Bibliografias temáticas / Commerce, Germany, 1914-

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Commerce, Germany, 1914-"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 29 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 30 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Commerce, Germany, 1914-"

Suchoples, Jarosław. "The birth of the legend: The odyssey of the cruiser Emden as presented by German daily newspapers, 1914–1915". International Journal of Maritime History 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 2017): 544–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871417712211.

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From August to early November 1914, the effectiveness of a lone German commerce-raider, the light cruiser Emden eventually brought the bulk of Allied cargo-shipping in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean to a virtual halt, thus hampering their war effort in Europe. Although the Emden was finally destroyed at the battle of the Cocos Islands, the press were able to continue the story relating the daring escape of some of her crew. The escapees got away from Direction Island in the Cocos in a requisitioned sailing schooner, the Ayesha. What followed were several months of dangerous and arduous progress first through the Indian Ocean, then through Arabia, finally reaching Constantinople and thence to Germany. Theirs was the only German military unit that returned home from overseas and their story was a gift for German propagandists. Scanning the contemporary German newspapers it becomes clear that they were determined to make the most of this story. It was about German seafarers whose courage and chivalrous attitude towards their enemies should be publicly recognised. It was likewise appreciated by the British. During 1914 and 1915, the German daily press kept the public regularly informed about the Emden whenever there was any news. The legend steadily grew to become a permanent and indisputably positive element of the German collective memory and military tradition. Because the news only came intermittently it became all the more exciting for their readers to follow. The press material is stored as a collection of clippings in the Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) in Berlin, which clearly shows how the narrative unfolded. It was soon taken up by the German propaganda machine to boost the morale of the German people. Reading the articles it is clear that the editors seized upon this as a story of heroic deeds, allowing them to present their countrymen as super-men who proved the superiority of the German fighting man.

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GARST, W. DANIEL. "From Factor Endowments to Class Struggle". Comparative Political Studies 31, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1998): 22–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414098031001002.

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Ronald Rogowski's recent and important work, Commerce and Coalitions, sets forth a farranging and parsimonious theory of trade and political cleavages. This article closely investigates its validity in the case of pre-World War I Germany, where trade has long been seen as a critical factor determining coalition formation and Rogowski's argument appears at first glance to be especially compelling. Close investigation, however, reveals that the key variable in Rogowski's theory, relative factor endowments, fails to account for the political alignment of capital and labor in Germany following 1890. This article puts forward an alternative theory in which business-labor coalition formation is determined not only by the alliance possibilities associated with trade but also by their intersection with the strength of worker organization and capital-labor mobility. This argument both addresses the anomalies that prewar Germany poses for Rogowski's account of trade and cleavages and provides a potential explanation for the absence of business-labor collaboration elsewhere in Western Europe before 1914.

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Ponce, Javier. "Allied blockade in the Mid-East Atlantic during the First World War: cruisers against commerce-raiders". International Journal of Maritime History 32, n.º 4 (novembro de 2020): 882–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871420982200.

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This article examines the Allied blockade around the Canary Islands as a response to the German cruiser war, since the crossroads of trade routes from the South Atlantic that took place in the Canary Islands allowed the German commerce-raiders to ensure, on the one hand, the encounter with numerous enemy merchant ships, objectives of this economic war and, on the other hand, the aid of the numerous German merchant ships that were in their ports, especially as colliers. The immediate Allied action to block the ports in the Canary Islands took advantage of the undisputed hegemony of Great Britain in the archipelago: the British control of the main infrastructures and port and communication services was added by the joint diplomatic pressure of the British and French, although it was the clear superiority of the British naval forces and the vigilance of their cruisers that most contributed to limiting assistance to German commerce-raiders. Primary and secondary sources, diplomatic and military, both British and Spanish, and also French, shed light on the diplomatic and strategic dimension of a blockade in which the British Admiralty managed to end the threat of German commerce-raiders between August 1914 and March of 1915, and limit the operations of the following German auxiliary cruisers, which briefly operated in the eastern central Atlantic in the early months of 1916.

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Maciuika, John V. "Werkbundpolitik and Weltpolitik: The German State's Interest in Global Commerce and "Good Design," 1912-1914"". German Politics and Society 23, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2005): 102–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/104503005780889147.

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Although the conflict between Muthesius and van de Velde has been well documented in the annals of modern architectural and design history, far less understood is the extent to which domestic political crises and new policy departures in Berlin served as preconditions for the Werkbund conflict in the first place. Prominent Werkbund members—men such as Werkbund Managing Director Ernst Jäckh and Werkbund Vice President Hermann Muthesius, but also including such national political figures and Werkbund members as Friedrich Naumann of Württemberg and Gustav Stresemann of Saxony—used institutional affiliations and their multiple professional identities to forge unprecedented linkages between the Werkbund leadership, industrial interest groups, and powerful German state interests. Specifically, and at the national level, new policies articulated by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and key German ministries in Berlin, strident national interest group politics, and an evolving state outlook toward Weltpolitik (geopolitical strategy) combined to reshape Werkbund policy in fundamental ways between 1912 and 1914. Without these forces, and without developments that followed the lopsided and highly contentious Reichstag elections of January 1912, the Werkbund likely never would have risen to the prominent position it came to occupy with state authorities by July 1914.

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Perkins, J. A. "Dualism in German Agrarian Historiography". Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, n.º 2 (abril de 1986): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500013876.

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The historiography of agrarian Germany before 1914 is fundamentally based upon two moments (in the Weberian sense): one of a structural and the other of an institutional nature. The structural moment comprises an emphasis upon the existence and role of agrarian dualism, that is, upon a sharp contrast, emerging from the later Middle Ages onwards, in the agrarian systems found east and west of the River Elbe and its tributary the Saale, which together formed a line bisecting Germany from Hamburg to the modern Czechoslavakian frontier. The institutional moment consists of the shift from a free-trade to a protectionist policy in respect of cereals after 1879. In the words of a leading West German agrarian historian, “On 1 January 1880 … a new epoch commenced for German agricultural policy.” In addition, the adoption of a grain tariff from 1879 is generally assumed to have had a determining influence upon the subsequent development of German agriculture and, for that matter, is thought by some writers to have exerted a considerable influence upon the entire course of modern German history.

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Overlack, Peter. "German Commerce Warfare Planning for the Australian Station, 1900–1914". War & Society 14, n.º 1 (maio de 1996): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924796791200898.

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McGuire, Michael. "Cultures de Guerre in Picardy, 1917". Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 42, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2016): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2016.420303.

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In 1917 French and foreign agents reconstructed sections of Picardy destroyed by Operation Alberich, a “scorched-earth” program implemented by departing Germans. The region’s unanticipated maltreatment led French Third Army forces to evaluate and assist Picardy’s devastated homesteads and refugee-residents. Under General Georges Humbert, the Third Army implemented juxtaposing reconstruction policies in Picardy. Along with inhabitants, bureaucrats, and German prisoners of war, the Third Army initiated “a regime of temporary aid” that repaired property and provisioned civilians. Humbert’s subordinates also evacuated residents judged too ill, infirm, treacherous, or indolent for massive reconstruction projects. When extemporized statist programs proved insufficient for Picardy’s civilians, French ministries invited American and British humanitarians to inaugurate complementary and supplementary rehabilitation schemes designed to revive rural society and commerce. The conflicting confluence of these individuals’ consensual, coercive, patriotic, and philanthropic cultures de guerre within Picardy helped residents “demobilize” as refugees and “remobilize” for continued participation in World War I.

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Steen, Kathryn. "Confiscated commerce: American importers of German synthetic organic chemicals, 1914–1929". History and Technology 12, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1995): 261–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519508581887.

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Boney, A. D. "The summer of 1914: diary of a botanist". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 52, n.º 2 (22 de julho de 1998): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1998.0053.

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F.O. Bower, F.R.S., Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, attended the 1914 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Australia as President of Section K (Botany). Items from the daily diary that he kept include a running commentary on shipboard life on the outward voyage, sharp observations on some of his scientific colleagues and on meetings, the impacts of news and rumours of the distant war, and describe the hazards of the return voyage at peril from German commerce raiders.

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Ambrosius, Lloyd E. "WORLD WAR I AND THE PARADOX OF WILSONIANISM". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 17, n.º 1 (20 de dezembro de 2017): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781417000548.

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One hundred years ago, on April 6, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson led the United States into the First World War. Four days earlier, in his war message to Congress, he gave his rationale for declaring war against Imperial Germany and for creating a new world order. He now viewed German submarine attacks against neutral as well as belligerent shipping as a threat to the whole world, not just the United States. “The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind,” he claimed. “It is a war against all nations.” He now believed that Germany had violated the moral standards that “citizens of civilized states” should uphold. The president explained: “We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among nations and their governments that are observed among the individual citizens of civilized states.” He focused on protecting democracy against the German regime of Kaiser Wilhelm II. “A steadfast concert for peace,” he said, “can never be maintained except by a partnership of democratic nations. No autocratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or observe its covenants.” Wilson called on Congress to vote for war not just because Imperial Germany had sunk three American ships, but for the larger purpose of a new world order. He affirmed: “We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false pretense about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace of the world and for the liberation of its peoples, the German peoples included: for the rights of nations great and small and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundation of political liberty.”

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Commerce, Germany, 1914-"

Wood, Cathy. "The Marshall Islands and the Germans, 1860-1914". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1988. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26184.

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The Marshall Islands are to be found in the very heart of the Pacific Ocean and are quite the furthest of all South Sea Archipelagos from the major ports of the large continents bordering on the Pacific Basin. This geographical position meant that the Marshall Islanders were far away from the traditional shipping routes of the early sailing vessels and remained undisturbed by the events of the outside world. Their contacts with exogenous elements up to the beginning of the nineteenth century were brief and accidentaL‘ But unlike other South Sea island groups this isolation extended well into the middle of the nineteenth century as the violent reputation of the Marshallese chiefs and the relatively inhospitable nature of the people assisted in keeping passing ships at bay. The frequent calling of whaling vessels and the intermittent residency of deserters, that was so much the norm in other Pacific Island'chains , was almost non-existant in the Marshalls. This independence on the part of the Marshall Islanders was eventually eroded, not by the more violent and belligerent elements of South Sea pirates like Bully Hayes and Captain Ben Pease, but by quiet, peaceable missionaries from genteel parlours of Boston middle class suburbs. Their settlement in the islands in 1857 prized open the door of trade and allowed the irreversible contact and influence of outside cultures. The first trader to take advantage was a German from Braunschweig, Adolf Capelle, but his roots were not firmly implanted in the Germanic States (Germany was not founded as a nation until 1871L and his connections did not extend beyond the Pacific area. The linking of the Marshalls to German shores came through the later establishment of the Hamburg trading houses of Godeffroys and Hernsheims in the 1870s. It was the activities of these companies and their demands for German government support of their trading interest that led to the founding of a German Protectorate in the islands in 1885. This ensured a continual social, political and economic relationship between the German nation and the Marshallese people until the outbreak of the First World War.

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Daheur, Jawad. "Le Parc à bois de l'Allemagne : course aux ressources et hégémonie commerciale dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta (1840-1914)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG041.

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Cette étude traite des stratégies allemandes pour prendre le contrôle des ressources en bois d’oeuvre dans l’espace baltique entre 1840 et 1914. Centré sur le commerce dans les bassins de la Vistule et de la Warta, elle montre comment la puissance allemande montante y est parvenue à sécuriser un accès bon marché et stable aux ressources ligneuses. Les firmes établirent leur domination commerciale en développant des technologies de transport et en renforçant leurs capacités financières et organisationnelles, tout cela en tirant profit des faiblesses économiques et politiques locales. En analysant les dimensions écologiques et économiques de l’extraction et de la transformation des bois, la thèse souligne le rôle joué par les importations dans la préservation des forêts allemandes. Elle présente également les impacts de cette évolution sur les populations locales et l’environnement. En conclusion, la thèse plaide pour une histoire authentiquement globale de la forêt allemande
This thesis deals with the German attempts to take control over timber resources in the Baltic area between 1840 and 1914. Focused on the trade in the Vistula and Warta river basins, it shows how the rising German economy managed to make the local forests into its backyard by securing cheap and stable access to timber resources. German firms progressively achieved trade dominance by developing transport technologies and reinforcing their financial and organizational capacities. They also managed to take advantage of the local economic and political weaknesses. Through ecological and economic explanation of timber extraction and processing, the thesis underlines the role played by foreign timber in the preservation of the German forests. It also describes the impact of this process on the local population and environment. Finally, the thesis advocates for a truly global history of the German forest

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Jonke, Philipp. "La mode en série : essor de la confection et de la grande distribution vestimentaires. Le système de la mode à Berlin des années 1880 à 1914". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN008.

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À la fin du XIXe siècle, la production sérielle de vêtements selon des tailles standardisées (confection) et la grande distribution connaissent un essor considérable à Berlin, capitale du nouvel Empire allemand fondé en 1871. En recourant à la notion de « système de la mode », le présent travail explore les mutations d’un système caractérisé par l’interaction nécessaire de trois acteurs principaux : la production, la distribution et la société. Cette histoire culturelle éclaire un corpus fragmenté, fait des traces héritées d’un secteur principalement juif, démantelé trente ans plus tard. Les études sociales, les journaux de mode, les annuaires de Berlin, les réclames et les rares documents de magasins reflètent une mode en mutation : la confection produit des nouveautés et la distribution attire une clientèle diversifiée. Ce contexte redéfinit la place des couches sociales dans le système de la mode. Enfin, ces changements entraînent une lente évolution des normes sociales et genrées qui s’appliquent désormais à la femme bourgeoise et à celle des couches moyennes
At the end of the nineteenth century, standardised serial production of clothing (Konfektion) and large retailing took off in Berlin, the capital of the new German Empire founded in 1871. Using the concept of fashion as a system, this work explores the changes ina system characterised by necessary interactions between three actors: production, retailand society.This history sheds light on fragmented sources, on the inherited traces of a mainly Jewish sector, dismantled thirty years later. Social study cases, fashion journals, Berlin directories, advertisements and the mere documents left by stores mirror how fashion changes: Konfektion produces novelties and retail attracts a diversified clientele. This context redefines the importance of social hierarchies in the fashion system. Finally, these changes transform slowly social and gender norms imposed not only on bourgeois but also on lower-middle-class women

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McCarthy, Megan Kathleen. "The Empire on Display: Exhibitions of Germanic Art and Design in America, 1890 - 1914". Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8ZW1JRJ.

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This dissertation offers the first comprehensive and critical study of Germanic art and design exhibitions of the late Wilhelmine Period in America, analyzing how they served as newfound modes of cultural diplomacy in the United States. It centers on the preparation, execution, and reception of large-scale displays mounted at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (1904), Harvard Germanic Museum (1903), Metropolitan Museum of Art (1909), and Newark Museum (1912-1914); and draws primarily from unpublished archival materials and original sources. While these were by no means the only methods of German transatlantic artistic exchange during this period, they offer exceptional breadth and variety in terms of curatorial aims, financial support, tactics of display and critical reception. Although varied, each show manifests the confidence that exhibitions can accomplish diplomatic goals. Some were patronized by the Kaiser himself. Others were mounted exclusively outside the aegis of the imperial crown. Each acting as a discrete embodiment of German national identity--intentionally or unintentionally--these exhibitions, I argue, were distinct and critical motivating factors in the American reception of German culture at large. Mounted at a time when Germany experienced increased international criticism for its colonial endeavors and foreign policy in general, the shows in this study shed light on the central role played by German émigrés and their efforts to bridge two national identities. Simultaneously, the United States was also entering the international stage as a modern nation-state and economic powerhouse, and other world powers looked to make inroads and forge new alliances across the ocean. Moreover, this project offers a new model for research into art and diplomacy more generally, as previously-unsearched archival collections serve as my most compelling and important source material. Locating German-American artistic exchange at the heart of fin-de-siècle transatlantic crosscurrents, my dissertation reveals the significant place of Germanic art in the American imaginary before the outbreak of the First World War.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Commerce, Germany, 1914-"

Lyth, Peter J. Inflation and the merchant economy: The Hamburg Mittelstand, 1914-1924. New York: Berg, 1990.

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Seppain, Hélène. Contrasting US and German attitudes to Soviet trade, 1917-91: Politics by economic means. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1992.

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Pohl, Manfred. Die Deutsche Bank in Stuttgart 1924-1999. München: Piper, 1999.

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F, Dizendorf V., e Obshchestvennai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk rossiĭskikh nemt︠s︡ev., eds. Nemet︠s︡kie naselennye punkty v SSSR do 1941 g.: Spravochnik. Moskva: Obshchestvennai︠a︡ akademii︠a︡ nauk rossiĭskikh nemt︠s︡ev, 2002.

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Deeg, Lothar. Kunst & Albers Wladiwostok: Die Geschichte eines deutschen Handelshauses im russischen Fernen Osten (1864-1924). Essen: Klartext, 1996.

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Deeg, Lothar. Kunst i Alʹbers Vladivostok: Istorii︠a︡ nemet︠s︡kogo torgovogo doma na rossiĭskom Dalʹnem Vostoke, 1864-1924 gg. [Vladivostok]: Primorskai︠a︡ kraevai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ dobrovolʹnogo obshchestva li︠u︡biteleĭ knigi Rossii, 2002.

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Deeg, Lothar. Kunst i Alʹbers Vladivostok: Istorii︠a︡ nemet︠s︡kogo torgovogo doma na rossiĭskom Dalʹnem Vostoke (1864-1924 gg.). Vladivostok: Primorskiĭ poligrafkombinat, 2002.

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United States. President (1989-1993 : Bush). Waiving certain emigration practices: Communication from the President of the United States transmitting notification of his determination that a waiver with respect to the emigration practices of the German Democratic Republic will substantially promote the objectives of section 402 of the Trade Act of 1974, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 2432 (c), (d). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1990.

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Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, a child life in Saravejo, March 10, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Europe, United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in. Implementation of the Helsinki accords: Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, Bosnia's second winter under siege, February 8, 1994. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Commerce, Germany, 1914-"

McNabb, David E. "Commerce and Industry in a United Germany, 1871–1914". In A Comparative History of Commerce and Industry, Volume I, 125–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137503268_8.

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Mickan, Peter. "Chapter 16. Barossa German". In Studies in Bilingualism, 414–27. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.66.16mic.

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This chapter reports on a project of language documentation, maintenance and renewal in the Barossa region of South Australia. The project commenced with oral recordings of descendants of German-speaking immigrants to the British settlement of South Australia in the nineteenth century. The speakers who were recorded valued the recognition of their German heritage and identity as they had been forbidden to speak German in childhood due to suppression of their ethnicity in the Second World War. In response to the wish to socialise in German a regular program was organised for heritage speakers and for recent immigrants. The Barossa German Language Association Inc. was established to support German maintenance and revival events and to advocate for the reintroduction of bilingual German English programs closed in 1917. The project has evolved with regular social events, a publication Das Blatt and education programs.

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Crawford, Timothy W. "Germany Keeps the United States Neutral, 1914–16". In The Power to Divide, 38–56. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754715.003.0004.

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This chapter examines how Germany's policy of keeping the United States neutral through concessions worked — until its leaders decided to flagrantly violate them. Why did they do that? They came to believe they had a military strategy that could negate the United States' war-tipping strategic weight. Thus, while this case displays the dynamics of successful selective accommodation under highly favorable contingent conditions, it also spotlights the critical role that beliefs about the target's strategic weight play in driving such efforts. As long as they perceived the United States to be a dangerous war-tipper, Germany's leaders maintained the strategy of accommodation and used concessions successfully. Once they were convinced, in January of 1917, that they could nullify U.S. strategic weight through unlimited U-boat warfare, they dropped the policy of concessions and in February launched the U-boat campaign that they knew would sink U.S. ships and make the United States an enemy. The United States entered the war two months later. In short, German leaders made “a cold military calculation that the advantages of destroying all commerce flowing to Great Britain outweighed the disadvantages of a war with the United States.”

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Noam, Eli. "Austria". In Television in Europe, 195–99. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195069426.003.0014.

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Abstract Austria, among several other countries, claims to be the site of the world’s first radio transmission, an experimental broadcast that took place in Graz in 1904 (Signitzer and Luger, 1984). In 1924, radio broadcasting was begun by the concessionary monopoly Radio-Verkehrs Aktien Gesellschaft (RAVAG), a collaboration between government and private industry that joined the Ministry of Commerce and Transportation with banks, advertising companies, and radio set manufacturers (Fabris et al., 1982). Though intended to be nonpartisan, RAVAG became an instrument of the government in its disputes with the left and extreme right during the first Austrian Republic. It was opposed by an active workers radio listeners movement, which promoted greater freedom of radio. RAVAG supported the government in its 1934 suppression of the Social Democrats, a lesson not forgotten. When Austria was absorbed by Germany in 1938, RAVAG was acquired by the German state broadcasting system RRG and the German Reichspost.

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Seligmann, Matthew S. "Britain and Economic Warfare in German Naval Thinking in the Era of the Great War". In Economic Warfare and the Sea, 193–208. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789621594.003.0011.

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Under the leadership of Alfred von Tirpitz, the German navy concentrated on building a battle fleet based in the North Sea rather than cruisers designed for operations in distant waters. This has led many historians to assume that commerce warfare (Handelskrieg) played no real part in German preparations for war against Britain before 1914. This chapter disputes this analysis. It shows that Germany’s naval planners in the Admiralstab believed that by converting merchant ships into auxiliary cruisers and using them to attack British commerce on the high seas the German navy would be able to cause considerable damage to British shipping and so force the Royal Navy to divert forces from the main theatre of war to distant oceans. It goes on to examine the reality of this plan during the First World War.

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Feltman, Brian K. "Prisoners of Peace". In The Stigma of Surrender, 136–64. University of North Carolina Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469619934.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the postwar captivity experience of German soldiers and how delayed repatriation intensified their sense of emasculation by threatening their prospects for employment and underscoring the fact that surrender had severed their ties with the soldiers who returned home by December 1918. Prisoner correspondence after the Great War reveals a growing sense of abandonment and frustration with what appeared to be an endless conflict. In Germany, relief associations organized efforts to persuade the war's victors to commence repatriation, but the fragile German government was powerless to force the return of approximately 800,000 German prisoners from around the world. The rest of this chapter discusses the impact of the political and economic realities of the postwar era on the German government's approach to prisoner relief.

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"Annual Earnings of Workers in Industries, Commerce and Transport, 1871–1913". In Bismarck and Germany, 184. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315833644-55.

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Rigobon, Patrizio. "Alle origini dell’ispanistica veneziana". In Le lingue occidentali nei 150 anni di storia di Ca’ Foscari. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-262-8/006.

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In 1885 Marco Antonio Canini was the first teacher of Spanish at the ‘Scuola Superiore di Commercio’ of Venice. He was a very well-known Risorgimento politician and a polyglot who taught Spanish for six years until his death in 1891. Between 1891 and 1910 there was no possibility to study Spanish at ‘Venice Business School’, the first name originally given to Ca’ Foscari University. Daniele Riccoboni taught Spanish for three years, long after Canini, even though he had no specialization in the Spanish language or literature. Antonio Ovio took over the courses of Spanish in 1914: Ovio was primarily a teacher of French (but also German) at two high schools in Padua. After Ovio’s death in 1919, a Spanish sculptor, Francisco Broch y Llop was appointed as new lecturer. At first, he had come to Italy to get in touch with the Italian artistic milieu but later on he decided to become a teacher of Spanish at several Italian universities (Venice, Bologna and Florence). He was a contentious personality but he served as a teacher of Spanish for over than thirty years.

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Benvenuti, Luigi. "Feliciano Benvenuti". In Eccellenze cafoscarine nella storia del Dipartimento di Economia. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-642-8/008.

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From an ancient family of Venetian origin, Feliciano Benvenuti was born in Padua in 1916. He graduated in law at the University of Padua with a thesis on The succession between territorial autarchic entities, supervisor Enrico Guicciardi; then he became assistant in the faculty of political science of the same university. During the war he served as a naval officer, and later spent two years in a concentration camp in Germany. In 1951 he obtained the chair in administrative law, and later held the chair of administrative law in the Faculty of Political Sciences of Padua (1951-56), then in the Faculty of Law of the Catholic University of Milan (1956-72) and finally in the Faculty of Economics and Commerce of the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice (1972-83) where he also taught public law. In 1974 he has been elected Rector of Ca’ Foscari, renewed for three mandates. He contributes to the foundation (1959) of the Institute for the Science of Public Administration (ISAP) in Milan, which he directs until 1972; he also acted as president in many cultural and economic entities and institutions. He died in Padua on July 16, 1999.

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Hall, Edith, e Fiona Macintosh. "Ruins and Rebels". In Greek Tragedy and the British Theatre 1660-1914, 264–81. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198150879.003.0010.

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Abstract Faraway from the British stage, the Greek-speaking world in 1821 embarked upon eight painful years of revolutionary upheaval. Years of planning were put into action by Alexandros Ypsilantis in Odessa, the ancient city on the Black Sea which Catherine the Great had refounded and populated with the prosperous merchant caste of Greeks known as Phanariots. After announcing in early March that the War of Independence had commenced, he invaded Ottoman Moldavia. In the Peloponnese, Bishop Germanos of Patras hoisted the Greek flag and began the mainland uprising.

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