Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Compost process parameters"

Interest in natural fiber reinforced composites (NFRCs) is increasing rapidly thanks to their numerous advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, eco-friendly nature, relatively good mechanical properties, and a growing emphasis on the environmental and sustainability aspects of engineering materials. However, large scale use of NFRCs is still considered as challenging due to the difficulties in manufacturing, limited knowledge of its machinability and appropriate parameter settings, and being prone to machining-induced defects. These materials are known as hard-to-machine materials due to their heterogeneous structure, mechanical anisotropy and tendency to damage while exposed to mechanical stresses. High rejection rate of composite parts at the assembly stage because of poor quality hole due to several vital drilling induced damages such as matrix cracking, fiber pull-out, delamination, fiber and matrix separation and thermal degradation is a serious concern for manufacturing industries. Among all these defects, delamination was found to be the most vital life-limiting factor which affects the mechanical strength and structural integrity of the component significantly in terms of dimensional tolerances and load carrying capability. Therefore, the main objective of this research is investigating the influence of drilling process parameters on the machinability of flax/poly(lactic acid) bio-composites along with characterization, modelling, and condition monitoring of drilling operation through extensive experimental and analytical investigations. The effect of key drilling parameters and tool geometry such as cutting speed, feed rate, drill diameter, drill material and point angle at different levels were studied experimentally to analyse the relations between resultant quality of the produced holes, cutting forces and size of delamination. Damages and defects associated with the drilling process such as delamination, fiber breakage, fiber pull-out, and matrix cracking were studied through qualitative measurements, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy examination. Experimental results revealed that the choice of drill bit in terms of diameter, material and point angle has a considerable effect on the machinability and hole performance. Drilling with HSS drills resulted in nearly 60% lower thrust force and better hole quality compared to that with carbide drills. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify the significance of each individual cutting parameter. Analytical model was developed to predict the critical thrust force related to the onset of delamination propagation during drilling FF/PLA laminates. The delamination zone was modelled as an elliptical plate, with clamped edge and the analytical model developed based on theory of virtual work, LEFM methodology and theory of plate bending. An experimental investigation was carried out, in addition to the analytical model, through a punching test on different configurations of blind hole to characterize the critical thrust force at the onset of delamination. The developed model has been verified by experimental data and compared with the results of existing models and the presented model considering the effect chisel edge and cutting edges. Based on the results, the predicted values by the proposed model present better correlation with the experimental values than those predicted by other models. A relationship exists between cutting variables (thrust and cutting forces), tool wear and the final quality of the drilled hole. Accordingly, the quality of drilled holes can be improved by in-process monitoring in order to record the whole process status through measuring the thrust force and other indicators. An experimental investigation on online monitoring and non-destructive evaluation of drilling operation using vibration, acoustic emission and thrust force signals was conducted and the correlation between the cutting parameters, delamination, cutting thrust force and the pattern of the signals was detected. The response of material through acceleration, force and AE signals were analysed using different signal analysis tools and statistical parameters to derive the features of signals that can express the key characteristics of machining condition. It is observed that the AE rms values are affected by variation in the cutting parameters and it follows a similar trend as observed in the case of drilling thrust force by varying cutting conditions. The variation of vibration and acoustic emission signals were in correlation with delamination factor and damage severity. Four major damage mechanisms have been identified generally as the main sources of AE energy wave in drilling of FF/PLA composites namely fiber breakage, delamination, matrix cracking and friction. A process for detection and discrimination of various damage mechanisms can be correlated to the frequency of damages. Furthermore, among several statistical parameters applied on the effective segment of the time signals, Kurtosis was found the most competent statistical parameter for condition monitoring of the drilling process to to differentiate between poor and good quality of the drilled holes and enhance the quality of composite component. The findings from this research concluded that damage severity can be assessed through AE parameter analysis and it has a considerable potential for the application of in-process monitoring.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

Optimization is a decision making process to solve problems in a number of fields including engineering mechanics. Bio-inspired optimization algorithms, including genetic algorithm (GA), have been studied for many years. There is a large literature on applying the GA to mechanics problems. However, disadvantages of the GA include the high computational cost and the inability to get the global optimal solution that can be found by using a honeybee-inspired optimization algorithm, called the New Nest-Site Selection (NeSS). We use the NeSS to find optimal parameters for three mechanics problems by following the three processes: screening, identifying relationships, and optimization. The screening process identifies significant parameters from a set of input parameters of interest. Then, relationships between the significant input parameters and responses are established. Finally, the optimization process searches for an optimal solution to achieve objectives of a problem. For the first two problems, we use the NeSS algorithm in conjunction with a third order shear and normal deformable plate theory (TSNDT), the finite element method (FEM), a one-step stress recovery scheme (SRS) and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion to find the stacking sequence of composite laminates and the topology and materials for doubly curved sandwich shells to maximize the first failure load. It is followed by the progressive failure analysis to determine the ultimate failure load. For the sandwich shell, we use the maximum transverse shear stress criterion for delineating failure of the core, and also study simultaneously maximizing the first failure load and minimizing the mass subject to certain constraints. For composite laminates, it is found that the first failure load for an optimally designed stacking sequence exceeds that for the typical [0°/90°]₅ laminate by about 36%. Moreover, the design for the optimal first failure load need not have the maximum ultimate load. For clamped laminates and sandwich shells, the ultimate load is about 50% higher than the first failure load. However, for simply supported edges the ultimate load is generally only about 10% higher than the first failure load. For the atmospheric spray process, we employ the NeSS algorithm to find optimal values of four process input parameters, namely the argon flow rate, the hydrogen flow rate, the powder feed rate and the current, that result in the desired mean particle temperature and the mean particle velocity when they reach the substrate. These optimal values give the desired mean particle temperature and the mean particle velocity within 5% of their target values.
Ph. D.

Lo scopo di questa tesi è valutare la resistenza a compressione e il valore del modulo elastico di tre laminati ottenuti con lo stesso materiale composito, CFRP, distinti in fase di laminazione dall’utilizzo di tre diverse tipologie di distaccante (peel-ply, film distaccante e controstampo). In questo modo è stato possibile valutare come quest’ultimi abbiano influito, in modo diverso per ogni laminato, sull’omogeneità dello spessore, sul peso, sulla fuoriuscita di resina e sulla percentuale volumetrica delle fibre. Tali fattori a loro volta hanno caratterizzato i valori di resistenza a compressione e modulo elastico. Nei capitoli successivi è descritto un metodo di analisi a compressione dei materiali compositi, a matrice epossidica rinforzata con fibre di carbonio (CFRP), denominato Combined Loading Compression (CLC) Test Method, basato sull’applicazione, combinata, del carico sul campione, a taglio e all’estremità. La realizzazione dei provini è stata effettuata presso i laboratori dell’università: sono stati realizzati 3 laminati, per ognuno dei quali si è scelto di utilizzare su ogni pezzo una diversa tipologia di distaccante: controstampo, film distaccante e peel-ply, allo scopo di valutare quanta resina uscirà dal manufatto una volta in autoclave e quanta variazione di spessore avremo. Da ognuno di questi laminati sono stati ricavati 5 provini. La campagna sperimentale è stata condotta presso il Laboratorio Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza (TEMAF). L’elaborazione dei dati è stata effettuata mediante l’utilizzo del software Office Excel, in cui sono stati calcolati i parametri fondamentali, suggeriti dalla normativa ASTM D6641/D6641M, per la caratterizzazione meccanica a compressione dei materiali CFRP.

Orientador: Maria Helena Robert
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho são investigados os efeitos de parâmetros de processo na eficiência de incorporação do reforço carboneto de silício na forma de partículas, na liga AA7075 e na sua distribuição na estrutura do compósito produzido. O tipo de processamento utilizado foi por compofundição, ou seja, a adição do reforço na matriz metálica em estado semi-sólido reofundido. Para isto, foi projetado e construído um equipamento, não disponível no mercado, para a obtenção de estruturas pastosas reofundidas e a adição de partículas de reforço a esta, obtendo-se assim, os materiais compósitos desejados. Os lingotes reofundidos e compofundidos então obtidos atestam a eficiência do equipamento projetado e construído. Os efeitos de parâmetros de processo observados foram: a redução da temperatura de processamento aumenta a esfericidade dos glóbulos obtidos e diminui significativamente a quantidade de fase líquida na pasta, aumentando a sua viscosidade, resultando em melhor incorporação do reforço, com menor porosidade causada devido ao processo de adição, porém, não leva à desejada distribuição da fase reforçante pelo lingote. Maiores temperaturas levam à melhor distribuição das fases sólida/líquida pelo volume do lingote, conseqüentemente melhor distribuição da fase reforçante, porém, com pior incorporação desta, devido à maior porosidade associada ao processo de adição. O aumento do tempo de processamento leva à separação das trações líquidas e sólidas na pasta, o que produz acentuadas heterogeneidades macro e microestrutural. O aumento da velocidade de agitação leva à melhor distribuição das trações sólida e líquida na pasta, melhorando a distribuição da fase reforçante e possibilitando maior quantidade de reforço adicionada à pasta sem problemas. Maiores quantidades de reforço adicionadas auxiliam a obtenção de estrutura globular devido à maior tração sólida total da pasta, porém, introduzem maior porosidade no produto compofundido devido ao processo de adição do reforço
Abstract: The effects of process parameters in the efficiency of incorporation and distribution of silicon carbide particulate in AA7075 alIoy are investigated. The composites were produced by compocasting. It was necessary to design and build an equipament based on mechanical stirring of the liquid alIoyduring its solidification, to produce rheocast slurries and composites. The observed effects of process parameters in the compocast ingots were: reducing temperature leads to improvement in the espherical morphology of primary phase in the slurry; reduces the liquid the liquid content; increases the viscosity, resulting in better incprporation of the reinforcement, less porosity and not uniform final distribution of silicon carbide in the matrix. On the oposite, processing at higher temperature leads to higher liquid content and better distribution of silicon carbide particles. However, more gases can be associated damaging incorporation. Increasing stirring time leads to separation of liquidlsolid phases in the slurry, promoting heterogeneities in the macro and microstructures. Increasing stirring speed promotes better distribution of liquid/solid phases and silicon carbide particles in the ingot. Higher speeds also allow higher content of reinforcement to be added. Higher reinforcement content helps to produce globular solid phase in the matrix
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The use of autoclaves and ovens in modern composite manufacturing processes has shown a potential to greatly control the geometry and structural properties of composite materials. The use of such manufacturing tools has been supported by numerical tools and optimization/statistical methods, in order to further improve the quality of composite products. However, the costs associated with these advanced manufacturing techniques are not always acceptable for all Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) manufacturers. In particular, for large products with low production rates (e.g., marine and automotive industries), open moulding are preferred as they typically offer the best compromise between the quality of the part and manufacturing production cost. The quality of open-moulded parts, however, is highly dependent on the skill of the operator, hence resulting in possible variations in part properties, particularly for geometrically complex parts. This variation often causes out-of-specification products, resulting in costly trial and error approaches to minimize the product defects. The purpose of this thesis was to study the FRC process conditions that have a statistically significant effect on the generation of defects in open-moulded parts with sharp corner (i.e., small radius) features. Samples with different geometrical, material and process parameters were manufactured. Defects such as void content, corner fiber bridging, fabric formability, fiber misalignment and bending resistance of the material were evaluated through different characterization techniques. The statistical analysis of the data has provided new means to determine the contribution of each parameter to the final quality of the composite part. The results suggest that the part radius and part thickness both have significant effects on the bending resistance of the FRC specimens. Also, it was observed that reinforcement orientation has a significant effect on the formability and surface defects around the part corners. Finally, a novel Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach has been developed using “signal to noise” ratios with subjective and objective weighting, in order to identify the optimum design parameters for both aesthetic and structural properties of the open moulded FRC parts with sharp corners.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate

Il seguente elaborato tratta delle problematiche legate ad installazione e tenuta di collegamenti meccanici come inserti filettati applicati su materiali compositi, nello specifico componenti realizzati in fibra di carbonio. Lo scopo di tale studio è di carattere principalmente preventivo, nell'ottica di individuare quali parametri di processo siano più o meno incisivi.

L’attività sperimentale presentata in questo elaborato riguarda lo studio di una particolare applicazione che impiega la tecnologia laser per la lavorazione di materiali compositi ed è stata interamente svolta, in particolar modo nella sua parte operativa, presso i laboratori della Facoltà di Ingegneria a Bologna. Il lavoro di tesi ha come obiettivo fondamentale la valutazione degli effetti che i parametri di processo possono avere sulla qualità risultante nel procedimento di ablazione per i materiali compositi. Per questa indagine sono stati utilizzati campioni piani (tutti identici tra loro) con rinforzo in fibra di carbonio e matrice in resina epossidica, i quali sono stati lavorati con un laser Nd:YAG (λ = 1064 nm) funzionante in regime continuo. L’idea alla base dell’intera attività sperimentale è stata quella di realizzare una ablazione ottimale, rimuovendo dai campioni esclusivamente la resina (in maniera locale) e tentando, allo stesso tempo, di ottenere il minimo danneggiamento possibile per le fibre. Le prove effettuate non costituiscono naturalmente un punto di arrivo, bensì rappresentano piuttosto un punto di partenza per acquisire informazioni preliminari che potranno consentire, nel prossimo futuro, di proseguire con il perfezionamento del processo e la messa a punto dei parametri, al fine di conseguire una lavorazione che dia risultati effettivamente ottimali ed interessanti per l’eventuale applicazione industriale.

The present thesis is concerned with methods for determination and modeling of characteristic parameters of combustion of gaseous fuels. The focus is stressed on formation of nitrogen oxides and heat transfer from hot flue gases into combustion chamber’s walls. Experimental work, which is focused on testing of two burners with suppressed formation of nitrogen oxides, is an important part of the thesis. Its aim is to obtain data that is necessary for further processing and modeling. The work presents two methods that may be used in modeling of characteristic combustion parameters, namely the method based on statistical processing of data and the method based on computational fluid dynamics. The approaches are applied to two devices (burner with two-staged fuel supply, burner with two-staged air supply) with the objective to analyze their parameters. First approach covers detailed planning of burner test prior to its own carrying out (definition of the goal of experiment, choice of input factors and response, experimental plan) and subsequent statistical processing of experimental data. On the contrary, CFD approach offers simulations as an alternative option to traditional experimental methods. The simulation of combustion includes building of computational grid, setup of boundary conditions, turbulence model, heat transfer model and chemical kinetics. Results of simulations are compared with experimental measured data.

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The aim of this study was to produce deposit of the alloy AA 6351-T6, filled with alumina particles, on an AA5052-32 alloy substrate using friction-surfacing technology. The depositions were performed with holes in the AA6351-T6 consumable rods, which were filled with particulate alumina (Al2O3). A conventional milling machine, KONE KFE-3 / BR, available by SENAI Ponta Grossa – Paraná, was used to carry out the deposition. The control parameter used for the making the deposits was the rod feed rate being calculated from the relationship between the upward axial displacement in the Z axis (Dz) of the machine table and the total time (t) of deposition. The deposits obtained were evaluated from their physical aspects such as width, thickness and length. In addition, bending tests were conducted for a qualitative assessment of the influence of the alumina particles in the adhesion of the deposit to the substrate and microhardness profiles were obtained to evaluate the influence of the alumina particles produced in the hardness of the deposits. Images of optical microscopy images (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were obtained to evaluate the microstructure and morphology of the deposits produced. The volume fraction of alumina particles in the deposits were obtained by digital processing of the images by optical microscopy. EBSD analysis of deposits in specific regions were performed in order to support the microstructural analysis, enabling verify grain size distribution in different regions of deposits showing the existence of substructures indicating the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization phenomenon. The results showed that it was possible to produce deposits with a refined microstructure and with a certain dispersion of alumina particles. Depositions with two holes in the rod produced deposits with higher volume fraction, and this increase in volume fraction was accompanied by higher hardness values.
O presente trabalho buscou depositar a liga AA 6351-T6, preenchida com partículas de alumina (Al2O3), sobre um substrato de liga AA5052-32 através da tecnologia de deposição superficial por atrito (friction surfacing). As deposições foram realizadas com um e dois furos nas hastes de liga AA6351-T6, que foram preenchidos com partículas de alumina. Para a realização das deposições foi utilizada uma fresadora convencional KONE KFE-3/BR disponibilizada pelo SENAI Ponta Grossa – Paraná. O parâmetro de controle utilizado para a confecção dos depósitos foi a taxa de alimentação da haste, sendo calculada a partir da relação entre o deslocamento axial ascendente no eixo Z (Dz) da mesa da máquina com o tempo total (t) de deposição. Os depósitos obtidos após o processamento foram avaliados a partir de seus aspectos físicos tais quais largura, espessura e comprimento. Também foram realizados ensaios de dobramento para uma avaliação qualitativa da influência das partículas de alumina na adesão do depósito no substrato e foram obtidos perfis de microdureza para avaliação da influência das partículas de alumina na dureza dos depósitos produzidos. Foram obtidas imagens de microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para avaliação da microestrutura e morfologia dos depósitos produzidos. Ainda foi obtida a fração volumétrica das partículas de alumina nos depósitos produzidos através de processamento digital das imagens obtidas por microscopia óptica. Análises de EBSD em regiões específicas dos depósitos foram realizadas com o intuito de reforçar a análise microestrutural possibilitando verificar a distribuição de tamanho de grão em diferentes regiões dos depósitos, mostrando a existência de subestruturas indicando a ocorrência do fenômeno de recristalização dinâmica. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível produzir depósitos com uma microestrutura refinada e com uma certa dispersão de partículas de alumina. As deposições com dois furos na haste produziram depósitos com maior fração volumétrica, sendo que esse aumento da fração volumétrica foi acompanhada pelo aumento dos valores de dureza.

Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement. In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP. However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario. In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.

The resin film infusion process or RFI is a vacuum assisted moulding method for producing high quality fibre reinforced components. The goals of this research have been to investigate this new process, with the aim of determining how the process could be used by the South African composites industry. This included factors such as suitable materials systems, and optimum process parameters. The RFI process is a new composite moulding method designed to allow fibre reinforced products to be manufactured with the ease of pre-preg materials while still allowing any dry reinforcement material to be used. The high pressures required for traditional manufacturing methods such as autoclaves, matched dies and R TM can be avoided while still having very accurate control over the fibre / resin ratio. Moreover, the RFI process is a "dry" process and hence avoids many of the environmental and health concerns associated with wet lay-up and vacuum bag techniques. Furthermore the simple lay-up process requires less skill than a wet lay-up and vacuum bag method. Through a combination of mathematical modelling and physical testing, a material system has been identified. The primary process parameters were identified and a strenuous regime of testing was performed to find optimum values of these parameters. These results were finally feed back into the development of the mathematical model.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

This paper is concerned with estimation of space-time shot-noise Cox process parametric models. We introduce the two-step estimation method, where in the second step we use composite likelihood or Palm likelihood. For the two-step estimation method based on Palm likelihood we prove consistency and asymptotic normality theorem. Finally we compare composite likelihood with Palm likelihood in simulation studies, where we add for comparison minimum contrast method. Results for minimum contrast method are taken from the literature. 1

In-situ fiber placement, in combination with automated tape laying and filament winding, is the key to high-volume production of large-scale composite aerostructures ranging from simple flat plates, to panels with mild curvatures, to complex three-dimensional surfaces, promising reliable, consistent and cost-effective fabrication. However, manufacturing cost, slit tape quality, lack of knowledge and experience of the in-situ consolidation fiber placement process are major barriers preventing aircraft manufacturer from implementing this unique processing technique. This dissertation aims to gain knowledge and experience of in-situ consolidation fiber placement by identifying and resolving four technical issues associated with the manufacturing of thermoplastic composite tailbooms. The first study demonstrates that the percentage of gap/lap and the angular deviation of fiber orientation can be controlled by dividing a single tool surface to multiple and equal sections. The second study shows that the interlaminar defects have minimal effects on the mechanical properties of autoclave molded thermoplastic composite laminates. The third study predicates a set of optimum processing parameters for manufacturing tailboom demonstration articles using automated fiber placement. The last study suggests that the in-situ consolidation fiber placement process needs to be improved to lower the micro-size void content and minimize the process induced warpage.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
材料科學與工程系
98
This study attempted to produce functional fiber containing TiO2 by blending PET with TiO2 nanoparticles. The experiment showed that the TiO2 aggregation particles on the fiber surface become more obvious as the draw speed of fiber increases, as observed through SEM. The TiO2 particles of fiber are distributed at the interface between fiber and air. The process parameters are the keys influencing the mechanical properties. The key process parameters influencing the performance of melt spinning are three-stage sleeve temperature, diehead temperature, gear pump temperature, spinneret temperature and coiling speed. The quality characteristics are ultimate tensile strength, elongation at fracture and modulus of resilience. This study used the orthogonal of Taguchi Method to design the experiment. The optimum parameter for single quality was obtained from the qualitative data derived from the experiment by using factor effects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) theory of Taguchi Method. The optimum process parameter level combination was determined from the qualitative data obtained from the experiment by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the melt spinning process parameter prediction system was constructed by using back propagation neural network (BPNN) through Taguchi confirmation experiment and calculation of confidence interval. The prediction error rate was less than 5% after network learning and training.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
材料科學與工程系
100
This study discussed two types of biodegradable polymer composites (polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate). UV absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers were added to prolong the life cycle of the composite fibers in outdoor lighting conditions. By using the multi-objective optimization theory of a variety of quality engineering approaches, this study examined the impact of the composite mixing process and melt spinning process on the product quality in different stages, in order to improve the innovative research relating to biodegradable fiber applications. This study divided the planning of the development of the environmentally friendly polylactic acid composite fibers into two stages. The first stage was “applying the Taguchi method and the principal component analysis in the polylactic acid property modification process”. The aim was to discuss the impact of different material proportions, dual-screw mixing process temperature, and shearing force on the mechanical strength of polylactic acid composite materials. Moreover, this study explored major properties of polylactic acid composite materials, such as the optical properties, the thermal properties of polylactic acid before and after modification, material compatibility, processing flowability and weather resistance. The results suggested that, the addition of 10 wt% polybutylene succinate can increase the toughness of polylactic acid by 20%. Taguchi method and the principal component analysis can improve the bending strength by 27%, the tensile strength by 13.47% and the impact strength by 22.95%. Finally, after 480 h of UV aging acceleration test, the tensile strength retention rate was 94.86%, which was higher than the polylactic acid by 44%. The break extension retention rate was 85.17%, which was higher than the pure polylactic acid by 35.17%. The second stage was “applying the response surface methodology and multi-objective particle swarm algorithm in the polylactic acid composite fiber process”. The aim was to obtain the newly spun threads by melt spinning method from the polylactic acid composite material acetate tablets under the optimal conditions of the first stage. The impact of spinning temperature, spinneret rotation speed, fiber wrapping roller on the newly spun thread quality characteristics in the fiber spinning process were also discussed. The response surface methodology was applied to establish the regression models of different quality characteristics before using the multi-objective particle swarm algorithm for the optimization processing of these quality characteristic models and parameter constraints. The experiments found that the polylactic acid/polyacid butanediol ester composite material was better than the polylactic acid/polycaprolactone composite material. The optimal composite fiber denier was 40.07 with an improvement by 5.3%. The fiber strength was 1.69(gf/d) with an improvement by 42% and elongation at break was 176.04% with an improvement by 27%. The optimal regression model prediction error rate was 5.5%, suggesting the model has a good reproductability and accuracy.

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
資訊管理系研發科技與資訊管理碩士在職專班
103
The trends of the global energy crisis, replacement tide which civil aircraft industry is facing for the past 20 years, and aerospace components which are made of composite material making aircraft manufacturer develop lighter and energy saving aircraft. Boeing and Airbus who are the leaders of aircraft manufacturer in the world expanded quickly the application of composite material on airframe structure near years. However, composite material manufacturing development requires a lot of time and cost. Generally, it requires half a year or even one year. So it is a significant issue for aircraft manufacturer to reduce cost and lead time in composite material manufacturing development. The accuracy tolerance would be not achieved without compensation of tool when some mismatches happened on assembly of deformed composite parts which have residual stress from the curing process. The compensation is obviously very important in composite material manufacturing development. If we would like to get the compensation parameters for the correct tool, many trials and error runs should be done on traditional composite material manufacturing development. But the whole process will cause a lot of time spent. The aim of this thesis is to study a method to make sure spring back is under control and how to reduce trial-run cost and lead time for a group of I composite beams manufacturing development. Taguchi method provides a judgment method of robust manufacture in the manufacture preparation phase. So the thesis will state how to use Taguchi S/N ratio and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) to find the significant factors, thereafter to judge the data and factors if they are reliable by confirmation experiment. The most significant factor will be confirmed by contribution ratio. Finally the optimal trial-run plan will come out of the approach with the goal of reduction of cost and risk.