Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924). The heart of darkness – Adaptations"

Both “Youth” (1898) and Heart of Darkness (1899) are frequently anthologized marvelous masterpieces by the Polish-British writer Joseph Conrad (1857-1924), and both of them contain the autobiographical elements. To enhance the comprehension of Conrad’s life and his art, this article does a further study concerning two journeys of same protagonist Marlowe-his first journey to the East and his perceptions of youth at different stages of his life in “Youth;” his experiences in Africa with a profound exposure to the colonialists’ abhorrent practices in Heart of Darkness.

L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier la dimension plurielle de la réception fictionnelle d'un roman de Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1899), avec une perspective diachronique pour souligner les variations d'interprétations et de réécritures au fil du temps, en observant la grande rupture que constitue l'essor des études postcoloniales. Nous nous intéressons à la formation d'un mythe littéraire à partir des réceptions du récit dans la littérature, les arts et les représentations collectives, depuis sa parution jusqu'à nos jours et à travers le monde. La confrontation d'un corpus large d'œuvres issues de différentes aires culturelles écrites en langues anglaise, française, espagnole et italienne permet de proposer une réflexion sur l'acte de réécriture et les points de tension interprétative dans l'hypotexte qui ne cesse d'être débattu. Les lectures du roman sont en effet équivoques selon les époques et les aires culturelles de réception. Dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, ce sont principalement des écrivains occidentaux qui s'intéressent à sa dimension métaphysique, plaçant au centre les questions du mal et de la régression de l'humain dans la sauvagerie. L'essor des études postcoloniales a relancé à la fois l'étude de Heart of Darkness et ses réécritures par des écrivains occidentaux et extra-occidentaux, dans une perspective souvent critique. La première partie est consacrée au devenir-mythe du récit de Conrad, qui s'observe à travers les spécificités de sa réception critique et fictionnelle, la pérennité de sa mémoire dans l'histoire littéraire et les différents débats qu'il a suscités au fil des décennies. La deuxième partie propose un panorama des diverses formes de réécritures du récit à différentes échelles, allant de la citation à l'adaptation de l'intrigue dans sa globalité, parfois dans un média différent. La troisième partie approfondit le sujet de l'écriture de l'histoire coloniale, centrale dans Heart of Darkness comme dans nombre de ses réécritures. Alors que Conrad rompt dans son roman avec une écriture épique et glorieuse de la colonisation, les auteurs de la période postcoloniale remettent en cause les présupposés ethnocentrés de son récit et lui opposent une nouvelle écriture, centrée l'importance de la mémoire coloniale
The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the plural dimension of the fictional reception of Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness (1899), with a diachronic perspective in order to highlight the variations in its interpretation and rewritings over time, observing the great rupture that it the rise of postcolonial studies. We are interested in the means of formation of a literary myth based on the story's reception in literature, the arts and collective representations, from its publication to the present day and across the world. By comparing a large corpus of works from different cultural areas written in English, French, Spanish and Italian, we reflect on the act of rewriting and the points of interpretative tension in the hypotext, which are still debated nowadays. Readings of the novella are equivocal, depending on the period and cultural area of reception. In the first half of the twentieth century, it was mainly Western writers who took an interest in its metaphysical dimension, focusing on questions of evil and human regression into savagery. The rise of postcolonial studies has revived both the study of Heart of Darkness and its rewritings by Western and non-Western writers, often from a critical perspective. The first part is devoted to the myth-making of Conrad's story, which can be observed through the modalities of its critical and fictional reception, the durability of its memory in literary history and the several debates it has given way to over the decades. The second part offers an overview of the various forms of rewritings of the story on different scales, from quotation to adaptation of the entire plot, sometimes in a different medium. The third part delves deeper into the subject of writing colonial history, central to Heart of Darkness as it is to many of its rewritings. While Conrad's novel departs from the epic and glorious narratives of colonization, postcolonial authors question the ethnocentric bias of his narrative and offer a new writing style, focusing on the importance of colonial memory

This thesis focuses on Conrad's representation of space and atmosphere in the "impressionistic" works published between 1897 and 1904, notably The Nigger of the "Narcissus" (1897), "Heart of Darkness" (1899), Lord Jim (1900), and Nostromo (1904). The many conflicting statements regarding the nature of Conrad's impressionism lead one to ask two fundamental questions: What constitutes this strange and elusive phenomenon, and how does it bear upon interpretation? This thesis works towards defining the elusive quality of Conrad's writing by investigating and assessing the contribution of impressionist techniques in the creation of a pervasive space and atmosphere; secondly, it considers how the various constituent elements interact with, and complement one another to form a dominant mode of fictional space in each work; and, thirdly, it indicates the possible impact that these particular Conradian configurations of space and atmosphere might have upon the interpretation of his impressionist works. The thesis argues that the existential condition of isolatio~experienced by Conrad's heroes and narrators is a consequence of epistemological frustration and fragmentation, which, in turn, is a function of impressionist ontology. There is a definite and complementary relationship between each of these notions in Conrad's fiction. The mysterious atmosphere in his works results from the interplay between various configurations of theme, narration and description, and these novelistic elements correspond roughly with the notions of existential isolation (the dominant theme), epistemology (narrating, telling and (re)telling as a method of knowing and understanding the space in which the characters find themselves) and, lastly, the ontological dimensions of the various modes of fictional space (as realized in description). The evocation and invocation of cosmic space in The Nigger of the "Narcissus," the mapping of a dorriinant symbolic space in "Heart of Darkness," the (re)constructions of Jim's psychological space in Lord Jim, and, finally, the "transcription" and "inscription" of a mythical space in Nostromo, indicate a definite development from epistemological to ontological issues. Phrased in more theoretical terms, this development is a movement from asking predominantly epistemological questions like "How can I interpret this world of which I am a part?" "What is there to be known?" "Who knows it ... and with what degree of certainty?", to asking predominantly ontological questions, such as "Which world is this?" "What kinds of worlds are there ... and how are they constituted?". Such questions, categorized by McHale as the dominant characteristics of Modernist and Postmodernist fiction respectively, are already present in Conrad's texts, thus undermining any clear-cut division between these broad categories. Indeed, this thesis suggests that these categories are at best tenuous, and that they should perhaps be used heuristically, rather than definitively

Comment le malaise dans la civilisation du jeune XXème siècle se "mi-dit-il" dans Heart of Darkness, Nostrama et Under the Volcano ? Qu'est-ce qui unit Conrad et Lowry si ce n'est leur rôle de révélateurs des brèches de l'histoire et du coeur de l'homme moderne ? La littérature et l'art ne nous en disent-ils pas plus sur la vérité enfouie sous les emplâtres des écritures réalistes, que les livres d'histoire ? Avec Conrad, les écrans fictionnels posés sur le Réel se mettent à bouger, pour finalement voter en éclats sous la plume de Lowry. Les va-et-vient entre littérature, art et psychanalyse font émerger des bribes sonores et visuelles desquelles se dégage un réseau de signifiance qui fait accroc et accroche chez le lecteur attentif. Mues par une musique souterraine, ces écritures de la modernité font sourdre jusqu'à la surface des textes, des fragments d'une langue d'avant le langage, cette "lalangue" (lacan) qui fait vibrer la corde sensible du lecteur ayant renoncé à la jouissance phallique, au profit d'une "écoute flottante" (Freud). Le lecteur, à son tour morcelé, voit alors éclater le cri muet lancé à la face des "non-dupes" (Lacan) errant au pays des lettres. L'autre qui n'existe pas fascine, et, par son absence, met en marche le désir et la créativité. Les pulsions scopiques et dévoratrices font alors voir et entendre l'importance des objets regard et voix pour l'analyse de ces écritures opaques, dont la dimension lyrique, "poéthique", se propage telle une onde de choc partie d'un noyau obscur. Le rayonnement de ces oeuvres met en évidence l'importance de l'art, et en l'occurrence, de la littérature qui fait voir, entendre et sentir des bribes de ce qui fait de nous des hommes encore "connectés" avec leurs émotions. C'est peut être vers une jouissance autre, non-phallique et réfractaire à toute pensée dogmatique ou idéologique qu'il faut errer, entre son et sens, avec bonheur. . .

L'objet de cette thèse est d'interroger l'affirmation selon laquelle le roman à partir du XXe siècle est résolument " spatial ", en s'appuyant sur trois romans qui encadrent et traversent la période moderniste : Heart of Darkness de Joseph Conrad, Under the Volcano de Malcolm Lowry et Voss de Patrick White. Après un premier chapitre consacré à un tour d'horizon de la notion d'écriture spatiale dans la critique depuis les thèses de Joseph Frank et en passant par les analyses de Bakhtine, Todorov, Barthes et Ricoeur, deux positions critiques se dégagent : soit définir les œuvres " spatiales " comme des romans qui s'éloignent d'un modèle logico-temporel tel qu'on peut l'observer dans nombre de romans au XIXe, inspiré d'une esthétique à visée référentielle et mimétique, soit les définir par leurs caractéristiques propres qui sont celles d'œuvres dont la cohérence et la structure reflètent une logique interne et non externe. La première position est étudiée au deuxième chapitre qui porte par conséquent sur tous les avatars de la ligne logico-temporelle et leur remise en cause dans ces trois romans : la ligne logique et narrative, la ligne des origines ou téléologique, la ligne herméneutique et enfin la ligne organique. Dans le troisième chapitre, il s'agit de voir dans quelle mesure on peut parler d'une structuration à dominante spatiale dans Heart of Darkness, Under the Volcano et Voss et cette fois-ci de manière " positive " et non plus à contrario. Le paradigme de la ligne se voit remplacé par celui de l'étoilement des points de vue, des voix et des mots. Brouillage de la perspective, polyphonie et étoilement du signifiant redonnent du volume à la structuration linéaire héritée du XIXe. En dernier lieu se pose alors la question de la position du sujet (Personnage, narrateur, auteur, lecteur) dans ses rapports avec les autres, le monde, les mots et selon trois figures spatiales principales : la faille, l'entre-deux et une prédilection pour la surface.

This dissertation situates literary modernism in the context of a nascent form of globalization. Before it could be fully acknowledged global encroachment was, by virtue of its novelty, repeatedly experienced as a kind of shattering or disintegration. Through an examination of three modernist novels, I argue that a general modernist preoccupation with space both expresses and occludes anxieties over a globe which suddenly seemed to be too small and too undifferentiated. Building upon recent critical work that has begun to historicize modernist understandings of space, I address the as yet under-appreciated ways in which globalism and its discontents informed all of the locales that modernist fictions variously inhabited. For Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, the responses to global change were as diverse as the spaces through which they were inflected.
I begin by identifying a modernist predilection for spatial metaphors. This rhetorical touchstone has, from New Criticism onward, been so sedimented within critical responses to the era that modernism's interest in global space has itself frequently been diminished. In my readings of Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Joyce's Ulysses, and Woolf's To the Lighthouse, I argue that the signs of globalization are ubiquitous across modernism. As Conrad repeats and contests New Imperialist constructions of Africa as a vanishing space, that continent becomes the stage for his anxieties over a newly diminished globe. For Joyce, Dublin's conflicted status as both provincial capital and colonial metropolis makes that city the perfect site in which to worry over those recent world-wide developments. Finally, I argue that for Woolf, it is the domestic space which serves best to register and resist the ominous signs of global incursion. In conclusion, I suggest that modernism's anticipatory attention to globalization makes the putative break between that earlier era and postmodernity---itself often predicated upon spatial compression---all the more difficult to maintain.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The stories and histories of the human race are littered with the remnants of utopia. These utopias always exist in some "far away" place, whether this place be removed in terms of time (either as a nostalgically remembered past, or an idealistically projected future), or in terms of space (as a place that one must arrive at). In our attempts to attain these utopias, we construct our worlddefinitions in accordance with our projections of these ideal places and ways of "being". Our discourses come to embody and perpetuate these ideals, which are maintained by excluding any definitions of the world that run counter to these ideals. The continued existence of utopia relies on the subjects of that utopia continuing their belief in its ideals, and not questioning its construction. Counter-discourse to utopia manifests in the same space as the original utopia and gives rise to questions that threaten the stability of the ideal. Questions challenge belief, and therefore the discourse of the ideal must neutralise those who question and challenge it. This process of neutralisation requires that more definitions be constructed within utopian discourse - definitions that allow the subjects of the discourse to objectify the questioner. However, as these new definitions arise, they create yet more counter-definitions, thereby increasing the fragmentation of the aforementioned space. A subject of any "dominant" discourse, removed from that discourse, is exposed to the questions inherent in counter-discourse. In such circumstances, the definitions of the questioner - the "other" - that have previously enabled the subject to disregard the questioner's existence and/or point of view are no longer reinforced, and the subject begins to question those definitions. Once this questioning process starts, the utopia of the subject is re-defined as dystopia, for the questioning highlights the (often violent) methods of exclusion needed to maintain that utopia. Foucault's theory of heterotopia, used as the basis for the analysis of the three texts in question, suggests a space in which several conflicting and contradictory discourses which seemingly bear no relation to each other are found grouped together. Whereas utopia sustains myth in discourse, running with the grain of language, heterotopias run against the grain, undermining the order that we create through language, because they destroy the syntax that holds words and things together. The narrators in the three texts dealt with are all subjects of dominant discourses sustained by exclusive definitions and informed by ideals that require this exclusion in order to exist. Displaced into spaces that subvert the definitions within their discourses, the narrators experience a sense of "madness", resulting from the disintegration of their perception of "order". However, through embracing and perpetuating that which challenged their established sense of identity, the narrators can regain their sense of agency, and so their narratives become vehicles for the reconstitution of the subject-status of the narrators, as well as a means of perpetuating the counter-discourse.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Utopias spikkel die landskap van menseheugenis as plekke in "lank lank gelede" of "eendag", in "n land baie ver van hier", en is dus altyd verwyderd van die huidige, óf in ruimte, óf in tyd. In ons strewe na die ideale, skep ons definisies van die wêreld wat in voeling is met hierdie idealistiese plekke en bestaanswyses. Sulke definisies sypel deur die diskoers, of taal, waarmee ons ons omgewing beskryf. Die ideale wat dan in die diskoers omvat word, word onderhou deur die uitsluiting van enige definisie wat teenstrydig is met dié in die idealistiese diskoers. Die volgehoue bestaan van utopie berus daarop dat die subjekte van daardie utopie voortdurend glo in die ideale voorgehou in en onderhou deur die diskoers, en dus nie die diskoers se konstruksie bevraagteken nie. Die manifestering van teen-diskoers in dieselfde ruimte as die utopie, gee aanleiding tot vrae wat die bestaan van die ideaal bedreig omdat geloof in die ideaal noodsaaklik is vir die ideaal se voortbestaan. Aangesien bevraagtekening dikwels geloof uitdaag en ontwrig, lei dit daartoe dat die diskoers wat die ideaal onderhou, diegene wat dit bevraagteken, neutraliseer. Hierdie neutraliseringsproses behels die vorming van nog definisies binne die diskoers wat die vraagsteller objektiveer. Die vorming van nuwe definisies loop op sy beurt uit op die vorming van teen-definisies wat bloot verdere verbrokkeling van die voorgenoemde ruimte veroorsaak. "n Subjek van die "dominante" diskoers van die utopie wat hom- /haarself buite die spergebiede van sy/haar diskoers bevind, word blootgestel aan vrae wat in teen-diskoers omvat word. In sulke omstandighede is die subjek verwyder van die versterking van daardie definisies wat die vraagsteller - die "ander" - se opinies of bestaan as nietig voorgestel het, en die subjek mag dan hierdie definisies bevraagteken. Sodra hierdie proses begin, vind "n herdefinisie van ruimte plaas, en utopie word distopie soos die vrae (soms geweldadige) uitsluitingsmetodes wat die onderhoud van die ideaal behels, aan die lig bring en, in sommige gevalle, aan die kaak stel. Hierdie tesis gebruik Foucault se teorie van "heterotopia" om die drie tekste te analiseer. Dié teorie veronderstel "n ruimte waarin die oorvleueling van verskeie teenstrydighede (diskoerse) plaasvind. Waar utopie die bestaan van fabels en diskoerse akkommodeer, ondermyn heterotopia die orde wat ons deur taal en definisie skep omdat dit die sintaks vernietig wat woorde aan konsepte koppel. Die drie vertellers is elkeen "n subjek van "n "dominante diskoers" wat onderhou word deur uitsluitende definisies in "n utopia waar die voortgesette bestaan van die ideale wat in die diskoers omvat word op eksklusiwiteit staatmaak. Omdat die vertellers verplaas is na ruimtes wat hulle eksklusiewe definisies omverwerp, vind hulle dat hulle aan "n soort waansin grens wat veroorsaak is deur die verbrokkeling van hul sin van "orde". Deur die teen-diskoers in hul stories in te bou as verteltaal, of te implementeer as die meganisme van oordrag, kan die vertellers hul "selfsin" herwin. Deur vertelling hervestig die vertellers dus hul status as subjek, en verseker hulle hul plek in die opkomende diskoers deur middel van hulle voortsetting daarvan.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
This project aims to analyze the symbols of Heart of Darkness, searching for elements of depression, using the theories developed by Carl G. Jung. Depression is a subject frequently heard, either presented in formal academic texts or chats among acquaintances. This theme is seen in the history of human kind since the first historical documents, however, its definition would suffer changes according to the point of view men had of themselves. The theory developed by Carl G. Jung depicted that depression might have a creative function for those who suffer from it, as long as the ego encounters the unconsciousness. Joseph Conrad, the author of Heart of Darkness, presented depressive symptoms in his life. He had a life in which he lost his parents at a young age and decided to live alone in the sea, as a sailor. These situations with different obstacles prevented his psychic to develop a strong structure as an adult. His traumas and his sea journeys inspired him to express his private contents and contemplate subjective themes about the human existence. Heart of Darkness presents a plethora of symbols. Some of them express the archetypal journey to Hades’ world, the inner darkness, as the depression process that may result in the transcendence of the consciousness
Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os símbolos da obra Coração das Trevas, em busca de elementos da depressão por meios da teoria junguiana. A depressão é um assunto tratado frequentemente, seja em formato formal de textos acadêmicos, ou batepapos entre conhecidos. A presença desse assunto está na humanidade desde os primeiros registros históricos, porém a sua definição era diferente de acordo com a visão de homem que as pessoas tinham em cada período. Atualmente, a depressão atinge 350 milhões de indivíduos. Mesmo assim, nos deparamos com uma diversidade de interpretações sobre o assunto e como tratá-lo. A teoria elaborada por Carl G. Jung revelou que a depressão pode ter uma função criativa e transformadora para quem passa por ela, contanto que exista um espaço para o encontro do Ego com o inconsciente. Joseph Conrad, o autor do livro Coração das Trevas, apresentou sintomas depressivos em sua vida. Ele teve uma vida com obstáculos, na qual perdeu os pais na infância e decidiu viver sozinho no mar, como marinheiro. Essas situações dificultaram o fortalecimento de uma estrutura psíquica de um ser adulto. Seus traumas e suas viagens marítimas foram inspirações para o autor expressar seus conteúdos íntimos e comtemplar assuntos subjetivos para toda a humanidade. Coração das Trevas apresenta diversos símbolos. Alguns deles expressam a jornada simbólica ao mundo de Hades, as trevas internas, como o processo da depressão que pode resultar na ampliação de consciência como forma de transcender