Artigos de revistas: "Computer-aided design Case studies"

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Xin, Y., e W. B. Whiting. "Case Studies of Computer-Aided Design Sensitivity to Thermodynamic Data and Models". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 39, n.º 8 (agosto de 2000): 2998–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie990617t.

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Hamid, Nor Faharina Abdul, Nurul Jannah Zulkefle, Tengku Fazrina Tengku Mohd Ariff, ZuryatiAb Ghani e Rohana Ahmad. "Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD / CAM) Post and Core - A Review". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n.º 36 (6 de setembro de 2021): 3143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/640.

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BACKGROUND Nowadays, the use of computer aided design / computer aided manufacturing (CAD / CAM) in fabricating indirect restoration such as onlay, crown and bridge has increased tremendously. However, there is lack of clinical information and evidence on current material and fabrication techniques of CAD / CAM post and core. This paper describes the classification of the post and core system and review current perspectives on recent development of CAD / CAM post and core. An electronic search of the literature was performed via PubMed and Scopus database, using the keyword (post and core) and (CAD / CAM) and (CAD / CAM post and core) as MeSH term. Articles eligible for inclusion in the present review were published in English, journal article and dated from January 2000 until November 2020. A total of 31 publications consisting of 18 in-vitro studies, 7 case reports, 4 finite element analysis and 2 clinical techniques were included in this review. Analysis parameters included are options of chairside CAD / CAM materials, CAD / CAM system and milling machine used, advantages and disadvantages and future direction of CAD / CAM post and core. CAD /CAM post and core can be alternative option as compared to the custom-made post and core and prefabricated post and core. KEY WORDS Computer - Aided Design, Computer - Aided Manufacturing, Dental Material, Indirect Restoration, Post and Core

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Wei, Hong-yuan. "Computer-aided design and scale-up of crystallization processes: Integrating approaches and case studies". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, n.º 10 (outubro de 2010): 1377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.07.020.

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Peel, Sean, Satyajeet Bhatia, Dominic Eggbeer, Daniel S. Morris e Caroline Hayhurst. "Evolution of design considerations in complex craniofacial reconstruction using patient-specific implants". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 231, n.º 6 (25 de dezembro de 2016): 509–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411916681346.

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Previously published evidence has established major clinical benefits from using computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, and additive manufacturing to produce patient-specific devices. These include cutting guides, drilling guides, positioning guides, and implants. However, custom devices produced using these methods are still not in routine use, particularly by the UK National Health Service. Oft-cited reasons for this slow uptake include the following: a higher up-front cost than conventionally fabricated devices, material-choice uncertainty, and a lack of long-term follow-up due to their relatively recent introduction. This article identifies a further gap in current knowledge – that of design rules, or key specification considerations for complex computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing/additive manufacturing devices. This research begins to address the gap by combining a detailed review of the literature with first-hand experience of interdisciplinary collaboration on five craniofacial patient case studies. In each patient case, bony lesions in the orbito-temporal region were segmented, excised, and reconstructed in the virtual environment. Three cases translated these digital plans into theatre via polymer surgical guides. Four cases utilised additive manufacturing to fabricate titanium implants. One implant was machined from polyether ether ketone. From the literature, articles with relevant abstracts were analysed to extract design considerations. In all, 19 frequently recurring design considerations were extracted from previous publications. Nine new design considerations were extracted from the case studies – on the basis of subjective clinical evaluation. These were synthesised to produce a design considerations framework to assist clinicians with prescribing and design engineers with modelling. Promising avenues for further research are proposed.

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DE VRIES, BAUKE, JORAN JESSURUN, NICOLE SEGERS e HENRI ACHTEN. "Word graphs in architectural design". Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 19, n.º 4 (novembro de 2005): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060405050195.

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In computer-aided architectural design, words are an underemployed source of information. Through a series of case studies, we deduced a design annotation data model. All entities in this model can be captured from the design draft, except one: the word relation. Therefore, a system was developed that generates word graphs using single words from the draft as input. The system searches for semantic relations between words and for new intermediate words that can connect two existing words. The system has filters that select only those graphs that are considered interesting by the designers. The envisioned applications of word graphs in the context of computer-aided architectural design are to contribute to the architect's design and to enhance the fluency of the design. These expectations are met, but must be considered in relation to the architect's drafting behavior.

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Wu, Qun, Shou Qian Sun e Zhan Xun Dong. "A Computer-Aided Ergonomics Evaluation System for Customized Furniture Design". Advanced Materials Research 102-104 (março de 2010): 890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.102-104.890.

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Customized product development is facing the challenges of maintaining mass producibility and exploring customer perception on target products. The objective of this study was the application of ergonomic evaluation method for customized furniture design in virtual environment. At the first, the system architecture was built, and gordian techniques of the system were analyzed. Then a representative case was studied. In this case study, 3D scanning system and Motion Capture were used to get information of given user/users, REBA and Lifting Index (LI) of revised NIOSH lifting equation were selected as ergonomics evaluation methods. The prototype’s usability was verified by the result. This method can also be used to solve other relative problems.

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Nguyen, Cong Hong Phong, Youngdoo Kim, Quang Thang Do e Young Choi. "Implicit-based computer-aided design for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures". Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 8, n.º 3 (13 de maio de 2021): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwab016.

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Abstract Additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of complex structures such as cellular structures. Although numerous design frameworks have been proposed for cellular structures, their effectiveness was limited owing to the use of B-rep-based representation. To address the limitations in previous research, this study proposes an implicit-based computer-aided design framework customized for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures (AM-FGCSs). The proposed design framework effectively aids in both single- and multiscale structural optimization for designing FGCSs. Moreover, implicit-based modeling afforded a reliable geometric representation that could efficiently assist computation tasks such as visualization, validation, and process planning for fabrication. In addition, two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for designing FGCSs. The first case study on a three-point bending beam design problem proved the practicality of implicit-based representation in multiscale structural design. Meanwhile, the second case study validated the proficiency of the proposed framework in process planning for fabrication and engineering analysis, the two most vital computation tasks in designing cellular structures.

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Tefelski, D. B., T. Piotrowski, A. Polański, J. Skubalski e V. Blideanu. "Monte-Carlo aided design of neutron shielding concretes". Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences 61, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2013): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2013-0015.

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Abstract The process of design of building composites, like concrete is a complex one and involves many aspects like physical and mechanical properties, durability, shielding efficiency, costs of production and dismantlement etc. There are plenty of parameters to optimize and computer tools can help to choose the best solution. A computer aided design plays an important role nowadays. It becomes more accurate, faster and cheaper, so laboratories often apply computer simulation methods prior to field testing. In case of nuclear engineering, the radiation shielding problems are of much importance, because safety of such facilities is a key point. In this article the most effective methods for neutron shielding studies based on Monte-Carlo simulations of neutron transport and nuclide activation studies in concrete are presented. Two codes: MCNPX and CINDER’90 are extensively used to compare the shielding efficiency of commonly used concretes and to study the influence of concentration of B, Ba and Fe elements on shielding efficiency

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Narayanan, C. M. "Studies on Computer-Aided Design and Analysis of Three-Phase Semifluidized Bed Bioreactors". Chemical Product and Process Modeling 10, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2015): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cppm-2014-0029.

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Abstract Attempts have been made to perform computer-aided analysis and simulation of the performance of a three-phase semifluidized bed bioreactor. The bioreactor is of biofilm type. Cocurrent operation with liquid (substrate solution) forming the continuous phase has been considered. Both air and feed solution are thus admitted from the bottom, the air moving up as tiny bubbles. Being semifluidized, the bioreactor is composed of a fully fluidized bed at the bottom and a packed bed at the top. The performance of the bioreactor is analysed by assuming it to be equivalent to two plug flow dispersion reactors (PFDRs) in series, each with a different value of dispersion number/axial dispersion coefficient. The performance equations (assuming dispersed flow) for both sections are written separately and then solved numerically using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method/successive over-relaxation method, based on appropriate boundary conditions. The specific case considered is the aerobic synthesis of Xanthan gum from cheese whey permeate, which follows Contois-type kinetic equation. The fractional gas holdup in both sections, height ratio of fluidized section to packed section and the semifluidization velocity are computed at the outset from selected experimental correlations (compiled from available literature). The results obtained from the developed software package, after verifying experimentally, are used to study and illustrate the performance characteristics of the bioreactor. It is observed that the three-phase semifluidized bed biofilm reactor of proposed design provides substantially large fractional conversion of substrate at large capacities, with relatively low reactor volume requirement.

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Ko, Kaon, e Salvator-John Liotta. "Decoding Culture Parametrically: Digital Tea House Case Studies". International Journal of Architectural Computing 9, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2011): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1478-0771.9.4.325.

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This paper reviews the Digital Tea House, a workshop held at the University of Tokyo with the aim to build three pavilions for hosting tea ceremony. As first attempts on cultivating formal innovations resulting from digital design process applied to construction of tea houses, the works convey that parametric design can be a mechanism through which architects are able to produce new images of a tea house and renew its conceptual meanings, and that it can be a tool to retain architecture convergent with cultural values. The authors analyze issues addressed in the workshop that range from applications of computational design, interpretations of tradition, structural stability, to solutions for quick physical materialization within limited time and budget. This paper clarifies the following: First, that parametric processes are not contradictory to traditional cultural principles; and second, how traditional elements of the tea house were decoded and formally reinterpreted through parametric designs.

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Houshmand, Mahmoud, Arya Karami e Reza Ghasemi. "An Integrated Framework for Product Design and Macro Process Planning Based on ISO 10303 Standard - A Case Study: Integration of Glass Bottle and its Mold Design". Applied Mechanics and Materials 826 (fevereiro de 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.826.15.

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Nowadays the world of manufacturing and production has been encountered with a constantly changing behavior’s of customers. Moreover in the global market, a company can survive if it has the efficient capabilities for rapid product development.These capabilities are known to be important and they mainly affect on the market penetration and cost reduction. One way to enhance such capabilities is to integrate the essential activities of a manufacturing with the help of information technology. In recent years, the researchers have proposed integration of the computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacture (CAM) and computer-aided process planning (CAPP) as the main phases of product development lifecycle. These phases play an important role in the manufacturing environment and their integration will result in high-class production with minimum lead time. This paper focuses on the die design and process planning activities to produce the molds seamlessly . It studies the recent works on integration solutions and proposes an integration framework for glass bottle manufacturing companies.The paper considers the integration of the part design, macro process planning and the mold design activities. Moreover, the solution has used the ISO 10303 (STEP standard-International Standard for the Exchange of Product data). The novel aspects of the framework have been discussed through a case study. The case study highlights the integration of glass bottle design, process planning and bottle mold design to show the capabilities of the proposed framework.

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Allen, C. Michael, Donald Duchesne e Jagmohan Humar. "Application of computer-aided design in the Ontario Domed Stadium project". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1988): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-002.

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Application of computer-aided design (CAD) in civil engineering is most effective when the entire design process, from design and analysis to construction, is integrated. Owing to the complexity of civil engineering projects, complete integration of design has not been achieved as yet. However, even partial integration considerably improves the reliability and efficiency of the design process. This is illustrated in the paper through a case study on the application of CAD in the structural design of the Ontario Domed Stadium. The Ontario Domed Stadium, currently being constructed on a site near the Toronto harbour, will have a seating capacity of 55 000. A unique feature of the stadium is its fully retractable roof. The proposed roof has four separate steel space truss panels, three of which move along tracks and one of which is fixed. To handle the large volume of data involved in the design and analysis of the roof structure, generation of data files containing information on the geometry and topology of the roof structure was automated as much as possible. Special interfaces were developed to transfer this data to application programs for structural analysis, design, and production of working drawings. Computer graphics played a vital role in the design process, assisting in data generation, visual check of geometry and deflected shapes, and seating layout. Key words: computer-aided design, CAD, computer graphics, Ontario Domed Stadium, sight line studies, solids modelling.

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Kwan-Liu Ma e F. H. Post. "Visualization case studies: drawing a roadmap for future visualization". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 19, n.º 5 (setembro de 1999): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.1999.788798.

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Lacroix, Damien, Josep A. Planell e Patrick J. Prendergast. "Computer-aided design and finite-element modelling of biomaterial scaffolds for bone tissue engineering". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, n.º 1895 (28 de maio de 2009): 1993–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0024.

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Scaffold biomaterials for tissue engineering can be produced in many different ways depending on the applications and the materials used. Most research into new biomaterials is based on an experimental trial-and-error approach that limits the possibility of making many variations to a single material and studying its interaction with its surroundings. Instead, computer simulation applied to tissue engineering can offer a more exhaustive approach to test and screen out biomaterials. In this paper, a review of the current approach in biomaterials designed through computer-aided design (CAD) and through finite-element modelling is given. First we review the approach used in tissue engineering in the development of scaffolds and the interactions existing between biomaterials, cells and mechanical stimuli. Then, scaffold fabrication through CAD is presented and characterization of existing scaffolds through computed images is reviewed. Several case studies of finite-element studies in tissue engineering show the usefulness of computer simulations in determining the mechanical environment of cells when seeded into a scaffold and the proper design of the geometry and stiffness of the scaffold. This creates a need for more advanced studies that include aspects of mechanobiology in tissue engineering in order to be able to predict over time the growth and differentiation of tissues within scaffolds. Finally, current perspectives indicate that more efforts need to be put into the development of such advanced studies, with the removal of technical limitations such as computer power and the inclusion of more accurate biological and genetic processes into the developed algorithms.

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Wang, Likai. "Workflow for applying optimization-based design exploration to early-stage architectural design – Case study based on EvoMass". International Journal of Architectural Computing 20, n.º 1 (março de 2022): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14780771221082254.

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The role of optimization-based design exploration in early-stage architectural design has been increasingly recognized and valued. It has been widely considered an effective approach to achieving performance-informed and performance-driven design. Nevertheless, there is little research into how such design exploration can be adapted to various early-stage architectural design tasks. With this motivation, this paper revolves around a computer-aided design workflow for early-stage building massing design optimization and exploration while presenting three workshop case studies to demonstrate how the workflow can be intertwined with the design process. The design workflow is based on EvoMass, an integrated building massing design generation and optimization tool in Rhino-Grasshopper. The case study illustrates task-specific applications of the design workflow for synthesizing building design, finding design precedents, and understanding the interrelationship between formal attributes and building performance. The paper concludes by discussing the relevant efficacy of the design workflow for architectural design.

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Yu, L., e S. Ramaswamy. "Measuring the evolutionary stability of software systems: case studies of Linux and FreeBSD". IET Software 3, n.º 1 (2009): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-sen:20070099.

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Chatzikyrkou, Maria, Athanasios Manavis, Prodromos Minaoglou e Nikolaos Efkolidis. "A Pedagogical Methodology for Introducing CAD Modeling Tools and 3D Printing Technologies to Adult Trainees". MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801032.

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This paper presents a four-step training model based on pedagogical methodologies for introducing CAD (Computer-Aided Design) modelling tools and 3D printing technologies to adult trainees. Nowadays, 3D modeling techniques and 3D printing technologies are emerging core competencies due to the increasing popularity of STEAM education frameworks. The proposed training model has these four stages for trainees’ team: a) theoretical background of program based on traditional educational techniques, b) e-learning tools and parallel interaction with the trainer, c) micro-teaching frameworks and case studies and d) brief questionnaires with motivation and satisfaction criteria completed by the trainees. The present paper attempts to identify the pleasure and satisfaction of participating in New Technologies Education through CAD (Computer-Aided Design) modelling tools and 3D printing technologies program.

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Kasem, Ammar T., Mahmoud Shams e João Paulo Mendes Tribst. "The Use of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as an Alternative Post and Core Material: Five-Year Follow-Up Report". Dentistry Journal 10, n.º 12 (12 de dezembro de 2022): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10120237.

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This clinical report demonstrated the use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for manufacturing of custom-made post and core in weakened endodontically treated central incisors. The PEEK structure was manufactured using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). The optimal fit of this custom-made endodontic post allowed a thinner cement layer; and removed the need to manufacture a core build-up. While supplementary clinical trials and in vitro studies are needed to totally elucidate the advantages and limitations of PEEK as an option for post and core manufacturing, this case report showed that it can be promising for a predictable and simplified treatment with five years of success.

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Hu, Quanwei, Lihong Qiao e Guanwei Peng. "An ant colony approach to operation sequencing optimization in process planning". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, n.º 3 (8 de agosto de 2016): 470–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415616786.

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Computer-aided process planning is an important component for linking design and manufacturing in computer-aided design/computer-aided process planning/computer-aided manufacturing integrated manufacturing systems. Operation sequencing in computer-aided process planning is one of the most essential tasks. To solve the problem and acquire optimal process plans, operation sequencing is modeled as a combinatorial optimization problem with various constraints, and a novel modified ant colony optimization algorithm is developed to solve it. To ensure the feasibility of process plans, constrained relationships considered among operations are classified into two categories called precedence constraint relationships and clustering constraint relationships. Operation precedence graph based on constrained relationships is formed to get visual representation. To ensure good manufacturing economy, in the mathematical model for optimization, total weighted production cost or weighted resource transformation time related to machine changes, setup changes, tool changes, machines and tools is utilized as the evaluation criterion. To avoid local optimum and enhance global search ability, adaptive updating method and local search mechanism are embedded into the optimization algorithm. Case studies of three parts are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and robustness of the modified ant colony optimization algorithm, and some comparisons between the modified ant colony optimization algorithm and previous genetic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, tabu search and particle swarm optimization algorithm are discussed. The results show that the modified ant colony optimization algorithm performs well in the operation sequencing problem.

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Gasparotto, Silvia. "Networked production and outsourced design. A comparison of three case studies". Design Journal 20, sup1 (28 de julho de 2017): S2746—S2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352786.

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Dragomir, Mihai, Diana Dragomir, Sorin Popescu e Ştefan Bodi. "Case Study Regarding Teaching Design for Quality at Graduate Level". Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2015): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cplbu-2015-0008.

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AbstractThis paper presents a case study regarding the methods used in teaching Design for quality at graduate studies level, in order to help practitioners derive enhancement ideas for their own demarches in related fields. The methodology consists in surveying existing experiences in the Quality engineering and management master program at the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca in a comparative study and defining a set of criteria for analyzing them. The two options of delivering the targeted competences, which have equivalent content, rely on different teaching approaches: classical for one group and computer aided for the second group. With the help of a focus group, the investigation criteria are defined and ranked using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), while Pugh’s method is further used to detail the proposed comparison. A discussion on the results of the two scenarios is included, showcasing advantages and disadvantages, together with implementation suggestions.

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Abdel-Magied, R. K., H. M. A. Hussein, J. Abu Qudeiri e U. Umer. "Computer Aided Design of the Die-Set for Sheet Metal Punching and Blanking Dies". Applied Mechanics and Materials 619 (agosto de 2014): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.619.78.

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Die-Set is one of the Punching/Blanking die components. It includes lower and upper shoes, guide posts and guide bushes. The High demand of Die-Set in industry resulted in the supply of specified die set from many manufacturing companies. The standard components in the market cover only the small and medium die sizes. In many cases, the designers need to build their own die-sets especially in case of progressive die design and non-tradition die sizes. In this paper, a CAD system for building a Die-Set is discussed. This system is built using Visual Basic (VB) interfacing with AutoCAD. The system covers all Die-Sets sizes (small, medium). The proposed CAD system is prepared to work as a standalone or as a subroutine for a blanking die design CAD system. It saves time in Die-Set design operation from hours to minutes. This module is a part of a series of studies to automate the design of sheet metal working tools.

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Saleh, M. A., H. M. A. Hussein e H. M. Mousa. "Computer Aided Process Planning for Freeform Surface Sheet Metal Features in Automotive Industry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 392 (setembro de 2013): 931–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.392.931.

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This paper describes computer aided process planning for a freeform surface; sheet metal features. Automotive body panels are always manufactured using thin forming sheets; the developed CAPP system consists of two modules which are feature recognition module based on STEP AP203 and a process plan module; two additional modules for automotive panel CAPP system and cost estimation module are also incorporated in the system of punch and bending operation. Stamped or punched features in generative shape design are used to design automotive panels; the generative CAPP system is written in visual basic 2008 language and implemented in several case studies demonstrated in the present work. Feature recognition of punched; stamped internal features in free form surface recognized in base of data exchange files using STEP AP203 ISO-10303-21.

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Eignor, Daniel R., Martha L. Stocking, Walter D. Way e Manfred Steffen. "CASE STUDIES IN COMPUTER ADAPTIVE TEST DESIGN THROUGH SIMULATION1,2". ETS Research Report Series 1993, n.º 2 (dezembro de 1993): i—41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1993.tb01567.x.

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Price, Rebecca, e Karla Straker. "The design movement: Two case studies from the edge of the discipline". Design Journal 20, sup1 (28 de julho de 2017): S4565—S4574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352953.

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Djurdjev, Mica, Robert Cep, Dejan Lukic, Aco Antic, Branislav Popovic e Mijodrag Milosevic. "A Genetic Crow Search Algorithm for Optimization of Operation Sequencing in Process Planning". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 5 (24 de fevereiro de 2021): 1981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11051981.

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Computer-aided process planning represents the main link between computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing. One of the crucial tasks in computer-aided process planning is an operation sequencing problem. In order to find the optimal process plan, operation sequencing problem is formulated as an NP hard combinatorial problem. To solve this problem, a novel genetic crow search approach (GCSA) is proposed in this paper. The traditional CSA is improved by employing genetic strategies such as tournament selection, three-string crossover, shift and resource mutation. Moreover, adaptive crossover and mutation probability coefficients were introduced to improve local and global search abilities of the GCSA. Operation precedence graph is adopted to represent precedence relationships among features and vector representation is used to manipulate the data in the Matlab environment. A new nearest mechanism strategy is added to ensure that elements of machines, tools and tool approach direction (TAD) vectors are integer values. Repair strategy to handle precedence constraints is adopted after initialization and shift mutation steps. Minimization of total production cost is used as the optimization criterion to evaluate process plans. To verify the performance of the GCSA, two case studies with different dimensions are carried out and comparisons with traditional and some modern algorithms from the literature are discussed. The results show that the GCSA performs well for operation sequencing problem in computer-aided process planning.

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Lam, Busayawan, Youngok Choi, Xi Chen, Minqing Ni e Sophia De Sousa. "Fostering creativity through co-design and making: case studies of makerspaces in the UK". J. of Design Research 19, n.º 1/2/3 (2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jdr.2021.121056.

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Minqing, Ni, Sophia De Sousa, Youngok Choi, Busayawan Lam e Xi Chen. "Fostering creativity through co-design and making: Case studies of makerspaces in the UK". J. of Design Research 1, n.º 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jdr.2021.10043325.

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Alevizakos, Vasilios, Gergo Mitov e Constantin von See. "Guided Implant Placement Using an Internally Cooling Surgical Template: A Technical Note". Journal of Oral Implantology 46, n.º 5 (21 de abril de 2020): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00312.

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Cooling irrigation during implant bed preparation is mandatory to avoid overheating. Due to the surgical guide design, external cooling systems do not reach the point of entry of the implant burr. Here, a new technique for irrigation during guided implant surgery for direct rinse of the burr is described. Using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing additive technology, a pin of a cooling pipe was designed and implemented in a surgical guide template. The implant bed preparation was performed while the cooling pipe was connected to the surgical guide. During surgery, the irrigation solution was directly rinsing the burr at the point of entry through the irrigation channel. The use of a cooling surgical guide seems to improve the cooling of the bone during implant bed preparation. This might lead to less thermal effect of bone cells. However, systematic studies are needed to confirm the observations of the presented case report.

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Morinaga, Eiji, Takuma Hara, Hiroki Joko, Hidefumi Wakamatsu e Eiji Arai. "Improvement of Computational Efficiency in Flexible Computer-Aided Process Planning". International Journal of Automation Technology 8, n.º 3 (5 de maio de 2014): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0396.

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Process planning plays an important role as a bridge between product design and manufacturing. Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) has been a topic of discussion in this half century. The recent diversification in customers’ needs has been driving the development of agile manufacturing that can adapt to different manufacturing situations. CAPP should also be discussed from this point of view and, to this end, a set of flexible process planning methods have been proposed. Unlike conventional CAPP methods, these methods first generate all the feasible process plans. These are then evaluated, and then an optimal plan is selected. Therefore, it is possible to quickly provide an optimal new plan in the event of a change in the situation, by re-evaluating the plans against the new situation. However, these methods generally involve a large computational load, since the full search approach is taken to select an optimal plan. This study set out to reduce the computational load by formulating the selection process as a 0-1 integer programming problem that can now be solved thanks to recent developments in computer technology and solvers. Case studies have proven the efficacy of this method.

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Manavis, Athanasios, Anastasios Tzotzis, Apostolos Tsagaris e Panagiotis Kyratsis. "A Novel Computational-Based Visual Brand Identity (CbVBI) Product Design Methodology". Machines 10, n.º 11 (11 de novembro de 2022): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111065.

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Product design is a promising field for the application of new technologies and methodologies emerging from the digital evolution of Industry 4.0. A great number of tools have been developed in order to accentuate the use of modern Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems and computational design techniques for design customization in product applications. The present paper deals with the development of two different applications for designing furniture based on the Computational-based Visual Brand Identity (CbVBI) design methodology. For the first case study, the Application Programming Interface (API) SolidworksTM (VBA event-driven programming language) is used. The second case study focuses on the visual programming language of GrasshopperTM, which is incorporated within Rhinoceros3DTM. The proposed case studies offer a great deal of flexibility in both design and manufacturing, while many design alternatives could become available in a very short period.

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Lewis, Helen, John Gertsakis, Nicholas Johns e Tim Grant. "The Evolution of Sustainable Product Design: Case Studies from Australia and New Zealand". Design Journal 5, n.º 3 (novembro de 2002): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/146069202789317771.

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Vergnano, Alberto, Francesco Gherardini e Francesco Leali. "The Systematic Design of Industrial Products through Design Archetypes: An Application on Mechanical Transmissions". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 7 (27 de março de 2020): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072277.

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Engineering design is a knowledge intensive activity for both new and mature technical systems, such as mechanical transmissions. However, design knowledge is often transferred with conservative and unstructured approaches, although knowledge management would be of the utmost importance for modern industries. In this work, we introduce a design tool, called design archetype, for collecting and managing knowledge in systematic design processes. The design archetype addresses input design requirements for different design concepts, therefore, improving awareness of the design process by interactively modifying the design solution due to different input requirements. Finally, the design archetype updates the parameters of a first embodiment computer-aided design model of the concept. A method for the development of design archetypes is presented and applied to two case studies of mechanical transmission subassemblies. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of a systematic design method based on design archetypes stored in the company database.

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You, Yun Wei. "A Study on the Highway Alignment Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (setembro de 2014): 5009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.5009.

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By applying the model in a case, two methods of linear and curved alignment are analyzed and compared. Besides, the main existing problems and the solutions to solve them are studied. The results show that curved alignment method has obvious advantages in highway design, interchange design, and other complex terrain conditions. With a variety of computer-aided design software line appears, curved alignment method will be widely used.

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Roy, Harekrishna, Bhabani S. Nayak e Sisir Nandi. "Chitosan Anchored Nanoparticles in Current Drug Development Utilizing Computer-Aided Pharmacokinetic Modeling: Case Studies for Target Specific Cancer Treatment and Future Prospective". Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, n.º 15 (18 de maio de 2020): 1666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200203121241.

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Background: Recently, in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, biopolymers are extensively used for chemical and mechanical modifications of pharmaceutical dosage forms, which add novel properties, functions, and applications. Structural modification of dosage form by polymers along with redesigning in pharmaceutical and tissue engineering fields, presently being the center of analysis for the modern research world, which utilizes the subtle instruments, precise research strategies and most significantly the excipients. Method: Recently, in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, biopolymers are extensively used for chemical and mechanical modifications of pharmaceutical dosage forms, which add novel properties, functions, and applications. Structural modification of dosage form by polymers along with redesigning in pharmaceutical and tissue engineering fields, presently being the center of analysis for the modern research world, which utilizes the subtle instruments, precise research strategies and most significantly the excipients. Results: The most remarkable point is that chitosan-drug conjugated nanoparticles (CDNP) can target cancer affected cells with the least attempt to killing the neighbor host cell. It is already proved that the CDNP facilitate the more drugs uptaking or cytotoxicity to a cancerous cell. This overcomes the dosage form designing problems of complexity in the biological mechanism and cell specificity. A computer-aided pharmacokinetic study as well as in-silico design with model fitting can provide the possible finding related to target selectivity and interaction. The computer aided study also reduces time and could make the entire process much cheaper till today, very few research has been reported, such as PyRx with AutoDock, response surface methodology and molecular dynamic simulation in drug delivery for chitosan-drug conjugated nanoparticles. Conclusion: Therefore, cancer cell target-specific drug delivery using a natural biopolymer conjugate with a computer-aided pharmacokinetic model will be the thirst area of future research. To get successful anticancer drug formulation, in-silico pharmacokinetic modeling would minimize labor, and expenses, during and prior to the experiment has been extensively discussed in the present review.

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MAN, K. L., M. A. RENIERS e P. J. L. CUIJPERS. "CASE STUDIES IN THE HYBRID PROCESS ALGEBRA HyPA". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 15, n.º 02 (abril de 2005): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194005002385.

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HyPA is an algebraic theory based on the classical process algebra Algebra of Communicating Processes (ACP) for the specification and analysis of hybrid systems. We have the idea that HyPA is also well suited for addressing various aspects of digital embedded systems including hardware, software and concurrency, as well as mixed-signal designs. To show that HyPA is useful for the specification and analysis of hybrid systems and that our idea is correct, we illustrate the use of HyPA with some case studies: a point-to-point communication , a thermostat, a positive-edge-triggered D flip flop, and a small part of a mixed-signal fuzzy controller.

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Martin, Daryl, Sarah Nettleton e Christina Buse. "Drawing Atmosphere: A Case Study of Architectural Design for Care in Later Life". Body & Society 26, n.º 4 (17 de novembro de 2020): 62–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x20949934.

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In this article, we use an entry to an international architectural student competition on future care to explore how social norms about older bodies may be challenged by designs that are sensitive to the spatial contexts within which we age. The power of the My Home design by Witham and Wilkins derives from its hand-drawn aesthetic and thus we consider the architects’ insistence on drawing as a challenge to the clear and unambiguous image-making typically associated with digitally aided architectural designs. The hand-drawn images of My Home prompt a focus on care as enacted through the relations between material environments and things, and the atmospheric qualities these relations evoke. Throughout our analysis, we argue for greater attention to the ways in which embodied practices, everyday affects and materialities can be represented within architectural design, and the role of hand drawing as a creative methodology in this process.

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Oanta, Emil. "Original Computer Based Solutions in Structural Studies". Advanced Materials Research 837 (novembro de 2013): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.837.440.

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The paper is inspired by the computer based solutions developed over a period of almost 30 years. Thus, the original computer based solutions were developed for a wide range of problems: computer aided geometry for domain definition, data generators for finite element applications, output data file processors with visualization facilities, matrices defined as random access files with a wide range of subsequent applications in several disciplines and domains of science, FDM and FEM applications, customized solutions for heat transfer problems, computational fluid dynamics, experimental data reduction software applications, virtual reality facilities, semi-numeric modeling, computer based decisions. Dedicated solutions were developed for applied elasticity problems related to marine engineering problems as we as naval architecture problems: ship strength computing based on the method of initial parameters, geometrical characteristics of the cross sections, automatic calculus of the stresses of a general-shaped section and others. Most of these applications present the output data in a graphical way, in order to be more relevant for a structural analyst. Another objective was to offer not only values of different parameters, but laws of variation which may be used in other subsequent analytic studies. According to the complexity of the problem to be solved, these applications are in a range which starts at the data-crunching level up to complex and intelligent solutions, some of them being implemented in programs of tens of thousands of computer code lines. The paper presents the main features of each computer based solution, the connectivity with other solutions, the possibility to extend or adapt a given solution for a particular case study. Last but not least, there must be noticed that computer based solutions may be used in several directions of development: research, design and education..

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Xu, Kexin, Kang Qin, Hao Wu e Robin Smith. "A New Computer-Aided Optimization-Based Method for the Design of Single Multi-Pass Plate Heat Exchangers". Processes 10, n.º 4 (14 de abril de 2022): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040767.

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Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) have significant potential to improve energy efficiency in the process industries. However, realizing their full potential to achieve such energy savings requires a systematic approach to screen the many options available. Thus, this work presents a generalized novel approach for the optimal design of both gasket and welded plate heat exchangers, with different plate geometries and flow configurations. A new design method coupled with an optimization framework is proposed to obtain the optimal solution with minimum total transfer area by setting up a series of relations between temperatures among each single-pass block with known inlet and outlet temperatures of process streams. An MINLP mathematical model is developed to select the best combination of the flow pass configuration and available commercial plate geometries within practical design constraints. The differences between the design methodology of gasket and welded PHEs are highlighted. Two case studies are used to demonstrate the proposed method for both gasket and welded PHEs. Results show that better design with reduced heat transfer area by 10.71% and design time by 83.3% is obtained compared with previously proposed approaches.

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Han, Ga-eul, Yunwoo Jeong e James Andrew Self. "Where does Everyday Design Innovation come from?: Case studies in IKEA Product Hacking". Archives of Design Research 34, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2021): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15187/adr.2021.02.34.1.53.

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Li, Lei, Carlos F. Lange e Yongsheng Ma. "Association of design and computational fluid dynamics simulation intent in flow control product optimization". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 232, n.º 13 (14 de março de 2017): 2309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405417697352.

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Computational fluid dynamics has been extensively used for fluid flow simulation and thus guiding the flow control device design. However, computational fluid dynamics simulation requires explicit geometry input and complicated solver setup, which is a barrier in case of the cyclic computer-aided design/computational fluid dynamics integrated design process. Tedious human interventions are inevitable to make up the gap. To fix this issue, this work proposed a theoretical framework where the computational fluid dynamics solver setup can be intelligently assisted by the simulation intent capture. Two feature concepts, the fluid physics feature and the dynamic physics feature, have been defined to support the simulation intent capture. A prototype has been developed for the computer-aided design/computational fluid dynamics integrated design implementation without the need of human intervention, where the design intent and computational fluid dynamics simulation intent are associated seamlessly. An outflow control device used in the steam-assisted gravity drainage process is studied using this prototype, and the target performance of the device is effectively optimized.

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Faraj, Adnan, Mark Andrews e Weiguang Li. "Inter and intra-observer errors for postoperative total hip radiographic assessment using computer aided design". Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 87, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52628/87.1.09.

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Plain radiographic assessment of primary total hip arthroplasty following surgery remains to be the commonest radiological assessment. The current paper, studies the accuracy and concordance between observers reviewing these radiographs. A prospective radiographic and medical note review of ten patients who underwent total hip replacement for primary osteoarthritis, with a mean age of 69 years. Early and 6 weeks postoperative x-rays were assessed for hip profile and version profile using computer aided design (CAD) by two observers on two different occasions. The observers were Orthopaedic surgeons who perform arthroplasty of the hip. The results were analyzed statistically. Dimensions, including Femoral offset, medial offset and ilioischial offset showed a high degree of inter- film and intra-film correlation, with inter-class correlation (ICC) over 0.8. Except of the intra-film correlation of ilioischial offset measured on the post- operative films (p=0.067) by the first rater, all the intra and inter film correlation were significantly over the benchmark of 0.6. In terms of stem alignment, cup inclination and cup version, the intra-film correlation by rater n°2 ranges from 0.574 to 0.975 and were significantly over the benchmark of 0.6, except in the case of cup inclination measured on the 6 th? week follow-up ; meanwhile the intra-film correlation by rater n°1 ranges from 0.581 to 0.819 and none were significantly over the benchmark of 0.6. The inter-rater reliability and inter-film correlation showed a dichotomy of results among different dimensions of the measurement. Dimensions of femo- ral offset, medial offset and ilioischial offset showed a substantial degree of reliability in terms of inter-rater reliability, inter-film correlation, and intra-rater/film reliability.

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Lebedev, Alexander A., e Phillip Staples. "Simulation of Materials Handling Systems in the Mines: Two Case Studies". SIMULATION 70, n.º 3 (março de 1998): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754979807000305.

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VOS, TANJA E. J., ARTHUR I. BAARS, FELIX F. LINDLAR, ANDREAS WINDISCH, BENJAMIN WILMES, HAMILTON GROSS, PETER M. KRUSE e JOACHIM WEGENER. "INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDIES FOR EVALUATING SEARCH BASED STRUCTURAL TESTING". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 22, n.º 08 (dezembro de 2012): 1123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194012500313.

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Evolutionary structural testing has been researched and promising results have been presented. However, it has hardly been applied to real-world complex systems and as such, little is known about the scalability, applicability and acceptability of it in an industrial setting. The European project EvoTest (IST-33472) team has been working from 2006 till 2009 to improve this situation and this paper informs about the results. We start with an overview of tools and techniques which we have developed for automated evolutionary structural testing. Subsequently, we describe the empirical setup used to study the applicability of evolutionary structural testing in industry through two case studies. The test objects used for the studies are selected functions (handwritten and generated) from production systems at Daimler and Berner & Mattner Systemtechnik (BMS) like, for example, Rear Window Defroster, Global Powertrain Engine Controller, Window Lift Control System, etc. The results of the case studies are described and research questions are assessed based on the obtained results. In summary, the results indicate that evolutionary structural testing in an industrial setting is worthwhile and profitable. Hardly any detailed knowledge of evolutionary computation is required to search for interesting test data. The case studies also research the benefits of using techniques like automated parameter tuning and search space smoothing.

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Fernandes, Fábio A. O., Clauber Marques, Jovani Castelan, Daniel Fritzen e Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa. "Learning Processes in Mechanics of Structures: Allying Analytical and Numerical Approaches". Education Sciences 10, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10040114.

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This paper reports pedagogical experiences and educational techniques in the field of Mechanics of Structures (Mechanical Engineering degree), resorting to computational tools. Several aspects are addressed, covering CAD (Computer-Aided Design) modelling systems to CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) solutions, in terms of analysis and validation of mechanical resistance calculations. Therefore, structural mechanics fundamental concepts and mechanics of materials are also addressed. Particular focus is given on the development of curricula components related to Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing. Doing so, three-dimensional structural modelling is applied to study the behaviour in selected simple case-studies where an external load is applied and the corresponding deflections are evaluated. Then, analytical and numerical analyses are performed and compared. During classes, patent aversion to solve analytical problems was clearly observed on the part of the students once calculus knowledge was required. The typical trend in engineering students, skipping the manual analytical methodology to solve a problem in order to go straight to numerical simulations via commercial Finite Element (FE) codes, was observed. The main focus of this work is, therefore, to determine the pedagogical effects of allying the analytical procedures and virtual simulators. It was possible to confirm the beneficial aspects of such methodology, considering that the regular engineering student has already a scientific basis on calculus and analytical process. Such knowledge will support mechanical project decisions, from model development to the analysis, and a sounding background to perform criticism of the results provided by the software.

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Koch, Christian, Geir Karsten Hansen e Kim Jacobsen. "Missed opportunities: two case studies of digitalization of FM in hospitals". Facilities 37, n.º 7/8 (7 de maio de 2019): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-01-2018-0014.

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Purpose Digital practices of facility management (FM) are undergoing transformation. Several Nordic countries have ambitious hospital-building projects, driven by large public clients with long-term experience of operating complex building campuses. There is thus an opportunity for creating state-of-the-art digital FM. This paper aims to investigate the role of digital FM in new hospital projects in Scandinavia. Design/methodology/approach Based on a literature review, a framework of understanding of digital FM in hospital operation is established. Two longitudinal cases are presented and analysed, one for a greenfield hospital and the other for an extension of an existing hospital. Findings The literature highlights the importance of integration between technical digitalization, competences, organization and management of digital FM. The projects are in different phases and represent quite advanced preparations for digital FM. State-of-the-art computer-aided FM systems are prepared before operation. External consultants are involved, posing a dilemma of in-house/outsourced human resources in the future digital FM operation. Research limitations/implications Two case studies provide insights, but they have limited generalizability. Practical implications The study underscores the importance of preparation of management, organization and competences for digitalization. Originality/value Documented research on building information modelling (BIM) integrations in FM is still scarce. This article adds to the few empirical studies in the area. The findings illustrate that real estate administrators investing in FM software for new hospital buildings face challenges of aligning BIM models from design and construction to the FM system.

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Ivanov, Yevhen, Oleh Shcherbak, Oleh Ivanenko e Yurii Liubymov. "Development of recommendations for optimizing the geometry of tower cranes". Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, n.º 99 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2022.99.0.26.

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Problem. Special attention is paid to maintaining tower cranes in good working order and serviceable condition through their proper operation. Unfortunately, violation of the operating rules can lead to an emergency situation. In this case, both the crane operator and other workers on the construction site may be injured. And in some cases even to death. Therefore, the development of measures for safe operation is very important. It is also important to ensure sufficient strength of the load-bearing steel structures, which make up the bulk of the tower cranes, the breakdown of which leads to significant costs to restore the working condition of the tower. Goal. The goal of the work is to develop a method of interactive graphical modeling of three-dimensional models of metal structures with the use of a forced variation of their dimensions in the environment of computer-aided design – Autodesk Inventor package. Methodology. The solution of the set tasks implied the use of computer modeling methods with the use of modern 3-D modeling programs. Experimental studies were also carried out to determine loading modes. Results. A comprehensive methodology has been developed that uses the method of interactive graphical modeling of three-dimensional models of metal structures with a forced variation of their dimensions in the computer-aided design environment - Autodesk Inventor. It allows you to obtain rational parameters of the main elements of the tower crane – tower, boom, and others. This technique significantly increases the productivity and quality of the designer's work and reduces the time for research (tower cranes) and design documentation. Originality. The method of interactive graphic modeling of three-dimensional models of metal structures on the example of the tower crane with the use of a forced variation of their dimensions in the computer-aided design environment – Autodesk Inventor package is offered. Practical value. The use of the proposed methodology will significantly improve the efficiency of the design and operation of tower cranes.

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Lee, Changhoon, Changwoo Han e Changhwan Shin. "Inverter design with positive feedback field-effect transistors". Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 035014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac41e5.

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Abstract As the physical size of semiconductor devices continues to be aggressively scaled down, feedback field-effect transistors (FBFET) with a positive feedback mechanism among a few promising steep switching devices have received attention as next-generation switching devices. Conventional FBFETs have been studied to explore their device performance. However, this has been restricted to the case of single FBFET; basic circuit designs with FBFETs have not been investigated extensively. In this work, we propose an inverter circuit design with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) FBFETs; we verified this inverter design with mixed-mode technology computer-aided design simulation. The basic principles and mechanisms for designing FBFET inverter circuits are explained because their configuration is different from conventional inverters. In addition, the device parameters necessary to optimize circuit construction are introduced for logic device applications.

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Bruch, Eduardo M., Stéphanie Petrella e Marco Bellinzoni. "Structure-Based Drug Design for Tuberculosis: Challenges Still Ahead". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 12 (20 de junho de 2020): 4248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124248.

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Structure-based and computer-aided drug design approaches are commonly considered to have been successful in the fields of cancer and antiviral drug discovery but not as much for antibacterial drug development. The search for novel anti-tuberculosis agents is indeed an emblematic example of this trend. Although huge efforts, by consortiums and groups worldwide, dramatically increased the structural coverage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteome, the vast majority of candidate drugs included in clinical trials during the last decade were issued from phenotypic screenings on whole mycobacterial cells. We developed here three selected case studies, i.e., the serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases—protein kinase (Pkn) B and PknG, considered as very promising targets for a long time, and the DNA gyrase of M. tuberculosis, a well-known, pharmacologically validated target. We illustrated some of the challenges that rational, target-based drug discovery programs in tuberculosis (TB) still have to face, and, finally, discussed the perspectives opened by the recent, methodological developments in structural biology and integrative techniques.

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Rezaee, Roya, Jason Brown, Godfried Augenbroe e Jinsol Kim. "Assessment of uncertainty and confidence in building design exploration". Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 29, n.º 4 (7 de outubro de 2015): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060415000426.

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AbstractPerformance assessment at early stages of buildings design is complicated by an inherent lack of information on the design and the uncertainty in how a building design may evolve to a final design. This pilot study reports on an initial quantification of such uncertainty associated with building energy performance and develops a method for informing decision makers of the risks in early design decisions under this uncertainty. Two case studies of building design decision situations under this uncertainty are explored along with using two different energy modeling tools: a reduced-order model and a high-order model. The intended contribution is to identify if a decision can be made with confidence in early design given a high level of uncertainty in the evolution of a design and what models can support decisions of this sort. Integration of the proposed decision support approach with a computer-aided design model is shown as well.

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