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Coxson, Gregory E., e William Haloupek. "Construction of Complementary Code Matrices for Waveform Design". IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 49, n.º 3 (julho de 2013): 1806–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2013.6558021.
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Liu, Yan, e Min-Qian Liu. "Construction of supersaturated design with large number of factors by the complementary design method". Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series 29, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10255-013-0214-6.
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Li, Cheng Qun, Xuan Zhou e Xin Wang. "The Design of the Wind-Light Complementary Street Lamp". Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (março de 2012): 3738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.3738.
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This article describes the street lamp of the daily life ,which brings the long lines of the low voltage transmission and the high cost of the construction and so on. In view of these problems, the Wind-light Complementary Street Lamp is designed. According to the complementary street lamp system’s composition and working principle, and the analysis of wind power, solar energy power generation and the control strategy of battery charging, thus chooses the Single-chip microcomputer as the controller of it, as to fulfills the efficient and reasonable power generation goal.
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ZENG, Fanxin, e Zhenyu ZHANG. "Construction of Multi-Dimensional Periodic Complementary Array Sets". IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E93-A, n.º 7 (2010): 1392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.e93.a.1392.
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ZUALKERNAN, I. A., W. T. TSAI, A. JEMIE, I. C. WEN e J. M. DRAKE. "OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AS DESIGN: A CASE STUDY". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 02, n.º 04 (dezembro de 1992): 489–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194092000233.
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Object-oriented analysis is the activity of understanding a problem domain and developing a specification for it within an object-oriented paradigm. In this paper we propose object-oriented analysis can be viewed as a design task that consists of analysis, synthesis and internal and external completeness and consistency checking. We postulate a blackboard based design framework and propose several alternative theories within this framework. Data from an expert analyst is collected and analyzed for relative explanatory power of the alternative theories. Basic findings are that viewed as a design activity, object-oriented analysis is neither top-down nor completely opportunistic in nature, Rather, (1) analysis (the process of finding objects and processes) and synthesis (constructing the object model and state-transition diagrams) are complementary activities while internal completeness and consistency checking is coupled with synthesis and (2) construction of objects and processes are cyclic and complementary processes. The findings are compared with both descriptive and normative research in automated software design.
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Xu, Zhao Di, Xiao Yi Li e Wan Xi Chou. "The Construction of Disjoint Multiple-Element Systems with v Order". Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (fevereiro de 2014): 4513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.4513.
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Clarify the properties of derived design and complement design. The properties of Abstract: The definitions of derived design and complementary design are given. The method of constructing disjoint (13,4,1) design is proposed. The entire procedure of constructing (14,3,1) design ,(26,13,8,4,2) design and (13,9,6) design is also presented completely. 15 disjoint (13,4,1) design , 15 disjoint (13,9,6) design and 7 disjoint (26,13,8,4,2) design are obtained. The number of disjoint (13, 4, 1) design is proved.
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Li, Xiao Yi, Zhao Di Xu e Wan Xi Chou. "Constructing of Multiple-Element Systems with V Order". Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (dezembro de 2012): 806–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.806.
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This paper gives the definitions of exported design and residual design is given. The relation of order between derived design and residual design has been clarified. The blocks capacity in derived design are and the blocks capacity in residual design are . The number of non-isomorphism derived design is equal to the residual design. If the incidience matrix of derived design is , then the incidience matrix of residual design is . The blocks in derived design and the blocks in residual design exist the complementary relationship. The construction methods of derived design and residual design have been proposed. The entire procedure of constructing (15,7,3) derived design and (15,8,2) residual design is also presented completely.
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Lavikka, Rita Henriikka, Riitta Smeds e Miia Jaatinen. "Coordinating collaboration in contractually different complex construction projects". Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, n.º 2 (9 de março de 2015): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-10-2014-0331.
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Purpose – The paper aims to compare the coordination of supply chain networks in contractually different complex construction projects. Design/methodology/approach – A comparative case study of the coordination of collaborative work in two successful hospital construction projects was conducted. One of the projects applied multiple dyadic contracts, whereas the other project applied one multi-party contract between the parties. The projects were located in the USA. Data were collected by observing the coordination on the construction sites for six weeks and by conducting 72 interviews. Findings – The paper shows that depending on the contract type, the timing and extent of complementary procedural coordination differs during projects. Compared with one multi-party contract, the dyadic contracts needed to be complemented during the design phase with three additional procedural coordination mechanisms: organizational design, processes for collaborative work and integrated concurrent engineering sessions. Additionally, common rules of conduct were taken into use during the construction phase. However, regardless of the contract type, procedural coordination mechanisms, such as co-located working, collaborative decision-making in inter-organizational meetings, a liaison role and shared project goals were needed throughout the projects. Practical implications – If multiple dyadic contracts are applied, procedural coordination mechanisms have to be co-created by all supply chain parties at the beginning of the project. Originality/value – The paper provides an understanding on successful contractual and complementary procedural coordination mechanisms of supply chain networks in complex construction projects.
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Vanderkooy, Alan, e Mark S. Taylor. "Exploring the construction of multicompartmental micelles by halogen bonding of complementary macromolecules". Faraday Discussions 203 (2017): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00111h.
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An approach to the construction of multicompartmental micelles, using halogen bonding between complementary macromolecules, is described. The design involves a sequential assembly protocol, in which the initial compartments are formed by interpolymer halogen bonding, followed by the collapse of a second, hydrophobic compartment upon transfer to aqueous solvent. Triblock terpolymers incorporating a halogen bond accepting segment have been synthesized. Transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize multicompartmental assemblies generated from these terpolymers in the presence of a halogen bond donor-functionalized polystyrene derivative.
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Fischer, Gerhard, Kumiyo Nakakoji, Jonathan Ostwald, Gerry Stahl e Tamara Sumner. "Embedding critics in design environments". Knowledge Engineering Review 8, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1993): 285–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988890000031x.
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AbstractHuman understanding in design evolves through a process of critiquing existing knowledge and consequently expanding the store of design knowledge. Critiquing is a dialogue in which the interjection of a reasoned opinion about a product or action triggers further reflection on or changes to the artifact being designed. Our work has focused on applying this successful human critiquing paradigm to human-computer interaction. We argue that computer-based critiquing systems are most effective when they are embedded in domain-oriented design environments, which are knowledge-based computer systems that support designers in specifying a problem and constructing a solution. Embedded critics play a number of important roles in such design environments: (1) they increase the designer's understanding of design situations by pointing out problematic situations early in the design process; (2) they support the integration of problem framing and problem solving by providing a linkage between the design specification and the design construction; and (3) they help designers access relevant information in the large information spaces provided by the design environment. Three embedded critiquing mechanisms—generic, specific, and interpretive critics—are presented, and their complementary roles within the design environment architecture are described.
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GU, Zhi, Yong WANG e Yang YANG. "New Construction of Even-Length Binary Z-Complementary Pairs with Low PAPR". IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E104.A, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transfun.2020sdl0002.
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Garga, Vinod K., e Vince O'Shaughnessy. "Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 1: Construction of a test fill, performance, and retaining wall design". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-084.
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The satisfactory disposal of scrap tires is a major environmental problem worldwide. This waste occupies valuable space in landfill sites, and tire stockpiles pose serious health and fire hazards. The use of scrap tires as reinforcement for construction of retaining walls and slopes is a viable method towards reduction of this waste. This paper describes the construction of a 57 m high × 17 m wide instrumented test fill, comprising both retaining wall and reinforced slope sections. Approximately 10 000 whole tires and tires with one sidewall removed, tied together with polypropylene rope, were used in both cohesionless and cohesive backfills. The testing program also included plate loading tests, field pull-out tests on tire mats, water-quality assessment in the field and laboratory, and other complementary laboratory testing. This first paper, in a series of three, demonstrates the practical feasibility of constructing reinforced earth fills using scrap tires. Results of large plate load tests and the field behaviour with particular reference to the design of the retaining wall sections are presented. The paper emphasizes the role of negative wall friction in increasing the active thrust when the retaining wall becomes more compressible than the backfill. Recommendations for the design of retaining walls using scrap tires are presented.Key words: scrap tires, earth reinforcement, retaining walls, reinforced slopes, plate load test, construction, performance.
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Sastry, D. V. S., e R. H. Malgaonkar. "On a Method of Construction of Balanced Incomplete Block Designs". Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 35, n.º 3-4 (setembro de 1986): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319860305.
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Burman, Lars. "On the Construction of a Problem Sequence". Magistra Iadertina 12, n.º 2 (26 de abril de 2018): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/magistra.1492.
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This article is a complementary article to three earlier published articles (Burman & Wallin, 2014; Burman, 2014; Burman, 2016) about the use of problem sequences in mathematics instruction in the grades seven to nine in Finland. The pupils work with problems using the same strategy in different contexts, or with only one problem where they gradually proceed towards the solution. In both cases, the problems are solved in steps under the guidance of the teacher. The article focuses on the considerations designer of a problem sequence has, as the design of the sequence is accomplished. In general, the pupils are supposed to be provided with the possibility to think creatively, to work mostly in groups but also individually, and to be inspired by tasks related to real-world situations.
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ZHAO, YAN, YIYU YAO e JINGTAO YAO. "LEVEL-WISE CONSTRUCTION OF DECISION TREES FOR CLASSIFICATION". International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 16, n.º 01 (fevereiro de 2006): 103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194006002690.
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A partition-based framework is presented for a formal study of classification problems. An information table is used as a knowledge representation, in which all basic notions are precisely defined by using a language known as the decision logic language. Solutions to, and solution space of, classification problems are formulated in terms of partitions. Algorithms for finding solutions are modelled as searching in a space of partitions under the refinement order relation. We focus on a particular type of solutions called conjunctively definable partitions. Two level-wise methods for decision tree construction are investigated, which are related to two different strategies: local optimization and global optimization. They are not in competition with, but are complementary to each other. Experimental results are reported to evaluate the two methods.
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Avila, Jorge A., David A. Lopez e Jorge Arturo Avila-Haro. "Inelastic Dynamic and Non-Linear Static Seismic Performance of a Building with RC Walls that Collapsed in the Chile’s Earthquake of February 2010 and a Building with RC Concrete Frame Designed in the Mexico City". Key Engineering Materials 627 (setembro de 2014): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.627.161.
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The objectives in this paper are the followings: evaluate the seismic performance of the three buildings and compare the elastic and inelastic seismic responses of the buildings, calculated with the records CCH-NS (Chilean earthquake 2010) and SCT-EW (Mexican earthquake 1985) of the cases of strengths elastic and inelastic with nominal strength and over-strength of each model. The building 1 is a real case of a concrete wall building that collapsed during the Chilean earthquake of February 27, 2010. The building 2 was analyzed and designed with the Chilean Norm “Seismic Design of Buildings” (NCH-433) and “Reinforced Concrete–Design and Calculus Requirements” (NCH-430). The analyses and design of the building 3 was realized with the Mexican Norms “Complementary Technical Norms for seismic design” (NTC-Seismic), “Complementary Technical Norms for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures” (NTC-Concrete) of the “Code of Constructions for the Federal District” (RCDF-04). The elastic and inelastic seismic responses of each building were calculated with the step by step dynamic method. Should be avoided that the fundamental period of vibration of the structures match with the dominant period of the ground (Ts). In the design of concrete structural walls is very important classified the walls according to its slenderness in order to recognize the behavior that will govern the wall, and with it determine the detailed of the steel reinforcement that could provide the best behavior when the wall be submitted to an important earthquake.
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HAN, C., T. HASHIMOTO e N. SUEHIRO. "A New Construction Method of Zero-Correlation Zone Sequences Based on Complete Complementary Codes". IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E91-A, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2008): 3698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e91-a.12.3698.
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Liang, Junyu, Xingyu Yuan, Yongli Wang, Yuze Ma, Siyi Tao, Xin Chen e Feifei Huang. "Modeling analysis of typical equipment and construction of energy supply scenarios for electric energy substitution". E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126701004.
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This paper studies the design of clean electric energy alternatives based on electric energy alternative equipment. First, sort out the current research status of energy substitution at home and abroad, and determine the research focus of electric energy substitution; list the electric energy substitution equipment that is suitable for construction, industrial, commercial and other fields, analyze its technical characteristics and specific application scenarios; list each device To analyze the performance of the equipment, establish a multi-factor output model for energy storage and production equipment according to the key influencing factors of the equipment performance coefficient; finally, based the above research, consider the substitutability of each equipment With complementary characteristics, the design is suitable for high-clean energy electric energy to replace typical structures.
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Liu, Tong, Yujian Zhong, Zhihua Feng, Wei Xu, Feiting Song e Chenghan Li. "New Construction Technology of a Shallow Tunnel in Boulder-Cobble Mixed Grounds". Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (21 de março de 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5686042.
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As a typical granular bulk medium, problems are common in boulder-cobble mixed grounds, such as easy collapse and instability and difficult effective support for large-section tunnel excavation. Tunnels constructed in BCM grounds are rare still, and there is a big gap between the design and construction of tunnels. Based on the Nianggaicun highway tunnel crossing the BCM grounds, the construction technology of tunnel in BCM grounds is studied by means of literature investigation and field survey. Here are the main conclusions: the overall deformation of surrounding rock is quite small; the pressure distribution of surrounding rock is small and loose pressure is dominant, and the safety reserve of secondary lining is large. The deformation process of surrounding rock concentrates on the construction stage. During the construction process, there are many problems, such as serious overexcavation, difficulty of bolt penetration, and continuous rock fall. In this paper, a three-bench complementary cyclic excavation method is proposed, which replaces the original CD and CRD methods. Meanwhile, the supporting system is optimized. The results show that the disturbance of surrounding rock is reduced, while the safety of construction process and the reliability of structure are increased. The new excavation method and optimized supporting system are expected to fill the gap between design and construction of tunnel in BCM grounds and provide reference for construction of such tunnels in the future.
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Qin, Runqi, e Xinjian Li. "A Preliminary Study on Green Building 3D Modelling Energy-saving Design Combined with Traditional Ecological Concepts". E3S Web of Conferences 237 (2021): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123703021.
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By combining the green ecological wisdom on traditional Chinese residential buildings, this paper summarized the ideas that can be used for references and applications in modern green energy-saving design. In addition, in view of the inherent shortcomings of traditional residential buildings, this paper proposed a green energy-saving design method for traditional residential buildings based on 3D modelling technology, which is complementary to the traditional ecological construction concept. Based on the establishment of a 3D building information model of traditional residential buildings, the optimal solution for the energy-saving design of green buildings is found through energy-saving adjustments to the building space structure and building spacing parameters.
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Lee, Sungkyun. "A Study on the Trends for Expression in Korean Contemporary Architectural Facade Design: Focusing on Large Buildings in the City Center". Buildings 11, n.º 7 (26 de junho de 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070274.
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Various facade designs in modern architecture have expanded the limits of materials and construction methods. In this study, I explored and analyzed structural, decorative, media, and adaptive as representative case studies of facade expression. This study identified the following modern architectural trends for new facade construction methods in South Korea. First, efforts to improve the function of spaces by integrating interior and exterior spaces. Second, attempts for creating decorative facade expressions that stimulate human senses, or expand perceptions and increase aesthetic sense. Third, forming complementary relationships with the city by demonstrating regionality. Fourth, enhancing the performance of facades with adaptive facades. Fifth, helping to expand publicness, such as strengthening and combining the relationships between city, building, and person. Changes and advances in architectural facades will ultimately enhance fundamental aspects of architecture, enriching our daily living through harmony between the traditional and the modern, buildings and humans, and buildings and the environment.
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Tian, Felicia F., e Lin Chen. "Unequal at the college door". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, n.º 11/12 (8 de outubro de 2018): 1041–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-03-2018-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the inequality in career constructions among freshmen in an elite university in Shanghai, China. The authors first investigated whether rural students and those from municipalities (zhi xia shi) and provincial capitals differ in their career awareness when arriving at college. After finding the difference, the authors explored how this initial difference in career awareness evolves and influences the career construction process in the freshman year. Design/methodology/approach This study used a complementary mixed-methods approach to monitor a cohort of students’ career construction process and the evolvement of their career awareness throughout the freshman year (n=210). Data collection included two surveys: students’ self-reflections and in-depth interviews to capture a holistic story. Findings The findings revealed that students differed in career awareness when arriving at college. This initial difference further evolved in the first year of college: students from municipalities and provincial capitals considered college a part of their career paths and began timely to construct their careers, whereas students from rural areas lagged behind. This study suggests that college maintains inequality, reinforcing the initial gap in career construction based on students’ family background. Originality/value College students differ in career prospects and associated skills when transitioning from school to work. Only a few studies have explored the role of college in shaping the career construction process during the college years. By exploring the process of career construction among freshmen, this study contributes to the growing literature on school-to-work transition and educational inequality in China.
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Chen, Zhijie, Hao Jiang, Michael O’Keeffe e Mohamed Eddaoudi. "Minimal edge-transitive nets for the design and construction of metal–organic frameworks". Faraday Discussions 201 (2017): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7fd00119c.
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Highly-connected and minimal edge-transitive nets (with one or two kinds of edge) can be regarded as ideal blueprints for the rational design and construction of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Here we report and affirm the prominence of highly-connected nets as suitable targets in reticular chemistry for the design and synthesis of MOFs. Of special interest are augmented highly-connected binodal edge-transitive nets embedding a unique and precise positioning and connectivity of the net vertex figures, regarded as net-coded building units (net-cBUs). Explicitly, a definitenet-cBU encompasses precise geometrical information that codes a selected net uniquely and matchlessly, a compelling perquisite for the rational design of MOFs. Interestingly, the double six-membered ring (d6R) building unit offers great potential to be used as anet-cBU for the deliberate reticulation of the sole two edge-transitive nets with a vertex figure as a d6R, namely the (4,12)-coordinatedshpnet (square and hexagonal prism) and the (6,12)-coordinatedalbnet (aluminium diboride, hexagonal prism and trigonal prism). We envisioned and proposed various MOF structures based on the derivedshpandalbnets. Gaining access to the requisitenet-cBUs is essential for the successful practice of reticular chemistry; correspondingly organic and inorganic chemistries were deployed to afford concomitant molecular building blocks (MBBs) with the looked-for shape and connectivity. Practically, the combination of the 12-connected (12-c) rare-earth (RE) polynuclear, points of extension matching the 12 vertices of the hexagonal prism (d6R) with a 4-connected tetracarboxylate ligand or a 6-connected hexacarboxylate ligand afforded the targetedshp-MOF oralb-MOF, respectively. A dodecacarboxylate ligand can be conceived as, and is shown to be, a compatible 12-c MBB, plausibly affording the positioning of the carbon centers of the twelve carboxylate groups on the vertices of the desired hexagonal prism building unit, and combined with the complementary 4-c copper paddlewheel [Cu2(O2C–)4] cluster or 6-c metal trinuclear [M3O(O2C–)6] clusters/zinc tetranulcear [Zn4O(O2C–)6] clusters to credibly afford the construction of new MOF structures with underlying topologies based on derivedshpandalbnets.
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COOKLEV, T., e A. NISHIHARA. "Analytic Constructions of Periodic and Non-periodic Complementary Sequences". IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences E89-A, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2006): 3272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietfec/e89-a.11.3272.
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Moreno-Piraján, Juan C., David Rangel, Bibiana Amaya, Edgar M. Vargas e Liliana Giraldo. "Design and Construction of Equipment to Make Adsorption at Pilot Plant Scale of Heavy Metals". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 63, n.º 7-8 (1 de agosto de 2008): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2008-7-812.
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The purpose of this paper was to illustrate the procedure to obtain activated carbon from lignocellulosic residues through chemical and physical paths. A general surface characterization was made and aqueous solution isotherms were obtained in order to evaluate the behaviour of each carbon atom in solutions contaminated with selective ions. The other purpose was to show a simple way to perform a scale-up process of an absorber from the laboratory level to an industrial level, using the breaking curves in fixed beds developed through the continuous pursuit of the Pb(II) and Cr(VI) ions concentration in the effluent of the bed. Activated carbon was used to study the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cr(VI). Isotherms of aqueous adsorption were determined. This model was developed in order to examine its efficiency and to compare it with an experimental model made in the laboratory, which rendered very similar results. The main characteristic of the feasibility of the application of this design is the fact that neither tedious calculations nor mass transfer coefficients are required in order to construct the above-mentioned curves. The model was developed by applying concepts such as mass transfer zone (MTZ) and length of unused bed (LUB), which are the dynamical basis understanding for the adsorption process in fixed beds. As a complementary item of the experiment, within a pilot plant scale, a filter was developed in order to achieve flexibility when manipulating the most important adsorption parameters and to enable the control of the variables involved in the process that change the operating conditions.
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James, Kathleen. "Expressionism, Relativity, and the Einstein Tower". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 53, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1994): 392–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990909.
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The Einstein Tower was the product of the complementary investigations of expressionism, reinforced concrete construction, and relativity undertaken by its architect, Erich Mendelsohn, between 1912 and 1920. The war-ravaged German economy of 1921, which impeded its construction, and the scientific agenda of its patron, Erwin Finlay Freundlich, which determined the character of its interior spaces, also helped shape its final appearance. Designed to serve scientific inquiry, it occupies a distinctive intellectual, as well as stylistic, position within the history of German expressionism. In this building Mendelsohn established the design approach that would characterize the rest of his German career, fusing attention to program with bold images of the thrilling instability of modern life. As its reception demonstrates, the functional aspects of the tower have been overshadowed by the degree to which its form has mistakenly been identified with a contemporary enthusiasm for mysticism, which in fact played no role in its design.
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Zeng, Lv Xian, Wei Dong Hu e Si Xi Xiao. "Application of Rocks Removal Technologies before Shield-Driving in the Line 9 Guangzhou Metro". Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (janeiro de 2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.251.
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Detailed geological profile and complementary prospecting histogram revealed a series of hard rocks in the Line 9 tunnel of the Guangzhou metro, greatly increasing the difficulty of shield construction. The geological and hydrological condition of the project was very complex and vertical shafts were used to remove the rocks in order to reduce the cost of the project. Reverse construction technology was applied to the construction of vertical shafts. The calculation of internal forces and relevant design of the vertical shaft wall are introduced herein. The vertical shafts and surrounding buildings were monitored and the monitored contents are also described in detail. At the same time, some emergency measures were applied to ensure the safety of the project. The rocks removal technologies before shield-driving in the line 9 of the Guangzhou metro are introduced herein and the results can be referenced to other similar projects.
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Pérez-Luna, Verónica, Mario Cisneros, Carla Bittencourt, Izcoatl Saucedo-Orozco e Mildred Quintana. "Imaging carbon nanostructures’ reactivity: a complementary strategy to define chemical structure". Royal Society Open Science 5, n.º 8 (agosto de 2018): 180605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180605.
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In the search for the integration of carbon nanostructures in composite and functional materials, covalent organic reactions are successfully performed. This approach resulted in the construction of tailored chemical interfaces facilitating incorporation of nanocarbons. By a combination of different characterization techniques, such as high-resolution X-ray photo-spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis-nIR, and fluorescence spectroscopies, it is possible to identify and quantify the functional moieties covalently attached to the carbon frame. However, the determination of the structural conformation of functionalized nanostructures remains a difficult task. In this work, we present a straightforward methodology to visualize by transmission electron microscopy the functional moieties covalently attached to the carbon network in carbon nanotubes and graphene. The identification of the functionalities occurs in colloidal dispersions by using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as discriminating markers by molecular recognition or by the direct growth of AuNPs on the oxygenated moieties. This methodology, in combination with other characterization analysis, is expected to improve the design of hierarchical interfaces by the spatial localization of the functionalities responsible for colloidal stabilization in solvents with different polarities, different from their homogeneous incorporation into different matrices.
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Cienfuegos-Suárez, Pablo, Efrén García-Ordiales e Jorge Enrique Soto-Yen. "New Equipment for Complementary Petrophysical Characterization of Rocks for Deep Geological Storage". Proceedings 2, n.º 23 (11 de novembro de 2018): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2231494.
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The geological storage of CO2 in coal seams is an emerging option in the portfolio of mitigation actions for reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. A background study focused to the selection of favorable sites for CO2 geological storage are necessary steps, and in the selection of reservoirs for CO2 sequestration a complete petrophysical characterization of the sample is necessary. To complement the classical petrophysical parameters measured on the rocks of the geological formation with potential to be used to store the injected CO2, a new equipment has been designed and constructed to simulate at a laboratory scale the inter-action between the rock and the injected CO2, at different pressure conditions simulating depths of the geological formations up to 1000 m. The design and construction of this equipment allows us to investigate known physical and chemical processes that occur between the rocks store/seal and the fluid injected into geological storage. Essays focused to study the alterability of the rock in contact with CO2 either in subcritical or supercritical state, as well as essays for CO2 injectivity on the rock can be accomplished.
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Petacco, Nicola, e Paola Gualeni. "IMO Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria: General Overview and Focus on Operational Measures". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n.º 7 (5 de julho de 2020): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070494.
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At the beginning of 2020, after a long and demanding process, the Second Generation Intact Stability criteria (SGISc) have been finalized at the 7th session of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) sub-committee on Ship Design and Construction (SDC). At present, SGISc are not mandatory, nevertheless IMO endorses their application in order to assess their consistency and validity. It is envisaged that SGISc can support the design of safer ships, nevertheless such a rules framework might have an impact also on the ship operational aspects in a seaway. In fact, within the SGISc framework, Operational Measures have also been implemented providing guidance and limitations during navigation. After a comprehensive overview about SGISc vulnerability levels and direct stability assessment, this paper provides a specific insight into the methodological approach for the Operational Measures extensively addressed as a complementary action to ship design.
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Da Silva, Luciene Helena, e Maria Margarete Fernandes De Sousa. "Reference and Multimodality: analysis of the construction of reference in advertisements for vehicles". Signum: Estudos da Linguagem 22, n.º 1 (4 de julho de 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/2237-4876.2019v22n1p159.
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The objective of this article is to analyze the construction of the referent “vehicle” in advertisements, proposing an interface between Referencing and Multimodality. For this, it follows the sociocognitive-discursive approach of Referencing (CAVALCANTE, 2011, 2012, 2015; KOCH, 2004, 2015) and uses, as a foundation on Multimodality, the Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) Grammar of Visual Design (GVD). It analyzes, through the compositional metafunction, formed by the subcategories value of information, salience and framing, the referential construction in four advertisements for vehicles. Considering the analyzes carried out, it concludes that the categories salience and framing occur in a complementary way in the construction of the Referent, becoming, in a way, redundant, because what is arranged in the image as a disconnected element and therefore functioning independently, coincides with what is evidenced, placed in a prominent position, most of the time, centralized in the image. Specifically, regarding the analyzed discursive genre, it concludes that the referent “vehicle” is the nucleus of visual information, confirmed by the deletion effect suffered by the elements in the background. The results obtained indicate that the visual composition maintains a direct relation with the construction of the Referent.
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Jiang, Jingwen. "Intelligent City Traffic Scheduling Optimization Based on Internet of Things Communication". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (4 de junho de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7823982.
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The application of Internet of Things technology in the construction of smart city traffic system is the inevitable choice of smart city traffic system to promote the development of road traffic in the process of urban development. First of all, the traffic in the city, on the basis of the research background and significance, research on the Internet of Things, and wisdom of the construction of the urban traffic are summarized and analyzed; secondly, on the basis of requirement analysis and feasibility analysis, combined with the principles and goals of the construction of the system, the establishment of the model of urban traffic based on Internet of Things and the city’s architecture based on Internet of Things intelligent urban traffic system and design are put forward. Finally, an improved ant colony algorithm is proposed in the aspect of system optimal path algorithm, and its superiority is verified. The results show that complementary networks can significantly improve the robustness of networks. These conclusions provide a theoretical basis for the construction of smart city public transport network traffic scheduling and provide model support for the operation and management of smart city public transport.
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Gan, J. G., T. C. Woo e K. Tang. "Spherical Maps: Their Construction, Properties, and Approximation". Journal of Mechanical Design 116, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1994): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2919386.
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The Gaussian map and its allied visibility map on a unit sphere find wide applications for orientating the workpiece for machining by numerical control machines and for probing by coordinate measurement machines. They also provide useful aids in computerized scene analysis, computation of surface-surface intersection, component design for manufacturing and fabrication procedures. Spherical convex hulls and spherical circles are two geometric constructs used to approximate the Gaussian maps and the visibility maps. The duality and the complementarity of these spherical maps are examined so as to derive efficient algorithms.
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Teodor, Virgil, Nicuşor Baroiu, Silviu Berbinschi e Nicolae Oancea. "A Graphical Expression for the Method of Substitutive Circles Family Applied for Profiling Side Mill Designed to Generate Sealing Worms of Cycloid Pumps". Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (novembro de 2015): 998–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.998.
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This paper approach the issue of side mill profiling, for generation of helical surfaces – the sealing worms from the construction of the helical pumps with cycloid worms. The issue of side mill profiling is based on the complementary theorem of the “substitutive circles family”. This method will be applied as so as for profiling the crossing section of the worm, in order to generate the helical flute and for profiling the revolution surface that constitutes the primary peripheral surface of the side mill. They are discussed some aspects related to singular points onto profiles and problems related to discontinuities onto the tool’s profile. For a certain case, are presented profiles determined in numerical form, which may serve for design of templates for side mill check and, obviously, for design of relieving tools.
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Wang, Fang. "Contents and Techniques Summery of Highway Safety Design Research". Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (janeiro de 2014): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.1409.
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With the rapid development of Chinese highway construction, domestic highway design has stepped into the stage of efficacy. At the present stage, traditional highway design method on the basis of vehicle dynamics is exposing more and more drawbacks. The main factor affecting traffic accidents in highway transportation system should be analyzed form a new perspective and complementarity for Design Specification for Highway Alignment should be proposed. The purpose of this research is summering the relative research and its technique of highway safety.
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Karunanayaka, S. P., J. C. N. Rajendra, H. U. W. Ratnayake e Som Naidu. "Peer-facilitated discussions to enhance OER-based e-learning". Asian Association of Open Universities Journal 11, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2016): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaouj-07-2016-0022.
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Purpose The Open University of Sri Lanka implemented a fully online professional development course on open educational resources-based e-learning (OEReL), which adopted a scenario-based learning (SBL) design within the constructivist pedagogy. It was designed to facilitate knowledge construction in a collaborative manner with the support of open educational resource (OER), mainly through peer-facilitated discussion forum activities. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study on how peer-facilitated discussions affected the OEReL process, what factors supported and hindered peer-facilitated discussions, and what challenges were faced during the process. Design/methodology/approach The OEReL course consisted of five modules with 14 discussion forum activities. Content analysis of the threaded forum discussions was the key data collection and analysis strategy based on the community of inquiry (CoI) framework (Garrison and Arbaugh, 2007). It was supplemented with participants’ reflections and focus group discussions. Findings The three elements of CoI – cognitive presence, social presence and teaching presence played a major role in knowledge construction in the OEReL process. A complementary relationship between cognitive presence, social presence and teaching presence was observed, where the three elements have interacted in supporting knowledge construction. Overall, the findings reaffirm the significant of role of instructors in cultivating the three presences within a peer-facilitated environment, by enabling learners to engage with the content in a meaningful manner through appropriate course design, structure and leadership. Practical implications Forum discussions created an opportunity for participants to engage in meaning making through social negotiation, where facilitation became a shared responsibility among instructors and learners. Peer-facilitation was the key strength that promoted critical, analytical and reflective thinking, as well as self-regulated learning. The SBL design, learning tasks with OER integration, and instructor guidance were the most supportive factors, while time constraints due to the participants’ workload was challenging. Originality/value Through carefully orchestrated, well-structured and pedagogically sound OEReL environments, peer-facilitated forum discussions can be designed creatively and implemented in a meaningful manner to enhance knowledge construction.
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Liying, Sun, Tan Shuang e Zhen Lujie. "Working parameter selection and analysis of radiant floor cooling combined with desk-based task/ambient conditioning (TAC) system". Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, n.º 1 (28 de setembro de 2016): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416669831.
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As a form of task/ambient conditioning (TAC) system, task ventilation is an effective way to control the micro environment of workplace. In response, we have proposed and investigated a radiant floor cooling combined with desk-based TAC system in order to accomplish complementary advantages of radiant floor system and TAC system. Up to now, very few studies on this system have been found in existing literatures. In this paper, appropriate working parameters of the system are examined by numerical simulation method. To improve simulation accuracy, experiments were simulated in reference by applying three turbulence models and two radiation models. It turned out that the standard k–ɛ model combined with Discrete Ordinates (DO) model boasts the best accuracy as is revealed by the comparison between simulated results with the experimental. On this basis, a simulation of an office adopting the system was performed. According to analysis of the influence of different radiant panel temperatures and air supply parameters of TAC system on the thermal environment based on calculated results, the appropriate working parameters that meet the thermal comfort requirements are obtained, which can be used as a reference for the design of the system. The TRNSYS software was employed to simulate the operation energy consumption of the composite system in the office building, and the design parameters of the comprehensive consideration of comfort and energy saving are put forward in the present study. Practical application: For the conference room applied a radiant floor cooling combined with TAC system, this paper analyzed the impact of floor surface temperatures, task air supply temperature and task air supply temperature to the occupants workplace’s thermal environment and energy consumption of the system, and obtained the design parameters which comprehensive considered comfort and energy consumption. The research results of this paper can provide guideline for the design and selection of the working parameters for the conference room applied a radiant floor cooling combined with TAC system.
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Savolainen, Kaisa, e Sampsa Hyysalo. "User Representations as a Design Resource". Science & Technology Studies 34, n.º 2 (15 de maio de 2021): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.84598.
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The study of how the understanding of usages and users is achieved and turned into the characteristics of products comprises ‘the sociology of user representation’ in Science and Technology Studies. Whilst the early research on the topic was foremost a critique of designers’ imposition of theirimagination and preferences on prospective users, research has since discovered a richer research landscape in accomplishing the difficult task of anticipating the future contexts and identities of users. Our paper continues this line of work by examining a situation where first-hand access to users is blocked from human-centred design-oriented designers. Constructing an array of complementary user representations helps them to bridge the previously accumulated knowledge on users in their trade to the envisioned technology. The complementarities in the handful of key user segment representations and what is represented in their explicated form allowed the design team to make reasoned and accountable design decisions.
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Gallardo, Amarilis Lucia Casteli Figueiredo, Caio Pompeu Cavalhieri, Sofia Julia Alves Macedo Campos e Omar Yazbek Bitar. "Improving effectiveness of mitigation measures in EIA follow-up". Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 26, n.º 4 (8 de junho de 2015): 518–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-04-2014-0052.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of mitigation measures adopted in a scheme of EIA follow-up by examining their performance in reducing geo-environmental impacts in earthwork activities during the Rodoanel southern section construction in São Paulo, Brazil. This environment is fragile in terms of affected watersheds because the highway crosses two important reservoirs that supply most of the metropolitan water demand. Therefore, this research also aims at promoting water quality control. Design/methodology/approach – This study combines complementary sources as evidences in the literature and field checks, tests and monitoring. The methodology was supported by criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of mitigation measures in the case study approach. Findings – The EIA follow-up activities contributed to the maintenance of environmental conditions in the majority of the control points at the end of the construction phase. Water quality parameters were not statistically different before and during the construction of the highway. The choice and arrangement of mitigation measures were successful in ensuring water quality control by avoiding siltation. Practical implications – A robust scheme for designing and evaluating mitigation measures contributes to the improvement of their effectiveness and is pivotal to the success of the EIA follow-up. Originality/value – This case study serves as an example for extending EIA follow-up practice in special to the improvement of the design and evaluation of mitigation measures in similar contexts.
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Maya, Ista Ratna. "SMART HOME TECHNOLOGY BASED OF INTERNET OF THINGS AS AN ACTIVITY SUPPORT IN THE HOME INTERIOR DESIGN IN THE DIGITAL ERA". Idealog: Ide dan Dialog Desain Indonesia 6, n.º 1 (27 de agosto de 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25124/idealog.v6i1.3832.
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The number of human activities requires humans to be more productive. Nowadays, to support this, some human work has been assisted by digital technology, both office work, work done outside the room, or homework. The purpose of this research is to introduce to the public related to digital technology that is not widely known by the general public, especially Balinese people. This digital technology is called a Smart Home system based on the Internet of Things, a technology that can be applied to residential design. This system functions to assist the activities of residential users in various ways. This IoT-based Smart Home technology can be combined with several facilities in interior design such as lighting facilities, ventilation and complementary elements to form space. Iot allows users to manage most of these facilities through an application on a smart phone as long as the facility is connected to the internet.
Key words : Smart Home, Internet of Things, Residential home
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Kondo, Y., K. Yagi, K. Kobayashi, H. Kobayashi e Y. Yanaka. "Construction Of UHV-REM-PEEM for Surface Studies". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, n.º 1 (12 de agosto de 1990): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100180501.
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Recent development of ultra-high vacuum electron microscopy (UHV-EM) is very rapid. This is due to the fact that it can be applied to variety of surface science fields.There are various types of surface imaging in UHV condition; low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) [1], transmission (TEM) and reflection electron microscopy (REM) [2] using conventional transmission electron microscopes (CTEM) (including scanning TEM and REM)), scanning electron microscopy, photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) [3] and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM including related techniques such as scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), atom force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy)[4]. These methods can be classified roughly into two; in one group image contrast is mainly determined by surface atomic structure and in the other it is determined by surface electronic structure. Information obtained by two groups of surface microscopy is complementary with each other. A combination of the two methods may give images of surface crystallography and surface electronic structure. STM-STS[4] and LEEM-PEEM [3] so far developed are typical examples.In the present work a combination of REM(TEM) and PEEM (Fig. 1) was planned with use of a UHV CTEM. Several new designs were made for the new microscope.
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Giovannetti, Giulio, Alessandra Flori, Nicola Martini, Roberto Francischello, Giovanni Donato Aquaro, Alessandro Pingitore e Francesca Frijia. "Sodium Radiofrequency Coils for Magnetic Resonance: From Design to Applications". Electronics 10, n.º 15 (26 de julho de 2021): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10151788.
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Sodium (23Na) is the most abundant cation present in the human body and is involved in a large number of vital body functions. In the last few years, the interest in Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging (23Na MRI) has considerably increased for its relevance in physiological and physiopathological aspects. Indeed, sodium MRI offers the possibility to extend the anatomical imaging information by providing additional and complementary information on physiology and cellular metabolism with the heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Constraints are the rapidly decaying of sodium signal, the sensitivity lack due to the low sodium concentration versus 1H-MRI induce scan times not clinically acceptable and it also constitutes a challenge for sodium MRI. With the available magnetic fields for clinical MRI scanners (1.5 T, 3 T, 7 T), and the hardware capabilities such as strong gradient strengths with high slew rates and new dedicated radiofrequency (RF) sodium coils, it is possible to reach reasonable measurement times (~10–15 min) with a resolution of a few millimeters, where it has already been applied in vivo in many human organs such as the brain, cartilage, kidneys, heart, as well as in muscle and the breast. In this work, we review the different geometries and setup of sodium coils described in the available literature for different in vivo applications in human organs with clinical MR scanners, by providing details of the design, modeling and construction of the coils.
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Scholes, John. "The design of the optic nerve in fish". Visual Neuroscience 7, n.º 1-2 (agosto de 1991): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800011007.
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AbstractFish have large eyes, with short optic nerves that are continually flexed by compensatory eye movements during swimming. Here, I review the tissue construction of the fish optic nerve, to see how the glia and axons are adapted to withstand these mechanical stresses, which are not normally encountered by CNS tissue within the skull.As in other lower vertebrates, the optic nerve astrocytes are highly unusual: their intermediate filaments are composed of cytokeratins (Giordano et al., 1989), not GFAP. Their processes are linked together by desmosomes, forming thin transverse lace-like partitions, placed at quasi-regular intervals longitudinally (Maggs & Scholes, 1990). This accordion-like arrangement is interpreted as providing a flexible tissue-skeleton for the optic nerve.A new observation is that the optic axons run in coherent parallel waves. This pattern, which is complementary to that of the astroglia, reversibly accommodates limited axial stretches. The waves are equivalent to those underlying the optical banding of Fontana (1781) in peripheral nerves, but wavelength (30 μm) and amplitude (5 μm) are about an order of magnitude less, reflecting the much smaller average size of the optic axons. The pattern also occurs in mammals, and may be restricted to the visual pathway: if present elsewhere in the CNS, nerve-fiber waves are inconspicuous at best.In fish, the astroglial partitions occur in register with the waves, suggesting that steric interactions between developing axons and glia may help to establish, or stabilize, the regular longitudinal spacing. This may have functional as well as mechanical implications, since the astrocytes form perinodal associations and their pattern is one which strongly clusters the nodes of Ranvier.
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McLaughlan, Rebecca, e Alan Pert. "Evidence and speculation: reimagining approaches to architecture and research within the paediatric hospital". Medical Humanities 44, n.º 3 (25 de novembro de 2017): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2017-011285.
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As the dominant research paradigm within the construction of contemporary healthcare facilities, evidence-based design (EBD) will increasingly impact our expectations of what hospital architecture should be. Research methods within EBD focus on prototyping incremental advances and evaluating what has already been built. Yet medical care is a rapidly evolving system; changes to technology, workforce composition, patient demographics and funding models can create rapid and unpredictable changes to medical practice and modes of care. This dynamism has the potential to curtail or negate the usefulness of current best practice approaches. To imagine new directions for the role of the hospital in society, or innovative ways in which the built environment might support well-being, requires a model that can project beyond existing constraints. Speculative design employs a design-based research methodology to imagine alternative futures and uses the artefacts created through this process to enable broader critical reflection on existing practices. This paper examines the contribution of speculative design within the context of the paediatric hospital as a means of facilitating critical reflection regarding the design of new healthcare facilities. While EBD is largely limited by what has already been built, speculative design offers a complementary research method to meet this limitation.
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Zboinska, Malgorzata A. "From Undesired Flaws to Esthetic Assets: A Digital Framework Enabling Artistic Explorations of Erroneous Geometric Features of Robotically Formed Molds". Technologies 7, n.º 4 (31 de outubro de 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies7040078.
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Until recently, digital fabrication research in architecture has aimed to eliminate manufacturing errors. However, a novel notion has just been established—intentional computational infidelity. Inspired by this notion, we set out to develop means than can transform the errors in fabrication from an undesired complication to a creative opportunity. We carried out design experiment-based investigations, which culminated in the construction of a framework enabling fundamental artistic explorations of erroneous geometric features of robotically formed molds. The framework consists of digital processes, assisting in the explorations of mold errors, and physical processes, enabling the inclusion of physical feedback in digital explorations. Other complementary elements embrace an implementation workflow, an enabling digital toolset and a visual script demonstrating how imprecise artistic explorations can be included within the computational environment. Our framework application suggests that the exploration of geometrical errors aids the emergence of unprecedented design features that would not have arisen if error elimination were the ultimate design goal. Our conclusion is that welcoming error into the design process can reinstate the role of art, craft, and material agency therein. This can guide the practice and research of architectural computing onto a new territory of esthetic and material innovation.
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Abrams, Steven H. "CTA’s Recent Experience with Major Rail Rehabilitation Projects: Construction Efficiency Versus Ridership Retention". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1998): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-14.
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The Chicago Transit Authority’s (CTA) rail transit system contains many kilometers of old elevated structure. Speed restrictions have been imposed on substantial lengths of track, slowing down scheduled service. As the condition of the infrastructure continues to worsen, methods other than spot repairs must be investigated. Recently, CTA closed the Green Line for reconstruction over a 2-year period. Before the suspension of service, there had been a precipitous decline in ridership, which was coincident with the deteriorating state of the line’s infrastructure. Attempting to reverse this trend, restoration of the line to a state of good repair became a top priority. Although the Green Line project has been successful in restoring track speeds to design standards, the lengthy closing of the line has had long-term negative effects with respect to ridership. Given that aging structures must be repaired, the issue facing transit operators is how to achieve an optimal balance between construction economies and accommodation of a line’s riders. A number of recent projects will be compared, noting their impact on ridership. Experience has shown that to ensure success, careful planning is vital when formulating the construction work itself, as well as the complementary alternative service for the line’s passengers. Performing an options analysis will assist in determining the optimal approach to undertaking such major work. In all cases, passengers must be given an alternative means of transportation comparable to the existing service.
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Moorefield, Charles N., Anthony Schultz e George R. Newkome. "From dendrimers to fractal polymers and beyond". Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 49, spe (2013): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502013000700007.
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The advent of dendritic chemistry has facilitated materials research by allowing precise control of functional component placement in macromolecular architecture. The iterative synthetic protocols used for dendrimer construction were developed based on the desire to craft highly branched, high molecular weight, molecules with exact mass and tailored functionality. Arborols, inspired by trees and precursors of the utilitarian macromolecules known as dendrimers today, were the first examples to employ predesigned, 1 → 3 C-branched, building blocks; physical characteristics of the arborols, including their globular shapes, excellent solubilities, and demonstrated aggregation, combined to reveal the inherent supramolecular potential (e.g., the unimolecular micelle) of these unique species. The architecture that is a characteristic of dendritic materials also exhibits fractal qualities based on self-similar, repetitive, branched frameworks. Thus, the fractal design and supramolecular aspects of these constructs are suggestive of a larger field of fractal materials that incorporates repeating geometries and are derived by complementary building block recognition and assembly. Use of terpyridine-M2+-terpyridine (where, M = Ru, Zn, Fe, etc) connectivity in concert with mathematical algorithms, such as forms the basis for the Seirpinski gasket, has allowed the beginning exploration of fractal materials construction. The propensity of the fractal molecules to self-assemble into higher order architectures adds another dimension to this new arena of materials and composite construction.
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Ledec, George, e Paula J. Posas. "Biodiversity Conservation in Road Projects: Lessons from World Bank Experience in Latin America". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2003): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-29.
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The unprecedented and irreversible loss of biodiversity in modern times is caused primarily by the elimination or degradation of natural habitats. Because the construction and improvement of roads sometimes lead, directly or indirectly, to the loss and degradation of natural habitats, road construction and biodiversity aims are often at odds. However, many potentially serious conflicts between road projects and biodiversity conservation can be avoided. Induced negative impacts can be minimized by careful project siting. Where some natural habitat loss is inevitable, appropriate mitigation may include establishment of strict protection zones alongside the road or compensatory protected areas elsewhere. Such mitigation requires effective collaboration, for example, between the agencies responsible for roads and protected areas. Direct adverse impacts of road works on biodiversity also can be significant but are generally simpler to avoid or mitigate because they are more fully under the control of road construction agencies, contractors, and concessionaires. Biodiversity loss and environmental damage can be considerably reduced when planners and road construction agencies site roads adjacent to existing railways, pipelines, or transmission lines; practice sound road engineering; maintain good drainage and natural water flows; minimize roadside habitat loss; and exercise care in the siting and design of borrow pits, construction camps, and other complementary facilities. Environmental rules for contractors, including transparent penalties for noncompliance, need to be incorporated in bidding documents and contracts. Ideally, road projects are designed and implemented so as to avoid or compensate adequately for any adverse impacts on natural habitats and biodiversity. Through mitigation measures, potentially controversial projects can even produce significant net environmental benefits—a win-win outcome.
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Bertin, Ingrid, Romain Mesnil, Jean-Marc Jaeger, Adélaïde Feraille e Robert Le Roy. "A BIM-Based Framework and Databank for Reusing Load-Bearing Structural Elements". Sustainability 12, n.º 8 (14 de abril de 2020): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083147.
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In a context of intense environmental pressure where the construction sector has the greatest impact on several indicators, the reuse of load-bearing elements is the most promising by avoiding the production of waste, preserving natural resources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing embodied energy. This study proposes a methodology based on a chain of tools to enable structural engineers to anticipate future reuse. This methodology describes the design of reversible assemblies, the addition of complementary information in the building information modeling (BIM), reinforced traceability, and the development of a material bank. At the same time, controlling the environmental impacts of reuse is planned by carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA) at all stages of the project. Two scenarios for reuse design are applied with the toolchain proposed. A. “design from a stock” scenario, which leads to 100% of elements being reused, using only elements from stock. B. “design with a stock” scenario, which seeks to integrate as many reused elements available in the stock as possible. The case study of a high-rise building deconstructed to rebuild a medium-rise building demonstrated that the developed toolchain allowed the inclusion of all reuse elements in a new structural calculation model.
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Elavarasi, C., e T. Shanmuganantham. "CPW-fed SGF-TSRR antenna for multiband applications". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, n.º 9 (19 de junho de 2017): 1871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078717000605.
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In this paper, a solid co-planar waveguide-fed fractal metamaterial antenna is offered. The proposed design consists of Sierpinski gasket iterations and a complementary triangular split ring resonator (CTSRR) loaded underneath the substrate, which is accountable for pull off multiband uniqueness and resolve good impedance identical. In sketch to hassle multiresonant frequency band facet, these CTSRR are entrenched reverse side of the substrate. The anticipated antenna with a dense dimension of 12 × 14 × 1.6 mm3 is fabricated and tested. The testing result designates that the projected design has −10 dB of 5.72, 14.3, and 16.06 GHz, respectively, and covers 5.72 GHz wireless local area network, 14.3 GHz fixed satellite, and 16.06 GHz International Telecommunication Union (ITU) band. It has fine emission uniqueness for jointly E-plane and H-plane in all the preferred occurrence bands and produce superior performance compared with the offered antenna intend in the prose. The loaded CTSRR construction recital is validated all the way during negative permeability pulling out and assorted parametric study.