Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Composites – Propriétés thermomécaniques – Prévision"
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Issoupov, Vitali. "Proposition d'une procédure pour la simulation de l'effet d'un environnement spatial d'orbite basse sur des matériaux composites". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30074.
Texto completo da fonteBeji, Hamdi. "Machine learning et algorithme évolutionnaire : prédiction et optimisation du comportement mécanique et thermique de composites via l'homogénéisation de leurs microcrostuctures". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILN023.
Texto completo da fonteThis work focuses on the prediction and optimization, using bio-inspired approaches, of the mechanical and thermal behavior of composite materials through the homogenization of their microstructures. A numerical simulation chain, using Finite Elements, enabled the analysis of Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) for various forms of inclusions, considering their positions and orientations, as well as variations in contrasts and volume fractions. This initial step led to the generation of a database set covering the responses (in terms of thermoelastic linear characteristics) of composite microstructures.These data were then used to feed machine learning models, integrating both Machine Learning and Deep Learning approaches, with evaluation based on Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), demonstrating excellent prediction accuracy. Subsequently, the study focused on the search for optimized microstructures: coupling these numerical prediction tools with a genetic algorithm enabled the inverse analysis to obtain RVEs corresponding to prescribed values of thermoelastic characteristics.To make these innovative tools more accessible, a web interface was developed, highlighting their interactive and dynamic functionalities. This platform facilitates the exploration and intuitive exploitation of the obtained results
Michaud, Franck, e Franck Michaud. "Rhéologie de panneaux composites bois/thermoplastiques sous chargement thermomécanique : aptitude au postformage". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17863.
Texto completo da fonteCe travail est une étude exploratoire sur la possibilité de réaliser un composite bois polymère ou WPC, rencontrant certaines exigences, notamment la post-thermoformabilité. Nous avons élaboré un panneau composite fibre de bois/thermodurcissable/thermoplastique dans la logique d’un « éco-matériau ». Ce matériau innovant est destiné à un usage structurel ou décoratif. Il est fabriqué selon un procédé de pressage à chaud d’un matelas fibreux. La problématique de l’incompatibilité d’interface entre le bois et le thermoplastique, récurrente pour bon nombre de WPC, a été résolue grâce au développement d’une technique originale d’amélioration de l’adhésion par enrobage. Les améliorations ont permis d’obtenir des caractéristiques physico-mécaniques semblables aux panneaux de densité moyenne. La composante thermoplastique nous a permis d’octroyer une aptitude de post-thermoformabilité à ce matériau. L’analyse détaillée de la composition des panneaux WPC, de leurs propriétés à différentes températures, ainsi qu’un travail de modélisation expliquent, en partie, le comportement complexe de ce nouveau WPC.
This project deals with a new type of Wood Polymer Composite (WPC) able to be post moulded. Based on wood industry processing we developed different wood/adhesive/thermoplastic fibreboards. This exploratory work leads to an innovative WPC fibreboard dedicated to structural or decorative use. In order to reach sufficient mechanical properties we managed to improve the cohesion properties. In fact, weak interfacial adhesion is a recurrent problem of all Wood/Thermoplastic products. An original coating process of MAPP onto PP fibres gave great interfacial adhesion enhancement and mechanical properties similar to MDF panels. The post thermoforming ability was measured with an original thermoforming test. These investigations, through characterisation and modelling, allowed us to determine the role of different factors and their interactions. Our post mouldable composite WPC fibreboards are porous and made-up of a fibre network which showed a complex rheological behaviour. Morphology, concentration, distribution of each components and surface interactions between them explain this behaviour.
This project deals with a new type of Wood Polymer Composite (WPC) able to be post moulded. Based on wood industry processing we developed different wood/adhesive/thermoplastic fibreboards. This exploratory work leads to an innovative WPC fibreboard dedicated to structural or decorative use. In order to reach sufficient mechanical properties we managed to improve the cohesion properties. In fact, weak interfacial adhesion is a recurrent problem of all Wood/Thermoplastic products. An original coating process of MAPP onto PP fibres gave great interfacial adhesion enhancement and mechanical properties similar to MDF panels. The post thermoforming ability was measured with an original thermoforming test. These investigations, through characterisation and modelling, allowed us to determine the role of different factors and their interactions. Our post mouldable composite WPC fibreboards are porous and made-up of a fibre network which showed a complex rheological behaviour. Morphology, concentration, distribution of each components and surface interactions between them explain this behaviour.
Jorand, Yves. "Elaboration et caractérisation de composites dispersoïdes ternaires base alumine-zircone a vocation thermomécanique". Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0077.
Texto completo da fonteZirconia particles dispersed in order to promote the mechanism of stress induced phase transformation, is one of the most effective methods for toughening alumina. But it leads to reduction of hardness, Young modulus and high temperature fracture resistance. However with carefully chosen second phase particles, improvement in bath hardness and modulus can be obtained ( according to the law of mixture). Furthermore the presence of highly re fractory hard second phase particles at the grains boundary can impede grain matrix sliding at high temperatures. In the first part we have characterized experimental and commercial alumina (Pl72SB) synthesised by ALUMINIUM ECHINEY, in order to optimise high temperature mechanical properties. In the second part, two optimal Z. T. A. Compositions have been selected and developed. Then after selection of several phases (TiC, TiCN, TiN, TiB2, B4C, VC, Cr3C2) on the basis of their physical properties, sintering tests were conducted on Z. T. A. /non-oxide temary compositions. From these preliminary results, Al203/Zr02/Cr3C2 compositions were developed and specially characterized for high temperature mechanical properties
Hebert, Jean-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude du comportement thermomécanique de matériaux composites pour applications aérospatiales". Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10069.
Texto completo da fonteFlorianova, Eva. "Traitements thermomécaniques, microstructure et propriétés supraconductrices des composites à base de Nb-Ti". Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-105.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSoro, Julien. "Elaboration par coulage en bande et caractérisation de composites fibreux à matrice à base de ciment alumineux". Limoges, 2005. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/277b6612-aad6-4cc7-b012-240bd5893755/blobholder:0/2005LIMO0003.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteFor "large public" utilisation, corresponding to materials with good thermo-mechanical properties at temperatures about 1200°C, a research program was undertaken to apply the tape casting method in to great diffusion materials such as aluminous cements (SECAR 71 – Lafarge-Alumitnates). The object is to manufacture composite materials with low cost mineral matrix reinforced with fibres in 1D or 2D configuration, which can be used in oxidizing atmosphere. The results we have obtained, show that it is possible to make by tape casting, composites with hydraulic binder matrix reinforced by ceramic fibres, presenting a non-fragile behaviour and preserving a good level of rupture strength after dehydration
Dariol, Ludovic. "Recherche et mise au point d'interphases non-oxydables pour améliorer le comportement thermomécanique des composites SiC/MAS-L". Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20201.
Texto completo da fonteThebaud, Frédéric. "Vers l'introduction de l'endommagement dans la prévision globale du comportement de composites à matrice métallique". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993EPXX0016.
Texto completo da fonteCledat-Schneider, Sandrine. "Elaboration et propriétés de composites particulaires AlN-TiB2". Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0028.
Texto completo da fonteShi, Huiji. "Etude en fatigue thermomécanique sur un acier inoxydable : réalisation d'essais et prévision de la durée de vie du matériau". Metz, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1992/Shi.Huiji.SMZ9214.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLow cycle thermal mechanical fatigue tests were carried out on 316L stainless steel specimens. These tests were automatically controlled by a micro computer which permits to realize the superposition of thermal and mechanical cycles with the waveforms of out-of-phase and in-phase. Two temperature ranges (250° C-500°C and 250°C-650°C) of thermal cycling were controlled with the same waveform as the mechanical cycling. Both types of tests (in-phase and out-of-phase) were conducted at the same strain rate of 0,0001/s. The total strain range were realized from 1,0% to 2,4%. To predict the lifetime of components submitted to thermal mechanical fatigue, first the stress strain response of the material in stabilized cycles was simulated by a non linear kinematic hardening model. An internal variable was introduced into this model in order to describe the thermal cycling effect. With isothermal fatigue data this kinematic hardening model using three parameters depending on temperature and plastic strain range can correctly yields a very good approximation of hysteresis loop for low cycle thermal mechanical fatigue. To describe the influence of the variable tempetature on damage in thermal mechanical fatigue, a temperature damage factor was introduced. To study the fatigue damage process, a typical stabilized hysteresis loop of thermal mechanical cycling is considered to be the combination of great deal of parts, each of them corresponding to a given temperature, and a linear damage model based on the total strain energy density is supposed. This method using the isothermal fatigue data gives satisfactory results for thermal mechanical fatigue life prediction
Guichard, Bryan. "Renforcement thermomécanique et amélioration des propriétés barrière aux essences du HDPE par des approches (nano)composites". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1031/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the recent years, the use of polyolefin and especially Polyethylene are of economic interest resulting in a growing attention concerning the improvement of its properties of use, especially for automotive application. In this context, the reinforcement of its thermomechanical properties and the improvement of its barrier properties to different fuels over an extended temperature range constitute a major scientific and environmental challenge. In this study, we first decided to analyze the impact of silica particles and of an annealing at 125°C under air atmosphere on thermomechanical properties of a HDPE. The second area of research was focused on the improvement of its barrier properties to fuels by the addition of lamellar charges known for their high aspect ratio inducing a tortuosity effect. The impact of these particles on sorption and extraction phenomena was also studied to determine an optimal HDPE-based formulation in order to limit the physical loss of oligomers and antioxidants. The guideline of this project was the determination of Structure / Morphology / Properties relationships to have a better understanding of the involved mechanisms
Desmarres, Jean-Michel. "Composites à matrice Si(3)N(4) et Trichites SiC : élaboration, comportement à l'oxydation, propriétés thermomécaniques". Limoges, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIMOA002.
Texto completo da fonteGaudon, Alain. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la résistance aux chocs thermiques de céramiques thermomécaniques". Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30252.
Texto completo da fonteLostec, Lionel. "Elaboration par coulage en bande et caractérisation microstructurale et mécanique de composites SiC-MAS-L". Limoges, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIMO0006.
Texto completo da fonteDurieux, Sylvain. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés thermo-mécaniques de composites à matrice métallique à renforts particulaires". Lyon, INSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ISAL0096.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis work is a contribution for understanding the mechanisms which govern the thermo-mechanical behaviour of a metal matrix composite. Namely, the relations between the mesostructure and the mechanical and thermo-mechanical behaviours of the studied composite are shown. This study is based on four major research axes : a fine characterisation, first, of the mesostructure, which points out a preferential orientation of reinforcement linked to the elaboration process of the material and, second, of the microstructure, which allows to identify the phenomena acting at the microstructural scale on the visco-plastic behaviour of the matrix ; a study of elastic and micro-plastic behaviours of the composite. The relation between the transversal isotropy of elastic constants and the preferential orientation of reinforcement is clearly shown, both experimentally and analytically through behaviour models (Mari/Tanaka and Ponte-Castaneda/Willis). The micro-plastic behaviour allows. Through an analysis method developed at the laboratory, to characterise, first, the residual stress fields due to the composite elaboration and, second, the local yield stress of the matrix ; a characterisation of the therrno-mechanical behaviour of the composite which shows an enhancement of the thermal cycling strain rate with respect to isothermal creep. The effects of the thermo-mechanical parameters on the strain are deeply studied. Observations of damage after numerous thermal cycles under load, are presented and allow to identify the initiation mechanisms; a theoretic analysis of experimental results, based on the study of stress fields generated by strain incompatibilities between matrix and reinforcement, which shows that the strain enhancement during thermal cycling is originated by the plastic accommodations processing acting at microstructural scale. Besides, an analysis of the damage initiation mechanisms is presented, which initiates the development of a life length prediction during thermal cycling under load
Lanfant, Briac. "Élaboration et étude des propriétés thermomécaniques de composites à matrice SiC nanostructurée renforcée par des nanotubes de carbone". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112275/document.
Texto completo da fonteCeramic carbides materials such as SiC, due to their refractory nature and their low neutron absorption are believed to be promising candidates for high temperature nuclear or aerospace applications. However, SiC brittleness has limited its structural application. In this context this work examines in a first part the possibilities to perform dense nanostructured SiC matrix by SPS without the use of sintering additive. Indeed a reduction of grain size (below 100 nm) accompanied by a high final density seem to be the solutions to counteract the brittleness and thus to improve mechanical properties. Dense (95%) and nanostructured (grain size around 100 nm) SiC samples were obtained thanks to the realization of an effective dispersion technique and the study on the sintering parameters effect. High hardness (2200 Hv) and decent fracture toughness (3.0 MPa.m1/2) were achieved. This first work also showed the preponderant influence of recurrent pollutants (oxygen and carbon) found in SiC powders on the final microstructure and mechanical properties of sintered samples. The oxygen as silica or silicon oxycarbide seems to promote densification mechanisms while free carbon (3.5%wt) causes lower grain size and densification state. Mechanical properties with carbon are also negatively impacted (950 Hv and 2.4 MPa.m1/2). Such degradation is due by the specific localization of carbon structure between the grains. In return of the expected mechanical properties improvement by reducing the grain size, the thermal conductivity is drastically decrease of due to the phonon scattering at the grain boundaries. With the aim of reducing this effect, a second study was initiated by introducing multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into the SiC matrix. The MWCNTs by exhibiting a high toughness could also help to enhance the mechanical properties. Green bodies with different amounts of well dispersed MWCNTs (0%wt to 5%wt) were realized. Like free carbon, MWCNTs are located between the grains and induce a reduction of grain size. However the appearance of CNTs percolation for an amount above 1%wt, with the SPS sintering technique, allows an improvement of densification up to 97%. Hardness (up to 2550 Hv) and fracture toughness (4.0 MPa.m1/2) are also achieved with the SiC/NTC composites. Despite the good thermal properties of MWCNTs, the increase of grain boundary decreases the thermal conductivity of these composites
Benseddiq, Noureddine. "Optimisation des garnitures composites pour freins à disques ferroviaires". Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10076.
Texto completo da fonteMoncel, Laurence. "Etude des mécanismes d'endommagement d'un assemblage cuivre/composite carbone-carbone sous chargement thermomécanique". Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10558.
Texto completo da fonteLouisy, Elodie. "Synthèse de composites à matrice polylactide par procédé RTM (Resin Transfer Molding)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR037.
Texto completo da fonteThis study deals with the development of polylactide based composites by RTM (Resin Transfer Molding). It focuses on the in-situ ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide in the RTM process in order to obtain, in a single step, a composite with a biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible matrix, presenting a good impregnation of the fibers by the matrix for a high reinforcement rate. First, preliminary mass polymerization tests (solvent-free) of L-lactide in flasks at the gram scale and in the absence of reinforcement were carried out. These experiments enable to choose the initial conditions enabling to reach high molecular mass PLLA matrices (Mn = 70 000 - 100 000 g.mol-1) containing the lowest residual L-lactide content (conversions up to 90 %). These characteristics are indeed essential to reach optimal thermomechanical properties of the PLLA matrix, suitable for composite applications. Polymerization tests on a gram scale in the presence of fibers of different kinds have then been carried out in order to evaluate their influence on the polymerization. Woven glass fibers display the least influence (conversion and molecular masses up to 90% and 70 000 g.mol-1, respectively). The experimental conditions determined above have been first transposed and adjusted for the production by RTM of polylactide/glass fiber composites obtained from L-lactide catalyzed by tin octoate. The RTM process was optimized by varying different experimental parameters such as the monomer mass, catalyst concentration, fiber quantity, tank heating, injection pressure and mold pressure and temperature. The physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the composites obtained were also studied. PLLA/glass fiber composites display conversions up to 95% and molar masses of up to 80 000 g.mol-1. The RTM conditions show no influence on the thermal (Tg = 50 °C; Tf = 170 °C) and structural (crystallization in the α phase) properties of the polylactide matrix. In addition, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of those composites can reach 200 MPa and 6 GPa respectively. The last part concerns the production of PLLA matrix composites by RTM process in the presence of catalysts presenting lower toxicity than tin octoate, the catalyst used industrially for the polymerization of L-lactide. Catalysts based on titanium, zinc, magnesium and calcium were consequently studied, but only the zinc catalyst leads to a material suitable for composite application (conversion and Mn up to 90% and 30 000 g.mol-1). Although the resulting mechanical properties are lower than those obtained with the tin catalyst (σ = 93 MPa and E = 3,3 GPa).Finally, the use of recycled fibers as the reinforcement instead of glass fibers was also studied in the presence of tin octoate. Although the high conversions (95-98%) and molar masses (Mn up to 60 800 g.mol-1) have been achieved, the resulting mechanical properties are much lower than those obtained in the presence of glass fibers (σ = 65 MPa and E = 2,2 GPa)
Louisy, Elodie. "Synthèse de composites à matrice polylactide par procédé RTM (Resin Transfer Molding)". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R037/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis study deals with the development of polylactide based composites by RTM (Resin Transfer Molding). It focuses on the in-situ ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide in the RTM process in order to obtain, in a single step, a composite with a biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible matrix, presenting a good impregnation of the fibers by the matrix for a high reinforcement rate. First, preliminary mass polymerization tests (solvent-free) of L-lactide in flasks at the gram scale and in the absence of reinforcement were carried out. These experiments enable to choose the initial conditions enabling to reach high molecular mass PLLA matrices (Mn = 70 000 - 100 000 g.mol-1) containing the lowest residual L-lactide content (conversions up to 90 %). These characteristics are indeed essential to reach optimal thermomechanical properties of the PLLA matrix, suitable for composite applications. Polymerization tests on a gram scale in the presence of fibers of different kinds have then been carried out in order to evaluate their influence on the polymerization. Woven glass fibers display the least influence (conversion and molecular masses up to 90% and 70 000 g.mol-1, respectively). The experimental conditions determined above have been first transposed and adjusted for the production by RTM of polylactide/glass fiber composites obtained from L-lactide catalyzed by tin octoate. The RTM process was optimized by varying different experimental parameters such as the monomer mass, catalyst concentration, fiber quantity, tank heating, injection pressure and mold pressure and temperature. The physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the composites obtained were also studied. PLLA/glass fiber composites display conversions up to 95% and molar masses of up to 80 000 g.mol-1. The RTM conditions show no influence on the thermal (Tg = 50 °C; Tf = 170 °C) and structural (crystallization in the α phase) properties of the polylactide matrix. In addition, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of those composites can reach 200 MPa and 6 GPa respectively. The last part concerns the production of PLLA matrix composites by RTM process in the presence of catalysts presenting lower toxicity than tin octoate, the catalyst used industrially for the polymerization of L-lactide. Catalysts based on titanium, zinc, magnesium and calcium were consequently studied, but only the zinc catalyst leads to a material suitable for composite application (conversion and Mn up to 90% and 30 000 g.mol-1). Although the resulting mechanical properties are lower than those obtained with the tin catalyst (σ = 93 MPa and E = 3,3 GPa).Finally, the use of recycled fibers as the reinforcement instead of glass fibers was also studied in the presence of tin octoate. Although the high conversions (95-98%) and molar masses (Mn up to 60 800 g.mol-1) have been achieved, the resulting mechanical properties are much lower than those obtained in the presence of glass fibers (σ = 65 MPa and E = 2,2 GPa)
Benzaid, Rajaa. "Comportement thermomécanique de céramiques nanostructurées". Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0041/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteFenard, Emmanuelle. "Céramiques composites du système Ti/B/N : Propriétés mécaniques et résistance à la corrosion". Limoges, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LIMO0029.
Texto completo da fonteJeannetaud, Pascal. "Étude paramétrique du comportement de coudes en composite sous pression interne : prévision et mécanismes d'endommagement". Lille 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIL10028.
Texto completo da fonteBinette, Philippe. "Contrôle actif des déformations induites par un gradient thermique dans une plaque sandwiche à l'aide de piézocomposites". Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25272/25272.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteJulliere, Benjamin. "Contrôle actif à l'aide de piézocomposites des déformations induites thermiquement dans les matériaux composites". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23611/23611.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteGakwaya, Myriam. "Compensation des déformations induites thermiquement dans les matériaux composites à l'aide d'un piézocomposite". Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23590/23590.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteChaouki, Hicham. "Modélisation du comportement des composites thermoplastiques à renforts continus dans les procédés de mise en forme". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27682/27682.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteTouchaleaume, François. "Elaboration de nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène chargée d'argile native". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10177.
Texto completo da fonteThis work focuses on polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites based on pristine montmorillonite (NaMMT). The elaboration strategy involves the use of a polar polymer based masterbatch to disperse NaMMT in the PP matrix. Water assisted extrusion is used to finely disperse the native montmorillonite in the polar host polymer.In the first part, the dispersion of modified and pristine montmorillonite in polyamide 6 (PA6) using water assisted extrusion is presented. The morphological analysis of the PA6 nanocomposites and its outcome on the thermomechanical properties were studied. PA6 masterbatches were then elaborated using water assisted extrusion and dispersed in PP to obtain nanocomposites blends. Their morphologies are detailed, in relation with the processing conditions, and the related mechanical properties.In the second part, polyether-block-amide (PEBA) was used as host polymer to disperse modified and native montmorillonite. Their dispersion is obtained thanks to the water assisted extrusion process. The morphological analysis and its influence onto the thermomechanical properties and on the deformation mechanisms were studied. PEBA masterbatch were then prepared using water assisted extrusion and dispersed into PP to obtain nanocomposites blends. The study of their morphologies is presented, related to the extrusion conditions, and the corresponding macroscopic performances.Finally, the comparison of the results obtained in the case of PA6 and PEBA nanocomposites blends is discussed to evidence the influence of components rheology and polarity as well as the processing conditions onto the macroscopic behaviors of the materials
Zrida-Ammar, Hana. "Les composites avec mesostructure en faisceaux : propriétés élastiques et endommagement". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0280/document.
Texto completo da fonteTextile composites with bundle meso-structure have been studied in this thesis for elastic properties and damage investigations. The first chapter of this thesis deals with elastic properties modeling for Non-crimp fabric (NCF) based composites for investigating the effect of meso-structure defects on mechanical properties degradation. The objective of the work is to formulate a model for the NCF composite mesostructure in an attempt to investigate the effect of the waviness on stiffness reduction. The cross-ply NCF composite stiffness reduction is dominated by the stiffness reduction of the 0°-layer. The 0°-layer effective stiffness can be determined either by modeling a single curved tow subjected to distributed load, to reproduce its interaction with the neighboring layers, together with symmetry boundary conditions, or using a master curve approach, where a knock down factor is introduced to characterize the stiffness reduction and analytical expression is suggested. This expression allows for determination of knock down factor for any given wavelength and amplitude of the waviness. The damage initiation and development is presented is the second chapter, where woven fabric composites designated for high temperature application were investigated under severe thermal conditions to study their thermal stability and their resistance to thermal damage. Finally, the mechanical performance of the composites designated to high temperature applications was studied. The effect of aging was also investigated. 3D models were realized with Finite elements in order to explain the edge effect on the evolution of the cracks observed during the tensile tests. In addition, the differences and similarities in cracking in different layers were analysed using probabilistic approaches (a simple one as well as Monte Carlo simulations with Hashin’s and also shear lag model) and fracture mechanics arguments
Solarski, Samuel. "Développement de nouveaux filaments de polylactide nanocomposites". Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50376-2006-Solarski.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLestrade, Laurent. "Etude de la fusion superficielle au four solaire de barrières thermiques ZrO2-Y2O3 projetées par plasma". Perpignan, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PERP0241.
Texto completo da fonteArnaud, Sébastien. "Contribution à la compréhension de la formation de défauts d’élaboration par RTM d’un composite stratifié Carbone/Epoxy – Influences sur le comportement hygrothermique et abattement des propriétés thermomécaniques". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2018.
Texto completo da fonteThis study contributes to a better understanding of the formation of elaboration defects linked to the RTM process, and to the evaluation of their influences on the thermomechanical properties of [0°;90°]6 fabric laminates made of 12k satin 5 carbon AS7 and RTM6 resin. First, reference composites (free of voids) and controlled-porosity composites were elaborated by using a dedicated mold equipped with flow, pressure and temperature transducers allowing precise monitoring of the injection flow and temperature of the resin. Then matrix digestion, ultrasonic C-Scan and X-ray tomography were implemented to study the voids content, morphology and location. Thereafter interlaminar shear and post-buckling tests were implemented on pristine or hydrothermally aged materials. For the pristine materials, tests were implemented under reference conditions (25°C, RH 40%) and at high temperature (110°C, RH 4%) whereas hydrothermally aged materials were tested at 25°C, RH 95%. Mechanical properties reduction versus voids content was compared to experimental results and models available in the literature. Damage observed in situ on the post-buckling test samples, with or free of voids, was correlated to acoustic emission with the aim to sketch a damaging scenario from the damage initiation threshold up to fracture. Thus, we could define a correlation among the elaboration parameters, the presence of defects (intra or inter-bundle voids) and the reduction of the thermomechanical properties
Ramy-Ratiarison, Rindra. "Compoundage et transformation par injection de PLA renforcé par des fibres de cellulose : Analyse de la cristallisation, formulation et propriétés thermomécaniques induites". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10176.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this work was to study the compounding and injection molding of PLA composites based on cellulose fibres. In the first part, the influence of compounding and injection molding on the structure of the PLA is presented. Particularly, the influence of processing conditions on the degradation during extrusion was investigated. The study of the cristallization behavior evidenced an usual dilatation of PLA during cold cristallization in the case of injection molded parts. The optimization of the compounding step of the composites is presented in a second part. The aim was to avoid the degradation during the extrusion process and to optimize the dispersion of the cellulose fibers. A design of experiment was used to define the optimum compounding parameters in order to limit the degradation and improve the dispersion of the cellulose fibers. The optimized compounds were used to study the influence of injection molding conditions on the structure of the composites and its influence on the mechanical properties of injection molded composites. Finally, the optimization of composites thermomechanical properties using formulation was proposed. Particularly, the effect of plasticizing of PLA and the compatibilization at the interface using maleic anhydride grafted PLA are presented
Lacombe, Guillaume. "Rôle des paramètres d'élaboration sur les propriétés physico-chimiques de matériaux composites élaborés par métallurgie des poudres : études théoriques et expérimentales". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681508.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Moumen Ahmed. "Prévision du comportement des matériaux hétérogènes basée sur l’homogénéisation numérique : modélisation, visualisation et étude morphologique". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10077/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe homogenization is a technique of Micro-Macro passage taking into account the influence of morphological, mechanical and statistical parameters of the representative microstructure of an heterogeneous material. Numerical modeling has contributed significantly to the development of this technique to determine the physical and mechanical properties of bi-and multi-phase heterogenous materials. The main objective of this work is the prediction of the macroscopic elastic and thermal behaviors of heterogeneous materials. The mechanical and thermal behaviors was determined numerically and compared with experimental and analytical results. The variation of the representative volume element (RVE) versus volume fraction and the contrast was analyzed. This study showed the importance of a rigorous determination of the optimal RVE size. Indeed, it must take into account several parameters such as : volume fraction, contrast, type of property and the morphology of the heterogeneity. A new concept of the equivalent morphology was proposed. This concept introduces the equivalence of the elastic and thermal characteristics of a microstructure of heterogeneous materials with complex morphology and those of a microstructure containing spherical particles. This work led us to developement of a comprehensive approach to microstructural design by integrating the real morphology of heterogeneous microstructure phases incorporating at the same time the image visualization, the morphological study and the geometric and numerical modeling
Ouchiar, Saadia. "Étude des relations structure – propriétés physiques de composites verts biopolymère/argile : effet de la nature et de la teneur en renfort". Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10023.
Texto completo da fonteAlthough in constant development, the use of biobased polymers for industrial applications is still limited mainly because of their intrinsically limited physical properties. Adding clay is one solution to outclass these limitations. The main goal of this thesis, with an applied nature, was to elaborate and characterize new composite materials based on biopolymers and clays for applications in the packaging field. More especially, the influence of the clay nature was assessed. One of the distinctive features of this PhD work is the use of a high clay contents (≥ 30 wt%). Moreover, a particular attention was paid to study the role of the interface between the polymer matrix and the mineral filler on the structure as well as on the thermomechanical and barrier properties of the elaborated biocomposite.A screening of different biopolymer/clay compound elaborated at the laboratory scale was firstly studied in terms of structure, morphology and physical properties. Then the most promising formulations were selected and elaborated at a larger scale using industrially processes. The results obtained on Polylactide (PLA)/clay compounds showed that rather than the content of clay or its dispersion degree, it is the nature of the clay, i.e. its chemistry and its crystallography, that mainly govern the thermomechanical properties. Furthermore it was highlighted that applying a biaxial stretching on this kind of materials offsets the PLA brittleness and increases its barrier properties. Finally, regarding the alginate based composites, plasticization leads to a heterogeneous material and adding clay involves an increase of the material rigidity without any decrease of stretchability
Couture, Adrien. "Automatisation de la modélisation numérique des microstructures de matériaux hétérogènes basée sur une intégration CAO-calcul". Thesis, Lorient, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORIS543.
Texto completo da fonteNumerical simulation of heterogeneous materials is of great interest to the scientific community since it is an attractive and economical solution to the problem of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of heterogeneous materials. Heterogeneous materials behavior is difficult to predict even when the constituents properties are known and their shape and position well defined. This difficulty is related to the physical phenomena that occur at the constituents scale. They originate from the constituents interaction and the way they are assembled together. Numerical modeling of heterogeneous materials can simulate samples of the material to be studied. These samples are the Statistical Volume Elements (SVE) and represent a portion of the material microstructure. To obtain a statistical representation of the thermomechanical behavior, it is usually necessary to generate many SVE. This thesis objective is to propose a new automated approach to numerical modeling of microstructures based on the integration of Computer Aided Design (CAD) methods, automatic mesh generation methods and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) method. This approach is proposed in the context of heterogeneous particulate materials but can be applied to all types of microstructures. The potential of the CAD-FEA integrated approach is illustrated with a comparative study of the influence of the constituents shape and the mesh degree on the apparent thermomechanical properties of a glass / epoxy composite. An innovative method for generating microstructures with high volume fractions of slender particles is introduced. This new method is used to simulate the behavior of a hemp and cement composite and the numerical results are confronted with the experimental results
Girard, Gautier. "Caractérisation et modélisation thermomécaniques de matériaux et de structures circuits imprimés complexes destinés aux applications spatiales radiofréquences et micro-ondes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0170/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, the thermomechanical behavior of Printed Circuit Boards with high frequency space applications is assessed. A printed circuit board is a multi-material assembly, linking dielectric substrates and copper paths. The studied PCBs are multilayers, thus drills are made through these layers with copper electrodeposited on the wall of the hole, allowing the electrical signal to go from one layer to the other. Any satellite carries embedded electronics and the PCB is the link and the support of these electronics. During the life of the PCB in space applications, important temperature changes will drive strains which are inhomogeneous in the different materials and thus will lead to important stresses, root of the observed failures. Indeed, the coefficients of thermal expansion of the dielectric substrates are different than the one of copper. For each thermal cycle, the copper undergoes thus an alternate loading. Depending on the configuration, the copper may endure plastic strain and break after hundreds or a few thousands of cycles (oligo-cyclic fatigue). These failures happen often in the copper barrels linking the different layers.Two phases are distinguishable in the thesis: a first phase in which the thermomechanical behaviors of the materials constituting high frequency printed circuit boards is assessed (composites substrates and copper), and a second phase concerning the simulations of crucial configurations thanks to the identified behaviors of the materials
Bajolet, Julien. "Développement de solutions thermomécaniques répondant au packaging de l’électronique de puissance en environnement aéronautique". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0043/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe aeronautic field is growing years after years; this is why it is necessary to find solutions to transport more people and to reduce fuel consumption. The aircraft relief is a global issue, all components of aircraft ha to be lighter. Electronic devices must be a part of this global aircraft relief. The SAFRAN group and Hispano-Suiza in particular have engaged in a more electric aircraft project it is necessary to reduce the mass of an electronic box. A study of existing electronic boxes helped to highlight the main mass contributors. Mass analysis shows that the elements of protection and bearing of electronic components represent the highest global mass percent. The research of innovative solutions to reduce the weight of these components has highlighted new materials to replace the omnipresent aluminium in the current boxes. The composites Fibre Metal Laminates (FML) consist of organic matrix composites plies (carbon, fiberglass, Kevlar ...) and the metal sheet. These new composite materials are particularly interesting because of their thermo-mechanical and electrical conductivity necessary for the proper functioning of the electronic devices in case of lightning current. Modal analysis simulations validated the appropriateness of using these FML to replace aluminium in electronic boxes structure. Analytical models were developed to get a faster and easier the behaviour of composite laminates according to the number of plies, materials and orientations. The study of these analytical models has selected promising laminates according to their thermo mechanical properties: the Carall (assembly of carbon and aluminium), the Glare (assembly of glass fibers and aluminium) and carbon as a "classical" laminates. The characterization of these materials under various solicitations (static, dynamic, temperature ...) coupled with numerical simulations provided the laminates properties. Numerical modelling of composites will reduce the time and cost required to design a box. The study and comparison of measured properties during the experimental trials has identified the potential applications of metal laminates / composites in electronic boxes. Finally, a study of accelerated moisture and temperature aging was conducted to study the evolution properties of laminates in “real” environment
Girard, Gautier. "Caractérisation et modélisation thermomécaniques de matériaux et de structures circuits imprimés complexes destinés aux applications spatiales radiofréquences et micro-ondes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0170.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, the thermomechanical behavior of Printed Circuit Boards with high frequency space applications is assessed. A printed circuit board is a multi-material assembly, linking dielectric substrates and copper paths. The studied PCBs are multilayers, thus drills are made through these layers with copper electrodeposited on the wall of the hole, allowing the electrical signal to go from one layer to the other. Any satellite carries embedded electronics and the PCB is the link and the support of these electronics. During the life of the PCB in space applications, important temperature changes will drive strains which are inhomogeneous in the different materials and thus will lead to important stresses, root of the observed failures. Indeed, the coefficients of thermal expansion of the dielectric substrates are different than the one of copper. For each thermal cycle, the copper undergoes thus an alternate loading. Depending on the configuration, the copper may endure plastic strain and break after hundreds or a few thousands of cycles (oligo-cyclic fatigue). These failures happen often in the copper barrels linking the different layers.Two phases are distinguishable in the thesis: a first phase in which the thermomechanical behaviors of the materials constituting high frequency printed circuit boards is assessed (composites substrates and copper), and a second phase concerning the simulations of crucial configurations thanks to the identified behaviors of the materials
Su, Yishi. "Modélisation analytique et numérique de structure des mousses métalliques MPPCs et du comportement mécanique". Troyes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TROY0018.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objective of this work is analytical and numerical modeling of the static, dynamic and thermal mechanical properties of the innovative materials (metal foam and composites MPPCs). Initially, the negative pressure infiltration technique is applied to manufacture the open-cell aluminum foams and the composites MPPCs. Considering the open-cell arrangements, three analytical models are proposed at the microscopic level to predict and optimize the porosity of the materials. The microstructures are experimentally analyzed to study the mechanical behavior of the composites MPPC. Secondly, we proposed a constitutive model of stress-strain in the case of uniaxial static compression of metal foam. This model is utilized with the finite element to numerically simulate the compressive behavior. Afterwards, the model is once again used in the case of dynamic low-velocity impact of metal foam. These models are verified by the experimental tests. Finally, we study the thermomechanical behavior of the composites MPPCs with the micro-structures of spherical and Kelvin cells. The numerical simulations of thermomechanical properties are carried out with the program ABAQUS
Abchiche, Bruno. "Augmentation de la limite élastique des composites à matrice céramique : SiC/SiC ou SiC/MAC". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14903/document.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract
Tran, Manh Tien. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation numérique du comportement thermomécanique à haute température des matériaux composites renforcés par des fibres". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1111/document.
Texto completo da fonteTRC materials, consisting of a cement matrix and a reinforcement by textiles or fibers (carbon, glass or other fibre, etc) are often used to repair or/and strengthen the loading structural elements (slab, beam, column) of old civil engineering works. They can also be used as loading elements in new structures (prefabrication element). In order to develop TRC composites with good characteristics at high temperature, a combination has been made between the carbon textiles which have a good mechanical capacity and a refractory matrix which provides a load transfer between the reinforcement textiles and thermally protects them against the action of high temperature. The thermomechanical behavior of carbon TRC composites is experimentally and numerically studied at the mesoscale in this thesis. Scientific advancement on this thesis topic would improve the fire stability of structures that are reinforced by TRC composite materials. This topic would contribute to significant social and economic interests for civil engineering worldwide in general and Vietnam in particular. My thesis work concerns the experimental characterization and numerical modeling of the high temperature thermomechanical behavior of composite materials TRC at the mesoscale. In a first experimental part, the carbon textiles (commercial products on the market), the refractory concrete matrix and the textile/matrix interface were tested at constant temperature thermomechanical regime (ranging from 25 °C to 700 °C). The results obtained showed an effect of the textile treatment on the mechanical behavior and failure mode of the carbon textiles and the textile/matrix interface. An analytical model was also used to identify the evolution of thermomechanical properties of carbon textiles as a function of temperature. The thermal transfer in the cylindrical specimen was carried out to validate the thermal properties of refractory concrete. All results obtained in this part are used as input data for the numerical model in the modeling part. The second experimental part explores the thermomechanical behavior of TRCs under two regimes: thermomechanical at constant temperature and thermomechanical at constant force. Two carbon textiles, which gave the best performance at high temperature, were chosen for the manufacture of TRCs. The experimental results showed a hardening behavior with three or two phases at moderate temperature and a brittle behavior at higher temperature of 500 °C. In thermomechanical regime at constant force, two TRC composites can resist longer than carbon textiles alone thanks to good thermal insulation of refractory matrix. By comparing the two results on the TRC specimens, the effect of textile reinforcement (reinforcement ratio, treatment product and textile geometry) on the thermomechanical behavior was analyzed. All the experimental results of this part were used to validate and compare with those obtained from the numerical model. The purpose of the numerical modeling part is to predict the global thermomechanical
Rapontchombo, Omanda Jessie. "Performances de garnitures frittées métalliques à basse teneur en cuivre pour les applications de freinage ferroviaire haute énergie". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I039/document.
Texto completo da fonteHigh energy railway brake materials are metallic matrix composite with complex and highly heterogeneous formulations. The technological choice towards this type of material for brake pads stems from the many performances that disc brake system must ensure: tribological performances (friction coefficient, wear), thermomechanical performances (integrity in temperature), acoustic performances (squeal). New international environmental standards, lead to evolutions of pad formulations, consisting of reduce copper content. Because of complexity of the formulations, the developments are empirical. It is proposed in this work to develop methodologies that improve the understanding of the link between the formulation of friction materials and their braking performances. The first part of the works consists of microstructural characterizations of the materials on new materials and after braking solicitations showing significant evolutions. The characterizations are coupled with measurements of the thermophysical properties. The second part of the study concerns reduced scale tests that achieve similar solicitations to full scale performance braking tests. Reduced scale samples simplify tribological analysis. The last part of the work focuses on vibroacoustic aspects by studying squeal tendency of a simplified system that highlight the role of the tribological circuit. In addition to these methodological contributions, the study shows the impact of the development axes of the new formulations. Explanations are given on the links between the formulation, properties and performances: thermomechanical, vibroacoustic and tribological. As the proposed methodologies, they must allow to improve prospective material developments
Warchal, Andrzej. "Study of the influence of additives (antioxidants) on the thermomechanical properties of carbon-bonded refractory composites". Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0050.
Texto completo da fonteAlumina-carbon refractories are widely used in the continuous casting of steel. They are responsible for the steel flow control and its protection against oxidation. However, to improve their own oxidation resistance, several additives such as carbides, metals, low melting point compounds and glass frits are added as antioxidants. In this study, the influence of these additives, as well as firing conditions, on the properties related to the thermal shock resistance of carbon-bonded refractories was studied. Model materials, having simplified composition compared to the real industrial ones, were investigated tofacilitate the comprehension of interactions between different constituents of the composite. Behavior of both cured (before firing) and fired materials was studied. The first part of the study proved that antioxidants may modify the properties of the refractory through different mechanisms: crystallization of the carbon bond (B4C), microcracks healing (anhydrous borax and glass frit) and formation of new phases (Al-Si). However, since the metallic additives are the most widely used antioxidants in Vesuvius' products, the second part of the study was focused on their (Al-Si, Al-Mg and Al) impact on the key properties influencing the thermal shock resistance. What is more, the impact of firing conditions (temperature and atmosphere) was also investigated. It was proved that all metallic antioxidants react with other constituents to form new phases which both rigidify the refractory and increase its value of the coefficient of thermal expansion. Unfortunately, such behavior results in worsening of the thermal shock resistance. Moreover, it turned out that the firing atmosphere has a negligible influence on the additives reactivity and thus the final properties of the refractory. Thus, firing temperature is the parameter that has the most important impact on the refractory evolution. All the obtained results facilitate the choice of antioxidants and firing condition to obtain desired properties of the refractory
Ben, Attia Houssemeddine. "Elaboration et caractérisation des membranes à base de Nafion® / H3 et Nafion® / H1 pour les piles à combustible". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI040/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis study deals with the elaboration and characterization of composite membranes intendedto be used in PEMFC. These new composites combine a commercial ionomer, Nafion®, withinorganic acidic fillers that are phosphatoantimonic acids. Mono and triacid fillers, H1 and H3, have been used at 5 to 20wt% contents. Besides, their contribution to proton conductionand hydration, both fillers markedly improve, even at low content, the thermomechanicalperformances of the membranes. This reinforcement allows the thickness and, therefore, theohmic drop to be decreased. The MEA tests, performed in a wide range of gas humidificationand temperature, indisputably demonstrate the benefic effect of the fillers; Compositemembranes performing significantly better as soon as the operating temperature reaches orexceed 80°C
Cailleux, Emmanuel. "Microstructure et comportement thermomécanique d'un béton réfractaire renforcé par des fibres métalliques". Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1039.
Texto completo da fonteTessier, Romain. "Elaboration de nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène greffé amidon renforcée de montmorillonite pour application automobile". Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10160/document.
Texto completo da fonteStarch-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-starch) / organoclay nanocomposites were melt-compounded by co-rotating twin-screw extrusion. Homopolymer or copolymer-based polypropylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) with different molecular weights and different maleic anhydride (MA) grafting levels was added at different weight contents as compatibilizer. Two organo-modified montmorillonites were used, the first one containing polar functional groups having affinity with the starch phase, and the other one containing non polar-groups having affinity with the PP phase of the polymer matrix. The best miscibility of PP-g-starch/PP-g-MA blends was observed for low content (5wt%) of the ethylene-propylene copolymer-based PP-g-MA, which combines the lowest molecular weight and the highest MA-grafting level (1,4 wt%), and has a rheological behaviour close to that of PP-g-starch. Optimisation of mechanical properties (rigidity and strength increase without significant loss of ductility) of the ternary hybrids was then achieved by two ways: (i) by using the non polar montmorillonite, compatibilization being not essential in that case; (ii) by using the polar montmorillonite, which requires a compatibilization between the PP phase of the matrix and the starch organomodifier with a sufficiently MA-grafted polyogefin-g-MA (maleation of the polyolefin > 0,3wt%) whose viscosity at the processing temperature is close to that of the PP-g-starch matrix
Pedoto, Giuseppe. "Characterization and Modelling of the Thermomechanical and Ageing Behavior of PEKK and C/PEKK Composites for Aircraft Applications at High Temperatures (above the Glass Transition Temperature) Characterization of the mechanical behavior of PEKK polymer and C/PEKK composite materials for aeronautical applications below and above the glass transition temperature". Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0011.
Texto completo da fonteThe nowadays increased awareness towards environmental issues concerns aircraft structures in terms of environmental impact and end-of-life disposal. In this optics, the possibility of replacing in the organic matrix composites (CMO) employed for aircraft applications the non-recyclable thermosetting matrix with a recyclable thermoplastic one is investigated. Moreover, thermoplastic polymers, such PEKK, have the possibility of being employed in warmer structures (e.g. the aircraft pylon), undergoing long duration solicitations (creep).The service temperatures for those structures are higher than the PEKK glass transition temperature, provoking, in the material, a loss of properties deriving from a change of state from solid to rubber, and possibly the activation of crystallization and degradation phenomena, which could also interact. This work aims to identify and model the mechanisms characterizing PEKK behavior, under the structure operative service conditions. This is achieved from the analysis of the results of thermomechanical, physical-chemical and coupled thermomechanical/oxidation tests. The resulting 1-D analytical model of the PEKK behavior, is extended in 3-D and implemented in a multi-scale semi-analytical homogenization / localization method to simulate PEKK based composites under the same conditions, varying the plies orientation and stacking sequence