the Politically Weak". Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 14, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 1996): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907540336.
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Abstract Questo scritto mette a confronto differenti teorie economiche sull’arruolamento militare obbligatorio, sottoponendole successivamente a verifica empirica.Si è sostenuto che, poiché il costo del servizio militare è concentrato su una ristretta base sociale, la maggioranza sarebbe pronta a votare contro la sua eliminazione.Il contro-argomento è stato che, poiché l’arruolamento obbligatorio è inefficiente, sarebbe invece conveniente eliminarlo. Infatti, con una forte domanda di lavoro e in assenza di guerre si dovrebbe fare minore ricorso all’arruolamento.Malgrado la varietà delle situazioni concrete, appare che i sistemi democratici sono quelli che maggiormente ricorrono all’arruolamento.Il problema è quello del confronto tra i costi di efficienza dell’arruolamento e quelli dovuti alle distorsioni prodotte dalle imposte che dovrebbero altrimenti essere prelevate per far fronte alle spese militari.
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Kovtunenko, Lyudmila V., e Egor V. Paramonov. "Motivational and Value-Based Orientation of Pre-Conscription Youth toward Military Service". Penitentiary science 14, n.º 4 (18 de dezembro de 2020): 589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2020-14-4-589-591.
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Due to the collapse of the Soviet system of military professional orientation it has become necessary to review the work with pre-conscription youth oriented toward military service; the work, includes, among other things, expanding a network of cadet educational organizations. The main goals in forming the military-professional orientation of pre-conscription youth are achieved by providing resources for the educational process, service and extracurricular activities. Motivational and value-based attitude toward military service is developed throughout the entire educational period; this contributes to the formation of cadets’ readiness to become career military officers and choose military service as a priority type of professional activity. Having analyzed psychological and pedagogical literature, we came to the conclusion that the system of military orientation of pre-conscription youth currently implemented in cadet corps, will contribute to the effective development of young people’s orientation toward military service. Key words: military service, motivational and value-based orientation, pre-conscription youth, cadets, cadet corps.
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NG, PAK SHUN. ""WHY NOT A VOLUNTEER ARMY?" REEXAMINING THE IMPACT OF MILITARY CONSCRIPTION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH FOR SINGAPORE". Singapore Economic Review 50, n.º 01 (abril de 2005): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590805001871.
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This paper evaluates the economic merits of a conscript or an all-volunteer military force for Singapore, focusing on military conscription as a subset of military expenditure. While many papers investigate the relationships between economic growth and conscription or defence spending, no concrete study has linked them to provide a new argument for or against conscription. This paper relates these three research areas to examine the economic costs and benefits of a conscript and an all-volunteer force for Singapore, taking into account the effects of military spending on the growth of the economy.
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Konstantinidis, Nikitas. "Military conscription, external security, and income inequality: The missing link". Journal of Theoretical Politics 32, n.º 2 (29 de janeiro de 2020): 312–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629819895595.
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This article seeks to analyze the political economy of military conscription policy and its relationship with a country’s external security environment. National security is modeled as a non-rivalrous and non-excludable public good, whose production technology consists of either centrally conscripted or competitively recruited military labor. Conscription is construed as an implicit discretionary tax on citizens’ labor endowment. Based on this, I propose a simple political economy model of pure public goods provision financed by two policy instruments: a lump-sum income tax and a conscription tax. Constraint optimization of a quasi-linear utility function gives rise to three general classes of preferences: high- and low-skilled citizens will prefer an all-volunteer army, albeit of different size, whereas medium-skilled citizens will favor positive levels of conscription. These derived preferences allow me to tease out an explicit relationship between military manpower procurement policy, a country’s level of external threat, and its pre-tax income inequality levels. One of my key findings is that more egalitarian countries are more likely to use conscription as a military manpower procurement mechanism.
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Lucassen, Jan, e Erik Jan Zürcher. "Conscription as Military Labour: The Historical Context". International Review of Social History 43, n.º 3 (dezembro de 1998): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859098000224.
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For most of the nineteenth and twentieth century, universal conscription has been by far the predominant system of military recruitment, but the phenomenon has received surprisingly little attention from social historians. This lack of attention is all the more surprising if one considers the interesting position occupied by conscription at the crossroads of wage and non-wage labour and free and unfree labour.The following articles by Khaled Fahmy, Erik Jan Zürcher and Stephanie Cronin deal with the spread of the conscription system in one specific area (the Middle East) where it has been the most prominent feature of the establishment of increased and centralized state control over societies which, until relatively recent times, consisted of largely self-sufficient agrarian communities with very little contact with the outside world. The introduction of universal conscription confronted both states and populations with entirely new demands and problems.
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Matallana-Villarreal, Jairo. "Conscription or constriction: Military policing of urban youth". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 38, n.º 3 (junho de 2020): 453–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775819862579.
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Policing—order-making practices to discipline society and tackle crime—goes beyond the typical work of constabulary forces. There is a plurality of policing actors, rationales, and interests within a larger security assemblage, and multiple configurations of those elements according to specific contexts. This paper presents the phenomenon of batidas militares—military raids with the purpose of enforced conscription—carried out by the Colombian army as an informal policing practice. Through a combination of spatial analysis and fieldwork, including interviews with policing operators and young people involved in documented cases, I explain how the systematic execution of batidas created invisible, yet identifiable, urban borders, and how batidas operated as complementary preemptive security devices imposing a militarist order on the city.
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Galiani, Sebastian, Martín A. Rossi e Ernesto Schargrodsky. "Conscription and Crime: Evidence from the Argentine Draft Lottery". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2011): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.3.2.119.
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We estimate the causal effect of mandatory participation in military service on individuals' subsequent involvement in criminal activities. To identify this causal effect, we exploit the random assignment of young men to conscription in Argentina through a draft lottery. Using a dataset that includes draft eligibility, participation in military service, and criminal records, we find that conscription increases the likelihood of developing a criminal record. The effects are significant not only for cohorts that provided military service during wartime, but also for those that served during peacetime. Our results do not support the introduction of conscription for anti-crime purposes. JEL (H56, K42, O17)
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Kovtunenko, L. V., e E. V. Paramonov. "Motivational and Value-Based Orientation of Pre-Conscription Youth toward Military Service". Penitentiary science 14, n.º 4 (18 de dezembro de 2020): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2020-14-4-524-527.
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Due to the collapse of the Sovietsystem ofmilitary professional orientation it has become necessary to review the work with pre-conscription youth oriented toward military service; the work, includes, among other things, expanding a network of cadet educational organizations. The main goals in forming the military-professional orientation of pre-conscription youth are achieved by providing resources for the educational process, service and extracurricular activities. Motivational and value-based attitude toward military service is developed throughout the entire educational period; this contributes to the formation of cadets’ readiness to become career militaryofficers and choose military service as a priority type of professional activity. Having analyzed psychological and pedagogical literature,we came to the conclusion that the system of military orientation of pre-conscription youth currently implemented in cadet corps, will contribute to the effective development of young people’s orientation toward military service.
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Asal, Victor, Justin Conrad e Nathan Toronto. "I Want You! The Determinants of Military Conscription". Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, n.º 7 (23 de setembro de 2015): 1456–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715606217.
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What explains the use of military conscription? Using a new data set of more than 100 countries over a period of 200 years, we examine the determinants of a state’s decision to implement a military draft. We argue that the decision to use conscription is largely dependent on historical factors. Specifically, we contend that former British colonies are less likely to use conscription as a means of military recruitment because of an anticonscription precedent set during the English Civil War. We find that former British colonies are far less likely to opt for conscription, even after controlling for counter arguments relating to a state’s colonial legacy. We also examine a number of existing explanations for the use of conscripts, using the data to arbitrate previous debates. We find that democracies are less likely to implement the draft, while states involved in an interstate war or interstate rivalry are more likely to do so.
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Benecke, Werner. "Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in Russland: Zwischen militärischem Anspruch und zivilen Interessen". Journal of Modern European History 5, n.º 2 (setembro de 2007): 244–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2007_2_244.
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Universal Conscription in Tsarist Russia: Between Military Demands and Civil Interests Universal conscription was introduced in Russia in 1874 and completed the »Great Reforms» which had been started in 1861. After controversial debates war minister Dmitrij Alekseevič Miljutin wanted conscription to have as little effects as possible on civil life in the world's largest country, in order to prevent social unrest. A system of exemptions was applied to recruits considered to be indispensable in civil life. Any education obtained before mustering automatically reduced the duration of military service. In general, the conscription law made no exemptions for recruits of non-Russian or non-Orthodox origin. The principle of moving soldiers far away from their home towns and the ratio of 75% Russians and 25% non-Russians in the composition of military units were intended to respond to the army's multiethnic character. However, Jewish recruits suffered from systematic discrimination. Although Russia's imperial status was primarily based on its military power, universal conscription never included more than 30% of the annual number of potential recruits. Despite Miljutin's reform attempts, the fatal belief in the power of the seemingly inexhaustible human resources overshadowed all necessary reforms until the end of the Tsarist regime.
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Baran, Anzhelika. "Legislation on conscription: comparative analysis". Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, n.º 1 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2023.1.3.
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The objective of the research is to develop the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of the system of legal enforcement of military service as a method of forming the armed forces and influencing democratic processes in society, as well as to formulate well-founded proposals and methods for solving the identified problems.
Research methodology The research was conducted using the method of content analysis, which is used in the study of sources that are invariant to the structure and content of the object of scientific research. Content analysis combines nomothetic research methods with idiographic methods.
The method of conceptual analysis should be developed within the framework of the above- mentioned analytical study, as it is used to identify existing comparative and theoretical concepts of ensuring the order of conscription.
The analysis of the legal mechanism of ensuring the fulfilment of military service in the countries of the world, as well as the institutional mechanisms of ensuring the fulfilment of military service in Ukraine is carried out using the formal-logical method. The provisions of the legislation of Ukraine and other countries were analysed using the comparative legal method.
The subject is the legislation of Ukraine and the legislation of foreign countries in the field of military conscription.
Conclusions. The author of the mentioned study comes to the conclusion that an important element of the model of the legal enforcement of military duty - the subject, whose function is the duty to protect the state, to ensure its security, is the entire Ukrainian people; military service is not a function, but a constitutional duty of such a circle of subjects as citizens of Ukraine; this constitutional duty consists in 1) ensuring the defence of Ukraine; 2) protecting the sovereignty of Ukraine; 3) protecting the territorial integrity of Ukraine; 4) protecting the integrity of Ukraine; the fulfilment of this duty involves voluntary or conscript military service; military service is a form of fulfilment of the duty of a citizen of Ukraine; the special status of military personnel should be established in the legislation of Ukraine, as well as the procedure for completion of military service by citizens of Ukraine should be regulated.
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Sitdikov, A. M. "Organization of Soviet Higher Pre-Conscription Military Training in the Second Half of the 1930s". Herald of an archivist, n.º 2 (2023): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-2-527-539.
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The article assesses organizational changes in the process of higher pre-conscription military training in civilian educational institutions of the USSR in the second half of the 1930s. This system was the most important element of training Red Army reserve personnel for the upcoming Great Patriotic War. It was created in 1930 during forced industrialization when specialists were in urgent demand in the national economy. Thus, the Soviet leadership faced the task of creating a system permitting to train future commanders without discontinuing their profession educational. The current geopolitical situation increases relevance of studying history of military personnel training in the USSR in the 1930s. The novelty of this study is that it describes for the first time the process of transformation of the institute of higher pre-conscription military training in civilian educational institutions of the USSR in the second half of the 1930s. The research is based on the office documents of the People's Commissariat of Defense and those of military districts, stored in the fond 62 of the Russian State Military Archive. The author has established reasons that influenced structural changes in the process of training reserve personnel and identified decisions of the top military leadership on the matter. The article also reveals the impact of the Red Army’s repressions of 1937–38 on the system of higher pre-conscription military training. It is noted that in the new conditions, the approach to students selection changed, more attention was paid to political reliability of personnel and students. In addition, the top military leadership decided to reduce the period of higher pre-conscription military training from three to two years, while increasing training hours. The list of educational institutions with higher pre-conscription military training also changed. However, by 1938 the geopolitical situation had changed significantly, and the position of the USSR in international politics had deteriorated greatly. The military leadership faced the problem of forced training of personnel for the regular army, and therefore the institute of higher pre-conscription training was no longer relevant. In August 1938, the system was eliminated; there was a transition to accelerated pre-army training.
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Kosonen, Jarkko, Puustinen Alisa e Tallberg Teemu. "Saying no to military service – obligation, killing and inequality as experienced problems in conscription-based military in Finland". Journal of Military Studies 8, n.º 2019 (31 de dezembro de 2019): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jms-2019-0005.
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Abstract While studying citizen-soldiers, their dual identity as a soldier and a civilian have been highlighted. A citizen-soldier’s role is linked to citizenship and its obligation. The dual identity or critical voices of conscription or reserve forces have neither been recognized in research nor been debated publicly in Finland. The aim of this article is to analyse the reasons why some conscripts raise critical voices concerning their relationship with conscription and their role as reservists. The study is based on the interviews of 38 non-military service men and 33 men who resigned from the reserve in 2017. The data was analysed using content analysis. According to the results, the main problems with regard to conscription and armed defence, among the conscripts, relate to inequality of the conscription system, obligation to serve and lack of discretion. For individual conscripts as citizen-soldiers, the problem of killing has special weight when they reflect upon their own role in the possible act of war. Conscripts and their expertise could be used more extensively in a wider range of security-related issues than in armed defence alone.
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Akmal, Yakubov. "Patriotic Education Of Youth In The Pre-Conscription Stage Of Preparation For Military Service". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 03, n.º 03 (24 de março de 2021): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume03issue03-20.
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This article examines the patriotic education of youth in the pre-conscription stage of preparation for military service. Since it is the youth that is the link through which the continuity of generations is practically realized, the accumulation of production experience and the intellectual potential of society takes place.
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Kostinov, M. P., V. V. Zverev, O. A. Svitich e I. S. Mukhachev. "Vaccination of Persons Subject to Call-up for Military Service". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 22, n.º 5 (10 de novembro de 2023): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-5-58-62.
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Relevance. In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of a number of vaccine-preventable diseases. The health of military personnel directly affects the combat effectiveness of the army. Aim. Preserving the health of the military and ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the troops is one of the most important tasks. Result. Approaches to vaccination of persons subject to conscription for military service and a list of infections against which they should be vaccinated (influenza, meningococcal and pneumococcal infections, chickenpox, COVID-19) are presented. Vaccines, schedule and features of vaccine administration are described. A list of the main regulatory documents for vaccination is provided. Conclusion. Vaccine prevention of persons subject to conscription for military service is an important strategic task, the implementation of which depends on coordinated work between military and civilian healthcare. Vaccination coverage of persons subject to conscription for military service must reach 100%.
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Levy, Yagil. "Conceptualizing the Spectrum of the Bereavement Discourse". Armed Forces & Society 44, n.º 1 (6 de abril de 2017): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17701894.
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This article presents the spectrum of the bereavement discourse, namely, how various social groups interpret the loss of their children’s lives or the potential risk to their lives posed by their military service and translate it into public discourse, as a spectrum of attitudes. It is argued that this spectrum ranges from subversive to submissive approaches. Furthermore, within the confines of the declining casualty tolerance, two variables cumulatively determine the actors’ choice of discourse: the level of enforcement of recruitment, ranging from conscription to voluntary recruitment, and the social position of the group to which the agents belong. Given that conscription brings powerful, high-status groups into the ranks who may be unwilling to make sacrifices for war, subversive responses are more likely to occur in conscript militaries than in volunteer forces and vice versa. This article maps this spectrum and hypothesizes about its determinants.
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Kriner, Douglas L., e Francis X. Shen. "Conscription, Inequality, and Partisan Support for War". Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, n.º 8 (9 de julho de 2016): 1419–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715590877.
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While recent scholarship suggests that conscription decreases support for military action, we argue that its effect is contingent both on a draft’s consequences for inequality in military sacrifice and on partisanship. In an experiment examining public support for defending South Korea, we find that reinstating the draft significantly decreases support for war among Democrats; however, this effect is diminished if the draft reduces inequality in sacrifice. Support for war among Republicans, by contrast, responds neither to information about conscription nor its inequality ramifications. A follow-up experiment shows that conscription continues to significantly decrease support for war, even in the context of a retaliatory strike against a foreign state that targeted American forces. Moreover, partisanship and the inequality ramifications of the draft continue to moderate the relationships between conscription and public opinion. More broadly, our study emphasizes the importance of examining how Americans evaluate foreign policy–relevant information through partisan lenses.
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Kuzmin, S. A., e L. K. Grigorieva. "A Russian regional draft commission report on quality control efforts regarding medical examination of conscripts". Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, n.º 1 (17 de abril de 2024): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2024-0-1-34-41.
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Introduction. In Russian constituents, draft commissions play the leading role in providing medical services to individuals preparing for military service.The objective of the study is to analyze activities of a regional draft commission located in the Orenburg region with a specific focus on quality control during medical examination of conscripts.Methods. The study relied on reports and records of the Military Medical Expertise Center at the Federal Budgetary Institution “Military Commissariat of the Orenburg Region” throughout 2012 to 2021 timespan.Results and analysis. Within the analyzed 10 year’s timespan the number of conscripts in the Orenburg region decreased by 11.6 %. However, the number of individuals fit for military service (categories “A”+”B”) remained relatively unchanged, e.g. 14058 individuals in 2012 and 14837 in 2021 (except years 2013 and 2014 with 12494 and 12880 individuals in this category, respectively). The ratio between the individuals potentially fit for military service to those actually deployed indicates the rate of conscription withdrawal rate. In 2020 the conscription withdrawal rate was at its minimum value of 26.7 %, reaching its maximum value of 38.8 % in 2013. Within the timespan under study, 47500 individuals residing in the region were conscribed for combat deployment. Following medical examination, 1793 (3.8 %) applicants were withdrawn from conscription as unfit for military service. Within the first three months of military service, 29 (0.06 %) military personnel were dismissed from service for health reasons and general disease diagnosis. Some 52.200 individuals were deferred or exempted from the military draft (fitness categories for military service “B”, “G”, “D”), of which 28200 (54.1 %) were called for a medical revision examination. 2536 citizens were recognized as appropriate for military service (suitability categories “A” + “B”), amounting to 10.1 % of the arrived conscripts.Conclusion. Timely medical examinations of individuals upon conscription for military service, as well as medical and recreational activities for conscripts depend on the due and well-coordinated operation of regional conscription commissions. Under the resolution of the President of Russia on efforts to increase the corps of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, more extensive resources of potential military culture scripts are required.
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Gresh, Jason P. "The Realities of Russian Military Conscription". Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24, n.º 2 (abril de 2011): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2011.572699.
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Myachin, Nikolai V., Yury G. Ignatov, Vitaly S. Cherkashin, Alan S. Koraev, Oleg V. Gasparyan, Dmitry N. Gudkov, Anatoly A. Agapitov e Alexander Ya Fisun. "Optimization of interdepartmental electronic interaction of the military commissariat in the organization and conduct of medical examination of citizens subject to conscription". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 24, n.º 3 (15 de outubro de 2022): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma108959.
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The military commissariat requests information characterizing their state of health in order to study the state of health of citizens subject to conscription before the next conscription of citizens for military service. An interdepartmental request for this informations provision to medical organizations and institutions of medical and social expertise is encouraging to be issued in the form of an electronic document using a unified system of interdepartmental electronic interaction, taking into account the trends in the development of the public administration system. Interdepartmental interaction optimization through creation of an electronic interaction mechanism will allow military commissariats to promptly exchange information in real-time characterizing the citizens state of health subject to conscription for military service with medical organizations of the state and municipal health care system, and federal state institutions of medical and social expertise. The direct connection of the military commissariat to the state information system in the field of healthcare of the subject of the Russian Federation by means of cryptographic protection of information will contribute to improving the quality as well as deceasing the medical examination time of citizens subject to conscription, thus improving the efficiency of providing medical services to citizens in medical organizations. The public administration system was successfully reoriented to provide state and municipal services in a remote format during the unstable epidemiological situation caused by the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. Optimization of interdepartmental electronic interaction will allow military commissariats to take additional preventive measures to avoid infection and avert the spread of a new coronavirus infection during the recruitment campaign. Modern digital technologies and solutions are able to provide a qualitative leap in the organization of conscription of citizens for military service, which can be implemented without significant financial costs in the short term. However, there is a growing need to involve a proper number of participants of the military command and other state authorities in solving this complex problem.
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Yeo, Yezi. "The good, the bad, and the forgiven: The media spectacle of South Korean male celebrities’ compulsory military service". Media, War & Conflict 10, n.º 3 (1 de fevereiro de 2017): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750635217694122.
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For almost 70 years, South Korea has upheld the principle of universal male conscription, and the military has been a potent force in post-war South Korean political, economic, and social development. The role and significance of male conscription and the military establishment in South Korean society have been explored from the perspective of political, social, and gender/post-colonial studies. However, there is a considerable lack of academic research assessing the social meanings behind the highly publicized conduct of male celebrities’ negotiating the issue of their compulsory military service, which has turned increasingly into media spectacles since the mid-1990s. This study attempts to provide an insight into the political and social ramifications of such media events by tracing the military service and male celebrity discourse through several major conscription scandals in the South Korean mass media. By simultaneously policing and exploiting the ‘sacred’ duty to serve, these media scandals reinforce what it means to be a true ‘Korean man’.
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Soprano, Germán. "escuelas primarias para adultos y el servicio militar obligatorio en la Argentina de principios del siglo XX". Ejes de Economía y Sociedad 6, n.º 11 (17 de dezembro de 2022): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33255/25914669/61024.
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Las “escuelas militares” de educación primaria de adultos fueron creadas en 1884 y, de acuerdo con la Ley 1.420 de Educación Común, ofrecían enseñanza para los “adultos ineducados”. Con la sanción e implementación de la Ley 4.031 de Servicio Militar Obligatorio de 1901, el Ejército y la Armada reclutaron anualmente una masa de ciudadanos conscriptos, de los cuales aproximadamente un 50% eran analfabetos y, por tanto, se los inscribía como alumnos en dichas escuelas que funcionaban en unidades militares situadas en Capital Federal, las provincias y territorios nacionales. Este artículo analiza los proyectos institucionales y educativos de las “escuelas militares” durante las dos primeras décadas de implementación del servicio militar obligatorio.
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Demirtaş, Birgül. "Understanding Turkish Perception of Conscription and Reluctance to Reform: A Westphalian Approach in a Post-Westphalian World?" Iran and the Caucasus 16, n.º 3 (2012): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20120022.
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Many of the Western countries have radically changed their system of conscription in the recent decades. Turkey that enthusiastically takes the West as a model in many fields continues, however, to ignore developments in the Western military systems and sticks to its traditional understanding of military institutions. The present study seeks to examine the rationale behind Turkey’s conscription system and its reluctance to reform. Why is the Justice and Development Party (JDP) still stuck to the same conscription system that remained untouched in its fundamentals for 85 years? The basic argument of the article is that although the discourse in Turkish foreign policy changed considerably under the JDP, Turkish decision leaders still have a security understanding dominated by the realist approach.
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Novopavlovskaya, Elena, e Alexander Lavrentiev. "Conscription for military service in legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation". Legal Science and Practice: Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2021, n.º 4 (21 de dezembro de 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36511/2078-5356-2021-4-86-93.
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The conscription for military service is a constitutional duty, the duty to defend the Fatherland – the order, the conditions for its implementation, problems and ways to resolve them are the object of attention in domestic science and the subject of various conflicts, litigation, incl. in the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Currently, the bulk of the issues related to conscription for military service have been removed, not least thanks to the mechanism of constitutional justice.
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Čikalova, Oksana, Danguolė Drungilienė e Vida Mockienė. "Privalomosios pradinės ir profesionalios karo tarnybų karių patiriamo streso analizė". Sveikatos mokslai 23, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2013): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2013.015.
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Very often conscripted soldiers experience heavy physical loads and mental shocks and challenges. The goal of this thesis was to analyse and to compare the factors triggering the stress to soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service and the ways to cope with it. Methods applied in this thesis were as follows: investigation conducted in 2010-2011 applying quantitative data accumulation and data processing methods. 233 soldiers of compulsory conscription and professional military service that were in the service in the aircraft base of Military Air Force and were selected applying the targeted sampling method participated in the inquiry. The statistic program package „SPSS 17 for Windows” was applied for data analysis. Levels of significance of statistical hypotheses were applied: where p<0,05 was statistically significant, p<0,01 was statistically very significant and p<001 was extremely statistically significant. The participants were acquainted with investigation goal and the consent of a uniformed person was received. The results of the investigation revealed that such factors as everyday routine, military discipline, constant tiredness, impossibility to change the established day time schedule, negative emotions of other soldiers and strict particular requirements triggered stress significantly more often to the soldiers of compulsory conscription service than to the soldiers of professional service. The more strong reaction of soldiers of compulsory conscription service to stress provoked the feeling of loneliness and physical and emotional exhaustion at the end of the service day, meanwhile the soldiers of professional service had some difficulties with sleep at night and emotional exhaustion. While trying to combat the stress the soldiers of professional service significantly more often than the soldiers of compulsory conscription service used the conversation with a good friend and long walks, meanwhile the soldiers of compulsory conscription service trying to suppress the stress used to smoke significantly more often than the soldiers of professional service. Smoking as the method to conquer the stress was preferred more often by the soldiers from smaller townships.
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Hämmerle, Christa. "Ein gescheitertes Experiment? Die Allgemeine Wehrpflicht in der multiethnischen Armee der Habsburgermonarchie". Journal of Modern European History 5, n.º 2 (setembro de 2007): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/1611-8944_2007_2_222.
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A Failed Experiment? Conscription in the Multi-Ethnic Army of the Habsburg Monarchy The article first looks at public military debates around 1900 which focused on the implementation of universal conscription in Austria-Hungary and concentrated on ethnic tensions within the empire. Ethnic conflicts were increasingly made responsible for the erosion of the Habsburg dual monarchy's foundations and its joint military. Against this background, the introduction and organisation of universal conscription since 1868 are analysed with a particular focus on the regulations set up to respond to the multi-ethnic structure of the Austrian-Hungarian army. The analysis continues with some aspects that reveal the social acceptance of the new recruiting system and led to very different reactions in the various regions of the monarchy. As a result the factors behind the problems and limits in implementing universal conscription transcended the multi-ethnic structures of Austria-Hungary. Thus multi-ethnicity was by no means the only cause of the problems. Only in combination with other categories such as religion, class, gender or social inequality, ethnicity could develop a disintegrative effect. However, this disintegrative impact remained limited in most territories of the Habsburg monarchy and could not challenge the general acceptance of universal conscription during the First World War.
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Steinmüller, Hans. "Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: Acquaintances, Anonymity, Patronage, and the Rejection of Mutuality". Comparative Studies in Society and History 61, n.º 3 (28 de junho de 2019): 508–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417519000197.
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AbstractCapturing people, sometimes by taking relatives hostage, is a common practice for purposes of conscription and law enforcement in the Wa State of Myanmar. Given the unreliability of the local census, as well as the relative weakness of civil government, and registration in a de facto state governed by an insurgent army, the personal politics of capture provides a functional equivalent to state legibility. This personal politics operates based on the reorganization of personal networks between representatives of the military state and ordinary people: first, circles of acquaintances within the military state that provide access to local knowledge, and second, relationships of patronage formed on the basis of those new acquaintanceships, as well as connections of kinship and co-residence. Conscription by capture, however, also requires anonymity; that is, the passive non-recognition of mutuality with strangers and the active refusal of mutuality with acquaintances. This article describes the historical emergence of networks of acquaintances and relationships of patronage as a combination of Maoist state-building and local institutions of war capture and adoption. It demonstrates how conscription by capture relies on relationships of acquaintances and non-recognition, as well as on patronage and the refusal of mutuality. The politics of conscription by capture are contrasted with conscription in imperial states and contemporary nation-states.
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Ertür, Başak. "Conscription and Critique". Critical Times 2, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2019): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7708347.
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Abstract This article focuses on the discussion of general conscription in Walter Benjamin's 1921 essay “Toward the Critique of Violence.” In the essay, Benjamin presents conscription or compulsory military service alongside his discussions of police violence and capital punishment, and as one manifestation of legal violence in which law-preserving and law-positing forms of violence coincide and mix. This article proposes that Benjamin's discussion of conscription should be read as a formal model for understanding how legal subjectification in the modern state works more generally, and how it circumscribes critique. This reading is offered through a series of snapshots of various veins and elements in Benjamin's essay, while also connecting this interpretation to the work of a number of contemporary scholars of colonialism, namely Talal Asad, David Scott, and Samera Esmeir, who all invoke conscription as a particularly powerful metaphor for modern law's tendency to colonize critique.
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Mutiyev, A. V. "Pre-conscription Training and Activities of Military Sports Committees in the Crimea during the World War I". Modern History of Russia 14, n.º 1 (2024): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2024.110.
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The role of Military Sports Committees in the pre-conscription training of young people of the Crimea during the World War I is considered. It is established that the Military Sports Committees organized in Simferopol, Sevastopol and Feodosia cities, have made a significant contribution to the organization of pre-conscription training of young people and have established close ties with existing city sports societies and men’s educational institutions. The committees included heads of educational institutions, representatives of the civil and military administration of the Crimean Peninsula and persons actively assisting the committee in solving its tasks. For the purpose of pre-conscription training, teams of pre-conscripts were formed under the guidance of experienced instructors-officers, sports competitions were organized, the construction of sports facilities was initiated, physical education and military-physical training of high school students of gymnasiums and colleges of the Crimea were activated. The Military Sports Committees worked together with the Sevastopol Сlub of Sports Enthusiasts, the Simferopol Society for the Promotion of Physical Development and Sports, school sports clubs of Crimean cities gymnasiums and colleges. As a result to the efforts of the Committee, sports such as rowing, swimming, athletics, cycling, horse riding, football have been further developed on the Crimean Peninsula. The Committees provided material and methodological assistance to educational institutions in conducting classes with high school students in gymnastics, military formation and shooting. The political events connected with the February Revolution at the beginning of 1917 practically stopped the activities of Military Sports Committees and stopped the work on military physical training of young people in the Crimea, however, the accumulated practical experience formed the basis for the further development of the pre-conscription training system already in Soviet times.
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Stanar, Dragan, e Srđan Starčević. "Military service as part of Serbian ethos". Socioloski pregled 58, n.º 2 (2024): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg58-49221.
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This paper aims to describe and explain why mandatory military service represents the optimal military model in the Republic of Serbia, from the insufficiently explored perspective of the position and nature of the military in Serbian national ethos. The authors analyze the previously provided key arguments for conscription and, furthermore, identify the characteristics of Serbian collective ethos in order to precisely define the role and nature of the military constituted by the accumulated Serbian historical experience. By comparing different contemporary models of armed forces, their advantages, disadvantages, implications and social nature, the authors conclude that conscription is compatible with Serbian national ethos and the characteristics of Serbian national identity and that, as such, it represents the optimal military model in the Republic of Serbia.
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Vostrikov, I. V. "The Formation of the Hoplite Militia in Athens". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 165, n.º 1-2 (24 de outubro de 2023): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2023.1-2.19-31.
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This article considers how the draft to the Athenian hoplite army was organized in the 5th–4th centuries B.C. The available historical sources do not describe the conscription system for hoplites until the 5th century B.C., so its functioning in the archaic period remains unknown. Interestingly, the conscription of hoplites was generally determined by the structure of the civilian part of Athenian society. It could have appeared with the introduction of the phalanx in Athens under Solon and finally took shape after the reforms of Cleisthenes. Over time, this original conscription system underwent major changes: at first, it was based on the conscription lists compiled by each phyle, i.e., the lists of citizens who were to be drafted for a particular campaign; later, the conscription was held by the eponyms, i.e., only citizens of certain age groups were drafted for service. The results obtained show that the new system must have been introduced between 386 and 366 B.C. The conclusion is made that the old conscription system was changed to improve the military structure of the polis.
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Kuzmin, S. A., e L. K. Grigorieva. "Medical, social and psychological characteristics of conscription-age residents of the Orenburg region of Russia". Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, n.º 4 (30 de janeiro de 2024): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2023-0-4-25-33.
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Relevance. With the army and navy forces understaffed with physically strong and healthy young recruits, the problem is currently being considered at the state level; the lack of military reserve forces is a major problem for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.The objective is to assess the health status, lifestyles, quality of life, ethic and professional aptitudes of potential conscripts in the Orenburg region in the course of preliminary military training. Methods. Reports and accounts of enlistment commissariats across Orenburg municipalities were studied from 2012 through 2021. The study focused on the Orenburg region residents of conscription age, who underwent an anonymous social and demographic survey. Quality of life indicators were estimated by MOS SF-36, whereas dedicated personality and aptitude testing was used to assess neuropsychic stability and cognitive abilities.Results and analysis. In 2012 the Orenburg region had 21,600 residents of conscription age, with 65.1% considered healthy and apt for military service. Almost one in three conscripts was unfit for military service due to health issues. Due to demographic challenges in the region, the number of conscripts decreased year to year, resulting in a 30% drop-down by 2021 according to forecasts. This situation undermined military service conscription goals. Therefore, efforts were undertaken to mainstream healthcare and fitness initiatives among the youth, as well as actively promote healthy lifestyles and sports, which eventually allowed to attract more newly drafted conscripts. Thus, in 2021 the rate of conscripts considered healthy and apt for military service stood at was 77.7%.Conclusion. Analyses of medical, social and psychological characteristics of Russian nationals of conscription age provides evidence for appropriate decision-making to maintaining the combat abilities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.