Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Comportement sexuel des animaux – Antiquité"
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Scaccuto, Alessandra. "La sexualité animale dans l'Antiquité grecque et romaine : science, morale et imagination". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2007.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this study is to reconstruct the representations of animal sexual behaviour in the ancient zoologies. To this end, we have defined a corpus of Greek and Latin texts, consisting of Aristotle's zoological treatises (mainly "History of Animals" and "Generation of Animals"), Varro's "On Agriculture", Columella's "On Agriculture", Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", Plutarch's treatises on animals (mainly "On the Cleverness of Animals" and "Whether Beasts Are Rational"), Elian's "On the Characteristics of Animals", Oppian of Cilicia's "Halieutica" and Oppian of Apamea's "Cynegetica". In Antiquity, animal sexuality was often presented as the expression of an original sexuality opposed to that of humans, which was described as morally and socially constructed or even perverted. Animals are invoked as a reference model, a 'touchstone', to measure human behaviours against a homogenous pattern that is considered to be intact. However, the sexual behaviour of animals is characterised by a considerable diversity, which is too poorly taken into account by this approach. Nonetheless, this diversity is well attested in ancient zoological texts. In our study, we wanted to go beyond the simplistic and idealised doxa of a naïve animal sexuality, by paying special attention to the particular and specific practices attested by passages which describe animals sexual behaviours as such and not just as a mirror of human sexuality. If we avoid these biases of interpretation, we can see that our sources attribute behaviours that are very often considered to be purely cultural and human to other animals, such as sexuality for recreational purposes.The first part of the thesis deals with reproduction. The different anatomical configurations linked to sexual differentiation and the different mating positions are considered here. This first part concludes with a theoretical section devoted to the question of the ideological use of animal sexuality in Antiquity. The passages highlighted here do not focus specifically on animals, but mention their sexuality as a source of exempla for humans. The second part, on the other hand, looks at all the sexual practices generally dismissed or denied by an ideological view of animal sexuality. Several passages depict non-human animals as desiring beings who can seek pleasure, in a dynamic reminiscent of the manifestations of human sexual desire and expressed in a common vocabulary. The texts cover a range of behaviours, from monogamy to homosexual practices, without excluding interspecific relationships, which can prove fertile. The third part deals with behaviours that the sources themselves present as excessive, first and foremost incest. In addition, certain sexual acts are associated with various forms of violence. Desire can also drive individuals to act against reproduction itself: this is the case with animals that try to free themselves from their offspring in order to mate. This reflection on animal sexuality has been enriched by an interdisciplinary approach combining literary criticism and philology with methodologies and reflections borrowed from anthropology, ethology, sexuality studies and Animal Studies
David-Henriet, Ordonezgiraldo Ana-Isabel. "Comportement sexuel chez eurycotis floridana (dictyoptera : blattidae). Rôle des phéromones sexuelles". Dijon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993DIJOS012.
Texto completo da fonteVienne, Catherine. "Organisation sociale et reconnaissance interindividuelle dans les colonies mixtes artificielles de fourmis". Paris 13, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA132013.
Texto completo da fonteDubois, Frédérique. "Variation interspécifique du taux de divorce chez les oiseaux monogames : modélisation et approche comparative". Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO10249.
Texto completo da fonteSirugue, Daniel. "Comportement sexuel et hiérarchie chez Leucophaea maderae et Nauphoeta cinerea (Dictyoptera, Blaberidae) : identification et rôle des phéromones sexuelles mâles". Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS008.
Texto completo da fonteBenziane, Taoufiq. "Etude expérimentale des modalités de communication dans le comportement sexuel de Calliphora vomitoria (Diptère, Calliphoridae) : effets des leurres et d'un élevage en isolement". Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30058.
Texto completo da fontePadzys, Guy Stéphane. "Incidences à court et à long terme d’une obstruction nasale bilatérale chez le rat Ratus norvegicus". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/PADZYS_Guy_Stephane_2010.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteOn a general level of nasal obstruction is manifested by hypoxia and hyposmia. In mammals,olfactory cues are paramount in the learning of foreign or familiar smells and the choice of sexual partner. The purpose of this experimental work is to study the short and long term bilateral nasal obstruction of 3 days in a mammal altricial. Faced with hyposmia young, the mother increases her care activity. More young people have difficulties in orientation breasts and therefore growth retardation associated with a decrease of milk ingested. These disturbances are associated with decreased plasma levels of thyroid hormones, and increased levels of testosterone, and corticosterone greater for females. In addition to the passage mouth breathing leads to dehydration, atrophy of the lungs and olfactory bulbs, an adaptation of the respiratory muscle fibers orofacial development and articulation of complex nasomaxillaire adapted to an opening of the mouth frequently. Moreover, the results show a long-term influence on exploratory behavior during the search of sexual partners among males. We have shown that bilateral nasal obstruction of three days in a mammal unweaned causes short-and long-term, both behavioral and endocrine morphology
Lizé, Anne. "Reconnaissance de parentèle chez Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae) : mécanismes proximaux et optimalité évolutive". Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S085.
Texto completo da fonteKin recognition, defined as the identification and differential treatments of kin and non-kin, allows to identify the factors influencing the sociality establishment. This ability exists in all the animal kingdom, from unicellular organisms to human being. However, in insects, kin recognition has only been studied in social or clonal species. In the non-social staphylinid beetle Aleochara bilineata (Coleoptera ; Staphylinidae), the first instar larvae, which develop as pupal parasitoid of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (Diptera ; Anthomyiidae), and the adults are able of kin recognition. In this species, kin recognition is studied according to its expression contexts, proximal mechanisms and its evolutionary optimality. The factors leading to sociality establishment in animal populations are reached
Hostache, Gérard. "Biologie de la Reproduction de l'Atipa Hoplosternum littorale (Teleostei, Siluriforme, Callichthyidae)". Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10179.
Texto completo da fonteMonbureau, Marie. "Implications of male birdsong in female reproduction in the domestic canary (Serinus canaria)". Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100072.
Texto completo da fonteIn songbirds, song is known to be the primary sexually selected trait with extensive influences on reproduction. Song can influence a female in her choice for a mate and can also influence how she adjusts her own investment in order to optimize each reproductive attempt. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of song on reproduction in canary. In the first section, we investigated the importance of song compared to other cues for females to direct their sexual behavior. We showed that females pay attention, in order to direct this sexual behavior, to dominance manifested via song and not via physical interactions. In a second part of this thesis, we wanted to know if song could be a cue for the female that would allow her to judge the fertilization capacities of a male. We showed that the better the song quality was (song length and emission rate) the better the quality of sperm was, suggesting that song could signal male fertility. In the last section, we investigated the impact of song on the female reproductive system. We found that mildly attractive song phrases sung by a live male induced the female to deposit more testosterone in her eggs. However, these same songs, but computer generated, (i. E. Without the presence of the male), did not induce females to deposit more T. This suggests that other cues, in addition to mildly attractive song, may be necessary to increase T deposit. Finally, we present an on-going project, investigating the activation of different brain regions in response to song. This project could help to elucidate a neuronal pathway involved in the differential testosterone deposit in eggs in response to song
Grillet, Micheline. "Implication des signaux sensoriels dans la réceptivité sexuelle de la femelle Drosophila mélanogaster : cas d'isolement reproducteur chez des populations du Zimbabwe". Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS024.
Texto completo da fonteSexual courtship in Drosophila melanogaster consists of an exchange of sensory signals between both mates which results in successful copulation or not. These signals are various in nature: visual, acoustic, chemical. While male sexual courtship was already well studied, the female sex behaviour still remains poorly documented. In my Ph. D. Thesis, I studied the role of male signals on the female sexual receptivity in D. Melanogaster, focusing my research on the case of asymmetrical sexual isolation which occurs between endemic Zimbabwe strains and cosmopolitan ones: Zimbabwe females have a reduced propensity to mate with cosmopolitan males. Comparying the behaviour of endemic and cosmopolitan females toward a single male allows to determine which sensory signals could influence the female receptivity and, therefore, be involved in sexual isolation. First, I confirmed the sexual isolation occuring between Zimbabwe and cosmopolitan strains, and showed that such a sexual isolation even occurs between some endemic Zimbabwe strains. Secondly, to evaluate their role in the female propensity to mate, I have individually modified the sensory signals emitted by the male by using red light instead of white one, occulting sex partners eyes with opaque varnish, by transferring cuticular hydrocarbons between flies from various lines, by ablating wings. Finally, experiments of playback emission allowed me to envisage the involvement of male love songs in the isolation mechanisms between Zimbabwe and cosmopolitan Drosophila lines. From this work, it appears that in fruit flies the "sexual communication" between mates is a very complicated process involving all the sensory modalities. Furthermore, it is not stereotyped and varies according to the partner genotype. Even if I proved the existence of an asymmetrical sexual isolation between Zimbabwe and cosmopolitan Drosophila, all the mechanisms underlying this isolation are not yet fully understood
Gaudemar, Benoît de. "La sélection sexuelle chez le saumon atlantique (Salmo salar L. ) : vol. 1 (synthèse) - vol. 2 (annexes)". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28603.
Texto completo da fonteQuenette, Pierre-Yves. "Autonomie et activité de surveillance chez le sanglier (sus scrofa) : approche descriptive, expérimentale et évolutive". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30044.
Texto completo da fonteFeron, Christophe. "Les comportements socio-sexuels des souris staggerer mâles : caractéristiques et effets de l'expérience sociale". Paris 13, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA132030.
Texto completo da fonteBlanchard, Pierrick. "Survivre pour se reproduire : rôle de la condition individuelle dans les tactiques de reproduction des femelles du mouflon américain (Ovis canadensis)". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10067.
Texto completo da fonteDechartres, Julie. "Détermination des effets potentiels du glyphosate sur le comportement social et sexuel et sur le développement du système neuroendocrinien sous-jacent". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B004.
Texto completo da fontePerinatal period is sensitive for offspring as neurophysiology and circuitry underlying behaviors take place. This period includes formation of the sexual behavior circuitry. Perinatal period is also essential for pregnant or lactating females. Indeed, females undergo major physiological changes involved in maternal behaviors. Perinatal modifications are altered by several parameters like stress or chemicals, including endocrine disruptors. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the outcomes of a perinatal exposure to glyphosate, a widely use herbicide across the world. Maternal exposure during pregnancy and lactation to a low dose of glyphosate (5mg/kg bw/d corresponding to 1/10th of the NOAEL) highlighted that maternal behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were altered by glyphosate alone and in formulation. Maternal exposure also induced gut dysbiosis on the dams. We showed that glyphosate alone induced hypoactivity on males offspring. To a lesser extent, males sexual behavior and olfactory preference were altered after glyphosate exposure. There was no effect on hippocampal plasticity on males. Sexual behavior, locomotor activity and neuroplasticity were not impacted in female offspring after maternal exposure. Together, these results highlight for the first time effects on neurophysiology, maternal behaviors and maternal gut microbiota after low doses exposure of glyphosate alone or in formulation. Interestingly, only males offspring had behavioral outcomes. Our study was the first to investigated sexual behavior of female offspring and showed no effect of glyphosate on this parameter. Finally, our work is the first that showed differential effect between active compound and formulation in mammals
Leclaire, Sarah. "Signaux sexuels, choix du partenaire et investissement parental chez la mouette tridactyle Rissa tridactyla". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/947/.
Texto completo da fonteIndividuals have to choose the best sexual partner to maximize their fitness. Most male or female ornaments are honest signals of quality and are therefore used for mate choice. Black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla are brightly coloured and may exhibit asymmetric black wingtips. We showed that tongue coloration in females, bill and gape coloration in males and symmetry of black wingtips in the two sexes correlated with body condition and/or reproductive success. These traits may thus be used as honest signal of quality in mate choice. Kittiwakes are known to preferentially mate with genetically dissimilar individuals. As in other vertebrates, we suggested that body odour may be the cue used by birds to asses genetic characteristics. Through behavioural experiments and chemical analyses of preen secretion, we showed that kittiwakes can smell and that an individual odour signature exists in preen secretion, suggesting that preen odour may be partly genetically determined. Further studies are needed to determine whether body odour broadcasts genetic compatibility and whether it is used in mate choice. Individual quality plays a role in mate choice but also influences parental investment. In kittiwakes, low parental investment is known to cause chick aggression and siblicide. We showed that females (not males) are responsible for the low food delivery causing brood reduction but that male heterozygosity (not female heterozygosity) is correlated with brood reduction rate. We then suggested that females mated with low quality males may lower their investment and thus trigger brood reduction. We therefore experimentally handicapped males and observed parent and chick behaviour. We found that females mated with handicapped males fed their chicks at a lower rate than control females and that their chicks were more aggressive. However, further studies are needed to determine whether their feeding effort was restrained or constrained
Chami, Fouzia. "Activation testiculaire néonatale chez le rat : influence de la température extérieure et effets sur la masculinisation au stade adulte". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112229.
Texto completo da fonteEslami, Seyed-Jalal. "Comportement de ponte, fécondité et descendance de l'hyménoptère grégaire dinarmus vagabundus". Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR4009.
Texto completo da fonteBen, Said Samia. "Etude de la sensibilité différentielle de l'hypothalamus à l'œstradiol pour induire le pic préovulatoire de LH et le comportement sexuel : comparaison entre Brebis Ile-de-France et Romanov". Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4006/document.
Texto completo da fonteUsing an artificial follicular phase model, the minimum estradiol (E) requirement to induce the preovulatory LH surge and estrous behaviour, was compared between two breeds of ewes having either single (Ile de France= IF) or multiple (Romanov= ROM) ovulations. While a small E signal is sufficient to induce estrous behaviour, in ROM ewe, the same treatment has no effect on IF ewe. A much larger amount of E is required to induce the LH surge in the ROM compared to the IF. The onset of the LH surge occurred earlier in IF. Pituitary and hypothalamic sensitivity to E were studied in vivo and in vitro. The timing of the LH surge is essentially under the control of the hypothalamus. The latency to the onset of the LH surge is timed by a negative feedback effect of E at the hypothalamic level which is longer in ROM ewes. A moderate E signal stimulates a light GnRH secretion into the cerebrospinal fluid, which was not accompanied by a parallel pituitary LH discharge. GnRH appears involved in the control of estrous behaviour. The difference in sensitivity to E between IF and ROM ewes to induce LH surge and estrous behaviour is more than likely due to a different threshold in the lecture of the E signal
Decoster, Laurine. "Dissecting the functional role of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons in sex-specific olfactory processing". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS075.
Texto completo da fontePheromones influence reproductive physiology and behaviors in various species, humans included. Indeed, pheromone exposure in rodents accelerates sexual maturation, promotes estrous synchronization in females and induces a fast increase of serum LH levels in both sexes. The role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons as the final neural output controlling reproduction fitness and fertility is well established among the different vertebrates. GnRH neurons are also known to integrate sex-related olfactory information to coordinate and optimize reproduction through another network involving olfactory and limbic areas in the brain. In addition, an extra-hypothalamic GnRH neuronal population has been identified, in both rodents and humans, in areas dedicated to olfactory processing and more specifically in the olfactory bulbs. We named this population OB GnRH neurons. We hypothesized that this newly identified population of GnRH neurons may convey olfactory and/or pheromonal information to participate in the neuroendocrine responses controlling reproduction. Using viral cell tracing and whole-head tissue-clearing and 3D-imaging, we show that OB GnRH neurons extend long projections into the vomeronasal organ, the main olfactory epithelium and into the median eminence. We confirmed by single-cell RNA sequencing of the entire olfactory bulb population that OB GnRH neurons express olfactory and pheromone receptors suggesting a possible detection of olfactory cues by the OB GnRH neurons. We then investigated whether OB GnRH neurons can be activated by opposite-sex smell. Using of in vivo calcium imaging coupled with two-photon microscopy we confirmed that olfactory and pheromonal stimulation can activate the OB GnRH somata and their processes. To confirm that this activation participates to the neuroendocrine responses, we tested whether OB GnRH neurons promote LH release. Our results showed that the chemogenetic activation of OB GnRH neurons triggers LH release in male mice. Using a combination of virogenetic experiments and electrophysiological recordings on hypothalamic slices we demonstrate that OB GnRH neurons are also connected to the GnRH population located in the rostral preoptic area and that chemogenetic activation of OB GnRH neurons triggers an increase of POA GnRH firing activity. Finally, the function of OB GnRH neurons was investigated through multiple olfactory and social behavior tests using chemogenetic and neuronal ablation approaches. Remarkably, our data demonstrate that male preference for female odors is enhanced upon chemogenetic activation of OB GnRH neurons, impaired after genetic inhibition or ablation of these cells and relies on GnRH signaling in the posterodorsal medial amygdala and the preoptic area. Taken together, our study highlights a novel role for olfactory GnRH neurons as a central regulatory hub linking pheromonal stimulation with reproductive functions
Chébaux, Julie. "Discrimination de parentèle et interactions sociales chez le canari domestique, Serinus canaria". Thesis, Paris 10, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA100174/document.
Texto completo da fonteMany studies showed that individuals are able to discriminate their kin. kin discrimination influences male and female mate choice and male territory defence. Early social experience (familiarity) influences also social interactions of individuals. The aim of this thesis is to study the capacity of domestic canaries to discriminate individuals of different relatedness degrees (brother, cousin and non-kin) and of different length of early social experience. Results indicate that males copulate with less familiar female and they show sexual preferences for cousin partner. Then, females show sexual choice and preferences for males and male songs with which they had a short early social experience. However, their sexual choice and preferences were not dependent to male relatedness degrees. Finally, males discriminate males of different relatedness degrees during direct encounters or by listening their songs. This influences their social interactions. To finish, our results indicate that contact calls of female and male are acoustically different. Thus, this thesis show that male and female domesticated canaries are able to discriminate directly or via male songs individuals of different degree of relatedness and with which they share a different length of early social experience
Castaing, Laurent. "Hibernation et reproduction du hérisson (erinaceus europaeus L. ) : interrelations et régulation par les facteurs externes". Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR4008.
Texto completo da fonteTrouillet, Anne-Charlotte. "Rôle des mécanismes de signalisation olfactive impliquant Gai2 dans le contrôle des comportements socio-sexuels". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOUR4018.
Texto completo da fonteIn most mammals, the olfactory system drives socio-sexual behaviors through the detection of chemosensory information. Sensory neurons of the olfactory system detect these signals through dedicated G protein-coupled receptors, each expressed by a single ensemble of neurons. Chemosignals relevant for social communication are mainly sensed by the vomeronasal organ in which at least two populations of receptor cells detect pheromones through two families of G-protein-coupled receptors, V1Rs and V2Rs. The binding of ligands to the receptor (V1R or V2R) has been proposed to activate the corresponding G protein, Gai2 and Gao, respectively. Gao-expressing neurons have been shown to detect peptides and proteins modulating several social behaviors. Genetic and behavioral studies on mice also point to a potential role of Gai2-expressing neurons as transducers of the olfactory information controlling reproductive physiology and behaviors. However, the exact contribution of this signaling pathway remains elusive. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to determine how socio-sexual behaviors are controlled by the olfactory system, particularly by the V1R-Gai2-expressing neurons of the vomeronasal organ.To address this point, we used the Cre-lox system to generate a conditional knockout mouse in which the deletion of Gai2 gene is restricted to olfactory sensory neurons. First, we evaluated the functional role of Gai2 in the process of VSNs signal transduction using live-cell calcium imaging experiments. We first established that Gai2 is necessary for the detection of small organic molecules and sulfated steroids in V1Rs-expressing VSNs. Second, we investigated the role of Gai2/V1Rs-expressing VSNs in displaying reproductive and social behaviors. We tested sexual, parental, and aggressive behaviors of male and female mice deficient for Gai2 and identified brain regions transforming the olfactory information into a behavioral decision. We observed an influence of Gai2-expressing VSNs in a sex-dependent manner with distinctive traits for each behavior. We found that the deletion of Gai2 in VSNs played a central role in male aggressive behavior by increasing territorial aggression and reducing infant-directed aggression. However, female aggression remained unaltered in the absence of Gai2. Parenting was also differentially affected by Gai2 deletion in each sex, activated in males and inhibited in females. Further, social experience changed the implication of Gai2 vomeronasal signaling in female sexual behavior, while in males, Gai2-deletion had no effect on sexual behavior before or after experience. Last, we identified a new role of Gai2-expressing VSNs in avoidance behaviors mediated by predators and sick-conspecifics aversive olfactory cues.All species continuously integrate environmental information and adapt their responses accordingly. This project aims to shed light on neural mechanisms underlying the processing of olfactory chemosignals in order to understand how peripheral olfactory inputs interact with neural centers controlling the behavioral responses. Understanding these mechanisms is of broad relevance and may lead to new insights in the comprehension of behavioral disorders and the development of new breeding strategies in domestic animals
Rabhi, Kaouther. "Effet de faibles doses d'un insecticide néonicotinoïde sur le système olfactif d'un lépidoptère de ravageur des cultures, Agrotis ipsilon". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0074/document.
Texto completo da fonteInsects face a multitude of environmental stresses, which they have to bypass in order to survive and reproduce. The extensive use of neonicotinoid insecticides, because of their high efficiency, leads to the accumulation of residues in the environment, which can have an additive toxic effect on target insects. However, such residues can also have unwanted positive effects on certain life traits of pest insects. In my thesis I studied the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide on the olfactory system of the pest insect Agrotis ipsilon. Our results show that acute oral treatments of males with low doses of clothianidin modify their behavioural responses to the sex pheromone: a treatment with 0.25 ng/moth (
Doums, Claudie. "Evolution des systèmes de reproduction chez les gastéropodes hermaphrodites d'eau douce : le cas de l'aphallie chez "Bulinus truncatus"". Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20214.
Texto completo da fonteBilal, Hamzeh. "Biologie de la reproduction chez callosobruchus maculatus f. (coléoptère, bruchidae), formes voilières et non voilières : application à la protection des stocks". Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4014.
Texto completo da fonteDaspre, Agnès. "Stress, dominance et reproduction chez les femelles babouin olive (Papio anubis) vivant en semi-liberté". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20719.
Texto completo da fonteVariation in reproductive success is observed among female non-human primates as a function of their social status. Since female dominance rank is not associated with variation in total energy balance, the hypothesis that social stress may produce this variance in reproductive success was tested. The aims of the study were to investigate the relationship between dominance rank, stress and various reproductive parameters in a social group and to establish hormonal and behavioural profiles for ten semi-free living female olive baboons (Papio anubis) throughout the second post-partum menstrual cycle. Biological samples were collected via non-invasive methods as part of a longitudinal survey of individual females. Fecal cortisol by-product assays were used as stress markers; these were validated for Papio anubis. Our results show that chronic stress in relation to status was unlikely to impair reproductive function during menstrual cycles. We found no effect of dominance rank on the regulation of the menstrual cycle nor on the likelihood of conception during ovulatory cycles. In addition cortisol levels varied with the anogenital swelling phase. Males were able to distinguish ovulation and concentrate their mating effort on the fertile phase, associated with maximal sexual swelling as well as hormonal indicators. No correlation was detected between dominance rank and cortisol level, although rates of some social interactions were significantly related to cortisol, especially those behaviours associated with challenges to the social status of the female and disrupting the infant-mother relationship
Chasles, Manon. "Induction d'une maturation sexuelle précoce chez la chevrette par une exposition prépubertaire au mâle". Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4044/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn rodents, social factors are known to modulate the pubertal transition. Hence, young female mice exposed to adult male exhibit an earlier vaginal opening than young females isolated from male. The aim of my thesis was to characterize the consequences of a precocious exposure to male in another specie, goats. Goats are seasonal breeders and due to their size the fine study of endocrine secretions is easier than in rodents. Our results highlighted that an early exposure to sexually active bucks induces a precocious puberty in young female goats. The first ovulation can be induced as early as 3.5 months old, following this induced first ovulation, goats remain cycling regularly. Females precociously exposed to bucks also exhibit an acceleration of the genital tract maturation. The level of sexual activity of the male is a crucial criteria to induce a precocious puberty in goats as exposure to castrated bucks had no effect on the age at puberty. Moreover, all females exposed to intact bucks ovulated for the first time within a month after buck started to exhibit sexual behaviors. This work revealed, in goats, a crucial role of the social environment on the regulation of sexual maturation. More precisely, it highlights that exposure to bucks is highly efficient to reactivate precociously the gonadotrope axis of youg immature goats
Vantorre, Thomas. "Communication chimique et compétition lors de la reproduction chez Gastrophysa viridula, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209328.
Texto completo da fonteLa fonction la plus évidente de la phéromone sexuelle de G. viridula est l’induction du comportement sexuel mâle. Cet « aphrodisiaque », probablement constitué de plusieurs composés cuticulaires (des alcanes méthylés lourds), est émis par la femelle et déclenche par contact la sortie de l’édéage des mâles. Etonnamment, ces composés se retrouvent aussi chez les mâles de G. viridula dont le comportement sexuel est alors induit au contact de composés cuticulaires mâles. Ceci constituerait la cause proximale des comportements homosexuels observés chez les mâles de G. viridula. Nous avons ensuite étudié le rôle des composés cuticulaires dans l’isolement sexuel entre G. viridula et G. cyanea. Le comportement sexuel des mâles des deux espèces est en effet induit préférentiellement par les femelles conspécifiques. Pour G. viridula, cette préférence est visiblement attribuable aux composés cuticulaires. Enfin, les signaux chimiques sont parfois indicateurs du degré de compétition spermatique rencontré par un mâle et permettent à celui-ci d’ajuster la quantité de spermatozoïdes transmis à une femelle. Avant d’étudier l’implication de tels signaux chez G. viridula, nous avons souhaité mettre en évidence un ajustement de la quantité de spermatozoïdes transmis par des mâles soumis à divers degrés de compétition spermatique. Nos résultats ne nous permettent malheureusement pas de signaler un tel effet.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Varela, Susana Araújo Marreiro. "Animal decision-making for habitat and mates : the selection of breeding commodities through inadvertent social information and its consequences for the evolution of coloniality". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066668.
Texto completo da fonteJouhanneau, Mélanie. "Accélération de la puberté par les phéromones mâles chez la souris femelle : régulation des neurones à Kisspeptine et conséquences à long terme sur le comportement sexuel". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4014.
Texto completo da fonteIn the mouse, female puberty onset is accelerated by male urinary pheromones (Vandenbergh effect). The neuroendocrine mechanisms underlining this effect and the behavioral consequences are poorly understood. Through a multidisciplinary approach using immunohistochemistry, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and experimental surgery, my thesis research show that neurons that synthesize kisspeptin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide which plays a master role in the control of puberty onset, are positively regulated by puberty-Accelerating pheromones. Kisspeptin neurons receive pheromone signal via the accessory olfactory system and transmit it to GnRH neurons. Moreover, behavioral analyses show that besides their known physiological effect, puberty-Accelerating pheromones also have long-Term effects on sexual behavior of the female mouse. Indeed, puberty-Accelerating pheromones induce a precocious expression of male-Directed odor preference in adult female mice
Santucci, Pierre Mathieu. "Le troupeau et ses propriétés régulatrices, bases de l'élevage caprin extensif". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20300.
Texto completo da fonteDerouiche, Lyes. "Exposition développementale à l'éthinylestradiol et fonction de reproduction chez la souris : effets neuroendocrines et comportementaux". Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4002/document.
Texto completo da fonteNeuroendocrine networks controlling reproductive function are established during development by the action of endogenous sex steroids. Any disturbance in the hormone balance during these critical phases may cause several disorders in reproductive function in adulthood. This work aims at identifing the consequences of a developmental exposure to the synthetic pharmaceutical estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE2) on the neuroendocrine and behavioral outcomes of the reproductive function in adult individuals and their offspring. Our findings showed that EE2 induced disturbances of sexual behaviors in males and females and modified the GnRH and the calbindin hypothalamic networks of exposed animals. We also showed that some effects of EE2 were transmitted up to the fourth generation, pointing out the transgenerational character of certain effects. All these results highlight the sensitivity of neuroendocrine networks to endocrine disruptors and the need to consider these parameters in assessing their effects on health and reproduction
Leborgne, Raymond. "La communication chez les araignées : Étude des phénomènes vibratoires transmis par les toiles lors du rapprochement des sexes chez quelques dictynidae et agelenidae". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10064.
Texto completo da fonteBecheikh, Samia. "Recherche sur l'écologie et le développement de "Pachypygus gibber" (Thorell, 1859), copépode Notodelphyidae associé à l'ascidie "Ciona intestinalis" (L. )". Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20240.
Texto completo da fonteButare, Innocent. "Groupement et inhibition de l'activité reproductrice des femelles de souches d'acanthoscélidés obtectus say (coleoptera bruchidae) originaires du Rwanda". Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR4002.
Texto completo da fonteCornec, Clément. "Communication chez un oiseau à système socio-sexuel de type lek : étude des signaux acoustiques et visuels pendant la parade des mâles d'outarde houbara Chlamydotis undulata undulata". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T026/document.
Texto completo da fonteRésumé en anglais ;In a context of sexual selection, the communication between individuals is essential to optimize both intra-sexual (competition between male) and inter-sexual (mate choice) processes. This is particularly true in species with lek mating systems, where both processes reach their full expression. The North African Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata undulata, is a lekking bird where courting males aggregate in a so called ‘exploded-lek’, i.e. where aggregation is detectable only when mapped over a large area. During the breeding season, males perform a conspicuous and spectacular courtship including visual and acoustic (booms) signals. Our aim was to decipher the coding-decoding systems of the courtship in this species. We found that males can be individually discriminated on the basis of visual and acoustic parameters. The booms produced during the courtship are also related to males’ characteristics susceptible to reflect their quality. Individuals who produced the lowest frequency booms were those with the greatest weights and performed the highest intensity courtships. Playback experiment shows that the frequency content of the booms was perceived and decoded by males during agonistic interaction, leading to significantly different behavioural responses according to the frequency of the signals played back. Furthermore, several acoustic parameters of the booms are significantly heritable through genetic transmission and these parameters are also related to the level of inbreeding. Finally, we showed that the booms and the acoustic parameters supporting information are particularly well adapted to the transmission of information at long range as required in a long distance communication network constituted by an exploded lek. First, booms are of very low-frequency and propagate up to 640 m. Second, coding-decoding of information relies on sequentially redundant and propagation-resistant features. Third, acoustic signals are combined with visual signalling (multimodality) which may improve the long distance transmission of the information. This study brought evidence that complex information is conveyed by visual and acoustic signals during the courtship of males within a long distance network
Lenoir, Jean-Christophe. "Structure sociale et stratégie de reproduction chez Cardiocondyla elegans". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00105127.
Texto completo da fonteAprès avoir confirmé génétiquement la monogynie de cette espèce (une seule reine entourée d'environ 200 ouvrières), nous nous sommes attachés à analyser l'habitat de C. elegans. Le nid est creusé dans le sol jusqu'à 40 cm de profondeur. Il est composé, comme celui de nombreuses autres espèces, d'un conduit vertical reliant une dizaine de chambres superposées. En milieu ligérien, C. elegans est retrouvée uniquement sur les grèves en fixation. Nous avons montré que la composition des sédiments de ces grèves était importante pour la survie de cette fourmi. Durant l'été, elle permet dans les chambres les plus profondes, de conserver une température constante inférieure à 30°C avec de très faibles variations quotidiennes. Durant les crues, les sédiments composés de moins de 60% de sable, ne sont que très peu entraînés par le courant (grèves « fixées »). De plus ils permettent, lors de la remontée de la nappe alluviale, la création de poches d'air nécessaires à la survie des fourmis.
L'étude de la répartition spatiale des nids au cours des années nous a révélé que 40% des nids disparaissent d'une année sur l'autre suite aux conditions hivernales. Cependant, suffisamment d'individus sexués, en l'occurrence des femelles fécondées, survivent pour fonder de nouveaux nids. La population étudiée de C. elegans sur les bords de Loire montre une forte densité avoisinant 1 nid/m2. Les grèves fixées étant des environnements morcelés, les nids entrent en compétition pour l'espace et se distribuent de façon régulière. Ainsi, moins de 1% des femelles réussissent à fonder de nouveaux nids.
De Juillet à Septembre, les nids matures produisent des individus sexués. Alors que les femelles sont ailées, C. elegans possède une particularité par rapport aux autres fourmis : elle ne produit que des mâles ergatoïdes (sans ailes) tolérants entre eux. Nous avons déterminé que lors de la période de reproduction, les nids contenaient en moyenne 5,3 mâles ergatoïdes et 76,6 femelles ailées. La reine est généralement fécondée par plusieurs mâles. Ainsi les individus du nid sont issus de la même mère mais peuvent avoir des pères différents (en moyenne 4,5 fratries par nid).
En analysant la structure génétique des populations nous pouvons dire que 30% des accouplements impliquent des individus non apparentés. Ce fait est du à la présence de nombreux sexués étrangers à l'intérieur des nids. La présence d'individus étrangers dans des colonies monogynes est singulière et nous a amené à nous interroger sur les stratégies de reproduction de C. elegans. Des tests comportementaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que les mâles étaient toujours acceptés lorsqu'ils tentaient de pénétrer dans une nouvelle colonie contrairement aux femelles ailées qui sont systématiquement attaquées. La présence de femelles ailées dans des nids étrangers s'explique par leur transport par des ouvrières, un comportement que nous avons observé sur le terrain en période de reproduction. Ces échanges de sexués pourraient permettre de diminuer la consanguinité à l'intérieur de la population, évitant ainsi la production de mâles diploïdes (stériles) et procurer une meilleure résistance de la population en cas de changements environnementaux.
L'étude de cette fourmi nous a permis de mettre en évidence une stratégie de reproduction originale, décrite ici pour la première fois. Notre étude révèle également que C. elegans est la seule espèce de fourmis à être adaptée aux conditions environnementales des grèves en fixation. La seule présence de cet organisme, au même titre que certaines espèces végétales, permet de caractériser une étape de l'évolution morphologique des chenaux secondaires de la Loire.
De, Bruyn Colin. "Modalités fonctionnelles et évolutives des parasitoses développées par les crabes Pinnotheridae aux dépens des échinides fouisseurs". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659457.
Texto completo da fonteGalipaud, Matthias. "Mating strategies and resulting patterns in mate guarding crustaceans : an empirical and theoretical approach". Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS111/document.
Texto completo da fonteBecause of strong costs associated with each mating event, females are usually not as available for reproduction as males at any given time. Males are therefore in competition with each other for access to receptive females, hence leading to strong sexual selection. One textbook case of such a mating system occurs in moulting crustaceans where females can only be fertilized during a short period following their moult. This has favoured the evolution male strategies to monopolize females before their period of receptivity. Such a precopulatory mate guarding is widespread among many taxa and represents one of the most striking example of males’ competitive traits favoured by sexual selection. However, recent investigations have suggested that because males’ sexually selected traits often involve opportunity or mortality costs, males should become choosy towards females. Using a theoretical approach, we showed that males performing long lasting mate guarding should choose larger, more fecund females. However, under sequential encounter of potential mates, competition for female access decreases male choosiness before entering in precopula. We rather suggest that males should become choosy after initial pairing with a female. When encountering an unpaired female of better quality than their current female, paired males should switch partners. Contrary to our expectations, even under simultaneous encounters of two females, males did not seem to assess their relative quality. Instead they decided to change partner when their own female was of low absolute quality. This led to several cases where males forewent the possibility of increasing their fitness. Further investigations are needed to understand the adaptive significance of using only a subset of information in decision making. These two cases highlight the difficulty of inferring mating patterns from mating preferences only. In the first case, male preference was constrained by competition for access to females while in the second one, sampling processes led to apparent suboptimal mate choices. These potential constraints on decision making have rarely been acknowledge in precopulatory mate guarding crustaceans in spite of their major importance when inferring the causes of a well-known pairing pattern occurring in these species: size-assortative pairing. Size assortment among pairs has mainly been considered to come from a male directional preference for larger females associated with a large male advantage in getting access to preferred females. However, this hypothesis has received contrasted empirical support and little is known about the underlying pairing process causing size-assortative pairing. We investigated theoretically the possibility that a state-dependent male mating preference could account for size-assortative pairing. When males chose females which were exclusively closer to moult than them, assortative pairing by size arose under strong male-male competition. Because several preferences can account for a given pattern, this result emphasises the importance of considering the whole pairing process when studying the link between preferences and mate choice. Female strategies may also be of great importance during the pairing process. Contrary to males, females have been suggested to prefer short precopulatory mate guarding due to costs associated with pairing. Such a sexual conflict over guarding duration may have major effects on co-evolutionary dynamics between males and females traits. Proving its occurrence is yet challenging because empirical studies often lack a full economical survey of costs and benefits for females associated with male traits. Females benefits associated with long lasting precopulatory mate guarding have particularly been overlooked in previous studies. Here, we proposed several potential benefits for females and discuss their influence on sexual conflict over guarding duration
Santos, Fernando Carlos Borja Dos. "La variabilité dans l'intensité ou l'orientation des interactions sexuelles chez le bélier : Etude des structures centrales impliquées". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4042/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objective of this thesis was to acquire a better understanding of the origin of the variability of the expression of sexual behavior. The nudging is most expressed sexual behavior and quantification of this behavior can be used to measure their libido and give a clue on their performance. We have discovered the remarkable effects of age et lighting of the ram's sexual behavior and that the cerebral structures involved in the motivation phase and consummatory phase are not the same and seems that, no matter which sexual partner is chosen, the fact of being exposed to this partner provokes the activation of these cerebral structures et what the expression of sexual motivation level seems to have specific and precise sites in the Preoptic Area, the Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) and the Nucleus of the bed of the striae terminalis medial (BNSTmed). The Entorhinal cortex could function as an inhibitor of heterosexual motivation
Fargevieille, Amélie. "Sélection sexuelle et évolution des ornements femelles : une étude de la coloration du plumage femelle utilisant des analyses comparatives et des jeux de données à long terme issus de populations de mésange bleue (Cyanistes caeruleus)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT127/document.
Texto completo da fonteOrnamental traits are classically associated with males in animal species. The asymmetrical view is related to sex roles, in which males are competing (intra-sexual selection) to attract females which chose the best mate (intersexual selection). This idea was developed with the concept of anisogamy, the asymmetry in the production of male and female gametes. Females producing few but large gametes maximize their offspring survival rate by investing more in parental care; they become the limiting sex and chose males which are thus competing for access to reproduction. Then, any ornamental trait increasing pairing success would become advantageous for males, leading to more developed secondary sexual traits in this sex. If ornamental traits are more frequent in males, there are also many examples with females, especially in socially monogamous species with biparental care. Evolutionary biologists have only started recently to test processes explaining the outbreak and maintenance of female ornaments. Genetic correlation is an unquestionable process involved in this evolution, and social selection is also a major process. Several empirical studies have also related male mate choice to female ornaments and theoretical models have defined key parameters driving the evolution of male mate choice. Furthermore, phylogenetical studies retracing the evolution of ornaments have showed a high lability in female traits, with more frequent gains and losses of ornamental traits in females compared to males. In order to link sexual selection to the evolution of female ornaments, this thesis was based on these previous achievements to develop different approaches to better understand the role of sexual selection in the evolution and maintenance of female colouration. Comparative methods in songbirds tested the key parameters defined by theoretical models as driving the evolution of male mate choice. In line with theoretical models, results highlight the importance of male investment in parental care in the evolution of female plumage colouration. They also show how female initial investment in reproduction limits this evolution. Another thesis axis focused on colouration in a monogamous species, the Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, using a large dataset across 10 years in four populations and tested in particular (i) the strength of genetic correlation, (ii) relations between proxies of reproductive success and colouration and (iii) the existence of assortative mating in this species. The main results highlight a strong genetic correlation and a wide spatiotemporal variation and the use of meta-analyses revealed correlation between female colouration and proxies of reproductive success as well as a weak but positive pattern of assortative mating on the two measured patches (crown and chest). Both sides of the thesis represent new insights in favour of the evolution of female ornaments. They also highlight the complexity associated with their evolution and the importance of considering spatiotemporal variation for extensive understanding and generalisation
Macke, Emilie. "Allocation au sexe et conflits sexuels : approche expérimentale chez l’acarien haplo-diploïde Tetranychus urticae". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20044.
Texto completo da fonteBecause resources are limited, organisms are constrained to divide their resources between fitness components. The optimal investment into these traits can vary with environmental conditions, so that individuals are selected to adjust their allocation strategy accordingly. The theory of local mate competition (LMC) illustrates this hypothesis. This theory predicts that when populations arestructured, so that mating takes place locally and related males compete for mates, mothers should biastheir sex ratio towards females. Although this theory has been supported by many empirical studies,mechanistic and evolutionary processes underlying sex ratio adjustment remain poorly understood. Inthis thesis, I address these issues, using the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae. First, I show that in this species, egg size is used as a mechanism of sex ratio adjustment. Indeed, larger eggs aremore likely to become female, and female spider mites use this property to adjust their sex ratio inresponse to LMC, increasing egg size with the intensity of LMC. Second, through an experimentalevolution approach, I provide the first empirical evidence that the sex ratio can evolve in response toLMC.In addition to varying with environmental conditions, the optimal strategy of resourceallocation also generally differs between male and females. Because of such conflicts, males havedeveloped adaptations aimed at manipulating the way by which females allocate their resources. Iinvestigate the consequences of mating for female reproductive strategies in spider mites. I find that mating induces a decrease of both longevity and fecundity, and an increase of egg size
Baniel, Alice. "Conflits reproductifs chez un primate social vivant en milieu naturel, le babouin chacma (Papio ursinus)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT112.
Texto completo da fonteIn group-living species, individuals of both sexes can interfere with the sexuality and social alliances of females, which may profoundly influence their reproductive strategies. Renewed attention in the operation of sexual selection on females shows that competition among females to secure reproductive resources, such as mates or allomaternal care, is common. However, to date, female reproductive competition has received little attention in polygynous species. In an attempt to fill this gap, we investigated the determinants of female reproductive competition in a polygynous primate society, the chacma baboon, focussing on a wild Namibian population. Our findings highlight that the frequency of aggression is most intense among females who are reproductively synchronous and who share the same male carer of their offspring. Females also harass sexually receptive females who attempt to mate with their offspring’s carer, likely to prevent further conceptions with him. Overall, competition to secure male carers seems to play an important role in shaping female reproductive strategies in polygynous species where males may provide females with important fitness benefits. We then examined constraints exerted by males on female sexuality. Males and females often have diverging reproductive optima, which underpins sexual conflict. In some species, males may use sexual coercion, in the form of repeated aggression before or during female sexual receptivity to induce females into mating or prevent them from mating with rivals. Here, we tested whether male aggression directed at females represents sexual coercion in chacma baboons. In support of the sexual coercion hypothesis, we found that male aggression against females is most intense when females are sexually receptive, increases male mating success with the harassed female on the short-term, and increases his chances to monopolize her around ovulation on the longer-term. Altogether, these results shed light on the determinants, intensity and evolutionary consequences of social constraints exerted on female sexuality in polygynous primates, and highlight that reproductive conflicts play a primary role in structuring female-female and male-female relationships
Limousin, Denis. "Sélection sexuelle chez un papillon acoustique : étude évolutive du signal mâle et de la préférence femelle". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR4018/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe process of inter-sexual selection may involve several different mechanisms of mate choice. In the pyralid moth Achroia grisella, females choose males based on characters of their ultrasonic advertisement song, and previous work has indicated that such choice may afford a discriminating female certain indirect genetic benefits. In this thesis I continued to probe the indirect benefits mechanism in this species by 1) determining with more precision one acoustic character, song amplitude, that influences female choice and by 2) examining the genetic covariance between the male song trait and the female preference trait. I found that in addition to preferring male songs delivered at greater amplitude and with greater acoustic power, females also discriminate in favor of songs including higher 'amplitude peaks'. However, my molecular genetic analyses of the relationships between the male signal and female preference traits did not reveal any significant covariance, as predicted by sexual selection theory. These latter findings provide important insight on the reduced tempo of sexual selection that may exist in natural populations
Auger, Jacques. "Analyse et synthèse de substances allélochimiques des allium (liliacées) et synthèse d'analogues : applications à quelques comportements d'insectes inféodés ou non au poireau (allium porrum L.)". Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4012.
Texto completo da fonteSalvin, Pauline. "Les signaux des femelles dans la communication intersexuelle ; études chez le canari domestique, Serinus canaria". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100137/document.
Texto completo da fonteMuch studies on reproduction and animal communication have considered the female as the passive sex; the role of the female during male-female interactions have often been overlooked. However, there is growing evidence that female behaviours can affect those of the males and that males can adjust their courtships to female behaviours. The aim of this thesis is to understand the signals produced by females during interactions with a male in a reproductive context in the domestic canary. Overall, my results show that females not only use their visual and acoustic signals, the copulation solicitation display and the female-specific trills, as an invitation to copulate but also to incite male to sing as an aid to sample potential mates. Then, these two signals could not have the same efficacy in different contexts of transmission. Moreover, the visual components of the communication seem to be more important than previously thought during intersexual interactions in this species. Finally, this thesis provides new elements about the female preferences for male songs and shows that methods used to test female preferences in laboratory are reliable and congruent. This thesis contributes to the growing number of researches showing that females play an active role in intersexual interactions
Cayuela, Hugo. "Réponses à un environnement spatio-temporellement variable : sexe, dispersion et tactiques d'histoire de vie chez le sonneur à ventre jaune (Bombina variegata, L.)". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1034/document.
Texto completo da fonteInvestigating the links between environmental variability and life history traits, dispersal and breeding decisions is critical challenge for ecologists. I have examined this issue in anuran, the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata). In the first part of my thesis, I have examined the influence of spatio-temporal variation of the environment on the covariation patterns between life history traits, dispersal and behavioral types at inter-population scale. I have investigated how the level of breeding habitat stochasticity may regulate the position of B. variegata populations along the slow-fast continuum and may promote dispersal syndromes among populations. Then I have analyzed the consequence of such dispersal syndromes on population genetic differentiation. In the second part of my thesis, I have focused on the role of the environmental canalization in the life history strategy of B. variegata and I have evaluated how various forms of weather variation (mean and extreme events) could affect the dynamics of different populations. In each studied populations, I have quantified the impacts of weather variation on various demographic parameters as survival, recruitment and breeding probabilities. In the third part of my thesis, I have investigated female mate choice in B. variegata by successively examining good genes and compatible gene hypotheses, and then by evaluating the role of breeding habitat quality and availability on mating decisions
Wang, Xiaobo. "Mate-copying and personality trait in the two fish species Danio rerio and Gambusia holbrooki". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30057/document.
Texto completo da fonteLe choix du partenaire sexuel est l'une des décisions les plus importantes auxquelles sont confrontés les animaux au cours de leur vie. Une manière pour un individu de choisir un partenaire sexuel est de copier le choix de ses congénères. Bien que décrit dans différentes espèces de vertébrés et chez la Drosophila, ce processus d'imitation du choix du partenaire reste malgré tout peu compris. L'objectif de ma thèse a été d'étudier la capacité des femelles à choisir leur partenaire sexuel par imitation dans deux espèces de poisson, le poisson zèbre (Danio rerio) et la Gambusie de l'Est (Gambusia holbrooki), et d'étudier si cette capacité des femelles à imiter est corrélée à leur personnalité, plus particulièrement à leur caractère sur l'axe timide-audacieux. Les femelles poisson zèbre et G. holbrooki ont une préférence naturelle pour les grands mâles. Afin d'évaluer leur capacité à imiter, nous avons testé si, comme décrit dans d'autres espèces de poissons, les femelles augmentent leur préférence pour le petit male après avoir observé le grand male seul et le petit mâle en interaction avec une autre femelle. Nous n'avons pas pu mettre en évidence une tendance à imiter le choix de ses congénères chez des femelles poisson zèbre, suggérant que ce modèle n'est pas adapté pour étudier les mécanismes cognitifs sous-tenant le processus d'imitation du choix du partenaire (Article 1, Chapitre 2). Afin d'évaluer leur caractère exploratoire-audacieux, nous avons testé le comportement de ces mêmes femelles poisson zèbre dans un labyrinthe toutes les deux semaines, cinq fois de suite. Bien que nous ayons trouvé une répartition claire des individus le long de l'axe timide-audacieux dans le premier test, nous n'avons cependant pas pu détecter une répétabilité des comportements individuels à travers les tests suivants. Ceci était sans doute du au fait qu'après le premier test de personalité dans le labyrinthe, les femelles avaient appris que ce labyrinthe ne contenait aucun attracteur (alimentation ou congénère), ce qui les conduisaient à bouger de moins en moins dans le labyrinthe. Ainsi, bien que les traits de personnalité doivent persister au fil du temps, nos données suggèrent que la répétabilité des mesures dans un même test pourrait être faussée par l'apprentissage et l'habituation (Article 2, Chapitre 3). Finalement, nos données sur les femelles Gambusie de l'Est suggèrent que la capacité à imiter le choix d'un partenaire sexuel est liée à la personnalité des femelles: comme anticipé, seules les femelles timides, et non les plus audacieuses, montrent une réelle capacité à imiter le choix de leurs congénères femelles. Ce comportement des femelles timides est maximum lorsque la différence de taille entre les mâles est comprise entre 10% et 25%. Enfin, l'imitation du choix du partenaire semble également être affectée par la pression atmosphérique au moment de l'expérience, les femelles étant plus susceptibles d'imiter leurs congénères lorsque la pression de l'air augmente, en prévision de condition climatique favorable. Si nous avions ignoré ces effets confondants (personnalité, différence relative de taille des mâles attracteurs et pression atmosphérique), nous n'aurions pas détecté le comportement d'imitation du choix du partenaire sexuel chez la gambusie. Nous concluons qu'il est important de prendre en compte de tels effets confondants dans l'étude du comportement d'imitation du choix du partenaire social chez les autres espèces (Article 3, Chapitre 4)