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Priwitzer, Stefan. "Faustina minor - Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential, zur Darstellung und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat". Bonn Habelt, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992985684/04.
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Zajitschek, Felix Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Sex-dependent ageing and reproductive effort in the Australian black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus)". Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/35571.
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Evolutionary theories of ageing and senescence provide a framework that allows to understand why apparently maladaptive senescent phenotypes are observed under natural conditions, despite the fact that natural selection should, at first sight, be opposed to mechanisms that lead to the deterioration of bodily functions with advancing age. While ageing has been shown in the wild and has been explored under artificial laboratory conditions, sex-dependent pattern were not considered in detail. The aim of this thesis is to draw from the existing theories of sexual selection, life-history and sexual conflict, to get a more complete understanding of sex-specific effects on ageing patterns. The organism I use in all experiments is the Black Field Cricket Teleogryllus commodus. To test for sex-specific demographic ageing patterns in the wild, I use a capture-mark-recapture study and analyse the resulting data with a new method that combines classic capture-recapture models with a recent mathematical technique that allows to estimate survival probabilities from recapture data for which the date of births of animals are unknown (Chapter 2). I test for reproductive and demographic ageing under near-natural conditions in field enclosure (Chapter 3). In laboratory based manipulation studies I estimate the effect of a) different juvenile and adult diets on the ageing patterns (Chapter 4), and b) a reduction of the ability to spend energy on calling and how this relates to lifespan (Chapter 5). In a half-sib breeding design I measure early and late reproductive effort in males and in females to estimate genetic correlations and thereby test for antagonistic pleiotropy between early and late components and between males and females. The studies in the wild indicate that Teleogryllus commodus senesce under natural conditions and that males have overall higher mortality rates. Females, not males, show reproductive ageing under both enclosure and laboratory conditions. The genetic architecture revealed no discord between male and female fitness components and there was no evidence for antagonistic pleiotropy between early and late fitness components. These results show that a) it is important to include male measures of reproductive effort in ageing studies and that b) the field of ageing research should benefit a lot from incorporating sexual selection, life-history and sexual conflict theory.
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Priwitzer, Stefan. "Faustina minor : Ehefrau eines Idealkaisers und Mutter eines Tyrannen : quellenkritische Untersuchungen zum dynastischen Potential und zu Handlungsspielräumen von Kaiserfrauen im Prinzipat /". Bonn : Habelt, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016540717&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Winterling, Aloys. "Aula Caesaris : Studien zur Institutionalisierung des römischen Kaiserhofes in der Zeit von Augustus bis Commodus (31 v. Chr.-192 n. Chr.) /". München : R. Oldenbourg, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb399153023.
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Sy, Moussa Aleyri Salam. "Les enjeux politico-philosophiques de l'opposition aristocratique aux Princes, d'Auguste à Commode". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCC008.
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La fondation du Principat par Auguste n'emporte pas l'adhésion d'une partie de l'aristocratie sénatoriale qui a perdu la plupart des prérogatives considérées comme constitutives de leur dignitas et auctoritas au profit du Princeps. La contestation et l'opposition de groupes philosophico-politiques face à la « légitimité » d'un empereur régnant devient une des composantes de la vie publique romaine. Cette contestation s'est présentée comme essentielle, pour conserver les libertés et anciennes prérogatives. Toutefois, les discours oppositionnels masquent une fondation du nouveau régime qui s'appuie aussi sur le socle des institutions républicaines revues et infléchies par des doctrines philosophiques, dont le stoïcisme. Les stoïciens pensaient la manière de voir le monde, la quête du bonheur, la vertu, la sagesse, la morale et surtout la manière d'exercer le pouvoir. C'est donc naturellement qu'ils vont contribuer à penser les pouvoirs du Princeps. Pourtant, ces derniers vont devenir assez rapidement critiques envers l'inflexion monarchique du pouvoir impérial.Il s'agit d'analyser l'opposition d'une partie de l'aristocratie contre le système du Principat comme système et le Princeps comme son incarnation. Face à un pouvoir qui est de plus en plus centrée sur la personne du prince, se pose la question « du bon prince » avec des courants favorables ou hostiles au pouvoir impérial, parmi les membres de l'aristocratie notamment sénatoriale au sein de laquelle les stoïciens vont nouer des rapports de force philosophiques et politiques pour tenter d'infléchir la nature et la forme du pouvoir politiqueThe establishment of the Principate by Augustus did not meet with the approval of a section of the senatorial aristocracy, which had lost most of the prerogatives considered to constitute their dignitas and auctoritas to the Princeps. The contestation and opposition of philosophical and political groups to the "legitimacy" of a reigning emperor became a feature of Roman public life. Opposition was seen as essential to preserving freedoms and ancient prerogatives. However, the oppositional rhetoric masked the foundation of the new regime, which was also based on republican institutions revised and influenced by philosophical doctrines, including Stoicism. The aim was to analyse the opposition of a section of the aristocracy to the Principate as a system and the Princeps as its embodiment. Faced with a power that was increasingly centred on the person of the prince, the question of the "good prince" arose, with currents both favourable and hostile to imperial power, among members of the aristocracy, particularly the senatorial aristocracy, within which the Stoics were to develop philosophical and political power balance in an attempt to influence the nature and form of political power. . It was therefore only natural that they should help to shape the Princeps' powers
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BAMPATZIMOPOULOU, PANAGIOTA. "Feminist Commons. : Decoloniality, Intersectionality and the Commons". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172536.
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My thesis is a call for the need of an intersectional awareness in the field of the commons, or the common or commoning. For that reason, I focus on a rather undertheorized subfield, the feminist commons because I deem that it promotes a more intersectional perspective than the male-dominated commons. My main effort concentrates to argue for the potentialities of an intersection between the commons and (feminist) decolonial project. Notions such as coloniality of power, the principle of intersectionality and the ethos of decoloniality help me to build my argument step by step. The thesis does not provide answers rather it poses questions and tries to open space for a fruitful experimentation.
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Malm, Sara. "Conflictual Commons". Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194133.
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Högdalen—Rågsved experiences a breakpoint of change which brings the definition of the ideal city and who is included or excluded to the negotiation table. Conflictual commons are the spaces used as common resources which becomes actualized for contestation. With organized movements and walking experiences, I explore conflicts over commons and look into actors involved, what understanding of space they act from, where maintenance responsibility is put and which scales is perceived as relevant.
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Tsiavos, Prodromos. "Cultivating creative commons : from creative regulation to regulatory commons". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/264/.
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This thesis explores and explains the development of the Creative Commons (CC) as an alternative to mainstream copyright protection. it argues that the distinctive characteristics of CC as a license based, configurable form of meta-regulation can be explained by consideration of the disciplinary background of the movement's founder (Lawrence Lessig) and as a consequence of the particular mode of development it undertook (e-mail discussions as commonly used in the arena of software development rather than traditional legal discussion) as well as the influence of a variety of pre-exisiting regulatory forms. The second part of the research reviews the inputs from multiple existing regulatory structures such as the Free Software Foundation and the Open Content movement, and de-constructs the process by which the CC is developed in practice. The thesis analyzes the trajectory of CC from a licensing project to a political project, the structural elements of the CC licences and the decision making process of their creation and development. This analysis helps to explain the apparent inconsistencies that have been expressed about the CC project and shows how Lessig's perspectives on regulation and meaning construction contribute to the empowerment of the creator and the attempt to provide regulatory tools instead of regulatory solutions. The thesis argues that imbalances in the existing Copyright system are symptoms of deeper structural problems of distantiation of the regulated subject from the process of regulation construction. CC therefore becomes an effort to increase access to the regulatory process and as a result ignites the creation of the Commons. instead of the regulation to be enforcing its normative content on the creative practice over the Internet, the CC approach allows the reverse to happen. The intellectual or creative commons are thus achieved as a secondary result of the ability to access the regulatory commons.
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Stevuliakova, Terezia. "Commons Across Slovak Countryside". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138794.
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Culture houses in Slovak villages, remnats of the former Soviet Union and other countries of Eastern Bloc, provides spaces for events and meetings that bring people together. 2 The project aims to explore how culture and spaces for it can ground other developing projects in a particular physical, social and historical context and enable users to become active in the present transformation of place and to mediate more diverse life in rural areas. The project emerges from issues of recent extremism across different scales, a loss of identity, social isolation, lack of interest in what is common, followed by lack of action and care. I want to raise a question what our culture and customs are, whether they are still eligible in all its forms and if not, how it could be subverted collectively. The project aims to create spaces that can accommodate these events of exchange and sharing and where objects enabling conversations can be exhibited. By creating memories and attachment our relations and communities sustain. Based on the idea of trust and active involvement, I see a potential to challenge the image of rural areas in the minds of its inhabitants. The perspective of the collective and the individual in narratives, mappings together with a brief history and statistical values forms a base for interpreting different attitudes towards culture and the commons. The exhibited objects touch on issues of traditions, consumerism, male dominance, control, time and value working further on the aspects of culture, memory and change. The thesis is not after preserving the salvage paradigm which concentrates on the adjudication of authenticity in cultural revivals but instead, it examines themes and quesions which might be of interest and use to people living in the village and area nowadays.
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Bradley, Fiona. "Enabling the information commons". Australian Library and Information Association, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/106186.
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As more libraries embrace the term 'information commons' to name services and symbolise their mission, this paper explores the meaning of the concept in Australia and the US. The public library as we know it was founded on principles of providing free access to all. This is now threatened by the growth of information as commodity, and has led many to question the controls and costs of information in society. This paper examines threats that emerge from commercialisation, legislation, funding, and the changing role of libraries. The responses to these threats by libraries, individuals and organisations are detailed. Projects and alternative models that aim to protect the information commons are discussed. This paper asks if libraries should be political about this issue, and what the consequences of such action may be on funding, intellectual freedom, trust and communities.
What steps can librarians take to ensure access to information for all individuals in the future? Do the information commons represent a new direction for librarianship, or a renewed emphasis on traditional values?
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Giannopoulou, Alexandra. "Les licences 'creative commons'". Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020054.
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L’emploi largement répandu des licences Creative Commons, en vue de partager des oeuvres non logicielles, justifie le choix de leur consacrer une étude, afin d’apprécier leur rapprochement actuel au régime légale de la propriété littéraire et artistique et afin d’envisager de conciliations prospectives. L’étude relève la singularité de Creative Commons en tant que système de gestion des droits d’auteur ; ce dernier, composé d’une série de licences, est guidé par une association de promotion du partage d’oeuvres et mu par une idéologie fondée sur l’autonomie de la volonté des auteurs. L’hypothèse de notre étude repose sur la variété constatée des libertés accordées par les licences. Ces dernières se transforment en une série d’outils standardisés qui s’imposent progressivement comme une norme pour la jouissance partagée d’oeuvres – tout en se fondant sur les règles du droit d’auteur. En même temps, l’étude des conséquences de la mise en oeuvre de chaque licence illustre la création d’asymétries entre les acteurs du partage. Notamment, si la distinction entre utilisation commerciale et non commerciale – introduite par les licences – constitue un outil deconciliation du régime propriétaire avec celui du partage créatif, l’utilisation de la notion ambiguë d'utilisation non commerciale influence le sort des licences et complique le processus évolutif des oeuvres partagées. L’affinement de la variété des licences conduit l’étude à s’atteler à l’examen des mécanismes prospectifs afin d’aboutir à une coordination des licences avec le droit d’auteur qui serait fondée sur le principe fondateur de Creative Commons, à savoir l’essai de rééquilibrage des intérêts impliqués au droit d’auteurThe widespread use of the Creative Commons licenses for the sharing of non-software works demonstrates the imperative to devote a study to the licenses in question. The goal of the study is to assess the current links of the licenses to the legal regime of intellectual property in order to suggest prospective ones. The study underlines the singularity of Creative Commons as a copyright management system, which consists of a series of licenses and is guided by an association promoting the sharing of works and by an ideology based on the autonomy of the authors. The premise of the thesis is founded on the variety of freedoms granted by the licenses. The licenses transform into a series of standardized tools that are gradually imposed as a standard for the sharing of works while relying on the rules of copyright. At the same time, the analysis of the consequences of the implementation of each license demonstrates the asymmetries created between the agents involved in the sharing process. In particular, our study shows that although the distinction between commercial and non commercial introduced by the licenses acts as a conciliation tool between the proprietary regime and that of the creative sharing, the introduction of an ambiguous concept - that of non-commercial use - influences the fate of licenses and complicates the evolutionary process of shared works. One way to resolve this tension proposed by our thesis is to review prospective mechanisms that would achieve a level of coordination between the licenses and copyright based on the founding principle of Creative Commons, which is the rebalancing of the interests involved in copyright
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Meyer, Camille. "Social Finance and the Commons". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/249622.
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The commons is a concept increasingly used by practitioners and social activists with the promise of creating new collective wealth (Bollier & Helfrich, 2014; De Angelis, 2003; Hardt & Negri, 2009; Klein, 2001). In recent years, a variety of scholarly research explained the different ways of organizing commons (Van Laerhoven & Ostrom, 2007). To that end, many streams of inquiry have emerged in various areas: organization theory (Ansari et al. 2013; Fournier, 2013; Tedmanson et al. 2015), institutional economics (Hess, C. & Ostrom, 2011; Ostrom, 1990, 2005, 2010), political philosophy and legal studies (Dardot & Laval, 2014; Holder and Flessas, 2008; Hardt & Negri, 2009), nonprofit studies (Aligica, 2016; Bushouse et al. 2016; Lohmann, 2014, 2016) and business ethics (Argandoña, 1998; Melé, 2009, 2012; O’Brien, 2009; Sison & Fontrodona, 2012; Solomon, 2004). However, these different theories are usually conceived and used separately. Empirical research on commons has mainly focused on natural resources at local and global levels (Ansari et al. 2013; Cody et al. 2015; Cox & Ross, 2011; Galaz et al. 2012; Ostrom, 1990, 2010; Poteete et al. 2010), and also on digital and scientific resources (Benkler, 2006; Boyle, 2008; Cook‐Deegan & Dedeurwaerdere, 2006; Coriat, 2015; Hess & Ostrom, 2011). Despite a long research tradition in local community organizations, there is little empirical scientific knowledge that uses the lens of the commons to study shared resources that are neither natural nor informational in nature. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps by analyzing social finance services and organizations from an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim is to understand whether communities can create financial commons. By analyzing the processes involved, the dissertation sheds light on the social and institutional components enabling the creation of human-made commons. We focus on community organizations linked to the solidarity economy movement in Brazil. Such movement aims to promote socio-economic alternative organizations, especially for poverty alleviation and inequality reduction.More specifically, the dissertation identifies the nature of two kinds of shared financial resources––microcredit services and complementary currencies––and looks at the functioning of community arrangements that provide them, the community components mobilized for creating commons organizations, and the institutional work strategies developed by intermediary organizations to adjust the scale of these social finance services.The dissertation is structured in four chapters, each of which addresses different research questions and uses different methods and units of analysis. The first chapter is conceptual and based on a literature review on complementary currencies in order to identify the commons dimensions of seven complementary currency systems. The second chapter is an in-depth single case study of Banco Palmas, a Brazilian community bank. This chapter analyzes the transformative power of governance on private goods when managed by self-governed grassroots organizations. Chapter three is a comparative case study of five community banks that focuses on the community components involved in creating commons as a grassroots response to contested market and state institutions. The final chapter focuses on the diffusion and institutionalization of social finance in Brazil and the role played by five intermediary organizations in this process.Starting from the observation that there is no definition of financial commons, Chapter 1 – Money and the Commons: Lessons from Complementary Currencies – proposes to assess the commons dimensions of monetary systems created and managed by local organizations. Specifically, we investigate the organizational features of seven complementary currency systems by making use of two main theoretical frameworks that are usually separate: the new commons in organization studies and the common good in business ethics. The findings show that these alternative monetary systems and organizations promote the common interest through the creation of new communities and can therefore be considered as commons according to the common good framework. Nevertheless, only systems relying on collective action and self-management fulfill the new commons framework. This allows us to suggest two new categories of commons: “social commons”, which fulfills both the new commons and the common good frameworks, and the “commercial commons”, which that fulfill the common good but not the new commons framework. Building on this, we define an ethos of the commons as a principle that consists in organizing commons practices through both collective organization and ethical concern for human flourishing.Chapter 2 - A Case Study of Microfinance and Community Development Banks (CDBs) in Brazil: Private or Common Goods? - looks at how governance mechanisms of self-managed community organizations affect the characteristics of microcredit services. Based on field research in Brazil, this chapter uses Elinor Ostrom’s design principles of successful self-governing common-pool resource organizations to analyze community banks’ microcredit systems. Our results suggest that private goods could be altered when governed by community self-managed enterprises. They become hybrid goods because they mix the characteristics of private and common goods. This change is facilitated by specific organizational arrangements, such as self-governance, that emerge from grassroots dynamics and the creation of collective-choice arenas. These arrangements help strengthen the inclusion properties of nonprofit microcredit services.In order to identify what components enable commons creation, we conduct a comparative case study of five Brazilian community banks in Chapter 3 – Building Commons in Community Enterprise: The Case of Self-Managed Microfinance Organizations. We analyze how community enterprises create commons whereas market and state institutions reproduce exclusion and inequalities. Our results suggest that four components are required to establish a new organization of commons: collective decision-making, community social control, servant leadership, and desire for social change. Building on this, we develop a model of commons organization and explain why these organizations are substitutes for existing marginalizing institutions. This study contributes to the literature by examining new elements for commons creation and shedding light on the emergence of new institutional arrangements for social change. Finally, after looking at commons institutional arrangements at local level in communities, we examine how commons organizations diffuse, institutionalize and organize in networks for consolidating their activities. Chapter 4 - Institutional Change and Diffusion in Institutional Plurality: The Case of Brazil’s Solidarity Finance Sector – explains how intermediary organizations help in this process. More precisely, we analyze the institutional work strategies deployed by five intermediary organizations in the Brazilian plural institutional context, where autonomous local state agencies and banks influence community banks' activities. We show how intermediary organizations support the institutionalization of community development banks (CDBs) through diffusing these organizations in different communities, performing external institutional work with governments and public banks at national and local levels, and accomplishing internal institutional work through structuring CDBs and CDB networks.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Thornton, Neil P. "The taming of London's commons /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht514.pdf.
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Banelis, Paulius. "Creative Commons licencijų teisiniai aspektai". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080206_110435-73217.
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Aštuntajame XX a. dešimtmetyje išplitus skaitmeninėms technologijoms ir didžiajai daliai žmogaus gyvenimo persikėlus į skaitmeninę erdvę, autorių teisių įstatymai ėmė nebeatitikti susiklosčiusios situacijos ir nepagrįstai riboti informacijos sklaidą bei prieinamumą internete. Siekiant padėti autoriams ir kūrinių naudotojams išspręsti šias problemas bei skaitmeninėje erdvėje sukurti protingą ir lanksčią autorių teisių apsaugos sistemą, 2001 m. buvo įkurta Creative Commons organizacija, 2002 m. pasiūliusi visuomenei autorių teisių suteikimo sutartis – Creative Commons licencijas.
Šios skaitmeninės formos sutartys įgalina autorių ar jo teisių turėtoją suteikti teisę kitiems asmenims neribotą laiką, bet kurioje pasaulio valstybėje, nemokamai naudotis sutartyje aiškiai nurodytomis autorių turtinėmis teisėmis į skaitmeninės formos literatūros, mokslo ar meno kūrinį. Tačiau naudojantis bendruoju CC licencijų variantu, parengtu remiantis JAV autorių teisės nuostatomis, ir nesuderintu su teisės aktais, kyla klausimas, ar tokios licencijos užtikrina pakankamą autorių teisių apsaugą Lietuvoje.
Siekiant atsakyti į šį klausimą ir išanalizuoti CC licencijų santykį su klasikiniais autorių teisių įstatymais, pirmoje šio darbo dalyje atskleidžiama CC licencijos sąvoka, tikslai bei pagrindinės sąlygos. Antroje darbo dalyje didžiausias dėmesys skiriamas galimų problemų identifikavimui, taikant CC licencijas Lietuvoje. Taip pat apžvelgiamas bendrųjų (tipinių) CC licencijų naudojimas ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In eight decade of twentieth century the appearance and development of digital technologies moved a great part of human life into cyberspace. However copyright laws were in conflict with factual situation and started to interfere with the dispersion and accessibility of information in internet. In 2001, aiming to help authors and users to deal with those problems and to develop reasonable and flexible copyright protection, Creative Commons organization was created. In 2002 this organization introduced to the public agreements, known as CC licenses, granting author’s economic rights to the user. These digital agreements enables author or holder of his rights, to grant other party perpetual, worldwide, royalty-free right to use authors economic rights to literature, science or art works. Though using unported version of CC licenses, which was prepared according to USA copyright law, may raise the question of secure copyright of unported licenses in Lithuania. Search for the answer to the above question and analysis of the relation between CC licenses and classical copyright law is provided. In the first part of this paper objectives, main features and concept of CC licenses are indicated. In the second part considerable attention is given to indicate possible problems while using CC licenses in Lithuania. The usage and internationalization of CC licenses are also developed in the second part of the paper. Finally, conclusion is made that unported CC licenses, even not... [to full text]
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Mancini, Francesca. "Managing the wildlife tourism commons". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2019. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=240416.
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Tourism is the fastest growing sector in the world. It represents 10% of the global GDP and generates one in 11 jobs. Nature tourism has become increasingly popular in the last few decades and it is predicted to keep increasing. Wildlife watching has initially been welcomed by conservation and environmental organisations as a conservation tool. However, we now know that these activities can have severe consequences for the environment and for the local communities. In this thesis, I have provided advice on the governance approaches and management tools that can be used to facilitate sustainable outcomes of nature tourism socioecological systems. First, I used semi-quantitative models to investigate nature tourism systems' dynamics under perturbations and the properties that confer resilience to the system, as well as leading to sustainable outcomes. Then, after validating the use of social media data to quantify nature tourism activities in Scotland, I used it to identify the major drivers of intensity of nature tourism on a national scale. I then obtained a global picture of nature tourism and its role in helping countries to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In the end, I designed an individual-based model to test how different tourists' phenotypes influence the sustainability of a nature tourism destination and whether any governance regime could be effective in maintaining sustainable socioeconomic and ecological dynamics. This work will be useful to inform management of local, national and global scale governance of nature tourism. Caution is needed when promoting the expansion of a country's tourism sector before determining how to manage it sustainably. Scotland has already developed some of the governance institutions that could contribute to sustainable governance of nature tourism. What is needed now is designing flexible rules and institutions that will be able to adapt to future changes.
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Serres, Coline. "Social Ventures and the Commons". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/325761.
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Consciousness about the need for a more sustainable consumption and production patterns, as well as the will to cope with issues such as social exclusion and poverty, rose in the last decades. To answer such problems, new forms of social ventures have emerged on markets, including under the legal form of corporations. Social corporations are fully-fledged limited companies that officially commit themselves to a social mission by including the latter in their bylaws. Through their commercial activities, these new forms of social ventures target a specific social outcome. Either the whole population or a targeted group can benefit from this outcome. Thus, social corporations aim to pursue the common good. Entitled “Social Ventures and the Commons”, this doctoral dissertation aims to understand how new alternative profit-seeking business models, such as social corporations, can manage and contribute to the governance of common goods. With her seminal work, Elinor Ostrom widened the path for scholars to study the commons. Ever since, the academic world has extensively relied on her eight design principles when researching commons, allowing for a varied literature on the topic and the emergence of a paradigm in recent years; however, features of this paradigm are still fuzzy as different views and concepts of commons exist. While Ostrom conducted her research on the governance of traditional commons mainly, i.e. local natural resources collectively managed, the emergence of new concepts calls for a better of their governance mechanisms. Amongst the different concepts of commons existing, new commons have recently emerged. New commons are resources that have newly been recognized as commons. They derive from the principle of “commoning”: they are shared resources collectively organized and managed and can take the form of human-made commons, like culture, knowledge or urban spaces. They can be created both by humans and/or by organizations that are managed collectively. The first chapter of the dissertation, in the form of a conceptual paper, sheds light on the capacity of new alternative profit-seeking business models to govern new commons; a topic left out by scholars so far. It states under which conditions such unconventional forms of market-oriented organizations can contribute to the governance of commons and thus become commons-governing companies. Theoretical management principles applicable in the context of commons-governing companies are proposed and guide them to implement collective action through co-management with external and/or internal stakeholders. The second chapter of the dissertation presents an original global typology of social corporations that distinguishes between three generic types according to their legal structure and underlying motivation to integrate a social mission into their bylaws. It identifies four core social corporation governance elements: voting rights implementation, profit distribution, property regime, and ownership structure. Additionally, the typology is complemented with a multiple case study of three social corporations (one per generic type). The case study focuses on the five governance capabilities that social corporations develop to be sustainable in the long run, and that relate to the three main pillars of performance, conformance, and responsibility. The third and last chapter of the thesis aims to comprehend the governance mechanisms developed by social corporations governing new commons. To do so, it draws from the community-based enterprise theory and the theory of the commons. I use qualitative data used collected within three community-based enterprises governing commons, and that adopt a social corporation legal form, in the United Kingdom. These organizations vary by date of creation, size, location, legal form, and types of new commons they contribute to. Findings show that these ventures design a triple-levelled goal governance to (1) manage the organization, (2) govern the commons, and (3) foster social good in the community. This doctoral dissertation primarily aims to contribute to the field of entrepreneurship. First, it contributes to social entrepreneurship by embracing the growing phenomenon of profit-seeking social ventures and provides with a better comprehension of their governance mechanisms, also when governing commons. Second, it sustains the development and understanding of the newly recognized entrepreneurship theory of commons. It does so by understanding how privately-held profit-seeking social ventures – social corporations – contribute to the provision of commons and become commons-governing companies.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zhang, Yan. "Governing the commons in China". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709466.
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Beagle, Donald. "The Learning Commons in Historical Context". 名古屋大学附属図書館研究開発室, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14578.
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Ghelfi, Andrea. "Worlding politics : justice, commons and technoscience". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37833.
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The commons’ movements are often interpreted in social theory as political subjectivities aiming to address justice via struggles for social power. Rather than conceiving the commons’ movement inside the framework of the ‘autonomy of the social’ and instead of conceiving politics as a purely human affair, this thesis explores the emergence of a form of activism that is radically renewing our understanding of the commons. This is a form of activism grounded and enacted in the middle of hybrid compositions of the social, the technical and the material that characterise our technoscientific era. This thesis investigates the constituent practices of ‘material activism’ through analysing and discussing heterogeneous materials (e.g. practices, stories, artefacts, ethics and modes of thinking and relating) collected during a multi-sited ethnography. The research seeks to describe the emergence of a form of politics that attempts to make a difference in the ontological configuration of the world through exploring the ecological culture of permaculture, the practices of hardware hacking, the technopolitics of the 15M movement and the knowledge practices of the Science and Justice research centre. The politics of worlding which emerges is treated as the outcome of experimental processes of interaction, materialisation and mattering, which directly involves the active presence and participation of ‘significant’ human and non-human entities. The thesis asks how to think justice when politics comes to matter and offers an invitation for thinking about commoning and the worlding of justice as ‘a power to act with’ starting from the activity of crafting matter in situated ecologies. In the middle of the many technoscientific metamorphoses that characterise our contemporaneity, this politics of worlding is oriented to craft ecologies of living that are thick enough, rich enough and responsible enough for cultivating modest flourishing and justice.
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Wang, Mimi Cheng-Yin. "The global commons : tragedy or apocalypse? /". Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arw2461.pdf.
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Brennen, Andrea (Andrea Lynn). "Arctci-tecture for the global commons". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47840.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-145).
Environmental agendas in architecture have enjoyed an increased attention recently, as a result of the emerging 'sustainable' design ethos. This framework of sustainability initiates a rethinking of the scale of an architectural site - a building must be understood as situated not only in a specific territory, but also in relation to a much larger and more abstract global environmental system. With this new systemic understanding of a "site," comes the opportunity for a different mode of architecture -- one in which the architect has a hand in designing not only the architectural object, but also tactics for and potential effects of its implementation. Operating in the spirit of Stewart Brand's Whole Earth Catalog -- a 1970s counterculture bible for "whole systems" thinking -- this thesis examines Antarctica as a testing ground for an expanded mode of architecture. Antarctica, with its extreme environment, scientific value, and legal status as a Global Commons, is a site that cannot be understood in any way other than through its relationship to a larger global environmental system. This reality, when combined with the continent's mystique, creates an unparalleled opportunity for architectural innovation.
by Andrea Brennen.
M.Arch.
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Pinto, Evelyn Cristina. "\"Repensando os commons na comunicação científica\"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/45/45134/tde-07052007-092617/.
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Recentemente estudiosos como Benkler, Lessig, Boyle, Hess e Ostrom retomaram o uso do conceito de commons, mas agora relacionado à informação em geral ou à informação científica. Nesse trabalho, nós lançamos mão desse termo para destacar o caráter cooperativo da pesquisa científica, a importância da transparência e neutralidade no acesso ao commons da Ciência e a natureza anti-rival da informação científica. O conceito de commons nos é muito útil para focar todo o conjunto dos artigos científicos já publicados, quer estejam na forma impressa ou na digital. Ainda permite um estudo através de prismas multidisciplinares e, finalmente, enfatiza a dinâmica das comunidades científicos como um todo. Em qualquer commons de informação, quanto maior a distribuição do conhecimento, mais dinâmico e eficiente é o processo de evolução do conhecimento. A tecnologia da imprensa tem desempenhado um papel fundamental na divulgação de informação e o seu surgimento marcou uma revolução no conhecimento e na cultura da nossa civilização. A tecnologia digital tem se mostrado mais eficiente ainda, uma vez que a natureza da sua implementação em bits se aproxima mais da natureza anti-rival das idéias do que qualquer outra tecnologia hoje empregada para preservação e distribuição de informação. Em nosso estudo, constatamos que o commons da Ciência pode ser enormemente enriquecido através de práticas cooperativas e de acesso aberto na publicação da academia. Percebemos também que o uso da tecnologia digital no commons científico, especialmente na publicação dos resultados da pesquisa, aumenta grandemente a distribuição do conhecimento acadêmico, suas oportunidades de escrutínio e validação, a dinâmica de amadurecimento das idéias científicas e, conseqüentemente, pode tornar o desenvolvimento da Ciência mais veloz e eficiente. No entanto, o meio digital tem sido utilizado tanto para criar um ambiente de livre circulação de idéias quanto para controlá-las. Por um lado, código computacional tem sido implementado para garantir o acesso apenas aos que pagam pelos altos preços das revistas científicas. Por outro lado, a publicação de revistas on-line de acesso aberto e outras formas alternativas de disseminação de conteúdo científico têm se proliferado. Ainda, o decrescente orçamento das bibliotecas, o crescente preço das assinaturas de revistas científicas e as crescentes restrições aplicadas pelas leis de propriedade intelectual têm minado a natureza livre das idéias científicas e colocado a Comunicação Científica numa crise. Estamos no meio de uma transição de paradigmas quanto à publicação dos resultados de pesquisa científica, onde aspectos legais, tecnológicos e sócio-econômicos estão em renegociação. À luz das oportunidades da tecnologia digital e da publicação em acesso aberto, as formas de disseminação dos resultados da pesquisa científica presentemente estabelecidas tem sido repensadas. Inserimos essa análise num contexto maior, o paradigma da Comunicação Científica. Isso nos auxilia a fazer um estudo mais abrangente das complexas questões envolvendo nosso tema, analisando os aspectos tecnológicos, legais e sócio-econômicos de uma possível transição para o modelo de publicação de acesso aberto. Tão grandes são as oportunidades desse novo modelo que ele tem agregado em torno de si iniciativas sócio-acadêmicas conhecidas por Movimento de Acesso Aberto à literatura científica. Atualmente, há muitos testes e modelos de publicação dessa literatura. Em especial, nesse trabalho focamos o modelo de acesso aberto aos resultados científicos, suas vantagens, as dificuldades para seu estabelecimento e como ele tem se desenvolvido. Analisamos a viabilidade de criação de um ecossistema de bibliotecas digitais de acesso aberto, especializadas em cada ramo da Ciência. Nossos modelos de partida baseiam-se em alguns aspectos de serviços como arXiv, CiteSeer e Google Scholar. Entre as muitas conclusões desse estudo, constatamos que bibliotecas desse tipo aumentam sobremaneira a dinâmica de circulação, geração, transformação e renovação do conhecimento científico. Assim, o processo de produção de recursos no commons científico pode se tornar muito mais eficiente.Recent studies done by Benkler, Lessig, Boyle, Hess and Ostrom look at the concept of commons again however, this time in relation to information in general more specifically to scientific information. In this study, we focused on the cooperative character of scientific research, the importance of transparency and neutrality to access the scientific commons. The concept of commons is highly useful to focus on every scientific article that has already been published in print or digitally. This allows studies through several multidisciplines and finally emphasizes the dynamic of scientific communities around the world. In each commons of information, the higher the distribution of knowledge, the more dynamic and efficient the process of the evolution of this information. Technology of the press has been key in the divulging of information and its expansion marked a revolution in knowledge and culture in our civilization. Digital technology has shown more efficiency. Its implementation into bits is closer to the non-rival nature of the ideas than other technologies used to preserve it and used to distribute information. In our work, we realized that the science of commons should be enriched through cooperative practices and open access to scientific results. We also realized that digital technology in scientific commons improves distribution of scholarly knowledge and the dynamic evolution of scientific ideas so the science development should be even more efficient and faster. The digital revolution has been used to create a free environment of circulation of ideas and it has also been used to control certain things. On one side, computational code has been implemented to allow access just for people who pay for the service. On the other hand, online journals publishing and other alternative forms of disseminating scientific knowledge have been proliferated. The decreasing budget of libraries, the increasing cost of journal subscriptions and the increasing restrictions applied by intellectual property has enclosed the free nature of scientific ideas and it has put Scholarly Communication into a crisis. We are in the middle of a transitional phase, where legal, technological, social and economic aspects of scientific publishing have being renegotiated. We inserted our analyses in a larger context, the Scholarly Communication paradigm. This supports a larger study about the complex questions of our subject, analyzing the technological, legal, social and economic aspects of a possible transition to the open access publishing model. This new publishing model is so interesting that some initiatives have started social movements pertaining to it. Nowadays, there are many tests and publishing models especially in this line of work. We focused on the open access model in scientific results, its advantages, the difficulties of its establishment and how it has been developed. Finally, we propose that the creation of an open access digital libraries ecosystem specialized in every scientific field. Our staring models are services such as: arXiv, CiteSeer and Google Scholar. Among our conclusions, we have realized that following this models stated above, digital libraries can enhance the dynamic of circulation, generation, transformation and renovation of the scientific knowledge.
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Bird, Karen. "Feminizing the Commons? : the significance of sex and gender in the British House of Commons, 1997-2001". Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425845.
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Nussbaum, Gabrielle. "Answers to the tragedy of the commons /". Norton, MA : Wheaton College, 2008. http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6485.
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Hauser, Oliver Paul. "Challenging Cooperation: Inequality, Global Commons, Future Generations". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493433.
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Cooperation is abundant in the world around us, spanning all levels of biological and social organisation. Yet the existence and maintenance of cooperation is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective because the costs borne to cooperating individuals put them at an evolutionary disadvantage. We thus require an understanding of mechanisms and institutions that can enable cooperation to thrive and be maintained. In this dissertation, I discuss three issues that have presented, or currently present, a challenge to the sustenance of human cooperation. The first chapter addresses an issue of much contemporary debate – inequality. I ask how the well-documented, widespread lack of knowledge of income inequality in society affects the use of costly punishment and costly reward in maintaining public cooperation. When income inequality in a group is not known, the poorest group members are punished (for their low absolute contributions) while the richest are rewarded (for their high absolute contributions). Conversely, when income inequality is revealed, this outcome reverses: the poorest are rewarded (for their high percentage of income contributed) and the richest are punished (for their low percentage contributed). In my next dissertation chapter, I turn to study the emergence of large-scale cooperation. How can cooperation arise and remain stable in large groups? Although it has been argued that the standard reciprocity mechanism weakens in large groups, a simple, scalable intervention—dubbed “local-to-global” reciprocity—successfully maintains public cooperation in groups orders of magnitude larger than previously studied. Local-to-global reciprocity works to maintain group-level cooperation because individuals withhold cooperation from defectors in pairwise interactions as a form of punishment. In the last chapter, I investigate how we can cooperate with future generations: people today face the challenge that they must pay the cost of cooperation now to benefit people in the future who cannot reciprocate their actions. When people decide individually, the renewable resource quickly depletes leaving future generations empty-handed. When decisions today are made by majority vote, however, the resource is sustained for many generations. Voting works because it allows a cooperative majority to restrain a minority of present-day defectors.Biology, Organismic and Evolutionary
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Edwards, Laura. "Authority Control and Digital Commons: Why Bother?" Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/dcseug/2018/schedule/2.
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Authority control provided by Digital Commons is basic. Other than author names, Digital Commons does not provide much in the way of authority control for other fields, such as faculty advisor/mentor names or department names. Standardizing name fields has several benefits, not least of which is the increased precision of reports that institutions can create to highlight the impact of faculty mentorship activities as well as the scholarship output of departmental entities on campus. Institutions that want to ensure the consistency of names across submissions to their Digital Commons repository, especially for self-submitted submissions, must develop their own methods for maintaining authority control. The presenter, a librarian wearing many hats in her position at Eastern Kentucky University Libraries, will talk about strategies she has developed for streamlining authority control work in EKU Libraries’ Digital Commons repository, Encompass Digital Archive.
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Au, Saskia [Verfasser]. "Das commodum ex negotiatione beim Doppelverkauf : Eine juristische und ökonomische Analyse / Saskia Au". Aachen : Shaker, 2003. http://d-nb.info/1176346008/34.
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Luintel, Harisharan. "Do Forest Commons Contribute to International Environmental Initiatives? A Socio-Ecological Analysis of Nepalese Forest Commons in view of REDD+". PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3087.
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Forests in developing countries have the potential to contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, promote biodiversity and support the livelihoods of rural, local people. Approximately one-fourth of such forests are under the control of local communities, which primarily manage forests for subsistence and to meet their livelihood needs. The trend of bottom-up community control is increasing through the adoption of decentralization reforms over the last 40 years. In contrast, the United Nations has introduced the top-down program, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) for the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon and the sustainable management of forest in developing countries. REDD+ incentivizes forest-managing communities to sequester carbon and reduce emissions. REDD+ has created hope for managing forests to mitigate climate change and has created fear that the new initiative may not be effective and may not ensure continuing forest-managing community benefits. However, little research has been conducted to answer these concerns. By taking nationally representative data from Nepalese community-managed forests (“forest commons"), I bring insights into whether and how these forests can contribute to REDD+ initiatives, particularly as they relate to carbon sequestration, biodiversity, equity in benefit sharing and collective action.
My results indicated the highly variable carbon and biodiversity in the forest plots across the country, depicting the availability of space for additional growth in carbon storage and biodiversity conservation. My results also reflect the complex and varied relationships of carbon with different indices of biodiversity at the national level, across geographic and topographic regions, and in forests with varying canopy covers. Weak positive relationships between carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation indicate the possibility of synergies between carbon-forestry and biodiversity conservation. I also found that the formal community forestry program (CFP) has clearly positive impacts on biodiversity conservation and household-level equity in benefit sharing and a negative impact on carbon sequestration at the national level. However, disaggregated results of impacts of CFP on biodiversity, carbon and equity across geography, topography, forest quality and social groups display mixed results i.e., either positive or negative or neutral. I also identified that different drivers of collective action have different (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) associations with carbon sequestration, which either supports or challenges established knowledge. In aggregate, my research indicates the potential of contribution by forest commons, and specially the CFP, to global environmental initiatives such as REDD+. It suggests that targeted, dedicated policies and programs to increase carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation and foster equity and collective actions are critical. In addition, my results also contribute to the growing literature on socio-ecological implications of forest commons that demonstrated the need of interdisciplinary research to understand human-nature relationships in the changing context.
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Campbell-Hawkins, Marjorie Yvonne. "Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Help-Seeking: The Experiences of African American Male Survivors". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7129.
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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious worldwide problem and a deliberate violation of human rights. Men from all ethnicities are physically, psychologically, and mentally affected by IPV. In the Unites States, approximately 835,000 men are abused by an intimate partner. Although there are higher incidences of IPV in the African American community and lower rates of help-seeking especially among males, there is a scarcity of studies addressing the help-seeking behavior of African American male IPV survivors. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of African American male survivors of IPV and their help-seeking behaviors. The sample for this study consisted of six African American men who are survivors of female perpetrated IPV. Social learning theory, which explains how behavior including help-seeking behavior is learned, guided this study. Participants were interviewed face to face and via Skype using semi structured interviews. The data from the interviews were analyzed and coded using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings revealed that African American male survivors of IPV face numerous barriers that dehumanized them; however, they recognized the importance of getting help. The findings provide a better understanding of African American men's experiences and help-seeking behaviors. Thus, programs that are specific to their needs can be implemented. Furthermore, the results could prompt law enforcement administration to provide better training of patrol officers who first respond to family disputes.
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Snagovsky, Feodor. "Party Switching in the Canadian House of Commons". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32510.
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This thesis seeks to explain the phenomenon of party switching (or floor-crossing) in the understudied case of the Canadian House of Commons. It uses Müller and Strøm’s “Policy, Office or Votes?” framework at the individual level of analysis and a mixed methods approach that combines document analysis and econometrics to assess the effects of individual and institutional variables on the decision to switch parties. The results inform a wider discussion regarding individual political behavior as well as the role, influence and evolution of political parties in the Canadian state. The research demonstrates that the electorate is adept at recognizing opportunism and tends to respect MPs who switch parties on principle while punishing those that switch for more self-centered reasons.
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Sharad, Chakravarthy Namindi. "Public Commons for Geospatial Data: A Conceptual Model". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SharadCN2003.pdf.
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McCurry, David B. "Provenance Tracking in a Commons of Geographic Data". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McCurryDB2007.pdf.
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Paczkowski, Piotr. "Fika Commons: Hybrid community centres for Västerbotten's peripheries". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-108600.
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Changes in demogaphics, employment and shopping habits, triggered by urbanisation and increasing mobility are important factors influencing Swedish countryside. Answering the changing conditions is especially important in the northermost counties, with very low population density and large distances between settlements. Within the peripheries of V.sterbotten the availability of basic social and commercial services is decreasing, as the economic viability of such businesses is too low and the former commercial model became unsustainable. Most of the service functions are associated to local grocery stores, and when one is forced to close down, the village loses not only its access to basic services, but most of all a meeting point for the community. The supply of food and errands is not a problem for the inhabitants, but the need for social activities and access to a neutral ground to meet the neighbours remains unresolved. This thesis is investigating possible alternatives and proposing new models of hybrid service centres for rural communities of V.sterbotten, that are capable of uplifting the countryside by focusing on the most important aspect: the people.
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De, Vries Christoper (Christoper Hendrick John). "Europe's liquid commons : towards a public territorial infrastructure". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65544.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-157).
'his thesis examines the possibility of using intermodal logistics infrastructure on the Rhine-Danube waterway, as part of the Trans European Infrastructure Network, as a means to create a symbolic and operative commons between the East and West of Europe. A historical perspective on the physical transformations of Rhine is used to illustrate the seminal role they played in the formation of transnational diplomacy and economic collaborations in the West of Europe.'The waterway because of its liquid characteristics is proposed as an operative transnational political conduit where societal ideals and geographic particularities are negotiated through infrastructural transformations of the riparian landscape. A retrospective into the history of architectural infrastructure proposes a reappraisal of the "layer-method" to integrate earthwork (cut and fill landscaping), infrastructure and urban form as means to give a symbolic form to the territory. An exemplary project is proposed in Novisad, Serbia where a public sphere surrounding a variety of hydrologic programs exposes certain symbiotic and conflictual uses of water.'The panoptical urban condition that is designed is meant to reveal and actuate a more transparent and public political struggle between the individual and collective through an irreducibly common commodity, namely water.
by Christoper de Vries.
S.M.
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Chang, M. "Growing a commons food regime : theory and practice". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1396231/.
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Existing food regimes theory has a strong analytical power to help us understand the reality of contemporary global food politics and has a political commitment to provoke a new direction in our thinking. Yet, it falls short on how we can actually engage with such a change, especially with the pressing need for strategic alliances among multiple food movements which aim to advance a regime change. By exploring both theory and practice, this research addresses this gap and responds to a call for a new food regime in the 21st century. Firstly, this research proposes the notion of growing a commons food regime. With care as the core, an integrative framework for growing a commons food regime is presented, drawing on reviews of literature on food regimes theory, commons regimes, adaptive governance and critical food studies. This framework aims at building an adaptive capacity to transform the current food system towards sustainability. Secondly, applying the framework as ‘a tool of insight’, the current landscape of community food initiatives was investigated in order to identify implications and opportunities to grow a commons food regime in London. Finally, considering the significant role of universities in helping to form multiple and reciprocal connections with society; and as a catalyst and an experiment in integrating theory and practice in growing a commons food regime, a journey of university-led community food initiatives was carried out at University College London (UCL) as a case study. On reflection, the thesis suggests ways forward in continuing to grow care-based commons food regimes through community food initiatives at UCL. With our growing adaptive capacity, we might enter a new epoch of history.
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SAITO, Fumihiko. "Local Council Commons Management in Uganda : A Theoretical Reassessment". Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8641.
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Kattemalavadi, Chinmayi. "(An) Unsettled Commons| Narrative and Trauma after 9/11". Thesis, Wayne State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10261366.
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This dissertation examines fictional responses to the events of September 11, 2001. It argues for the importance of one kind of fictional response, one which focuses on representing the feeling of "unsettledness" that can be one effect of trauma, with the aim of making that unsettledness itself a locus of a shared common experience. I posit that in articulating the events of 9/11 in the context of, in relation to, and as one in a series of traumas, violences, and histories, these narratives make the unsettlements shareable. Focusing on four works of fiction that were published after 9/11—Joseph O’Neill’s Netherland, Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (Oscar Wao), Teju Cole’s Open City, and Jennifer Egan’s A Visit From the Goon Squad (Goon Squad)—I explore representations of the effects of and the attempts to cope with traumatic experiences including 9/11 itself.
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Misharina, Anna. "Nonfigurative Urban Commons : anticipations of / interventions within public spaces". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-73526.
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I do not intend to talk about architecture as just shapes or forms but as an ongoing construction of the social, political and physical spaces we inhabit. I will concentrate on the different elements that constitute the process of making-the-world, together with the text, interventions on site, understanding the design as one of those elements, not as the final output of my work. This project is a reaction to the impact that the recent and on-going changes in society have in public space, or in other words: a reaction to changes in public life such as individualization being opposite to the commonality and ability to share in relationship with the effects those changes have had on public space, such as an overwhelming and growing privatization of those spaces and an increasing threat to their very existence. First, I explore existing public spaces and their construction through analysis and involvement in the city. I continue my explorations being in the spaces and interacting with different actors and react on the discovered aspects (potentialities, failures) by virtue of interventions. This leads to the discovery of features such as playfulness, openness, common ownership, voluntariness, equality, freedom and other as conditions that emerge from the different experiences and situations in which I have intervened. Combinations of them give opportunities for other forms of togetherness to be thought and discussed, but also for them to appear in space. Finally, those features become also an input for speculative proposals that allowed me to test my reflections: an imaginary projection onto the current situation of intuitions, ideas and ideals, which are integral for what I call Urban Commons. The Urban Commons I propose are connected to public life and social behaviour in public spaces and reflect on the possibilities of new ways of commonality. I will consider one intervention, its process and current state closer as I relate it to the making of the Urban Common. This imaginary projection also allows to criticise existing construction of public spaces and society in common.
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Käkelä, Nikolas, e Erik Lindblom. "Öppen innovation och immaterialrätt ur ett anti-commons perspektiv". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24826.
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Breyer, Merle. "Owning by doing : In Search of the Urban Commons". Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149736.
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In cities we generally distinguish between public and private space. This thesis tackles the distinction between public and private property and searches for the urban commons where property is determined by collective action and thus creates a greater spatial justice. A case study analyzes the Urban Garden Project “Trädgård på spåret” in Stockholm and shows how unconventional arrangements can generate a lively place in the urban fabric. The final discussion interprets the concept of urban commons and contemplates its classification within the planning discipline.I städer skiljer vi generellt mellan offentligt och privat utrymme. Denna avhandlingförsöker att nyansera den enkla distinktionen mellan offentlig och privat mark ochgår på jakt efter de urbana allmänningar (urban commons) vilkas ägande bestämsav kollektivism och som skapar spatiell rättvisa (spatial justice). En fallstudieanalyserar Urban Garden-projektet «Trädgård på Spåret» i Stockholm och visarhur okonventionella arrangemang har gett upphov till en livlig plats, som går långtutöver trädgårdens traditionella gränser. I den avslutande diskussionen tolkar vibegreppet urbana allmänningar och betraktar dess placering i planeringsämnet.
In Städten unterscheiden wir generell zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Raum.Diese Thesis versucht die simple Unterscheidung zwischen öffentlichem undprivatem Grundeigentum aufzubrechen und begibt sich auf die Suche nach der‚urbanen Allmende’ (urban commons) in der Eigentum durch Kollektivismus bestimmtwird und somit räumliche Gerechtigkeit (spatial justice) schafft. Eine Fallstudieanalysiert das urbane Gartenprojekt „Trädgård på spåret“ in Stockholm und zeigtauf wie durch unkonventionelle Regelungen ein lebhafter Ort entstanden ist, dersich in die Stadt verwurzelt hat und weit über die Grenzen des Gärtners hinausgeht.In der abschließenden Diskussion wird der Begriff der urbanen Allmendeinterpretiert und dessen Einordnung in die Planungsdisziplin betrachtet.
Urban Form and Social Behavior
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John, Shirley Diane. "The analysis of House of Commons' division list data". Thesis, University of Bath, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235796.
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Macbeth, Samuel. "Multi-agent based simulation of self-governing knowledge commons". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/25751.
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The potential of user-generated sensor data for participatory sensing has motivated the formation of organisations focused on the exploitation of collected information and associated knowledge. Given the power and value of both the raw data and the derived knowledge, we advocate an open approach to data and intellectual-property rights. By treating user-generated content as well as derived information and knowledge as a common-pool resource, we hypothesise that all participants can be compensated fairly for their input. To test this hypothesis, we undertake an extensive review of experimental, commercial and social participatory-sensing applications, from which we identify that a decentralised, community-oriented governance model is required to support this open approach. We show that the Institutional Analysis and Design framework as introduced by Elinor Ostrom, in conjunction with a framework for self-organising electronic institutions, can be used to give both an architectural and algorithmic base for the necessary governance model, in terms of operational and collective choice rules specified in computational logic. As a basis for understanding the effect of governance on these applications, we develop a testbed which joins our logical formulation of the knowledge commons with a generic model of the participatory-sensing problem. This requires a multi-agent platform for the simulation of autonomous and dynamic agents, and a method of executing the logical calculus in which our electronic institution is specified. To this end, firstly, we develop a general purpose, high performance platform for multi-agent based simulation, Presage2. Secondly, we propose a method for translating event-calculus axioms into rules compatible with business rule engines, and provide an implementation for JBoss Drools along with a suite of modules for electronic institutions. Through our simulations we show that, when building electronic institutions for managing participatory sensing as a knowledge commons, proper enfranchisement of agents (as outlined in Ostrom's work) is key to striking a balance between endurance, fairness and reduction of greedy behaviour. We conclude with a set of guidelines for engineering knowledge commons for the next generation of participatory-sensing applications.
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Telhan, Orkan. "The living commons : a spatial theory for biological design". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84365.
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Thesis (Ph. D. in Design and Computation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 181-189).
Biological design is as ancient as human civilization. For thousands of years, living systems and natural processes have been manipulated by humans and their biological outcomes have been customized for different purposes. While the idea of biological design has always been prevalent throughout history, especially with the discovery of DNA, the ability to manipulate the form, function, and behavior of the living has significantly advanced. Today synthetic biology is pushing the frontiers of biological design even further. Now, living things can be completely abstracted from their original biological contexts, assembled like molecular constructs, and engineered like circuits or programmed like computational hardware. biological designers compose biological form and function by running modeling and simulation software; order standardized biological parts from online libraries and databases; utilize fabrication companies to synthesize gene products to prototype their designs; and build complex artifacts, applications and services that meet human wants, needs, fears, and desires on a daily basis. In this dissertation, I examine different practices of biological design in life sciences and engineering based on different theoretical models. I trace the history of information-based, relational, synthesis-oriented methods and present a new design framework that offers a spatial and a context-driven approach to the design of living matter. Being rooted in a different interpretation of space and spatiality in design, the framework approaches biological design systematically, at three stages: 1) the design of the basic units of the living (Units), 2) how different units are arranged and composed for different functionalities and behavior (Logic), and 3) the design of the biological contexts where biological artifacts live and perform their objectives (Context). This new framework intends to bring together a multitude of approaches from different design fields such as engineering, architecture and product Design that have their unique histories with living matter. The goal here is to demonstrate the ways different design paradigms can potentially shape our relationship with biological design in new ways; altering the design process, the objectives, the outcomes, and the social, cultural, and ethical perception of synthetic living.
by Orkan Telhan.
Ph.D.in Design and Computation
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Bharadwaj, Ragu. "Business models for information commons in the pharmaceutical industry". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/47865.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, System Design and Management Program, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59).
The pharmaceutical industry needs new modes of innovation. The industry's innovation system - based on massive investments in R&D protected by intellectual property rights - has worked well for many years, providing incentives for pharmaceutical firms to invest in developing drugs across a wide variety of major medical needs. However, this traditional drug development process is subject to decreasing productivity and increasing costs. In addition, it encourages pharmaceutical firms to focus on "blockbuster" drugs, and to neglect meeting needs in small potential markets such as "orphan" diseases and diseases primarily found in third world countries. This thesis focuses on new modes of innovation, specifically the sharing of safety information prior to clinical trials. To inform this analysis, I first discuss the data that informs why the industry is in need of new modes of innovation. I then proceed to outline the potential promise of some new modes of pharmaceutical development that are emerging. I then explore a specific novel innovation mode in more detail: the sharing of non-competitive safety information prior to clinical trials, leading to significant reductions in both costs and chances of failure in drug discovery and development. I propose that this new innovation mode offers the potential of significant benefit to both drug developers and medical patients.
by Ragu Bharadwaj.
S.M.
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Shackelford, Scott. "Governing the global commons in international law and relations". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610271.
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Fouché, Jacques Abraham. "Crafting the commons : modern approaches to music as product". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20036.
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In this dissertation, modern approaches to record labels, music as product, and copyright in the music industry were investigated. The possibility of successfully creating, implementing, and operating an independent, not‐for‐profit, commercial record label that services the needs of the South African College of Music (SACM), with a flexible approach to the music industry, music as product, and copyright was hypothesised. The current state of the music industry, and specifically the record industry, was researched, with special regard given to modern aspects of the industry as well as the technological advancements that through history have contributed to the evolution of the industry to its current state. The concept of copyright was explored in its traditional, modernized, and adapted forms. In addition, traditional and modern models of major and independent record labels were assessed in order to gain insight into the processes involved in the creation and operation of such entities, along with the way in which artists function in the modern record industry environment. Finally, the project of creating the mentioned record label within a tertiary education institution was researched through practical implementation and evaluation. As a part of this implementation, a specific recording project at the SACM was researched, undertaken in practice, and documented in order to research potential opportunities and obstacles in the creation of a recorded music album, with special significance for future projects. The hypothesis was proved correct, but a flexible approach to the entire process was also proved a necessity in that constant optimization and adaptation is required to facilitate the successful continuation of such a record label. Future considerations and innovation-based paths forward for similar projects were also provided.
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Cunningham, Caitlin. "Conflicted Commons: A Local Makerspace in the Neoliberal City". VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4802.
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The commodification of culture, space, and resources is incentivized by neoliberal urbanism. In response, we have seen an attempt to develop collectively organized, oppositional spaces within urban places. The tensions that arise when considering the production of commons in the development of the neoliberal city are the central focus of this paper. As I will observe, these spaces are subjected to commodification as they become increasingly de-politicized through neoliberal ideologies. In order to theorize about these contradictory elements, I observe a makerspace in Richmond, Virginia called HackRVA. Specifically, I consider HackRVA as an urban commons. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, I consider how HackRVA engages with the neoliberal city of Richmond and how the organization and maintenance of their space and their community reflects commoning as social reproduction. I find that HackRVA’s relationship to the city is complicated as the community within the space both contests and assimilates to the creative economy.
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Crossan, John. "Social centres, anarchism and the struggle for Glasgow's Commons". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6655/.
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This thesis charts the work of a group of people in their efforts to set up a social centre in Glasgow. A social centre is like our once prolific community centre but with an explicit political character and agenda. They are social and cultural hubs where people can take part in a variety of communal events (e.g. dancing, cooking, eating, game play or simply hanging around). They are also places that encourage political debate, organization and action. Crucially, users are encouraged to participate in the day-to-day running of the centres. Social centres have a rich history in European radical politics. While proponents of various political philosophies use social centres, they are most commonly associated with anarchism. Anarchism is a tradition of political thought and practice that aims to build a society based on mutual aid and mass democratic participation characterised by a rejection of all forms of human domination over other humans. In this work I explore a variety of political and cultural initiatives employed by anarchist-influenced activists in Glasgow as they struggle against the neoliberalization of the city. It is the intention of this thesis to highlight the totalizing impositions of neoliberal urban governance and anarchist-inspired alternatives to these impositions, which I argue, constitute a different way of knowing and engaging with the city. These alternatives are prefigured in the doing of social centre work.
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Oosterhout, Gretchen. "An Evolutionary Simulation of the Tragedy of the Commons". PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1251.
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In his seminal essay, "The Tragedy of the Commons" (1968), Garrett Hardin argued that unless human population growth is controlled, the tragedy of common resource destruction is inevitable. This research consists of the development of an evolutionary computer model to simulate the Tragedy of the Commons, and social and economic solutions that have been proposed. In the simulations, multiattribute decision models are used to represent the tradeoffs a variety of types of individuals make among economic and social values in an uncertain environment. Individuals in each iteration of the simulation decide whether or not to exploit a common resource that has a stochastic regeneration rate. A genetic algorithm is used to simulate the way the decision makers respond to economic and social payoffs that result from their choices, as the commons responds to their actions over time. Game theory analyses of the commons dilemma are also included that, in contrast to previous analyses of the Tragedy of the Commons, incorporate not only economic attributes, but social and aesthetic attributes as well. These analyses indicate that the games underlying the Tragedy of the Commons may be similar to not only the N-person Prisoner's Dilemma, as is sometimes argued, but also N-person games of Chicken, Benevolent Chicken, and Hero. Population diversity is found to be particularly important to solutions in both the evolutionary simulations and the game theory analyses. The simulations and analyses support the hypothesis that, even if potential solutions that Hardin dismissed as unrealistic in the real world are given an opportunity to work in a simulated computer world, Hardin is right: for any given commons regeneration rate, the ultimate destruction of the commons can be prevented only by draconian economic or political measures, unrealistic rates of technological innovation or changes in social values, or coercive control of population growth.
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Morales-jodra, Guillermo Miguel <1989>. "Koinon: The Self and the Commons in Mediterranean Theopolitics". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8260/3/Jodra_Guillermo%20M_Koinon.pdf.
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This dissertation analyzes the tension between the self and the commons in the transitional phase from Classical to Late Antiquity. This period embodies the intersection of three worldviews converging in the Roman Empire. Right where political Laconophilia, metaphysical Platonism, and Judeo-Christian theology meet, a wave of communitarian projects along the Mare Nostrum redefine what it means to be human. The main product of this theopolitical climate is a renewed understanding of the commons built upon an innovative sense of individuality that does not necessarily result in political solipsism. An anti-individualist sense of individuality, the monastic self, capable of revealing the limitations of modern communitarianism and individualism at once.