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Muellenbach, Joanne M. "Focused Bedside Education May Improve Engagement of Hospitalized Patients with Their Patient Portals." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 15, no. 1 (2020): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29671.
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A Review of:
 Greysen, S.R., Harrison, J.D., Rareshide, C., Magan, Y., Seghal, N., Rosenthal, J., Jacolbia, R., & Auerbach, A.D. (2018). A randomized controlled trial to improve engagement of hospitalized patients with their patient portals. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 25(12), 1626-1633. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy125
 Abstract
 Objectives – To study hospitalized patients who were provided with tablet computers and the extent to which having access to these computers increased their patient portal engagement during hospitalization and following their discharge. 
 Design – Prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) within a larger, observational study of patient engagement in discharge planning.
 Setting – A large, academic medical centre in the Western United States of America.
 Subjects – Of a total of 250 potential subjects from a larger observational study, 137 declined to participate in this one; of the remaining 113 subjects, 16 were unable to access the patient portal, leaving 97 adult (18 years of age or older) patients in the final group. All subjects (50 intervention and 47 control) were randomized but not blinded, had been admitted to medical service, and spoke English. In addition, all participants were supplied with tablet computers for one day during their inpatient stay and were provided with limited assistance to the portal registration and login process as needed. They were also required to have access to a tablet or home computer when discharged.
 Methods – The intervention group participants received focused bedside structured education by trained research assistants (RAs) who demonstrated portal key functions and explained the importance of these functions for their upcoming transition to post-discharge care. Following enrolment and consent, RAs administered a brief pre-study survey to assess baseline technology use. Then, at the end of the observation day, the RAs performed a debrief interview in which participants were asked to demonstrate their ability to perform key portal tasks. The RAs recorded which tasks were accomplished or if the RAs had provided assistance. Patient demographics and clinical information were obtained from the Electronic Health Record (EHR). 
 Main results – Of the 97 patients who were enrolled in the RCT, 57% logged into their portals at least once within seven days of their discharge. The mean number of logins and specific portal tasks performed was higher for the intervention group than for the control group. In addition, while in the hospital, the intervention group was better able to log in and navigate the portal. Only one specific portal task reached statistical significance—the use of the tab for viewing the messaging interaction with the provider. The time needed to deliver the intervention was brief—less than 15 minutes for 80% of participants. The intervention group’s overall satisfaction with the bedside tablet to access the portal was high.
 Conclusion – Data analysis revealed that the bedside tablet educational intervention succeeded in increasing patient engagement in the use of the patient portal, both during hospitalization and following discharge. As the interest and demand for patient access to EHRs increases among patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers, more rigorous studies will be needed to guide the implementation of patient portals during and after hospitalization.
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Rosenbaum, S., A. Somodevilla, and M. Casoni. "Will EMTALA Be There for People With Pregnancy-related Emergencies?" Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 43, no. 3 (2023): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000946244.38317.d1.
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(N Engl J Med. 2022;387:863–865) The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), a statute established in 1986 to prevent hospitals from refusing to treat pregnancy-related emergencies, is important to health care in the United States. The EMTALA statute helps safeguard nondiscriminatory hospital emergency medical access to anyone in need. Following the June 24, 2022, decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, the constitutional right to an abortion was returned to state control. This Supreme Court decision poses the questions as to whether EMTALA will continue to help barricade against state laws that prevent emergent hospital care short of life-threatening situations.
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Shu, Yingli, Quande Yuan, Wende Ke, and Lei Kou. "Security Access Control Method for Wind-Power-Monitoring System Based on Agile Authentication Mechanism." Electronics 11, no. 23 (2022): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233938.
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With the continuous increase in the proportion of wind power construction and grid connection, the deployment scale of state sensors in wind-power-monitoring systems has grown rapidly with an aim on the problems that the communication authentication process between the wind turbine status sensor and the monitoring gateway is complex and the adaptability of the massive sensors is insufficient. A security access control method for a wind-power-monitoring system based on agile authentication mechanism is proposed in this paper. First, a lightweight key generation algorithm based on one-way hash function is designed. The algorithm realizes fixed-length compression and encryption of measurement data of any length. Under the condition of ensuring security, the calculation and communication cost in the later stage of authentication are effectively reduced. Second, to reduce the redundant process of wind turbine status sensor authentication, an agile authentication model of wind turbine status sensor based on a lightweight key is constructed. Constrained by the reverse order extraction of key information in the lightweight keychain, the model can realize lightweight communication between massive wind turbine status sensors and regional gateways. Finally, the proposed method is compared and verified using the wind turbine detection data set provided by the National New Energy Laboratory of the United States. The experimental results show that this method can effectively reduce the certification cost of a wind-power-monitoring system. Additionally, it can improve the efficiency of status sensor identity authentication and realize the agility and efficiency of the authentication process.
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Murthy, Uday S. "Tampa Electronics: An Instructional Case in Computer-Assisted Fraud Examination." Issues in Accounting Education 25, no. 3 (2010): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2010.25.3.547.
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ABSTRACT: This case is designed to impart practical skills in data analysis techniques aimed at fraud examination. Instructors could employ any one of widely available tools such as ACL, IDEA, Microsoft Access, or Picalo, which is an open-source data analysis tool. Couched in the context of a manufacturer of electronic components in the southeastern United States, the case involves the identification of potentially fraudulent travel expense reimbursements. In the case scenario, traveling salespersons submit expense reimbursement claims, which are subject to a number of business rules. Using data analysis techniques, students are required to identify potentially fraudulent travel expense reimbursements. The data analysis techniques covered in the case include basic features such as identifying duplicates and gaps to more advanced features like joining tables, finding unmatched records, filtering data based on various criteria, and classifying and summarizing data. The degree of structure provided to students is within the control of the instructor, with less structure making for a more realistic and challenging assignment. Spreadsheet files containing the travel expense data are designed to facilitate easy changing of numbers between semesters.
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Agarwal, Pranay, Mohammedhusen Manekiya, Tahir Ahmad, et al. "A Survey on Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)." Electronics 11, no. 23 (2022): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233985.
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To leverage the existing spectrum and mitigate the global spectrum dearth, the Federal Communications Commission of the United States has recently opened the Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) spectrum, spanning 3550–3700 MHz, for commercial cognitive operations. The CBRS has a three-tier hierarchical architecture, wherein the incumbents, including military radars, occupy the topmost tier. The priority access licenses (PAL) and general authorized access (GAA) are second and third tier, respectively, facilitating licensed and unlicensed access to the spectrum. This combination of licensed and unlicensed access to the spectrum in a three-tier model has opened novel research directions in optimal spectrum sharing as well as privacy preservation, and hence, several schemes have been proposed for the same. This article provides a detailed survey of the existing literature on the CBRS. We provide an overview of the CBRS ecosystem and discuss the regulation and standardization process and industrial developments on the CBRS. The existing schemes for optimal spectrum sharing and resource allocation in CBRS are discussed in detail. Further, an in-depth study of the existing literature on the privacy of incumbents, PAL devices, and GAA devices in CBRS is presented. Finally, we discuss the open issues in CBRS, which demand more attention and effort.
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Zelalem Jembre, Yalew, Woon-young Jung, Muhammad Attique, Rajib Paul, and Beomjoon Kim. "Mobile Broadband Performance Evaluation: Analysis of National Reports." Electronics 11, no. 3 (2022): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030485.
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Five decades have passed since the first bit was transmitted over the internet. Although the internet has improved our lives and led to the digital economy, currently only 51% of the world’s population have access to it. Currently, consumers mostly access the internet via mobile broadband, 2G, 3G, and 4G services. Regulatory bodies such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the US are responsible for ensuring that consumers receive an adequate service from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). Usually, regulators evaluate the performance of each MNO in terms of service quality yearly and publish a report. To evaluate performance, metrics such as coverage, download/upload speed, and the number of subscribers can be used. However, the evaluation process and the metrics used by each regulatory body are inconsistent, and this makes it hard to determine which nations are providing adequate services to their citizens. Furthermore, it is not clear as to which performance evaluation is the right path. In this case study, we analyzed the reports released from eight nations (United States of America, United Kingdom, France, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and Australia) as of the year 2020. We then point out the advantages and the drawbacks of the current evaluation process and metrics. Furthermore, a discussion on why the current methods are not sufficient to evaluate 5G services is presented. Our findings indicate that there is a great need for a unified metric and that this process becomes more complex with the rollout of 5G.
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Ravnyushkin, A. V. "The Legal Issues of Firearms Trafficking in the United States of America." Siberian Law Review 19, no. 4 (2023): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2022-19-4-356-373.
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Relevance and subject of research. The circulation of firearms as a source of increased danger is subject to legal regulation and control in the Russian Federation. The use of weapons by police officers is no exception. The norms of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “About the Police” (hereinafter referred to as the Law “About the Police”) refer to the achievements of domestic administrative science as a result of the work of specialists. In systemic connection with the norms of criminal law, they regulate the conditions and limits for the use of coercive measures by police officers, including firearms. The fundamental ideas of the activities of the Russian police have successfully cooperated with the norms of international law. On the contrary, in the socalled “leading” democratic state – the United States of America, such cooperation does not look well-coordinated, which the Author substantiates when studying the origins of the right of citizens of this state to own firearms, the regulatory regulation of the circulation of weapons in the United States, the negative consequences of this regulation (based on research by American scientists and statistical data), the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation. One of the US attempts to comply with international law in this area is analyzed, namely the adopted new policy of the US Customs and Border Protection on the use of force, including firearms.The purpose of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of the circulation of civilian firearms in the United States, the use of these weapons as a coercive measure by police officers in order to identify its positive aspects, in the presence of which the decision on the possibility / impossibility of their introduction into Russian legislation. This led to the setting of the following tasks: to study the constitutional foundations of the right to own firearms by US citizens (historical aspect); to determine the current state of legal regulation of civilian circulation of firearms in the United States and its consequences; analyze the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation, evaluate them and determine the prospects for their improvement; identify the provisions of American legislation that are of scientific interest, and the possibility / impossibility of their implementation in Russian legislation.The methodological basis of the study was a dialectical approach to the scientific knowledge of social relations associated with the circulation of firearms, the implementation of their state regulation, analysis and synthesis of the results obtained during the study, which made it possible to formulate and substantiate the conclusions. Among the special methods used in the study are the method of studying normative legal acts and documents, the empirical method, the method of processing and analyzing data, and their generalization. Findings. The study shows that the constitutional foundations for the right to own firearms by US citizens developed simultaneously with the emergence of statehood: first in individual states, and then in the very union of these states formed into a single US government. The existing multi-layered legal framework for regulating the circulation of firearms has created a wide range of owners with a relatively simple system of access, which negatively affects the criminal environment, in which armed attacks with mass casualties are of high importance. Cases of armed attacks and other negative illegal acts to a certain extent influenced the processes of militarization of the police, the creation and strengthening of special operations units, the adoption by the police of various types of military equipment, weapons and special means. Detailed legal regulation of the use of lethal force by the police is developing belatedly. The 2014 adoption of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Manual did not prompt other law enforcement agencies to adopt similar rules, indicating the fragmentation of U.S. law enforcement. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Guidelines on the use of force is of particular scientific interest, and after its careful analysis, it is possible to introduce certain provisions into the legal regulation of the activities of the Russian police, especially the use of lethal force. The fundamental ideas of police activity developed in Russia can be recognized as certain guidelines for the development of the American police. The relatively small number of firearm owners in Russia and the high requirements for the circulation of firearms are a deterrent to the negative developments taking place in the United States.
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Fatin, Firman Adi Nur, Mukhamad Nurkamid, Rizkysari Meimaharani, and Ahmad Bagus Maskula. "Real-Time Monitoring of Gas Fields: Prototype at Pt Gamma Energi Pratama Bogor." JURNAL TEKNIK INFORMATIKA 16, no. 1 (2023): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jti.v16i1.31832.
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PT Gamma Energi Pratama is a company engaged in the instrumentation sector. One of the projects undertaken by PT Gamma Energi Pratama is on an oil and natural gas drilling site. The oil drilling process involves a tool called a Gas Jack Compressor originating from the United States. At first, the technician there used the local panel that came with the compressor. But procuring spare parts takes a long time. At the same time, the needs in the field demand to be met immediately. Therefore, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) was chosen as a special microcontroller device that can access the compressor via the Modbus Protocol. PLCs can also be connected to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) applications via Ethernet. This solution monitors data from sensor readings installed on the Gas Jack Compressor. The system is already running with its use only on the local scope. For the development of the system so that monitoring can be carried out in real-time and online, it needs to be linked to flow control devices, database systems, and interfaces for data visualization. Thus, monitoring gas fields can be done in real-time online.
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Mayans, Dámaris. "Lexical Frequency in Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Lenguaje 50, no. 2 (2022): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lenguaje.v50i2.11628.
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This study examines the impact of lexical frequency on grammatical agreement in heritage speakers of Spanish and a Spanish monolingual control group. Research has provided evidence of frequency effects when accessing nouns and this effect was proven to be more prominent in bilingual speakers. This investigation expands on the antecedent psycholinguistic research on lexical access through agreement operations carried out on monolingual speakers of Spanish by examining this effect in two populations of heritage speakers of Spanish that differ in relation to their dominance in Spanish. Experiment 1 was a Elicit Production Task and Experiment 2 was a Picture Description Task. Retrieval of grammatical gender features is needed in both tasks; therefore, lexical frequency plays a role in accessing this information. Reaction times analysis showed frequency effects in both bilingual populations and, as predicted by the Frequency-Lag Hypothesis, larger frequency effects in the less Spanish-dominant group. Results contribute to the understanding of processing mechanisms in adult bilingualism, particularly in heritage speakers of Spanish in the United States.
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McHugh, Douglas, Richard Feinn, Jeff McIlvenna, and Matt Trevithick. "A Random Controlled Trial to Examine the Efficacy of Blank Slate: A Novel Spaced Retrieval Tool with Real-Time Learning Analytics." Education Sciences 11, no. 3 (2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11030090.
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Learner-centered coaching and feedback are relevant to various educational contexts. Spaced retrieval enhances long-term knowledge retention. We examined the efficacy of Blank Slate, a novel spaced retrieval software application, to promote learning and prevent forgetting, while gathering and analyzing data in the background about learners’ performance. A total of 93 students from 6 universities in the United States were assigned randomly to control, sequential or algorithm conditions. Participants watched a video on the Republic of Georgia before taking a 60 multiple-choice-question assessment. Sequential (non-spaced retrieval) and algorithm (spaced retrieval) groups had access to Blank Slate and 60 digital cards. The algorithm group reviewed subsets of cards daily based on previous individual performance. The sequential group reviewed all 60 cards daily. All 93 participants were re-assessed 4 weeks later. Sequential and algorithm groups were significantly different from the control group but not from each other with regard to after and delta scores. Blank Slate prevented anticipated forgetting; authentic learning improvement and retention happened instead, with spaced retrieval incurring one-third of the time investment experienced by non-spaced retrieval. Embedded analytics allowed for real-time monitoring of learning progress that could form the basis of helpful feedback to learners for self-directed learning and educators for coaching.
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Warren, Rachel B., and Niloufar Salehi. "Trial by File Formats: Exploring Public Defenders' Challenges Working with Novel Surveillance Data." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW1 (2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512914.
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In the United States, public defenders (lawyers assigned to people accused of crimes who cannot afford a private attorney) serve as an essential bulwark against wrongful arrest and incarceration for low-income and marginalized people. Public defenders have long been overworked and under-resourced. However, these issues have been compounded by increases in the volume and complexity of data in modern criminal cases. We explore the technology needs of public defenders through a series of semi-structured interviews with public defenders and those who work with them. We find that public defenders' ability to reason about novel surveillance data is woefully inadequate not only due to a lack of resources and knowledge, but also due to the structure of the criminal justice system, which gives prosecutors and police (in partnership with private companies) more control over the type of information used in criminal cases than defense attorneys. We find that public defenders may be able to create fairer situations for their clients with better tools for data interpretation and access. Therefore, we call on technologists to attend to the needs of public defenders and the people they represent when designing systems that collect data about people. Our findings illuminate constraints that technologists and privacy advocates should consider as they pursue solutions. In particular, our work complicates notions of individual privacy as the only value in protecting users' rights, and demonstrates the importance of data interpretation alongside data visibility. As data sources become more complex, control over the data cannot be separated from access to the experts and technology to make sense of that data. The growing surveillance data ecosystem may systematically oppress not only those who are most closely observed, but groups of people whose communities and advocates have been deprived of the storytelling power over their information.
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Rahman, Wasifur, Masum Hasan, Md Saiful Islam, et al. "Auto-Gait." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 7, no. 1 (2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3580845.
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Many patients with neurological disorders, such as Ataxia, do not have easy access to neurologists, -especially those living in remote localities and developing/underdeveloped countries. Ataxia is a degenerative disease of the nervous system that surfaces as difficulty with motor control, such as walking imbalance. Previous studies have attempted automatic diagnosis of Ataxia with the help of wearable biomarkers, Kinect, and other sensors. These sensors, while accurate, do not scale efficiently well to naturalistic deployment settings. In this study, we propose a method for identifying ataxic symptoms by analyzing videos of participants walking down a hallway, captured with a standard monocular camera. In a collaboration with 11 medical sites located in 8 different states across the United States, we collected a dataset of 155 videos along with their severity rating from 89 participants (24 controls and 65 diagnosed with or are pre-manifest spinocerebellar ataxias). The participants performed the gait task of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA). We develop a computer vision pipeline to detect, track, and separate the participants from their surroundings and construct several features from their body pose coordinates to capture gait characteristics such as step width, step length, swing, stability, speed, etc. Our system is able to identify and track a patient in complex scenarios. For example, if there are multiple people present in the video or an interruption from a passerby. Our Ataxia risk-prediction model achieves 83.06% accuracy and an 80.23% F1 score. Similarly, our Ataxia severity-assessment model achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) score of 0.6225 and a Pearson's correlation coefficient score of 0.7268. Our model competitively performed when evaluated on data from medical sites not used during training. Through feature importance analysis, we found that our models associate wider steps, decreased walking speed, and increased instability with greater Ataxia severity, which is consistent with previously established clinical knowledge. Furthermore, we are releasing the models and the body-pose coordinate dataset to the research community - the largest dataset on ataxic gait (to our knowledge). Our models could contribute to improving health access by enabling remote Ataxia assessment in non-clinical settings without requiring any sensors or special cameras. Our dataset will help the computer science community to analyze different characteristics of Ataxia and to develop better algorithms for diagnosing other movement disorders.
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Abdallah, Abdelrahman M., Mehmet E. Ozbek, and Rebecca A. Atadero. "Transferring Research Innovations in Bridge Inspection Planning to Bridge Inspection Practice: A Qualitative Study." Infrastructures 8, no. 11 (2023): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8110164.
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Over the last two decades, many researchers have focused on providing new ideas and frameworks to help improve conventional bridge inspection planning approaches, however, little guidance is provided for implementing these new ideas in practice, resulting in limited change. Accordingly, this qualitative study aims to identify the factors that can help improve research products and accelerate research transfer to bridge inspection departments with the goal of enhancing bridge inspection practice. This study used semi-structured interviews, written interviews, and questionnaires for data collection to provide rich results. Responses from twenty-six bridge personnel from state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) across the United States (U.S.) were included in this study. The study found that most participants support a fixed inspection interval over a variable interval since fixed intervals are easier in scheduling and budget planning. Also, participants indicated that the barriers hindering the use of nondestructive techniques are the training required by inspectors, traffic control, and the required access equipment. The study presents the factors change leaders should focus on to facilitate organizational change in DOTs such as enhancing the capacity of DOT staff members and gaining support from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
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Fulmer, Russell, Angela Joerin, Breanna Gentile, Lysanne Lakerink, and Michiel Rauws. "Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 4 (2018): e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.9782.
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Background Students in need of mental health care face many barriers including cost, location, availability, and stigma. Studies show that computer-assisted therapy and 1 conversational chatbot delivering cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) offer a less-intensive and more cost-effective alternative for treating depression and anxiety. Although CBT is one of the most effective treatment methods, applying an integrative approach has been linked to equally effective posttreatment improvement. Integrative psychological artificial intelligence (AI) offers a scalable solution as the demand for affordable, convenient, lasting, and secure support grows. Objective This study aimed to assess the feasibility and efficacy of using an integrative psychological AI, Tess, to reduce self-identified symptoms of depression and anxiety in college students. Methods In this randomized controlled trial, 75 participants were recruited from 15 universities across the United States. All participants completed Web-based surveys, including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) at baseline and 2 to 4 weeks later (T2). The 2 test groups consisted of 50 participants in total and were randomized to receive unlimited access to Tess for either 2 weeks (n=24) or 4 weeks (n=26). The information-only control group participants (n=24) received an electronic link to the National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH) eBook on depression among college students and were only granted access to Tess after completion of the study. Results A sample of 74 participants completed this study with 0% attrition from the test group and less than 1% attrition from the control group (1/24). The average age of participants was 22.9 years, with 70% of participants being female (52/74), mostly Asian (37/74, 51%), and white (32/74, 41%). Group 1 received unlimited access to Tess, with daily check-ins for 2 weeks. Group 2 received unlimited access to Tess with biweekly check-ins for 4 weeks. The information-only control group was provided with an electronic link to the NIMH’s eBook. Multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted. We used an alpha level of .05 for all statistical tests. Results revealed a statistically significant difference between the control group and group 1, such that group 1 reported a significant reduction in symptoms of depression as measured by the PHQ-9 (P=.03), whereas those in the control group did not. A statistically significant difference was found between the control group and both test groups 1 and 2 for symptoms of anxiety as measured by the GAD-7. Group 1 (P=.045) and group 2 (P=.02) reported a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety, whereas the control group did not. A statistically significant difference was found on the PANAS between the control group and group 1 (P=.03) and suggests that Tess did impact scores. Conclusions This study offers evidence that AI can serve as a cost-effective and accessible therapeutic agent. Although not designed to appropriate the role of a trained therapist, integrative psychological AI emerges as a feasible option for delivering support. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number: ISRCTN61214172; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN61214172.
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Fuller, Thomas F., and Leshinka Molel. "(Invited) Application of Open-Source, Python-Based Tools for the Simulation of Electrochemical Systems." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 25 (2023): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01251630mtgabs.
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There is a rich history of mathematical modeling of electrochemical systems. These simulations are useful 1) to refine our understanding of systems that contain complex, coupled phenomena, 2) to design and control electrochemical devices, and 3) to help novices in developing confidence and intuition for the behavior of electrochemical systems. Regardless of the application, cyclic voltammetry, storage batteries, secondary current distributions, or corrosion to name a few, elucidating the relationship between current and potential is central to understanding how electrochemical systems behave. Here, we report on historical and future perspectives of simulating electrochemical systems with open-source, python-based tools. The presentation includes a tutorial of the formulation of problems based on underlying engineering and electrochemistry principles. Within R1 universities in the United States, excellent resources are available at little to no cost for the simulation of electrochemical systems. However, the price for these tools can be prohibitive for most engineers and scientists working in industry. Access to these tools is even worse in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Actively supporting open-source software promotes a more inclusive scientific and research community that is essential to confronting the challenges facing society. Python was chosen because it is open-source. FEniCSx, a popular open-source computing platform for solving partial differential equations,1-2 is applied to the solution of primary and secondary current distributions for two- and three-dimensional geometries. FEniCSx is used on both desktop computers as well as within high performance computing environments, such as Georgia Tech’s PACE. Simulations have long been known to increase interactions between instructors and teachers as well as to help students visualize content.3-4 Recently, tools developed in python have been applied to simple electrochemical systems. 5-6. Because of the low barrier to entry and access to numerous computational packages, such as numpy, matplotlib, and scipy, the Anaconda distribution of python is promoted. A series of dynamic simulations are designed to help students improve their understanding of electrochemical systems. These simulations feature animation and extensive use of widgets that allow students to adjust parameters and immediately observe the results. A. Logg, K. A. Mardal, G. N. Wells. Automated solution of differential equations by the finite element method, Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, 84 LNCSE (2012). A, Logg and G. N. Wells. DOLFIN: Automated finite element computing, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 37.2 (2010). T. de Jong, W. R. van Joolingen, Scientific Discovery Learning with Computer Simulations of Conceptual Domains, Review of Educational Research, 68, 179-201 (1998). R. E. West, C. R. Graham, Five Powerful Ways Technology Can Enhance Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Educational Technology, 45, 20-27 (2005). X. Wang, Z. Wang, Animated Electrochemistry Simulation Modules, J. Chem. Educ., 99, 752-758 (2022). T.F. Fuller, J.N. Harb, Using Python Simulations for Inquiry-Based Learning of Electrochemical Systems, ECS Meeting Abstracts, (2021). DOI 10.1149/MA2021-02511503mtgabs
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Charpignon, Marie-Laure, Leo Anthony Celi, Marisa Cobanaj, et al. "Diversity and inclusion: A hidden additional benefit of Open Data." PLOS Digital Health 3, no. 7 (2024): e0000486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pdig.0000486.
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The recent imperative by the National Institutes of Health to share scientific data publicly underscores a significant shift in academic research. Effective as of January 2023, it emphasizes that transparency in data collection and dedicated efforts towards data sharing are prerequisites for translational research, from the lab to the bedside. Given the role of data access in mitigating potential bias in clinical models, we hypothesize that researchers who leverage open-access datasets rather than privately-owned ones are more diverse. In this brief report, we proposed to test this hypothesis in the transdisciplinary and expanding field of artificial intelligence (AI) for critical care. Specifically, we compared the diversity among authors of publications leveraging open datasets, such as the commonly used MIMIC and eICU databases, with that among authors of publications relying exclusively on private datasets, unavailable to other research investigators (e.g., electronic health records from ICU patients accessible only to Mayo Clinic analysts). To measure the extent of author diversity, we characterized gender balance as well as the presence of researchers from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and minority-serving institutions (MSI) located in the United States (US). Our comparative analysis revealed a greater contribution of authors from LMICs and MSIs among researchers leveraging open critical care datasets (treatment group) than among those relying exclusively on private data resources (control group). The participation of women was similar between the two groups, albeit slightly larger in the former. Notably, although over 70% of all articles included at least one author inferred to be a woman, less than 25% had a woman as a first or last author. Importantly, we found that the proportion of authors from LMICs was substantially higher in the treatment than in the control group (10.1% vs. 6.2%, p<0.001), including as first and last authors. Moreover, we found that the proportion of US-based authors affiliated with a MSI was 1.5 times higher among articles in the treatment than in the control group, suggesting that open data resources attract a larger pool of participants from minority groups (8.6% vs. 5.6%, p<0.001). Thus, our study highlights the valuable contribution of the Open Data strategy to underrepresented groups, while also quantifying persisting gender gaps in academic and clinical research at the intersection of computer science and healthcare. In doing so, we hope our work points to the importance of extending open data practices in deliberate and systematic ways.
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Watzlaf, Valerie J. M., Leming Zhou, Dilhari R. DeAlmeida, and Linda M. Hartman. "A Systematic Review of Research Studies Examining Telehealth Privacy and Security Practices Used By Healthcare Providers." International Journal of Telerehabilitation 9, no. 2 (2017): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2017.6231.
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The objective of this systematic review was to systematically review papers in the United States that examine current practices in privacy and security when telehealth technologies are used by healthcare providers. A literature search was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P). PubMed, CINAHL and INSPEC from 2003 – 2016 were searched and returned 25,404 papers (after duplications were removed). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed to examine title, abstract, and full text for 21 published papers which reported on privacy and security practices used by healthcare providers using telehealth. Data on confidentiality, integrity, privacy, informed consent, access control, availability, retention, encryption, and authentication were all searched and retrieved from the papers examined. Papers were selected by two independent reviewers, first per inclusion/exclusion criteria and, where there was disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted. The percentage of agreement and Cohen’s kappa was 99.04% and 0.7331 respectively. The papers reviewed ranged from 2004 to 2016 and included several types of telehealth specialties. Sixty-seven percent were policy type studies, and 14 percent were survey/interview studies. There were no randomized controlled trials. Based upon the results, we conclude that it is necessary to have more studies with specific information about the use of privacy and security practices when using telehealth technologies as well as studies that examine patient and provider preferences on how data is kept private and secure during and after telehealth sessions.Keywords: Computer security, Health personnel, Privacy, Systematic review, Telehealth
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Panagoulias, Dimitrios P., Dionisios N. Sotiropoulos, and George A. Tsihrintzis. "An Extreme Value Analysis-Based Systemic Approach in Healthcare Information Systems: The Case of Dietary Intake." Electronics 12, no. 1 (2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010204.
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Biomarkers are measurements of biological variables that can determine a state of health. They consist of measuring a single variable or a combination of variables related to the state of health that these variables represent. Biomarkers can provide an early warning of a health problem in relation to an individual patient or group of patients, and thus trigger actions and lead to interventions. Nutritional biomarkers measure the biological consequences of one’s diet. In our recent work, we have used machine learning to predict weight, metabolic syndrome and blood pressure, using blood-exam-based biomarkers. In the current work, we use extreme value theory to examine the significance of outliers in health data, with a focus on diet and the standard biochemistry profile. Specifically, we show that, using extreme value analysis and by applying a systemisation of the process, health trends can be predicted, and thus, health interventions can be (at least partially) automated. For that purpose, public access datasets have been used, which were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The NHANES is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of the population in the United States. In total, about 70,000 datapoints were analysed, covering about a decade’s worth of observations.
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Johnson, Carole Schulte, and Karen F. Swoope. "Boys' and Girls' Interest in Using Computers: Implications for the Classroom." Arithmetic Teacher 35, no. 1 (1987): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.35.1.0014.
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As the United States moves toward being an information society, students must know more about computers and how to use them. Children who have access to computers from an early age are likely to develop skills and attitudes that will give them a distinct advantage over youngsters who lack this experience. Some authors have suggested that unless questions of equal access are addressed, the development of a technological elite could perpetuate or even exacerbate existing inequities based on socioeconomic status or sex (Johnson 1973).
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Kovalchuk, V. P. "The method of obtaining soil's water-physical properties via their a granulometric composition." PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, no. 4 (2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.04.115.
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The method of obtaining water-physical properties of soils (basic hydrophysical characteristics (BHC) and moisture conductivity function) is presented. These properties, or functions, allow us to describe the vertical movement of moisture in unsaturated soils as one of the components of the expenditure item of the water balance. They are widely used in the substantiation of water reclamation and in the modeling of moisture transfer in the soil. The method is based on laboratory studies of soil samples taken in the field on the granulometry composition. The results of laboratory test now in Ukraine are usually obtained by the method of Kaczynski with two components, the percentage of clay and sand. They are graphically, with the help of integral (cumulative) curves are transformed into data corresponding to the international classification - with three components: the content of sand, dust, clay. The latter fractional distribution is used by the world community of soil scientists. Therefore, using data on the content of sand, silt, clay, using a computer program with open access "Rosetta" USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) the water-physical properties in the form of water constants: the saturated soil moisture, the residual soil moisture, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the coefficients of the equations of the mathematical model of van Genuchten are calculated. The publication provides examples of calculation of water-physical properties of soils by the presented method of dark chestnut soils and ordinary chernozems. The advantages of the proposed method include the low complexity of experimental studies, the availability of analyzes and the presence of many experimental studies of the granulometry composition of soils, including in literary sources. As a development of the research direction, the author shows the application of the obtained dependence for modeling moisture transfer during water reclamation (irrigation in irrigation control systems.). Regarding the directions of future research, the publication recommends comparing the accuracy of obtaining water-physical properties of soils by different methods, as well as obtaining an important water constant - the field capacity (FC) as the lowest field moisture content.
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Mahmood, Asos, Satish Kedia, David K. Wyant, SangNam Ahn, and Soumitra S. Bhuyan. "Use of mobile health applications for health-promoting behavior among individuals with chronic medical conditions." DIGITAL HEALTH 5 (January 2019): 205520761988218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055207619882181.
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Background Chronic medical conditions (CCs) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Strategies to control CCs include targeting unhealthy behaviors, often through the use of patient empowerment tools, such as mobile health (mHealth) technology. However, no conclusive evidence exists that mHealth applications (apps) are effective among individuals with CCs for chronic disease self-management. Methods We used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, Cycle 1, 2017). A sample of 1864 non-institutionalized US adults (≥18 years) who had a smartphone and/or a tablet computer and at least one CC was analyzed. Using multivariable logistic regressions, we assessed predisposing, enabling, and need predictors of three health-promoting behaviors (HPBs): tracking progress on a health-related goal, making a health-related decision, and health-related discussions with a care provider among smart device and mHealth apps owners. Results Compared to those without mHealth apps, individuals with mHealth apps had significantly higher odds of using their smart devices to track progress on a health-related goal (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 8.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.66–13.50, P < .001), to make a health-related decision (aOR 1.77, 95% CI: 1.16–2.71, P < .01) and in health-related discussions with care providers (aOR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.26–3.19, P < .01). Other significant factors of at least one type of HPB among smart device and mHealth apps users were age, gender, education, occupational status, having a regular provider, and self-rated general health. Conclusion mHealth apps are associated with increased rates of HPB among individuals with CCs. However, certain groups, like older adults, are most affected by a digital divide where they have lower access to mHealth apps and thus are not able to take advantage of these tools. Rigorous randomized clinical trials among various segments of the population and different health conditions are needed to establish the effectiveness of these mHealth apps. Healthcare providers should encourage validated mHealth apps for patients with CCs.
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Humphries, Jill. "Cyberorganizing United States Constituencies for Africa." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 5, no. 3 (2006): 163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915006778620115.
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AbstractThis case study examines how state level constituencies for Africa used advanced communication technology to organize and mobilize state delegations to the National Summit on Africa with the intent of effecting United States foreign policy toward Africa. More specifically, it focuses on the application of information communication technology (ICT) usage as a communication and coordination tool by the National Summit Secretariat. Secondly, it examines the extent to which state delegations used advanced communication technology to complete the relevant task of developing a national policy planof-action. I hypothesize that ICTs might assist the National Summit by reducing costs of attracting and maintaining membership and facilitating coordination and communication both horizontally (among membership) and vertically (to policymakers). Primary data collection methods included administering a survey to state chairs, conducting semi-structured interviews, and reviewing state web-pages and e-groups. Preliminary results indicate that information technology to some extent can reduce coordination problems and barriers to participation; however, other factors, such as computer literacy, access to computers, and the ability to use alternative institutional resources, mediate the effectiveness of information technology usage. Implications for implementing information technology as a more effective tool for collective organizing are explored.
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Logan, Judith. "Students Who Used the Library in Their First Year of University are More Likely to Graduate or Still be Enrolled After Four Years." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 13, no. 4 (2018): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29477.
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A Review of:
 Soria, K. M., Fransen, J., & Nackerud, S. (2017). The impact of academic library resources on undergraduates’ degree completion. College & Research Libraries, 78(6), 812–823. https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.78.6.812
 Abstract
 Objective – The researchers sought to measure the effect of accessing library resources on academic retention and graduation after four years while accounting for external factors that may influence academic outcomes.
 Design – Quasi-experimental observational study.
 Setting – A large public university in the Midwestern United States of America.
 Subjects – 5,368 first-year, non-transfer undergraduates; an entire freshman class.
 Methods – Using already collected student and library records data, the researchers grouped the population into those that had accessed one of five library resources at least once (treatment) and those who had not (control). The five treatment variables studied were circulation use, electronic resource or website access, library computer workstation logins, enrollment in open registration or course-embedded library instruction, and use of two reference services (online chat and peer research consultations).
 The researchers then performed a series of propensity score matching and regression analyses to compare the treatment and control groups’ outcome measures—graduation or continued enrollment after four years. These statistical models controlled for ten covariate measures that included SAT scores, first generation status, on campus residency, college of enrollment (e.g., business, engineering, education, biological sciences, design, or food, agriculture, and natural sciences), and demographic profiles. The regressions included subset analyses of the treatment group to determine if some treatment variables were associated with better outcomes than others.
 Main Results – The researchers found that students in the treatment group (n = 4,415) were 1.441 times more likely to graduate and 1.389 times more likely to still be enrolled after four years than those in the control group (n = 953). Both results were statistically significant at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively. The subset regression analyses revealed that accessing an electronic resource at least once was associated with the best graduation odds at 1.924 times (p < 0.001) and the best continued enrollment odds at 1.450 times (p < 0.001). Students who had accessed computer workstations and either of the two reference services studied were no more likely to have graduated or still been enrolled after four years than those who had not (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05).
 Conclusion – Accessing library services during the first year of university is associated with improved academic outcomes after four years. More research is needed to accurately measure this impact for methodological reasons. Libraries should document contact with students as much as possible for later assessment.
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Ashad-Bishop, Kilan C., Jordan A. Baeker-Bispo, Zinzi D. Bailey, and Erin K. Kobetz. "Abstract C083: Exploring relationships between neighborhood social vulnerability and cancer screening in Miami-Dade County." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (2023): C083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-c083.
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Abstract Purpose: Social and structural contributors to social vulnerability have been associated with cancer disparities across the continuum. This study aimed to explore relationships between indicators of neighborhood social vulnerability and participation in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening in Miami-Dade County. Methods: Data were obtained at the census tract level from the United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (2014-2018), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Social Vulnerability Index (2018), and the CDC PLACES dataset (2018). This analysis was restricted to Miami-Dade census tracts for which PLACES data was available on mammography (n=135), cervical cancer screening (n=115), and colorectal screening (n=136) participation. Census tracts were stratified into tertiles based on screening participation, then social vulnerability indicators were assessed among the tertiles. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify characteristics responsible for most variability in breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening. Results: Mammography participation was 51.76%, 58.80%, and 65.65% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p&lt;.001), earning an income below poverty (p&lt;.001), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p&lt;.001), the proportion of non-Hispanic White residents (p&lt;.001), unemployed residents (p&lt;.001), residents with a disability (p&lt;.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p&lt;.001) were significantly different between the tertiles. Cervical cancer screening participation was 79.60%, 84.36%, and 87.80% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p&lt;.001), earning an income below poverty (p&lt;.001), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p&lt;.001), and proportion of single-parent households with children under age 17 (p&lt;.001), non-Hispanic White residents (p&lt;.001), unemployed residents (p&lt;.001), residents with a disability (p&lt;.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p&lt;.001) were significantly different between the screening tertiles. Colorectal cancer screening participation was 79.26%, 81.06%, and 85.26% in the lower, middle, and upper tertiles, respectively. Among these tracts, per capita income (p&lt;.01), earning an income below poverty (p&lt;.004), educational attainment below earning an HS diploma (p&lt;.001), the proportion of residents with a disability (p&lt;.001), and people with no computer or limited access to the internet (p&lt;.001) were significantly different between the screening tertiles. Conclusions: These data suggest that social vulnerability is associated with cancer screening uptake, namely mammography, cervical cancer screening, and colorectal cancer screening. Further investigation of the social and structural factors contributing to disparities in cancer screening will help appropriately allocate resources and craft effective interventions to reduce the burden of cancer among those most vulnerable. Citation Format: Kilan C. Ashad-Bishop, Jordan A. Baeker-Bispo, Zinzi D. Bailey, Erin K. Kobetz. Exploring relationships between neighborhood social vulnerability and cancer screening in Miami-Dade County [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C083.
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Samuel-Nakamura, Christine, and Felicia Schanche Hodge. "American Indian/Alaska Native community infrastructure limitations amid the COVID-19 threat." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 11, no. 8 (2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n8p62.
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Objective: The recent SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic that is spreading throughout the nation is a particular threat to American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. The use of recommended methods to prevent or mitigate the spread of the virus, such as hand washing, social distancing, masks, contact tracing and community education is highly problematic at many of these sites. The objective of this paper is to identify and examine structural or cultural barriers to implementing COVID-19 recommendations on select reservation sites.Methods: A qualitative approach that collected and analyzed data from existing sources including newsletter articles, relevant policies and other published reports was instituted in the Spring of 2020. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) policies regarding COVID-19 recommendations to halt the spread of the virus were selected as the standard for COVID-19 prevention, surveillance and mitigation. News articles between March 1, 2020 and December 1, 2020 were identified using various search engines and tribal websites. Information from news resources, including literature reviews, newsletter articles, social media reports, and tribal policy announcements, were gathered and reviewed. Two U.S. southwestern communities are used as examples for the review.Results: Data collected from various sources paint a picture of American Indian communities that lack adequate community infrastructures, and have problems of residential isolation, close living quarters, and contaminated and scarce water supplies. Unsafe or limited water restricts handwashing. Limited informational tools, such as telephone, internet, computer and newsletters, restricted adequate notification of the novel coronavirus to American Indian reservation communities. Often, the lack of a physical home address can create barriers to healthcare accessibility and surveillance, as it limits the identification and access to households. In addition, many traditional cultures of AI/ANs emphasize the interrelatedness of all in nature and thus require an ecological approach to health education and preventive measures, identified as a limitation for COVID-19 surveillance and mitigation.Conclusions: AI/AN communities face a serious threat of contracting COVID-19. Four key infrastructure limitations to effective COVID-19 prevention, surveillance and mitigation were identified: limited access to safe water, deficient telecommunication networks (telephone, internet, and television), housing isolation and shortages, and inadequate medical services – are experienced by many AI/AN communities. Although there are 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States, the two identified in this study subscribe to an ecological approach to health education and preventive measures in that they believe in the interrelatedness of all things in nature. Surveillance questions may be misunderstood or seem invasive and prevention measures (masks, social distancing, and handwashing) may seem to be extreme measures to groups so close to the environment. Together, these present serious barriers to prevention and mitigation of the COVID-19 virus in this underserved population.
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McCann, Rebecca. "Public-Access Interactive Computers at State Welcome Centers in the United States: 1991 and 1995 Studies." Journal of Travel Research 37, no. 3 (1999): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004728759903700306.
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Rodwin, Marc A., and Sara Gerke. "German Pharmaceutical Pricing: Lessons for the United States." International Journal of Health Services 52, no. 1 (2021): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00207314211040948.
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To control pharmaceutical spending and improve access, the United States could adopt strategies similar to those introduced in Germany by the 2011 German Pharmaceutical Market Reorganization Act. In Germany, manufacturers sell new drugs immediately upon receiving marketing approval. During the first year, the German Federal Joint Committee assesses new drugs to determine their added medical benefit. It assigns them a score indicating their added benefit. New drugs comparable to drugs in a reference price group are assigned to that group and receive the same reimbursement, unless they are therapeutically superior. The National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Funds then negotiates with manufacturers the maximum reimbursement starting the 13th month, consistent with the drug's added benefit assessment and price caps in other European countries. In the absence of agreement, an arbitration board sets the price. Manufacturers accept the price resolution or exit the market. Thereafter, prices generally are not increased, even for inflation. US public and private insurers control prices in diverse ways, but typically obtain discounts by designating certain drugs as preferred and by restricting patient access or charging high copayment for nonpreferred drugs. This article draws 10 lessons for drug pricing reform in US federal programs and private insurance.
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Arms, William Y. "How effectively can computers be used skilled tasks of professional librarianship?" ETD - Educação Temática Digital 2, no. 1 (2009): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/etd.v2i1.560.
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Libraries are expensive and research libraries are particularly expensive. Even in the United States, few people can afford good access to primary scientific, medical, legal and scholarly information. Members of major universities have excellent library services. So do people who work in teaching hospitals, or for drug companies or rich law firms. Others have access to information only through the tedious, inefficient system of interlibrary lending. In less affluent countries the situation is worse; even the best universities cannot afford good libraries. Must access to scientific and professional information always be expensive, or is it possible that digital libraries might change this sad situation? The costs of a conventional research library fall into three main categories: facilities (which include buildings), library materials and staff. In digital libraries, the facilities costs are small, since digital libraries avoid the need for expensive buildings. Digital libraries require computers and networks, but these are relatively inexpensive, and the costs to users are shared with other services, such as electronic mail and word processing...
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Mammass, Mouad, and Fattehallah Ghadi. "An Overview on Access Control Models." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 6, no. 4 (2015): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2015100103.
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Research in the field of information security systems and access control were initiated in the early seventies by United States Department of Defense, following the emergence of new technical, scientific and social challenges. Since, many models of security have been set up to answer to some specific needs with more or less accuracy in term of security. This manuscript gives a survey on the current security models with a specific classification in term of their use: Access Control, Flow Control and Administration. This manuscript is the subject of an assessment of advantages and drawbacks of access control models cited in literature and also the efficiency of their security policies. Finally, a presentation of the contributions of Flow Control and Administration models that allow the reinforcement of the security.
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Garrett, M. Truett. "Instrumentation, control and automation progress in the United States in the last 24 years." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 12 (1998): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0489.
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A historical overview is presented of instrumentation control and automation as applied in US wastewater treatment plants. A description is given how computer equipment has progressed through direct digital control, distributed control, programmable logic controllers, to the use of personal computers along with PLC's or I/O boards in minimum systems. Software developments have brought systems analysis, expert systems, fuzzy logic control, and artificial neural network control. An instrumentation test house has been organized in the US to improve the odds of purchasing reliable instruments. Technical Conferences on ICA are presented regularly by the American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Association. There is still need for designers to consider a complete system that includes a data base for automatic preparation of reports on the plant for use at other levels as was called for by delegates to the early workshops.
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Iles, Susannah. "Prescription Restriction: Why Birth Control Must Be Over-the-Counter in the United States." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 26.2 (2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.26.2.prescription.
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This Note argues that it is harmful and unnecessary to require women to obtain prescriptions for access to hormonal birth control. Requiring a prescription is necessarily a barrier to access which hurts women and hamstrings the ability to dictate their own reproductive plans. It is also an irrational regulation in light of the relative safety of hormonal birth control pills, particularly progestin-only formulations, compared to other drugs readily available on the shelves. Leading medical organizations, including the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists, advocate for over-the-counter access to hormonal birth control. While acknowledging that not every woman will have positive outcomes taking hormonal birth control pills, this Note argues that women are capable of taking hormonal birth control as directed and are able to self-identify if they themselves are at risk for complications. Following a long line of cases that establish reproduction as a fundamental right in the United States, it follows that requiring a prescription for access can and should be analyzed under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment Due Process clauses, particularly under the Undue Burden standard. Certain prerequisites, such as pelvic exams, once thought to be necessary to safely prescribe hormonal birth control, are now widely considered unnecessary in determining whether a particular woman can safely take birth control pills. This Note goes further and argues that such prerequisites are an unconstitutional method of holding vital medication hostage from women who desire to control their reproductive health.
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Resnik, David B. "Strengthening the united states’ database protection laws: Balancing public access and private control." Science and Engineering Ethics 9, no. 3 (2003): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11948-003-0027-8.
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Makukh-Fedorkova, Ivanna. "The Role of Cinema in the History of Media Education in Canada." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 7 (December 23, 2019): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.221-234.
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The era of audiovisual culture began more than a hundred years ago with the advent of cinema, and is associated with a special language that underlies non-verbal communication processes. Today, screen influence on humans is dominant, as the generation for which computer is an integral part of everyday life has grown. In recent years, non-verbal language around the world has been a major tool in the fight for influence over human consciousness and intelligence. Formation of basic concepts of media education, which later developed into an international pedagogical movement, in a number of western countries (Great Britain, France, Germany) began in the 60’s and 70’s of the XX century. In Canada, as in most highly developed countries (USA, UK, France, Australia), the history of media education began to emerge from cinematographic material. The concept of screen education was formed by the British Society for Education in Film (SEFT), initiated by a group of enthusiastic educators in 1950. In the second half of the twentieth century, due to the intensive development of television, the initial term “film teaching” was transformed into “screen education”. The high intensity of students’ contact with new audiovisual media has become a subject of pedagogical excitement. There was a problem adjusting your children’s audience and media. The most progressive Canadian educators, who have recognized the futility of trying to differentiate students from the growing impact of TV and cinema, have begun introducing a special course in Screen Arts. The use of teachers of the rich potential of new audiovisual media has greatly optimized the learning process itself, the use of films in the classroom has become increasingly motivated. At the end of 1968, an assistant position was created at the Ontario Department of Education, which coordinated work in the “onscreen education” field. It is worth noting that media education in Canada developed under the influence of English media pedagogy. The first developments in the study of “screen education” were proposed in 1968 by British Professor A. Hodgkinson. Canadian institutions are actively implementing media education programs, as the development of e-learning is linked to the hope of solving a number of socio-economic problems. In particular, raising the general education level of the population, expanding access to higher levels of education, meeting the needs for higher education, organizing regular training of specialists in various fields. After all, on the way of building an e-learning system, countries need to solve a set of complex technological problems to ensure the functioning of an extensive network of training centers, quality control of the educational process, training of teaching staff and other problems. Today, it is safe to say that Canada’s media education is on the rise and occupies a leading position in the world. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, Canada’s media education reached a level of mass development, based on serious theoretical and methodological developments. Moreover, Canada remains the world leader in higher education and spends at least $ 25 billion on its universities annually. Only the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are the biggest competitors in this area.
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Cortes, Kalena E. "Achieving the DREAM: The Effect of IRCA on Immigrant Youth Postsecondary Educational Access." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (2013): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.428.
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This paper contributes to the existing literature on the effect of legal status on educational access among immigrant youth in the United States. The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants who entered the United States before 1982. Using a difference-indifferences framework, I analyze the effect of this large amnesty program on immigrant youth's postsecondary educational access. My main finding shows that immigrant youths who were granted amnesty under IRCA are more likely to enroll in postsecondary education.
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Lasagni, Giulia. "Tackling phone searches in Italy and the United States." New Journal of European Criminal Law 9, no. 3 (2018): 386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284418798053.
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With the advent of digital technologies, most people are constantly carrying in their pockets or personal belongings an increasing amount of information stored on mobile electronic devices (like smartphones or smartwatches, just to mention a few). Most of these ‘multifunctional computers that just happen to have telephone capabilities’ can store tens of gigabytes of private information, a circumstance simply unthinkable only a few decades ago. The consequences of this situation heavily affect criminal investigations and appear especially evident in search incident to arrest. Indeed, while in a predigital era, searching a person meant searching of a physical body and potentially, of carried physical items, applying the same rules to smartphones or other equivalent devices changes rather drastically the impact of this investigative technique and confers to law enforcement and/or prosecutors access to an incredible amount of personal data. Search incident to arrest, however, represents only a tip of the iceberg of the revolution brought to criminal justice systems by digital technology, to which most legal frameworks remains utterly unprepared. Against this background, this article compares the state of play on procedural safeguards concerning search of digital devices like smartphones in the United States, after the notorious decision Riley v. California, with the Italian legal system. From this specific circumstance, general considerations will be drawn upon the need of rethinking the foundational basis of fundamental rights and freedoms established by the European Convention on Human Rights and by the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union in light of the advent of digital technology, trying to delineate some guidelines from which to extrapolate procedural rules able to guarantee an adequate level of safeguard in the digital era.
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Norton, Brianna L., Brianna L. Norton, Nataly Rios Gutierrez, Chinazo O. Cunningham, and Alain H. Litwin. "1062. HCV GET-UP: A Group Evaluation and Treatment Uptake Intervention Improves HCV Linkage to Care for PWID." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (2020): S559—S560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1248.
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Abstract Background Though PWID represent the overwhelming majority of those living with HCV in the United States, most have not been treated. PWID often have reduced access to specialty care, as well as limited HCV knowledge, low perceived vulnerability to poor HCV-related health outcomes, poor self-efficacy, high levels of perceived stigma, and mistrust of healthcare providers. We therefore evaluated an primary care based HCV Group Evaluation and Treatment UPtake (HCV GET-UP) intervention to improve HCV medical evaluation and treatment uptake for HCV+ PWIDs. Figure 1 Methods We enrolled 84 HCV+ PWID and randomize them 1:1 to a 4-week group evaluation intervention followed by individual treatment (intervention) versus onsite treatment alone (control). The group consisted of 4 weekly 1-hour sessions focused on HCV education, peer motivation, and health behavior change skills, along with an HCV medical evaluation. Both arms received HCV treatment according to national guidelines. Baseline questionnaires were performed via Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) technology. Clinical Data was extracted from the medical chart. Our primary outcomes were HCV linkage to care (HCV evaluation) and treatment uptake. Bivariate analyses were performed to evaluate HCV treatment outcomes between arms using chi square tests. Results Of the 76 participants that have currently completed the study (84 enrolled) 35% identified their race as black, 61% identified their ethnicity as Hispanic, 79% were male, and 25% of the participants were homeless. 87% had genotype 1, 28% were HIV+, and 20% had cirrhosis. Baseline urine tocixicologies were positive for cocaine in 38% of participants and 40% for heroin. Of those randomized to the group treatment arm vs individual arm 87% vs 62% were linked to care (p=0.012), 51% vs. 41% initiated treatment (p=.35), 41% vs. 35% completed treatment (p=0.6), and 33% vs. 27% (p=0.6) Conclusion HCV GET-UP, a primary-care based group evaluation and treatment uptake intervention significantly improved linkage to care for HCV+ PWID. Though this is encouraging, we must integrate other interventions to aid PWID as they move through the more proximal steps of the HCV cascade, for HCV cure still remains elusive for the majority of PWID enrolled. Disclosures Chinazo O. Cunningham, MD, MPH, General Electric Health (Other Financial or Material Support, My husband is currently employed by General Electric Health and receives stock and stock options.)Quest Diagnostics (Other Financial or Material Support, My husband was previously employed by Quest Diagnostics and received stocks and stock options.) Alain H. Litwin, MD, MPH, MS, Gilead (Advisor or Review Panel member)Merck (Advisor or Review Panel member)
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Rodwin, Marc A. "Pharmaceutical Price and Spending Controls in France: Lessons for the United States." International Journal of Health Services 50, no. 2 (2020): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419897580.
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As U.S. policymakers consider strategies to control pharmaceutical spending, they can learn from France, which has stopped drug spending growth without slowing access to innovative medicines. France determines the comparative therapeutic value of new drugs. Insurance pays more for drugs superior to their comparator and the same or less for drugs offering modest or no improvement. Contracts require discounts for high sales volume and prohibit price increases. In addition, payers reduce prices of older drugs. Furthermore, Parliament sets an insurance pharmaceutical spending budget, and manufacturers pay clawbacks when spending exceeds the budget. France offers these lessons: setting prices based on added therapeutic value is a principled means to cap new drug prices and provides incentives for manufacturers to negotiate prices. Restricting formularies can help lower prices. Insurers can link prices and quantity to control spending and improper uses. Insurers can use global budgets to control spending and negotiate prices. Contracts can prevent manufacturers from raising prices after launch. External reference pricing can reduce price discrimination but is difficult to implement. Nations can ensure rapid access to new drugs while controlling prices. Regulation and competition are complementary strategies to control drug spending.
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Newton Miller, Laura. "Labour Costs for Inventory Control Less Expensive than Repurchasing." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 5, no. 3 (2010): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8x32x.
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A Review of:
 Sung, J. S., Whisler, J. A., & Sung, N. (2009). A cost-benefit analysis of a collections inventory project: A statistical analysis of inventory data from a medium-sized academic library. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 35(4), 314-323.
 
 Objective – To describe an inventory system that was created within the library and to show the cost-effectiveness of using the inventory system compared to the price of reacquiring mis-shelved books. 
 
 Design – Bibliometric study and cost-benefit analysis.
 
 Setting – Medium-sized academic library in a rural community of the United States.
 
 Subjects – Approximately 300,000 books from LC classifications D through H, N, P and Q, representing two thirds of the library’s entire monograph collection.
 
 Methods – The library created its own electronic inventory and shelf-reading program, using a laptop computer equipped with a hand-held scanner, to scan barcodes in the stacks. Library staff used the Microsoft Access database to update two files containing a shelf-list and an active-status list while the books were scanned. The program alerted the worker if books found had an active status (i.e., Missing, Renewed, Overdue, Charged), were not in the correct order, or were not in the system. Each transaction created a log which contained a time stamp (to the second), the call number and the barcode number. It also took note of scanning errors, books that were out of order, and books that were not on a shelf-list. After a complete section was examined, a list was produced to reveal the distance of mis-shelved books from their correct location and the amount of time between each scan. The researchers used statistical analysis (using SPSS 15.0) to measure scan speed for each scan, mis-shelving rate and error distance of each mis-shelved book. In order to analyze the cost of labour to replace a book versus the cost of inventorying, the researchers estimated the salary costs of staff members involved in selection, acquisition and cataloguing. The library spent $440,000 USD in labour costs to purchase 15,000 monographs in one fiscal year (approximately $30.00 USD in labour costs per book). They multiplied this by 5300 books that were found to be “badly” mis-shelved (found beyond 25 books away from the proper position). Labour fees were used to determine costs of inventorying by calculating average scanning speed and cost per hour to pay someone to scan the entire half-million monograph collection.
 
 Main Results – It took approximately 707 hours to scan 305,000 monographs. The average (mode) calculation for scans was 5 seconds for 80% of the barcodes, with an average (mean) of 8.35 seconds between scans. The longest average (mean) time for scanning barcodes was in the N section, followed by G, H, P, Q, D, E and F. A total of 291 books were found on the shelves with an “active” status (i.e., Charged (4), Overdue (7), Renewed (4), In Transit (24), and Missing (228)). Twenty-four books with the status “Miscellaneous” (i.e., At Bindery, Call Slip, Cataloguing Review, Damaged, and Mending) were also found on the shelves. Of the 15 active books in the categories “Charged”, “Overdue” and “Renewed”, ten were found in the proper position on the shelf. Of the 228 “Missing” books, 30% were scanned in the correct location, 10% were found 26 to 100 books away, and half were located over 100 books from their proper location. In addition to the books already marked as “Missing” in the catalogue, there were 516 books (.17% of the entire scanned section) still not found on the shelf after three searches over a period of 6 months. Of the 291 active status books found on the shelves, 52% were reused as of July 2008. (The inventory was completed at the end of 2006). Over 36% of books mis-shelved further than 25 books from their correct location were reused. However, among all books scanned, only 17% were reused during the same time period. The researchers noted that inconsistencies between the call number as shown on the book label and how it appeared in the catalogue occurred 565 times. Of these discrepancies, 40% of the labels resulted in books being misplaced ten or fewer books away, 10% misplaced between 10 and 100 books away, and 35% misplaced more than 100 books away from the correct position. In general, 82% of mis-shelved books were found within 1 to 25 books away from their correct location. By calculating that 5300 books were mis-shelved beyond 25 books away from their proper position, labour costs were estimated to be at least $159,000 USD (5300 x $30.00 USD per book in labour costs). Costs for interlibrary loan were calculated at approximately $30.00 USD per transaction, and patron’s time wasted trying to locate misplaced books was estimated at 30 minutes per book. This was much more than the labour costs associated with scanning books, which at an average speed of 8 seconds per book and $10.00 US per hour for scanning worked out to be 2.2 cents per book, or $11,000 USD to scan the entire half-million monograph collection.
 
 Conclusion – The results appear to reveal that the labour costs for inventory control are less expensive than repurchasing or borrowing the same number of books.
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Lawrence, Amanda. "Electronic Documents in a Print World: Grey Literature and the Internet." Media International Australia 143, no. 1 (2012): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1214300114.
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Reports and documents from government and other organisations have existed for centuries, but in the post-war period their production increased significantly. Computers, databases, desktop publishing software and the internet have revolutionised the ways documents can be produced and disseminated, allowing individuals, groups and organisations access to a whole new world of information. The result has been an explosion in online publishing that has transformed scholarly communication. Research reports – or grey literature as they are also known – are now an essential part of many disciplines, including science and technology, health, environmental science and many areas of public policy. While access to these reports has become easier in many respects, online publishing presents many challenges as well, particularly for collecting organisations faced with the task of adapting their systems. The management of grey literature raises many issues that are still not resolved today. This article provides some background to these ongoing challenges in Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom and Europe.
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Luke, D. "State youth-access tobacco control policies and youth smoking behavior in the United States." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 19, no. 3 (2000): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00196-3.
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Weinberg, Gerhard L. "German Documents in the United States." Central European History 41, no. 4 (2008): 555–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000848.
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At the end of World War II, vast quantities of German documents had fallen into the hands of the Allies either during hostilities or in the immediately following weeks. Something will be said near the end of this report about the archives captured or seized by the Soviet Union; the emphasis here will be on those that came into the possession of the Western Allies. The United States and Great Britain made agreements for joint control and exploitation, of which the most important was the Bissell-Sinclair agreement named for the intelligence chiefs who signed it. The German naval, foreign office, and chancellery archives were to be physically located in England, while the military, Nazi Party, and related files were to come to the United States. Each of the two countries was to be represented at the site of the other's holdings, have access to the files, and play a role in decisions about their fate. The bulk of those German records that came to the United States were deposited in a section of a World War I torpedo factory in Alexandria, Virginia, which had been made into the temporary holding center for the World War II records of the American army and American theater commands. In accordance with the admonition to turn swords into plowshares, the building is now an artists' boutique.
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Prata, Ndola, Karen Weidert, Anne Zepecki, et al. "Using Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to Access Google Data and Gain Insights Into Searches on Birth Control in Louisiana and Mississippi, 2014-2018: Infoveillance Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 7 (2021): e25923. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25923.
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Background It is now common to search for health information online. A 2013 Pew Research Center survey found that 77% of online health seekers began their query at a search engine. The widespread use of online health information seeking also applies to women’s reproductive health. Despite online interest in birth control, not much is known about related interests and concerns reflected in the search terms in the United States. Objective In this study, we identify the top search terms on Google related to birth control in Louisiana and Mississippi and compare those results to the broader United States, examining how Google searches on birth control have evolved over time and identifying regional variation within states. Methods We accessed search data on birth control from 2014-2018 from 2 Google application programming interfaces (APIs), Google Trends and Google Health Trends. We selected Google as it is the most commonly used search engine. We focused our analysis on data from 2017 and compared with 2018 data as appropriate. To assess trends, we analyzed data from 2014 through 2018. To compare the relative search frequencies of the top queries across Louisiana, Mississippi, and the United States, we used the Google Health Trends API. Relative search volume by designated marketing area (DMA) gave us the rankings of search volume for each birth control method in each DMA as compared to one another. Results Results showed that when people searched for “birth control” in Louisiana and the broader United States, they were searching for information on a diverse spectrum of methods. This differs from Mississippi, where the data indicated people were mainly searching for information related to birth control pills. Across all locations, searches for birth control pills were significantly higher than any other queries related to birth control in the United States, Louisiana, and Mississippi, and this trend remained constant from 2014 to 2018. Regional level analysis showed variations in search traffic for birth control across each state. Conclusions The internet is a growing source of health information for many users, including information on birth control. Understanding popular Google search queries on birth control can inform in-person discussions initiated by family planning practitioners and broader birth control messaging campaigns. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/16543
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Lansey, Dina George, Rohan Ramalingam, and Otis W. Brawley. "Health Care Policy and Disparities in Health." Cancer Journal 29, no. 6 (2023): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0000000000000680.
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Abstract The United States has seen a 33% decline in age-adjusted cancer mortality since 1991. Despite this achievement, the United States has some of the greatest health disparities of any developed nation. US government policies are increasingly directed toward reducing health disparities and promoting health equity. These policies govern the conduct of research, cancer prevention, access, and payment for care. Although implementation of policies has played a significant role in the successes of cancer control, inconsistent implementation of policy has resulted in divergent outcomes; poorly designed or inadequately implemented policies have hindered progress in reducing cancer death rates and, in certain cases, exacerbated existing disparities. Examining policies affecting cancer control in the United States and realizing their unintended consequences are crucial in addressing cancer inequities.
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Ostendorf, Adam P., Stephanie M. Ahrens, Fred Alexander Lado, et al. "United States Epilepsy Center Characteristics." Neurology 98, no. 5 (2021): e449-e458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000013130.
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Background and ObjectivesPatients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) may benefit from specialized testing and treatments to better control seizures and improve quality of life. Most evaluations and procedures for DRE in the United States are performed at epilepsy centers accredited by the National Association of Epilepsy Centers (NAEC). On an annual basis, the NAEC collects data from accredited epilepsy centers on hospital-based epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) size and admissions, diagnostic testing, surgeries, and other services. This article highlights trends in epilepsy center services from 2012 through 2019.MethodsWe analyzed data reported in 2012, 2016, and 2019 from all level 3 and level 4 NAEC accredited epilepsy centers. Data were described using frequency for categorical variables and median for continuous variables and were analyzed by center level and center population category. EMU beds, EMU admissions, epileptologists, and aggregate procedure volumes were also described using rates per population per year.ResultsDuring the period studied, the number of NAEC accredited centers increased from 161 to 256, with the largest increases in adult- and pediatric-only centers. Growth in EMU admissions (41%), EMU beds (26%), and epileptologists (109%) per population occurred. Access to specialized testing and services broadly expanded. The largest growth in procedure volumes occurred in laser interstitial thermal therapy (LiTT) (61%), responsive neurostimulation (RNS) implantations (114%), and intracranial monitoring without resection (152%) over the study period. Corpus callosotomies and vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantations decreased (−12.8% and −2.4%, respectively), while growth in temporal lobectomies (5.9%), extratemporal resections (11.9%), and hemispherectomies/otomies (13.1%) lagged center growth (59%), leading to a decrease in median volumes of these procedures per center.DiscussionDuring the study period, the availability of specialty epilepsy care in the United States improved as the NAEC implemented its accreditation program. Surgical case complexity increased while aggregate surgical volume remained stable or declined across most procedure types, with a corresponding decline in cases per center. This article describes recent data trends and current state of resources and practice across NAEC member centers and identifies several future directions for driving systematic improvements in epilepsy care.
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Garrison, Laurel E., Kristin M. S. Shaw, Jeffrey T. McCollum, et al. "On-Site Availability of Legionella Testing in Acute Care Hospitals, United States." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 7 (2014): 898–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676871.
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We surveyed 399 US acute care hospitals regarding availability of on-site Legionella testing; 300 (75.2%) did not offer Legionella testing on site. Availability varied according to hospital size and geographic location. On-site access to testing may improve detection of Legionnaires disease and inform patient management and prevention efforts.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;35(7):898–900
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Fielding, Jonah A. H., Brent S. Hawks, W. Michael Aust, M. Chad Bolding, and Scott M. Barrett. "Estimated Erosion from Clearcut Timber Harvests in the Southeastern United States." Forest Science 68, no. 3 (2022): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxac013.
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Abstract Timber harvests with inadequate forestry best management practices (BMPs) can accelerate soil erosion, which has been associated with reductions in water quality and site productivity. Previous studies affirm positive water quality effects accrued by harvesting with BMPs. However, few studies document erosion rates and masses associated with harvest and access network features (e.g., decks, roads, skid trails, stream crossings) across different southeastern regions. This research evaluated 109 recent harvests across eleven southeastern states and three topographically different regions (Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountains). Descriptive statistics of erosion for harvests and access features were developed from USLE-Forest model estimates. Harvests and access network areas were used in conjunction with erosion averages to calculate total erosion masses. Across the southeast, combined network features averaged nearly 12% of total harvest area yet produced approximately 48% of total site erosion due to disproportionately higher erosion rates. Regional differences indicated that the Mountain region had an average overall erosion rate of 6.8 t/ac/yr, whereas the Piedmont and Coastal Plain sites had lower average erosion rates of 2.7 and 2.2 t/ac/yr, respectively. Results suggest that additional BMP implementation strategies may be beneficial for erosion control from roads, skid trails, and stream crossings, particularly in erosive landscapes.
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Haque, Mary, Reginald Baumgardner, and David Price. "COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND VIDEO-DISC TECHNOLOGY IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN CLASSES." HortScience 25, no. 9 (1990): 1181f—1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1181f.
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Several forms of computer technology have been successfully integrated into classes at Clemson University using Mac II computers and MacDraft software. Beginning students are producing professional looking plans with consistent line quality and individual graphic style. Plant selection for designs has been augmented through plant images contained on two videodiscs; Woody Landscape Plants of the Temperate United States and Clemson University Video Encyclopedia of Herbaceous Ornamental. Access is accomplished via MacRAPID© CU, a Hypercard© stack that also provides a linkage to MacCAPS© Terisan. With these two programs, the user can quickly select and view, based on specific criteria, plants suitable for a given landscape.
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Casanova, Carmen, and Barbara Starfield. "Hospitalizations of Children and Access to Primary Care: A Cross-National Comparison." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 2 (1995): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcf7-alx9-6cn3-7x9g.
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In the United States, hospital admissions for conditions sensitive to primary care are related to socioeconomic characteristics. The authors compare the prevalence of avoidable hospital admissions and their relationship to socioeconomic and primary care characteristics in Spain and the United States. A case-control analysis of the relationship between avoidable hospitalizations and socioeconomic characteristics (illiteracy, unemployment, income) and primary care characteristics (type of physician and facilities for primary care) of children's area of residence was conducted in Spain. Bivariate statistical tests and conditional logistic regression were used to test the strength of the association among the variables, and to calculate the probability of being admitted to hospital for treatment of an ambulatory care sensitive (ACS) condition. Neither socioeconomic nor primary care characteristics affected this probability, and the rate of admission for ACS conditions was lower in Spain than in the United States. The provision of universal financial access to care and the availability of a consistent and accountable primary care provider are associated with lower hospitalization rates for conditions that are preventable with good primary care.
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Олег Геннадійович Данильян and Олександр Петрович Дзьобань. "THE VIRTUALNESS IS IN SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT: SPATIAL MODUS." Bulletin of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University. Series:Philosophy, philosophies of law, political science, sociology 1, no. 48 (2021): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2075-7190.48.224377.
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Problem setting. An identity is formed and develops on a border social and personal realities, by submitting a soba their contradictory unity the study of that helps social philosophy to expose the features of life of modern society. For the study of virtuality the analysis of totality of spatially-judicial descriptions of authentication is needed, that will allow to overcome the context of her opening out in the conditions of virtualization of society, when the potential prevails above available. Life is impossible out of time and space, it has specific spatial descriptions.
 Recent research and publications analysis. Despite the growing interest in the study of the virtual, in modern scientific discourse there is still no unambiguous interpretation of the term "virtual reality": it is understood as an artificial environment supported by computer programming tools (including the Internet and computer simulators), a number of human mental states ( hypnotic trance, dreams, creative process, etc.), as well as a set of phenomena associated with the functioning of the media environment (media, digital economy, etc.). As a result of this posture, the attention of researchers remained the problems of the influence of spatial parameters of virtuality in the social environment.
 Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to consider the features of spatiality inherent in virtual reality in general, as well as the specifics of cyber-virtuality as a special manifestation of the virtual in social reality.
 Paper main body. Entering the virtual environment involves going through the initial registration procedure and subsequent identification, a kind of simplified initiation rites, “initiation” into users. In addition, the user gets the opportunity to identify himself as “his”, acquires a different status than the “guest”, which is anonymous, invisible, in many cases does not have access to information or cannot leave comments. Leaving the Web returns a person to a state of anonymity, while re-entering leads to individuation and return to the cyber-virtual microspace, the person's immediate environment on the Web.
 The concept of "virtual ghetto" is considered, which means a space that isolates subjects within the framework of a virtual social community from other groups through borrowing patterns of social interaction and through the choice of contexts of self-presentation that allow them to best "fit" into their environment.
 The Internet is a new space for social practices, a space of boundless, relatively free, communication, despite the desire to control the processes taking place there by the authorities. This is a space for free self-expression of a person, a refuge for creative research, a repository of wisdom, an arena for debate, a work of art that can be valued as a masterpiece of music, painting or architecture. Here it is possible to create social movements based on value identities, independent of the so-called flows (informational, symbolic, monetary, etc.) that regulate social life, set its pace and often contribute to human alienation in the modern world, in particular, through control over access to the Internet.
 Comprehension of the category of virtual space leads to the statement that traditional spatial oppositions are erased here, and any point in the world can become close and even central. The cycles of entry and exit from this space set the rhythm of relations within virtual communities, self-developing intellectual systems, united by a semantic field that is significant for each of their members.
 Conclusions of the research. Relations within virtual communities are determined in a certain way by the functioning of social fields characterized by a set of norms, the internalization of which leads to the inclusion of the individual in the field, where he is endowed with some freedom of action. Human limitation by the framework of the field, his dependence on the virtual microspace in decision-making, being on the “virtual periphery” is opposed to absolute freedom, leading, ultimately, to the limitation of the framework of personal space, fraught with alienation from society, the loss of the need for communication and society.
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Witmer, Gary W., and Pam L. Fuller. "Vertebrate species introductions in the United States and its territories." Current Zoology 57, no. 5 (2011): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/57.5.559.
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Abstract At least 1,065 introduced vertebrate species have been introduced in the United States and its territories, including at least 86 mammalian, 127 avian, 179 reptilian/amphibian, and 673 fish species. Examples in each major taxonomic group include domestic cat, small Indian mongoose, red fox, goat, pig, rabbit, rats, house mouse, gray squirrel, nutria, starling, Indian common myna, red-vented bulbul, brown treesnake, red-eared slider, brown trout, tilapia, and grass carp. We briefly review some of these species and the types of damage they cause. We then review the basic types of methods used for control or eradication of each taxonomic group, including physical, chemical, biological, and cultural methods. We discuss some of the challenges in managing these species, including issues with the use of toxicants, land access, public attitudes, and monitoring difficulties. Finally, we list some ongoing research and future research needs, including improved detection methods, improved attractants, improved barriers, improved capture methods, fertility control, and risk assessment methods.