Siga este link para ver outros tipos de publicações sobre o tema: Confidential communications – United States – History.
Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Confidential communications – United States – History"
Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos
Veja os 50 melhores artigos de revistas para estudos sobre o assunto "Confidential communications – United States – History".
Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.
Veja os artigos de revistas das mais diversas áreas científicas e compile uma bibliografia correta.
1
Glover, Lisa. "Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America by Josh Lauer". Journal of Intellectual Freedom and Privacy 2, n.º 3-4 (9 de abril de 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/jifp.v2i3-4.6482.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In September of 2017 Equifax, one of the three major consumer credit reporting agencies in the United States, announced its system security had been breached and confidential consumer information may have fallen into the hands of hackers. Although reports of system intrusions are released almost daily, this breach was of particular significance: sensitive data, including personal, identifying and financial data, was compromised for an estimated 143 million consumers in the United States. Just this week, Equifax further disclosed another 15 million client records were breached in the United Kingdom. Any consumer who has received credit of any kind is familiar with the big three credit reporting agencies—Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian—as these agencies house the financial identities American consumers. With such vast data stores, credit reporting agencies are prime and potentially profitable targets for hackers. All the information a hacker needs to steal a financial identify of a victim resides in the agencies’ files. Clearly, credit reporting agencies play a critical role in the financial marketplace. How these agencies became the powerful guardians and suppliers of consumer financial information is the topic of Josh Lauer’s book, Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America. This is the first book authored by Lauer, who is an associate professor of media studies at the University of New Hampshire with specialties in media history and theory, communication technology, consumer and financial culture, and surveillance. Lauer relates in great detail how we moved from a society of relationships and human interaction to one of faceless data designed to symbolize character and reputation. Lauer’s history takes us from a time when Americans desired access to goods and services more than they valued confidentiality, to the financial privacy concerns of these surveillance systems today.
2
Ferreira, M. Rosario, Nancy C. Dolan, Marian L. Fitzgibbon, Terry C. Davis, Nicolle Gorby, Lisa Ladewski, Dachao Liu et al. "Health Care Provider-Directed Intervention to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Veterans: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial". Journal of Clinical Oncology 23, n.º 7 (1 de março de 2005): 1548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2005.07.049.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Purpose Colorectal cancer screening is the most underused cancer screening tool in the United States. The purpose of this study was to test whether a health care provider–directed intervention increased colorectal cancer screening rates. Patients and Methods The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted at two clinic firms at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The records of 5,711 patients were reviewed; 1,978 patients were eligible. Eligible patients were men aged 50 years and older who had no personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, had not received colorectal cancer screening, and had at least one visit to the clinic during the study period. Health care providers in the intervention firm attended a workshop on colorectal cancer screening. Every 4 to 6 months, they attended quality improvement workshops where they received group screening rates, individualized confidential feedback, and training on improving communication with patients with limited literacy skills. Medical records were reviewed for colorectal cancer screening recommendations and completion. Literacy level was assessed in a subset of patients. Results Colorectal cancer screening was recommended for 76.0% of patients in the intervention firm and for 69.4% of controls (P = .02). Screening tests were completed by 41.3% of patients in the intervention group versus 32.4% of controls (P = .003). Among patients with health literacy skills less than ninth grade, screening was completed by 55.7% of patients in the intervention group versus 30% of controls (P < .01). Conclusion A provider-directed intervention with feedback on individual and firm-specific screening rates significantly increased both recommendations and colorectal cancer screening completion rates among veterans.
3
Saarbach, Pascale. "Ecofeminist art in the United States (1970-1980)". Revista de História da Arte e da Cultura 4, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rhac.v4i2.18463.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This article analyzes the emergence of the first ecofeminist artistic practices, as they developed in the 1970s-1980s in the United States. Until recently, the history of ecofeminism was still very confidential, skilfully passed over in silence within the feminist field and virtually unknown in the field of art history. However, the place occupied by artists in the ecofeminist struggle at a very early stage requires us to look back at the history of these pioneering practices in order to clarify their contours and motivations.
4
Khalidi, Rashid. "The United States and the Palestinians, 1977–2012". Journal of Palestine Studies 42, n.º 4 (2013): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2013.42.4.61.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This essay, based on the author’s talk presenting a recent book, Brokers of Deceit: How the U.S. Has Undermined Peace in the Middle East, examines the dynamics of U.S. policy formation on Palestine, mainly through the lens of three “clarifying moments” in the history of U.S. involvement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. The first of these moments concerns efforts to revive and modify the Palestinian autonomy provisions of the 1978 Camp David Accords as an element of the 1982 Reagan Plan. The second examines Israeli-U.S. connivance during 1991–93 Madrid/Washington Palestinian-Israeli negotiations as revealed in confidential documents, and the third focuses on President Barack Obama’s retreat during the second half of his first term from positions staked out earlier. More generally, the essay looks at the underpinnings and continuity of U.S. policy and how it has evolved.
5
Jayawardena, Hemamal. "AIDS and Professional Secrecy in the United States". Medicine, Science and the Law 36, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1996): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600108.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Objective: To create a legal awareness of AIDS patients' right to privacy among the medical profession. Discussion and recommendations: Doctors should recognize confidentiality as a patient's right, since in most countries the AIDS patient is practically considered a person who is going through a punishment, having no legal rights, rather than a patient suffering from a grave illness. Originally the common law did not recognize the concept of professional secrecy as a right of the patient. It was only regarded as an ethical duty not actionable in court. But with the eruption of diseases such as AIDS, statutes requiring written authorization for the release of confidential information were enacted. A problem with our hospital records is that they are freely available to almost all the staff in the hospitals and sometimes even to outsiders. In the case of AIDS at least, strict measures should be taken to enforce secrecy in relation to all disease-related information such as sexual history, HIV status and CD4 cell counts. The duty to keep medical information confidential is not absolute. An overriding duty towards society, occurs when the benefits of disclosure outweigh its harm. This Utopian argument is even more convincing when an HIV-positive person is acting irresponsibly, engaging in risky behaviour without warning the partner. All persons who have a compelling interest, such as sexual partners, needle sharers, medical and nursing personnel, should be provided with this information. It should also extend to mortuary attendants when the patient dies. A person having a STD has a legal duty to take precautions against transmission. In Berner v. Caldwell (543 So. 2d. 686), the US court held that one who knows or should reasonably know that he has genital herpes is under a duty to abstain from sex or warn others before risky contact. As doctors we should familiarize ourselves now with the concepts and laws regarding patients' rights, without waiting until a malpractice crisis develops to correct ourselves.
6
Mazza, Michael J. "Is the Internal Forum under Attack? The Status of the Sacramental Seal and the Internal Forum in Church and State in the USA". Jurist: Studies in Church Law and Ministry 80, n.º 1 (2024): 151–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jur.2024.a929955.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
abstract: In recent years, the sacramental seal and the internal forum have been subjected to numerous attacks in both the mainstream media and in state legislatures. Arguments are made with increasing frequency that "secrecy" has no place in modern society, at least when respecting "confidential communications" means certain heinous crimes may go unreported. Nevertheless, respect for the contents of the internal forum is a long-established principle of morality and canon law, and its importance in the life of the Church cannot be ignored. This article begins with an examination of the current civil laws of the United States respecting confidential communications made to clergy. It then considers the relevant moral and legal principles, including recent and important relevant guidance from the Holy See. Finally, the article concludes with a review of three specific areas in which the balance between sharing necessary information and protecting the internal forum are especially imperative: abuse reporting systems, seminary formation programs, and document retention policies and practices.
7
Kamali, Sara. "Informants, Provocateurs, and Entrapment: Examining the Histories of the FBI’s PATCON and the NYPD’s Muslim Surveillance Program". Surveillance & Society 15, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2017): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i1.5254.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Since September 11, 2001, the U.S. government and police departments across the United States, most notably the New York City Police Department, have been collecting intelligence targeting Muslim American communities. The controversial surveillance practices include the use of confidential informants, undercover operations, and entrapment, and infringing upon civil rights and civil liberties in the name of national security. A decade before 9/11, however, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) conducted the same practices against a completely different demographic – Christian Right militants, through a program called PATCON, short for Patriot Conspiracy. Building upon the concept of surveillance as social sorting (Lyon 2013) and surveillance and terrorism (Monahan 2013), This article will compare the history of surveillance tactics used by the FBI against Christian Right militants and those used by the NYPD against non-militant Muslim Americans, and assess their implications in the context of civil rights, leaving a legacy of mistrust between these respective groups and the federal government that further undermines the national security interests of the United States.
8
Coleman, Timothy A., Kevin R. Knupp, James Spann, J. B. Elliott e Brian E. Peters. "The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 92, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2011): 567–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010bams3062.1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Since the successful tornado forecast at Tinker AFB in 1948 paved the way for the issuance of tornado warnings, the science of tornado detection and forecasting has advanced greatly. However, tornado warnings must be disseminated to the public to be of any use. The Texas tornado warning conferences in 1953 began to develop the framework for a modern tornado warning system and included radar detection of tornadoes, a spotter network, and improved communications between the U.S. Weather Bureau, spotters, and public officials, allowing more timely warnings and dissemination of those warnings to the public. Commercial radio and television are a main source of warnings for many, and the delivery methods on TV have changed much since 1960. NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) was launched after the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes, with the most important feature being the tone alert that allowed receivers to alert people even when the radio broadcast was turned off. Today, NWR reaches most of the U.S. population, and Specific Area Message Encoding technology has improved its warning precision. Outdoor warning sirens, originally designed for use in enemy attack, were made available for use during tornado warnings around 1970. “Storm based” warnings, adopted by the National Weather Service in 2007, replaced countybased warnings and greatly reduce the warning area. As communications advances continue, tornado warnings will eventually be delivered to precise locations, using GPS and other location technology, through cellular telephones, outdoor sirens, e-mails, and digital television, in addition to NWR.
9
Anggriawan, Rizaldy, Andi Agus Salim, Yordan Gunawan e Mohammad Hazyar Arumbinang. "Passenger Name Record Data Protection under European Union and United States Agreement: Security over Privacy?" Hasanuddin Law Review 8, n.º 2 (30 de julho de 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/halrev.v8i2.2844.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Privacy should become a key component in the IT system. It is not something to be considered at last but from the very early stages. Almost no nation has a greater sense of personal data security which could be equivalent to the European level. Since 9/11, the United States has declared to utilize PNR as a method for combating terrorism by associating PNR data with criminal records. Nevertheless, in fact, the majority of data found in the PNR is immense and most of this data is of a confidential nature. The paper used doctrinal legal research methodology utilizing the case and comparative law approach. It elaborates particular cases in relation to data protection issues. It also explores the differences between EU and US law which hinder the idea of data protection in particular on PNR. The study revealed that security is one of the most critical issues which hinder the agreement between the EU and the US on PNR data protection. As the EU promotes the highest standard to the data protection referring to the European community history and GDPR provisions, while the US places national security as a main priority beyond the privacy issues.
10
Pilkevych, Viktoriia. "USA – UNESCO: THE EVOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIPS". American History & Politics: Scientific edition, n.º 13 (2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.4.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The author studies the evolution of relationship between the United States and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. It is actual problem in international relation. The history of their communication has gone from active cooperation to disputes. The main achievements in the cooperation between the USA and UNESCO are determined. Author studies the criticism of UNESCO’s activities by the United States. The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between the United States and UNESCO since the founding of UNESCO to the present. The scientific novelty is first attempt to analyze the history of cooperation between the United States and UNESCO in the context of the evolution of their relations, which include achievements and fails, active participation in the Organization and criticism of UNESCO policy by the United States. The methodological basis of the article is based on the different methodological principles, such as the principle of historicism, systematic. The author used a historical-comparative method to understand changes in relations between the U.S. and the Organization. Special attention was given to the statistical method, which gave information about the number of cultural and natural sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Conclusions. Сommunication between the United States and UNESCO has its own page in history, which includes relations since the country participation in the founding of the Organization, ratification of its main conventions, participation in different projects, events, withdrawal by the United States from UNESCO in the 1980s and the return in 2003 to UNESCO, disagreement of the financial policy of the Organization, to criticism of the admission of Palestine to UNESCO, the non-payment of contributions to the budget and the final withdrawal from UNESCO on 31 December 2018.
11
Swenson, Peter A. "Health Care Business and Historiographical Exchange". Studies in American Political Development 33, n.º 1 (abril de 2019): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x19000026.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Before addressing the commentators for their thoughtful input on “Misrepresented Interests,” let me first thank the editors ofStudies in American Political Developmentfor providing a forum for an enduring debate about the power of capitalists in capitalist democracies like the United States. As a comparativist, I ventured into that complicated territory after extensive research in Sweden, where I discovered to my great surprise that the Social Democrat labor movement was kicking at open doors as it introduced each piece of Sweden's famous system of industrial relations and social insurance. Sweden's undeniably powerful employers stood contentedly aside and had no interest in closing the doors afterward. I was able to come to that conclusion with confidence only because the Swedish Employers’ Confederation had allowed me extraordinary access to their entire archives, confidential minutes, internal and external correspondence, and the diaries of a former chief executive.
12
PALLADINO, FRANCO. "LE LETTERE DI GIUSEPPE PEANO NELLA CORRISPONDENZA DI ERNESTO CESÀRO". Nuncius 8, n.º 1 (1993): 249–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539183x00091.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>We have gathered here twenty-six writings from the correspondence of Giuseppe Peano, as well as letters by Alexander Macfarlane and Alexander Ziwet.Peano's letters were addressed to Ernesto Cesaro, an important member of the great Italian school of mathematics founded in the second half of the Nineteenth century. In these writings, Peano discusses various topics: Infinitesimal calculus and Barycentric calculus, the «Rivista di Matematica» and the «Formulario» of which he was editor; didactics and a question about Actuarial mathematics. Some of the writings are confidential in nature: in one letter, Peano proposes exchanging his professorial chair with Cesaro's, and hence transferring from Turin to Naples.The letters written by Macfarlane and Ziwet were sent to Peano; they contain, at the request of Cesaro, information concerning university chairs and the cost of living in the United States.
13
Tilley, David Rogers. "National Metabolism and Communications Technology Development in the United States, 1790-2000". Environment and History 12, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2006): 165–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734006776680227.
Texto completo da fonte
14
Nagan, Winston P., e Samantha R. Manausa. "The Rise of Rightwing Populism in Europe and the United States". International Journal of Social Science Studies 6, n.º 10 (25 de setembro de 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i10.3650.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Building off of recent scholarship that has already addressed and debated the myriad causes of the contemporary rise of global populism, the authors seek to explore conceptually the inherent dynamic between identity and mass communications that enables such factors, among others, as economic inequality, systematic corruption by the “elite”, or dissatisfaction with neoliberal politics, to motivate populist trends on a global level. The authors seek to strengthen the current understanding of this trend by providing a deeper theoretical explanation for how identity and mass communications have contributed to the international political dynamic that we live in today. The authors will first provide a brief review of relevant recent scholarship on the aforementioned factors seen to be the cause of the current populism trend. They will follow by examining the history of political and group identities in order to identify the ways in which these identities form the building blocks for nationalism and xenophobia, consequences of the rise of rightwing populism. Next, the authors will explain the methods by which people or groups utilize communication to influence others and achieve power. This will include an in-depth discussion of the historical value of narratives and modern communications theories. This will provide a foundational understanding for the final section, in which the authors discuss modern techniques for influencing narratives and effectively communicating to achieve power, including different types of hacking and election-meddling. Ultimately the authors advocate for the strategic utilization of narratives to promote compassion and affection, given the lethality of a future dominated by misinformation and international interference in the democratic process.
15
Roberts, Priscilla. "British Commonwealth Archives from Far North to Distant South: Neglected Resources for Cold War International History". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 29, n.º 2 (29 de junho de 2022): 133–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-29020003.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract British Commonwealth archives constitite a rich and often under-utilized source of material for understanding the international history of the 20th and 21st centuries. From the late 19th Century onward, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand each enjoyed close and confidential relations with not just Britain, but with each other and increasingly, too, with the United States. They also participated in major international organizations at both an official and non-governmental level. Although or perhaps because each was a “middle” rather than “great” power, as each country developed its own diplomatic bureaucracy, their representatives often had informal and even intimate insights into the policies of a wide range of countries. This article introduces the highlights of each nation’s major archival repositories for materials relating to international affairs. While the holdings of the Library and Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the National Archives of Australia and the National Library of Australia in Canberra, and the National Archives of New Zealand in Wellington all feature prominently, the author casts a wider net and draw researchers’ attention to additional important and often under-utilized collections scattered across the different countries.
16
Danilov, Alexey, Elena Danilova e Marina Shpakovskaya. "The US public diplomacy in Greece". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, n.º 11-2 (1 de novembro de 2022): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202211statyi39.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This article covers the development of public diplomacy in the United States on the Greek track: its formation and implementation through various programs. The aim of the paper is to trace the development of various forms of public diplomacy in order to study the evolution of policy on the part of the US leadership in the fields of public communications and diplomacy.
17
Ambos, Kai. "Confidential Investigations (Article 54(3)(E) ICC Statute) vs. Disclosure Obligations: The Lubanga Case And National Law". New Criminal Law Review 12, n.º 4 (2009): 543–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2009.12.4.543.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
After a short introduction to the procedural history of the Lubanga case (infra I.) the paper analyzes, in its first substantive part (II.), the disclosure regime of the ICC with particular regard to the tension between disclosure and confidentiality as displayed in Lubanga. An interpretation of Article 54(3)(e) of the ICC Statute that pretends to be compatible with the Prosecutor's disclosure obligations (Article 67(2)) is offered. In the second part (III.), the law on disclosure/discovery in England and Wales and the United States is examined with a view to its possible contribution to an improvement of the ICC disclosure regime. This analysis confirms that the law of disclosure is of great complexity, not least because of the underlying tension between defense rights and opposing interests of public or private security. This tension cannot be solved by blanket rules but only on a case-by-case basis that strives for an appropriate balance between the public interest of an efficient prosecution of (international) crimes and the (disclosure) rights of the accused.
18
Goheen, Peter G. "Communications and Urban Systems in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada". Articles 14, n.º 3 (21 de agosto de 2013): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018081ar.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In presenting the results of an analysis of the non-local economic content of the major newspapers published in British North America in 1845 and 1855, this paper offers support for the contention that public communications in the colonies were organized principally so as to secure privileged access to international sources of information, especially from Britain and the United States. The ties linking major colonial cities with international networks were well established by 1845 and preceded the effective organization of communications within the colonies. In 1855, by which time the telegraph was widely available, the importance of American sources of information had increased. By this date there was evidence that at least in Canada West regional communications and markets were becoming better organized. The paper argues that nineteenth-century British American urban communications be approached from the viewpoint of their participation in international rather than exclusively colonial or regional systems.
19
Atack, Jeremy. "On the Use of Geographic Information Systems in Economic History: The American Transportation Revolution Revisited". Journal of Economic History 73, n.º 2 (23 de maio de 2013): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050713000284.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Transportation improvements in the nineteenth century loom large in the historiography of the profession during the twentieth century. This article describes the ongoing construction of a historical geographic information systems (GIS) transportation database designed to provide new insights into the impact of the transportation and communications revolution in the continental United States by providing evidence on the spatial dimensions of those changes over time. It also reviews some preliminary findings and reinterpretations based upon these data.
20
Abbate, Janet. "Government, Business, and the Making of the Internet". Business History Review 75, n.º 1 (2001): 147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116559.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In 1969, when few commercial communications networks existed, a U.S. Defense Department research agency created an experimental system that would eventually become the Internet. Driven by both research and military considerations, the designers of the Internet created a complex, robust, and flexible system that differed in significant ways from contemporary commercial communications networks. In the 1970s and 1980s, computer manufacturers (mainly based in the United States) and telecommunications carriers (mainly operating outside the United States) vied to offer commercial network products and services, but no single company or technology was able to dominate the market, in part because computer users preferred the type of nonproprietary technical standards used in the Internet. In the 1980s, the National Science Foundation took over operation of the Internet, and in the 1990s the NSF turned over the network to privatesector operators. While the Internet has rapidly increased in scale under commercial ownership, the technology also continues to reflect the systems research origins.
21
Levin, Robert A., e Laurie Moses Hines. "Educational Television, Fred Rogers, and the History of Education". History of Education Quarterly 43, n.º 2 (2003): 262–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2003.tb00123.x.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The history of teaching and learning via television has compressed into a half-century many of the same stages and themes of the larger story of common schooling in the United States. Responding to a variety of public, private, and foundation interests in the post-World War II period, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) set aside 242 television frequencies for noncommercial educational purposes in 1952. Three decades earlier, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) had asserted a need for broadcasting to serve a common good for the broad public and civic interest. During the 1920s, nonnetworked educational radio stations were formed on various college and university campuses.
22
Arnold, Lois. "The Education and Career of Carlotta J. Maury: Part 2". Earth Sciences History 29, n.º 1 (8 de junho de 2010): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.29.1.j01207158q182348.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Carlotta Joachina Maury (1874-1938) was an American paleontologist who specialized in Tertiary mollusks. She was involved in explorations for the oil industry as well as teaching and museum work. The second part of this biographical narrative traces the latter part of her career and her involvement in a serious conflict with her mentor and friend at Cornell University, Gilbert Harris (1864-1952). It was an early case of the conflicts of interest that can arise between public academic research and that of commercial companies. Maury's later work went largely unrecognized in the United States. Some of her research, for oil companies, was confidential and most of it was based on fossil material from the Caribbean and South America. In her extensive work for the Geological Survey of Brazil, her research interests extended beyond Tertiary mollusks to studies of the Cretaceous and to a wider range of fossil flora and fauna. The present paper is a sequel to Part 1, published in Earth Sciences History, Vol. 28 No. 2, 2009.
23
Haynes, John Earl, e Harvey Klehr. "Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks and the Documentation of Soviet Intelligence Activities in the United States during the Stalin Era". Journal of Cold War Studies 11, n.º 3 (julho de 2009): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.3.6.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Alexander Vassiliev's notebooks with 1,115 pages of handwritten transcriptions, excerpts, and summaries from Soviet Committee on State Security (KGB) archival files provide the most detailed documentation available of Soviet espionage in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. This article discusses the provenance of the notebooks and how they fit with previously available Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) files, KGB cables decrypted by the Venona project, Communist International records, court proceedings, and congressional investigations. As an example of the richness of the material, the essay reviews the notebooks' documentation of Soviet spy William Weisband's success in alerting the Soviet Union to the U.S. decryption project that tracked Soviet military logistic communications, allowing the USSR to implement a more secure encryption system and blinding the United States to preparations for the invasion of South Korea in 1950.
24
Martynov, Andrii. "Hryshchenko T. A. Zbigniew Brzezinski. International strategist in the coordinates of history. Kyiv-Nizhyn: Publisher Lysenko M. M., 2020. 341 p." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, n.º 11 (2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.8.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The review dissects a monograph on the intellectual biography of Z. Brzezinski. The author of the monograph systematically and comparatively considered the conceptual and theoretical approaches of this American strategist against the backdrop of Cold War era and the unipolar world after the victory of the United States over the USSR. Z. Brzezinski was a great promoter and visionary of Ukraine, consistently advocated the rapprochement of the Ukrainian and Polish peoples in a united democratic Europe. In our opinion, an important place in the historiography of research on the influence of Z. Brzezinski on world history will be occupied by the study of Taras A. Hryshchenko. The author of the monograph advanced into methodological agenda seven groups of typologically different sources related to the stages of formation, development and public perception of international strategic concepts of Z. Brzezinski. Z. Brzezinski’s world outlooks and anti-communist guidelines were optimal for the development and implementation of a course in the field of US national security during the administration of President J. Carter. Particularly relevant to current international relations is the author’s rethinking the comparative aspect of the concepts of globalization and the role of the United States in this process, which belong to Z. Brzezinski and his colleagues S. Huntington and G. Kissinger. Z. Brzezinski’s strategic concepts best meet the needs of preserving the global leadership role of the United States in the complex and contradictory world of the 21st century. The conclusions of the monograph brief why the hereditary generation of intellectual successors of the tradition of analysis of international relations, founded by Z. Brzezinski, was not formed clearly enough. These reasons include the declining interest in American society in grand strategy, the excessive social impact of the information technology sector and entertainment manufacturers, and the tendency toward self-destructive hostility among the American political establishment.
25
Suthar, Unnati, Zuki Patel, Vinit Movaliya, Niranajan Kanaki, Shrikalp Deshpande e Maitreyi Zaveri. "Similarities and differences in filing for Drug Master File in US, Canada and Europe". International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 11, n.º 3 (19 de setembro de 2023): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v11i3.613.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Drug Master File or DMF is a document prepared by a pharmaceutical manufacturer and submitted solely at its discretion to the applicable authority in the intended drug market. The document provides the non-supervisory authority with confidential, detailed information about installations, processes, or papers used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, and storing of one or further mortal drugs. The DMF form allows an establishment to cover its intellectual property from its mate while complying with non-supervisory conditions for exposure of processing details. There is no non-supervisory demand to file a DMF. Drug Master Files (DMF) is a document containing complete information on an Active Pharmaceutical element (API) or finished drug capsule form. Though there are no non-supervisory conditions to file a DMF, the benefit of its use is inviting. A drug Master Files (DMF) is an voluntary non-supervisory submission and is submitted at the discretion of the DMF holder to help their guests. A DMF is NOT a cover for an IND, NDA, ANDA, or Export Application. It is not approved or disapproved. An Active Substance Master File (ASMF) is the presently honored term in Europe, formerly known as European drug Master file (eDMF) or a US- Drug Master File( US- DMF) in the United States.
26
Thronson, Patrick. "Toward Comprehensive Reform of America's Emergency Law Regime". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, n.º 46.2 (2013): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.46.2.toward.thronson.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation's communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President-such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus-that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order. Although the National Emergencies Act, by its plain language, requires Congress to vote every six months on whether a declared national emergency should continue, Congress has done so only once in the nearly forty-year history of the Act. This Note and an accompanying online compendium attempt, for the first time since the 1970s, to reach a reasonably complete assessment of the scope and legal effects of the thirty national emergencies now in effect in the United States. The Note also proposes specific statutory reforms to rein in the unchecked growth of these emergencies and political reforms to subject the vast executive powers granted by the U.S. emergency law regime to the democratic process.
27
Appleby, Joyce. "Historians, Community, and the Pursuit of Jefferson: Comment on Professor Tomlins". Studies in American Political Development 4 (1990): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00000870.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The “tions” came to the United States in the closing decades of the nineteenth century: industrialization, urbanization, immigration, centralization, and bureaucratization. As befits such an impersonal suffix, these developments have been analyzed as parts of a systematic reorganization of society. Processes, not persons, have figured as the sources of motivation in the story of America's transformation from a rural society of loosely connected communities to an industrial nation integrated by corporations, communications, and the regulations of a government trying to catch up with the pace of change.
28
Martynov, Andriy. "American memory war of the protest movement «Black live matter»". American History & Politics Scientific edition, n.º 10 (2020): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.1.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Americans as a nation are more focused on the present and the future than on the past. Until recently, various «historical traumas» have not been the subject of current American political discourse. The American dream focuses on the needs of everyday life, not on the permanent experience of the past. The aim of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of symbolic conflicts over the sites of the Civil War in the United States in the context of the 2020 election campaign. Research methods are based on a combination of the principles of historicism and special historical methods, in particular, descriptive, comparative, method of actualization of historical memory. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is determined by the historical and political analysis of the “wars of memory” during the presidential election campaign in the United States in 2020. Radical political confrontation exacerbates the conflicts of collective memory. This process is not prevented by the postmodern state of collective consciousness, the virtualization of political processes, attempts to form a «theater society». The coronavirus pandemic has raised the issue of choosing a strategy for the development of the globalization process as harshly as possible. Current events break the link between the past and the present, which makes the future unpredictable. Developed liberal democracy is considered the «end of history». Multiculturalism has created different interpretations of US history. Conclusions. Trump’s victory deepened the rift between different visions of the history of the Civil War. The Democratic majority unites African Americans, Latinos, women with higher education, and left liberals. Attacks on the memorials of the heroes of the former Confederacy became symbols of the war of memory. The dominant trend is an increase in the democratic and electoral numbers of non-white Americans. The «classic» United States, dominated in all walks of life by white Americans with Anglo-Saxon Protestant identities and relevant historical ideas, is becoming history. The situation is becoming a political reality when white Americans become a minority. It is unlikely that such a «new minority» will abandon its own interpretation of any stage of US history, including the most acute. This means that wars of memory will become an organic element of political processes.
29
Burger, Eric W., Padma Krishnaswamy e Henning Schulzrinne. "Measuring Broadband America: A Retrospective on Origins, Achievements, and Challenges". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 53, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2023): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3610381.3610384.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The "Measuring Broadband America" program, run by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), continually measures and releases data on the performance of consumer broadband access networks in the US. This paper presents a retrospective on the program, from its beginnings in 2010 to the present. It also reviews the underlying measurement approaches, philosophies, distinguishing features, and lessons learned over the program's duration thus far. We focus on fixed broadband access since it is the program component with the longest history. We also discuss future directions and challenges.
30
Broadberry, Stephen, e Sayantan Ghosal. "From the Counting House to the Modern Office: Explaining Anglo-American Productivity Differences in Services, 1870–1990". Journal of Economic History 62, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2002): 967–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050702001614.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The United States overtook Britain in comparative aggregate productivity levels primarily as a result of trends in services rather than trends in industry. This occurred during the transition from customized, low-volume, high-margin business organized on the basis of networks to standardized, high-volume, low-margin business with hierarchical management from the 1870s. This transformation from the counting house to the modern office was dependent on technologies that improved communications and information processing. The technologies were slower to diffuse in Britain as a result of lower levels of education and stronger labor-force resistance to intensification.
31
Pytlovana, Liliia. "The prohibition movement in the United States: the Prohibition Party in cartoons of the late 19th and early 20th centuries". American History & Politics: Scientific edition, n.º 11 (2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.2.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The present paper has three main objectives: 1) to cover the history of American temperance movements at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, and their key characteristics; 2) to trace the Prohibition Party history and activity; 3) to do a content-analysis of «Prohibition Cartoons» published in 1904 to support the Prohibition Party candidates to the House of Representatives. Research methodology provides a critical approach to interpreting cartoons based on E. Panofsky’s three strata analysis from the primary subject through conventional subject matter to intrinsic content. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis of images and accompanying texts revealed the frequency of specific themes, images, allusions that authors had used. The scientific novelty lies in studying the history of the Prohibition Party through the prism of its propaganda visual materials, the possibilities of their influence on voters. The Conclusions. Alcohol consumption was a part of Americans’ usual way of life and diet. The American Revolution and postwar economic and financial troubles were the main circumstances that formed this habit. Temperance organizations, both national and local, have been active since the 1820s and were closely associated with denominational groups. Saloons as a source of liquor, gambling, prostitution, and crime were the main objects of their criticism. They also condemned the governmental license system as a promoter of liquor traffic. Lack of systemic funding and propaganda, and the split of 1896 sharply reduced the Prohibition Party chances of becoming a real opponent for the Republicans or Democrats. Content analysis of cartoons demonstrated a range of symbols, allusions, and metaphors, which should influence public opinion. The majority of them called to vote for the Prohibition Party. Cartoons content a lack of emphasis on the harm of alcohol to human physical and mental health.
32
Mieder, Wolfgang. "“Politics is not a Spectator Sport”: Proverbs in the Personal and Political Writings of Hillary Rodham Clinton". Tautosakos darbai 50 (28 de dezembro de 2015): 43–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2015.28989.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Hillary Rodham Clinton is a thoughtful proverbial stylist in her books It Takes a Village and Other Lessons Children Teach Us (1996), Living History (2003), and Hard Choices (2014). Just as other politicians, she too has attempted to formulate concise statements that have the possibility of becoming familiar quotations and perhaps even proverbs. Being a world traveler she has picked up foreign proverbs which she incorporates into her communications with appropriate introductory formulas. But she also draws special attention to English language proverbs, changing some of them to expressive anti-proverbs. She appreciates the fact that the complex interplay of proverbs and political language is of great importance as she writes to communicate her thoughts on American political history and the future role that the United States might play in the world. In doing so, she does not employ proverbs as an ideological instrument but rather as a linguistic tool to enhance her often quite factual prose with vivid metaphors. Looking at her instantiation of proverbs shows the fundamental polysituativity, polyfunctionality, and polysemanticity of proverbs in actual contexts. Each proverb occurrence offers new insights into her being, her reflections, and her aspirations for herself and for her country. Whatever one might think of her political agenda, she most certainly has proven herself to be an engaged and experienced leader in the United States and on the world stage.
33
Kimball, Bruce A., e Benjamin Ashby Johnson. "The Beginning of “Free Money” Ideology in American Universities: Charles W. Eliot at Harvard, 1869–1909". History of Education Quarterly 52, n.º 2 (maio de 2012): 222–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2011.00389.x.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
During the period between 1870 and 1920, the gross national product of the United States increased more than sixfold, as revolutions in transportation, communications, and manufacturing sparked growth in the economy. Large industrial corporations emerged, and their growing power presented grave challenges for social policy, while their wealth enriched an unprecedented number of millionaires and multi-millionaires, whose contributions prompted an enormous increase in philanthropy across the nation. In particular, Andrew Carnegie sold his steel companies for $480,000,000 in 1901 and founded the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1902, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1905, and the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1911. Even more prominent, oil magnate John D. Rockefeller, “the most famous American of his day,” devoted $447,000,000 to endowing the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research in 1901, the General Education Board in 1903, the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913, and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial in 1918.
34
Ebel, John E., Martin C. Chapman, Won-Young Kim e Mitchell Withers. "Current Status and Future of Regional Seismic Network Monitoring in the Central and Eastern United States". Seismological Research Letters 91, n.º 2A (13 de novembro de 2019): 660–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190210.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Abstract The central and eastern United States (CEUS) is an area of generally low-to-moderate seismic hazard with a number of large cities with high seismic risk, a history of occasional damaging earthquakes, and seismic activity induced by wastewater disposal. Seismic monitoring in the CEUS, which began at the beginning 1900s, has undergone many changes through time. Over the past two decades, broadband digital seismic stations connected by internet communications have become widespread. Modern data processing systems to automatically locate earthquakes and assign event magnitudes in near-real time have become the norm, and, since the inception of the Advanced National Seismic System in 2000, more than 10,000 earthquakes have been located and cataloged. Continuously recorded digital seismic data at 100 samples per second are allowing new avenues of research into earthquake source parameters, ground-motion excitation, and seismic wave propagation. Unfortunately, over the past two decades the number of regional seismic network (RSN) centers has diminished due to consolidations and terminations, as funding has tightened. Nevertheless, the public in different parts of the CEUS still looks to local experts for information when earthquakes take place or when they have questions about earthquakes and seismic hazard. The current RSNs must evolve to encompass the need for local seismic information centers and to serve the needs of present and future research into the causes and effects of CEUS earthquakes.
35
Pandolf, Kent B., Ralph Francesconi, Michael N. Sawka, Allen Cymerman, Reed W. Hoyt, Andrew J. Young e Edward J. Zambraski. "United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine: Warfighter research focusing on the past 25 years". Advances in Physiology Education 35, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00049.2011.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM) celebrated its 50th anniversary on July 1, 2011. This article reviews its history, evolution, and transition of its research programs as well as its scientific and military accomplishments, emphasizing the past 25 yr. During the 1990s, USARIEM published a series of pocket guides providing guidance for sustaining Warfighter health and performance in Southwest Asia, Somalia, the former Republic of Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Haiti. Issues identified during Operation Desert Storm elicited research that improved nutritional guidelines for protracted desert operations; safer use of nuclear, chemical, and biological protective clothing; equipment, development, and fielding of efficient microclimate cooling systems; and effective evaluation of pharmaceuticals to protect soldiers from chemical and biological threats. During the first decade of the 21st century, USARIEM and the Department of the Army published official medical/performance doctrines for operations in the heat and cold and at high altitude. The current Global War on Terrorism focused research to improve doctrines for hot, cold, and high-altitude operations, reduce musculoskeletal training injuries, provide improved field nutrition, more efficient planning for operational water requirements, and improve both military clothing and materiel. This article also describes the critically important interactions and communications between USARIEM and deployed units and the benefits to Warfighters from this association. This report presents USARIEM's unique and world-class facilities, organizational changes, scientific and support personnel, and major research accomplishments, including the publication of 2,200 scientific papers over the past 25 yr.
36
Liu, Jen, e Phoebe Sengers. "Legibility and the Legacy of Racialized Dispossession in Digital Agriculture". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (13 de outubro de 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479867.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This paper examines the causes and consequences of legibility as an organizing principle in the design of digital agriculture (DA) systems in the United States. Legibility refers to systems of governance that use simplified understandings of a situation to control and direct action upon it. Legibility in digital agriculture systems occurs at the confluence of two traditions of legibility: the data-driven model common in the design of digital systems, and tactics for the control of nature and labor that have developed in the United States since the foundation of the colonies. Our argument draws from (1) a historical analysis of broader patterns of agricultural technology and racialized land dispossession in what is now the United States and (2) empirical fieldwork that examines the adoption and maintenance of digital agriculture systems in rural New York State. We describe the role that legibility historically has played in the development of agricultural systems in the US, and their consequences for who is able to farm and how. This history raises the questions: What is made legible to whom? In that process, what becomes illegible? While legibility promises transparent and environmentally beneficial control, in our fieldwork we find that the demands of legibility are also restructuring the physical landscape, creating additional invisible labor, producing systems that are brittle to real-world conditions on farms, and creating opaque systems that block people from adapting to their circumstances. In reading our fieldwork together with the historical case, we demonstrate the pressures that are shaping the stakes, subject, and objects of legibility in agricultural technology. As more data-driven systems are used for environmental contexts, the CSCW community needs to extend its ways to understand how data-driven systems impact land, labor, and resources.
37
Barrett, Gordon. "China's “People's Diplomacy” and the Pugwash Conferences, 1957–1964". Journal of Cold War Studies 20, n.º 1 (abril de 2018): 140–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00803.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Newly available archival sources in China illuminate how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) used transnational initiatives to advance its aims. This article explores Chinese interaction with the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs from 1957 to 1964 and discusses how the People's Republic of China (PRC) made deliberate use of transnational initiatives to further its own Cold War strategy and foreign policy. High-ranking CCP officials were directly involved in selecting China's scientific participants, shaping their message, and determining their objectives at the conferences, including winning over potentially sympathetic foreign scientists, demonstrating Sino-Soviet solidarity and, in 1960, potentially establishing back-channel communications with the incoming Kennedy administration in the United States. Chinese scientists’ involvement in Pugwash shows that transnational relations mattered to the PRC during the Cold War and, more broadly, underscores the importance of governments in transnational relations.
38
Chen, Wendy Y., Judy E. Garber, Suzanne Higham, Katherine A. Schneider, Katie B. Davis, Amie M. Deffenbaugh, Thomas S. Frank, Rebecca S. Gelman e Frederick P. Li. "BRCA1/2 Genetic Testing in the Community Setting". Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, n.º 22 (15 de novembro de 2002): 4485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.08.147.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
PURPOSE: BRCA1/2 genetic testing has been commercially available in the United States since 1996. Most published reports described BRCA1/2 testing as research studies at large academic centers, but less is known about testing in the community. This study evaluates the process and early outcomes of BRCA1/2 genetic testing as a clinical service in the community setting. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to women in the United States whose health care providers ordered BRCA1/2 genetic testing from Myriad Genetic Laboratories from August 1998 through July 2000. Women tested at 149 large academic centers were excluded. Main outcome measures were demographic characteristics, recall of and satisfaction with the genetic testing process, and likelihood of pursuing cancer prevention strategies. RESULTS: Among the 646 respondents, 414 (64%) had a personal history of cancer and 505 (78%) had at least one first-degree relative with breast and/or ovarian cancer. Most subjects (82%) recalled discussions of informed consent before testing (median time, 30 minutes). Genetic results were conveyed during an office visit (57%), by telephone (39%), or by mail (3%). More than 75% of respondents were “very satisfied with the counseling received.” Cancer-free subjects with a germline mutation were more likely to consider prevention strategies after receiving the genetic results. CONCLUSION: Virtually all respondents had a personal and/or family history of breast/ovarian cancer. Although pretest and posttest communications were not standardized, overall satisfaction with clinical breast cancer genetic testing was high. Additional follow-up will provide data on future cancer prevention practices and cancer incidence.
39
Holt, Jennifer, e Michael Palm. "More than a number: The telephone and the history of digital identification". European Journal of Cultural Studies 24, n.º 4 (7 de março de 2021): 916–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549421994571.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This article examines the telephone’s entangled history within contemporary infrastructural systems of ‘big data’, identity and, ultimately, surveillance. It explores the use of telephone numbers, keypads and wires to offer new perspective on the imbrication of telephonic information, interface and infrastructure within contemporary surveillance regimes. The article explores telephone exchanges as arbiters of cultural identities, keypads as the foundation of digital transactions and wireline networks as enacting the transformation of citizens and consumers into digital subjects ripe for commodification and surveillance. Ultimately, this article argues that telephone history – specifically the histories of telephone numbers and keypads as well as infrastructure and policy in the United States – continues to inform contemporary practices of social and economic exchange as they relate to consumer identity, as well as to current discourses about surveillance and privacy in a digital age. This article is based on a paper presented at the Media in Transition symposium (Utrecht, June 28, 2018), in the Industries and Infrastructures panel organised by Judith Keilbach. Also published in this issue of ECS are Amanda D. Lotz, ‘Unpopularity and cultural power in the age of Netflix: new questions for cultural studies’ approaches to television texts’ and Vicki Mayer, ‘From peat to Google power: communications infrastructures and structures of feeling in Groningen.’
40
Pardyak, Marek. "Fighting for Africans’ Hearts and Minds in the Context of the 2022 War in Ukraine". Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 2, n.º 4 (2022): 158–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.182.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The war in Ukraine is a theatre of struggle not only for the parties militarily engaged in the conflict, but for wider spheres. Despite its regional character, the war also has a multidimensional impact on a number of other states in the world, polarising the attitudes of their societies into three main groups: those supporting Ukraine, those expressing understanding of Moscow's actions, and a set of so-called 'non-aligned' states. This article describes how strategic communications by different actors have, through historical, political, economic, technological, social and cultural levers the potential to win the support of governments and societies in Africa. The Russian--Ukrainian conflict, unlike many other armed confrontations in Africa had, from an information security perspective, become a global conflict long before open kinetic action began. The multilateral involvement of the leaders of both the United States and the European Union, first through attempts to resolve the dispute amicably and then in military, economic and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, is unprecedented. This in itself can be perceived as a bitter pill to swallow for African countries beset by political, religious and climatic turmoil, which, despite their longer history of hardships, have not received equivalent, or even due attention.
41
Zhezhko-Braun, Irina. "«The End of America» – the Transformation of Democracy in the USA". Ideas and Ideals 15, n.º 4-1 (25 de dezembro de 2023): 88–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2023-15.4.1-88-116.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Numerous publications indicate the presence of a deep political crisis in the United States. One of the most obvious indicators of the crisis is the authoritarian tendency in the development of the political system. Polarization between the two major parties has reached its peak. Polls show, with both sides perceiving the opposing party not just as a political rival, but as an enemy of the nation. The divergence of positions between them on important issues has greatly increased, which gives rise to extreme partisanship in decision-making. This article is the fi rst in a series about the “end of America”. The topic of “the end of America” or “the death of America” has become especially relevant in the publications of the last 20 years. These phrases are used so often that many people no longer notice that they are compound metaphors. The article analyzes the framework or fi elds of meaning in which these metaphors acquire their context and content. The following meanings of “America” are identifi ed and described in the article: a sovereign country, a social and political-economic system, civilization and culture, a geopolitical player, a superpower, and, fi nally, the “American experiment,” that is, a unique political and social project for self-government in the state. The answer to the question “is America dying” (“died”) depends on what features of America, what values and principles of its structure are considered the main or system-forming ones. Most modern authors call democracy the main characteristic of the political system and understand by the “death of America” the “death of democracy,” or more precisely, the degeneration of democracy from liberal to authoritarian. The article contains examples confi rming this trend. Predictions of the “death of America” do not mean its inevitable end, since not all changes are irreversible. The current crisis in the history of the United States is far from the fi rst in the history; its political system contains opportunities and mechanisms for resolving crises and restoring the foundations of the “American project”.
42
Heed, Tom, e Alexander Kubyshkin. "Armageddon: Comparative Images of the Nuclear Conflict Between the United States and the Soviet Union in American Cinema". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 5 (outubro de 2019): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.18.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Introduction. Film offers a valuable mirror to reflect on how we assess our present and past. The Cold War was one of the most troubled periods in history. Two huge, wealthy, energetic, and creative societies competed in all areas. During those decades of electric change and development they faced each other with weapons of ever increasing lethality. The film industry in both countries looked at how the nuclear exchange would impact in both lands. Over the decades as the weaponry changed, as the patterns of leadership changed, as the economy of the world evolved, both nations’ film industry painted different images of what Armageddon could look like. If we compare comparable films, across similar decades, what do we learn of that era and those people? Methods and Materials. The methods used in the article are comparative, analytical and functional systematic ones. The materials used are the following: 1) five films of both cultures from different decades; 2) secondary accounts of contemporary events; 3) secondary reviews of the selected films, and 4) secondary accounts of parallel incidents. Analysis. With the complex weapons of the Cold War era we certainly need to worry about the technological imperative and the potential role of accident and unintended consequences. However, we are blessed that the doom day scenario has not yet erupted. We are most fortunate that the dire warning of many US filmmakers have not been realized. Indeed with the coming advent of AI technology and 5G communications, we may have more to fear than ever before. Results. After fifty some years of the Cold War, films continue to project the worst fears of people. As we review these films across the several decades we see constancy, the films again and again distrust technology.
43
Jones, Lucile M., e Mark Benthien. "Preparing for a “Big One”: The Great Southern California ShakeOut". Earthquake Spectra 27, n.º 2 (maio de 2011): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3586819.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The Great Southern California ShakeOut was a week of special events featuring the largest earthquake drill in United States history. On November 13, 2008, over 5 million Southern Californians pretended that the magnitude-7.8 ShakeOut scenario earthquake was occurring and practiced actions derived from results of the ShakeOut Scenario, to reduce the impact of a real, San Andreas Fault event. The communications campaign was based on four principles: 1) consistent messaging from multiple sources; 2) visual reinforcement: 3) encouragement of “milling”; and 4) focus on concrete actions. The goals of the ShakeOut established in Spring 2008 were: 1) to register 5 million people to participate in the drill; 2) to change the culture of earthquake preparedness in Southern California; and 3) to reduce earthquake losses in Southern California. Over 90% of the registrants surveyed the next year reported improvement in earthquake preparedness at their organization as a result of the ShakeOut.
44
Early, Jody, e Dan Bustillos. "An Internet for Some threatens health for All: What effects could the repeal of net neutrality in the USA have on individual and population health?" Global Health Promotion 27, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2018): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975918785354.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In the United States of America, the Federal Communications Commission’s repeal of the popular Open Internet Order (a.k.a ‘net neutrality’) has yielded pointed criticism from many different sectors, but it has yet to be examined for its potential effect on the public’s health. In this commentary, we focus on the health implications of this policy change, considering expert opinion on the subject, past history, and global perspectives. We argue that the repeal of net neutrality has the potential to compromise health education and promotion efforts by widening the ‘digital divide’, thereby impairing health literacy and exacerbating health inequities. By negatively affecting people’s ability to access, understand, and use unbiased, evidence-based health information to improve and maintain their health, the repeal of net neutrality may hinder the World Health Organization’s vision of ‘ Health for All’ by dismantling public protections in the name of corporate profit.
45
Giersdorf, Jens Richard. "Trio ACanonical". Dance Research Journal 41, n.º 2 (2009): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0149767700000620.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Despite Yvonne Rainer's subversive refusal to stageTrio Aas a spectacle, to have it represent or narrate social structures, or to engage with the audience in a traditional manner, the landmarks of canonization have all been put upon it. The Banes-produced 1978 film of Rainer dancingTrio Awas recently exhibited while the dance was performed live simultaneously by Pat Catterson, Jimmy Robert, and Ian White at the Museum of Modern Art,theinstitution that determines what constitutes important modernist and contemporary art in the United States and, indeed, the Western world. In conjunction with Rainer's famousNO Manifesto, Trio Aappears in nearly every publication on so-called postmodern dance and art. Moreover, the key documentary on postmodern danceBeyond the Mainstream—containingTrio A—is screened in most dance history courses when postmodern dance is discussed. As a result, the choreography became not only a staple on syllabi in dance departments but also in disciplines such as gender studies, film and art history, or communications. Even Susan Au'sBallet and Modern Dance, a conservative historical text utilized in many dance history classes, definesTrio Aas “one of the most influential works in the modern dance repertoire” (Au 2002, 155).
46
Naszkowska, Klara. "Psychoanalyst, Jew, Woman, Wife, Mother, Emigrant". European Judaism 55, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2022): 112–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2022.550109.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
At least seventy-two first- and second-generation women psychoanalysts emigrated to the United States as Nazism came to dominate Europe. There – largely in Vienna, Berlin and Zurich – from the early 1900s to the beginning of the Second World War, they had been at the forefront of the psychoanalytic movement; after emigrating, they were decisive in shaping the development of Freudian theory and practice in the US. Their contributions notwithstanding, today they are neglected and at risk of being marginalised or falling into oblivion. Using both historical materials and personal-history documents, including memoirs, interviews, correspondence and personal communications, this article revives and reconstructs the individual and professional biographies of eight first-generation analysts – Frances Deri, Helene Deutsch, Salomea Gutmann-Isakower, Clara Happel, Karen Horney, Flora Kraus, Mira Oberholzer-Gincburg and Christine Olden – and focuses on their complex multiple identities as professional women (the Jewish New Women of their milieu), pioneers of psychoanalysis, Jews, refugees, German-speaking emigrants, mothers and more.
47
Beasley, Kim, C. Curtis Martin e Roger Laferriere. "MAXIMIZING DISPERSANT PREPAREDNESS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE 2007 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FULL SCALE EXERCISE". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2008): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-805.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
ABSTRACT Large scale dispersant exercises have been conducted nationally and internationally ever since their first large scale use during the Torrey Canyon Spill of 1967. Few of these exercises are conducted on the grandest scale intended to exercise all aspects of the operation; from command and control, pre-application testing, application, monitoring and data transmission. Clean Islands Council in cooperation with the State of Hawaii'S Department of Health and the U.S. Coast Guard conducted a two day exercise on February 21–22, 2007 to test the full range of the State'S Dispersant capability. It was the largest exercise ever conducted in Hawaii, and arguably the largest in United States history. The exercise was the culmination of 14 years of program development by the Clean Islands Council, the State of Hawaii and the United States Coast Guard. The exercise instilled a tremendous appreciation in all players involved of the complexity of dispersant operations, and the importance of ensuring efficient command and control processes, support and communications. All elements of Dispersant application were tested: decision making processes, laboratory pre-testing, on-scene test application, on-scene application, on-scene monitoring and real time data transmission to effect quick decision making from jurisdictional agencies. Additionally, the latest state of the art equipment was used during all phases. This paper discusses the results of the exercise and shares critical lessons learned that will greatly advance the preparedness knowledge of all dispersant users internationally. The authors of this paper have over 50 years of collective spill response experience and were personally involved in the exercise design and execution.
48
Voronov, Yury. "Very Old and the Very Modern Clothing of Anarchism. Practice". Ideas and Ideals 15, n.º 3-1 (28 de setembro de 2023): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2023-15.3.1-92-109.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This article discusses examples of the practical implementation of the ideas of anarchism or attempts at such an implementation. The author believes that without taking into account and systematizing these phenomena, the economic history of the world is incomplete. The author does not make it his task to promote these examples and attempts, he only believes that they cannot be ignored. First, the author considers the anarchies that existed in Europe in the Middle Ages: Free Frisia and Dithmarschen in the north of Europe and the ‘Forest Cantons’ on the territory of modern Switzerland. The phenomenon of the Wild West in the history of the United States is analyzed as a form of long-term existence of the economy on a vast territory without government control. It is noted that those elements of self-organization of the population that were formed during the development of new territories in the western United States are usually hushed up. The author also considers temporarily existing anarchist communities in Spain in the 1930s and modern anarchist movements in Latin America, as well as the problem of the so-called ‘optimal size of the state’, which was raised by the anarchist Leopold Kohr. The paper describes a zone of Zomia, in which 100 million people currently live, who do not recognize the authority of any state. The author explores ideological roots of the Makhnovshchina, an anarchist movement during the Civil War. It is shown that the Republic of Nestor Makhno was organized not spontaneously, but according to certain initial political principles. The author especially highlights the successful attempt to build an anarchist community in Libya, where the principle of the absence of state taxes was practically implemented, since the state had other sources of income. In conclusion, two events of recent years are analyzed, behind which it is not customary to see the practical implementation of anarchist ideas: the Ukrainian Maidan of 2014 and the ‘Yellow Vests’ movement in France in 2018. Both of these phenomena are currently usually interpreted as spontaneous or inspired from outside. However, the author believes that such an interpretation is one-sided, not taking into account the continuity of pre-existing ideological and political currents.
49
Lee, Frances E. "Populism and the American Party System: Opportunities and Constraints". Perspectives on Politics 18, n.º 2 (3 de setembro de 2019): 370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719002664.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Does populism threaten American democracy, and if so, what is the nature of that threat? In dialogue with the comparative literature on populism, this article considers the opportunity structure available to populist parties and candidates in the American political system. I argue that compared to most other democracies, the US system offers much less opportunity for organized populist parties but more opportunity for populist candidacies. Today’s major parties may also be more vulnerable to populist insurgency than at other points in US history because of (1) changes in communications technology, (2) the unpopularity of mainstream parties and party leaders, and (3) representation gaps created by an increasingly racialized party system. Although no democratic system is immune to deterioration, the US constitutional system impedes authoritarian populism, just as it obstructs party power generally. But the vulnerability of the major parties to populist insurgency poses a threat to liberal democratic norms in the United States, just as it does elsewhere.
50
Mundey, Lisa M. "The Civilianization of a Nuclear Weapon Effects Test: Operation ARGUS". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 42, n.º 4 (1 de setembro de 2012): 283–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2012.42.4.283.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In 1958 the United States secretly conducted a low-yield, high-atmosphere nuclear weapon effects test in the South Atlantic code-named ARGUS. It tested a theory devised by Nicholas Christofilos that an anti-missile shield could be created around the planet by trapping high-energy electrons in the Earth’s radiation field. In order to conduct the test before the October 1958 nuclear test moratorium, the military borrowed International Geophysical Year equipment and used the program as cover for the clandestine nuclear tests. Though the experiment determined that an electron shield could not work, it provided important research data for weapon effects, atmospheric physics, and long-distance communications. In March 1959, Hanson Baldwin and Walter Sullivan of the New York Times published an unauthorized account of the tests. In response, the White House presented ARGUS as a civilian science program of the International Geophysical Year rather than a nuclear weapon effects test. In the internal debate about declassification, in the publicity of the test, and in the memories of James Killian and Herbert York, Operation ARGUS demonstrates that many scientists and Americans remained comfortable with anti-militarism, even under militarized policies.